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Mugove wemusika we adsorption refrigeration masisitimu uye pombi yekupisa ichiri diki kana ichienzaniswa neyechinyakare compressor masisitimu.Pasinei nemukana wakakura wekushandisa kupisa kwakachipa (panzvimbo yebasa remagetsi rinodhura), kuiswa kwemasisitimu zvinoenderana nemisimboti yeadsorption kuchiri kuganhurwa kune mashoma chaiwo mashandisirwo.Iko kusakosha kukuru kunoda kubviswa ndiko kuderera kwesimba rakananga nekuda kwekuderera kwekushisa conductivity uye kuderera kwakadzikama kweadsorbent.Yazvino mamiriro eiyo art yekushambadzira adsorption mafiriji masisitimu akavakirwa pane adsorbers akavakirwa pandiro yekupisa yekutsinhana yakavharwa kuti iwedzere kutonhora kugona.Mhedzisiro yacho inosanozivikanwa kuti kudzikira ukobvu hwejasi kunotungamira mukudzikira kwehuwandu hwekutamisa impedance, uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yepasi kusvika kuhuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvimiro zve conductive zvinowedzera simba pasina kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka.Mishonga yesimbi inoshandiswa mubasa iri inogona kupa imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro muhuwandu hwe2500-50,000 m2 / m3.Nzira nhatu dzekuwana dzakatetepa zvikuru asi dzakatsiga dzakapfava dzemunyu hydrates pamusoro pesimbi, kusanganisira simbi fibers, yekugadzira machira anoratidza kekutanga simba repamusoro density heat exchanger.Iko kurapwa kwepamusoro kwakavakirwa paaluminium anodizing inosarudzwa kugadzira chisungo chakasimba pakati pekuputira uye substrate.Iyo microstructure yenzvimbo yakakonzerwa yakaongororwa uchishandisa scanning electron microscopy.Yakaderedzwa kutarisisa kuzere Fourier kushandura infrared spectroscopy uye simba dispersive X-ray spectroscopy yakashandiswa kutarisa kuvepo kwemhando yaidiwa muyedzo.Kukwanisa kwavo kuumba mahydrates kwakasimbiswa nekubatanidza thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).Hunhu husina kunaka hunopfuura 0.07 g (mvura) / g (yakaumbwa) yakawanikwa muMgSO4 coating, ichiratidza zviratidzo zvekupererwa nemvura inenge 60 ° C uye inoberekana mushure mekugadzirisa zvakare.Mhinduro dzakanaka dzakawanikwawo neSrCl2 neZnSO4 ine mutsauko mukuru we 0.02 g/g pazasi pe100 °C.Hydroxyethylcellulose yakasarudzwa sechinhu chinowedzera kuwedzera kugadzikana uye kunamatira kwekuputira.Iyo adsorptive zvimiro zvezvigadzirwa zvakaongororwa panguva imwe chete TGA-DTG uye kunamatira kwavo kwairatidzwa nenzira yakavakirwa pabvunzo dzakatsanangurwa muISO2409.Kuenderana uye kunamatira kweCaCl2 coating inovandudzwa zvakanyanya apo ichichengetedza kugona kwayo kwekushambadza nehuremu mutsauko unosvika 0.1 g/g patembiricha iri pasi pe100 ° C.Pamusoro pezvo, MgSO4 inochengetedza kugona kugadzira mahydrates, ichiratidza musiyano mukuru weinopfuura 0.04 g/g patembiricha iri pasi pe100 °C.Pakupedzisira, simbi yakavharwa fiber inoongororwa.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti iyo inoshanda yekupisa conductivity yefiber chimiro chakavharwa neAl2 (SO4) 3 inogona kuva 4.7 times yakakwirira kana ichienzaniswa nehuwandu hweiyo yakachena Al2 (SO4)3.Kupfekedzwa kwezvipfeko zvakadzidzwa kwakaongororwa nemaziso, uye chimiro chemukati chakaongororwa uchishandisa mufananidzo wemicroscopic wezvikamu zvemuchinjikwa.Kuvharirwa kweAl2(SO4)3 nehukobvu hunosvika makumi mashanu µm hwakawanikwa, asi maitiro ese anofanirwa kuvandudzwa kuti awane kugovera kwakafanana.
Adsorption masisitimu akawana kutariswa kwakawanda mukati memakumi mashoma emakore apfuura sezvo achipa imwe nzvimbo ine hushamwari kune yechinyakare yekumanikidza kupisa pombi kana mafiriji masisitimu.Nekukwira kwemaitiro ekunyaradza uye tembiricha yepasirese, adsorption masisitimu anogona kuderedza kutsamira pamafuta efossil munguva pfupi iri kutevera.Mukuwedzera, chero kuvandudzwa kwe adsorption firiji kana kupisa pombi inogona kuendeswa kune inopisa simba rekuchengetedza, iyo inomiririra kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekugona kwekushandisa zvakanaka kwesimba rekutanga.Mukana mukuru we adsorption heat pumps uye firiji masisitimu ndeyekuti ivo vanogona kushanda nekudzika kupisa mashoma.Izvi zvinoita kuti dzive dzakakodzera kune yakaderera tembiricha sosi sesimba rezuva kana kupisa kwemarara.Panyaya yemashandisirwo ekuchengetedza simba, adsorption ine mukana weiyo yakakwira simba density uye kushomeka kwesimba rekurasa zvichienzaniswa nekunzwisisa kana kunonoka kupisa kwekuchengetedza.
Adsorption kupisa pombi uye mafiriji masisitimu anotevera iwo akafanana thermodynamic kutenderera seawo vapor compression mamwe.Musiyano mukuru ndeyekutsiva kwe compressor zvikamu nema adsorbers.Iyo element inokwanisa adsorb yakaderera pressure refrigerant mhute patembiricha ine mwero, ichibuda mufiriji yakawanda kunyangwe mvura ichitonhora.Izvo zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi chekugara kuchitonhora kweiyo adsorber kuitira kuti isabatanidze iyo enthalpy ye adsorption (exotherm).Iyo adsorber inogadzirwa patsva pakupisa kwepamusoro, zvichiita kuti mhute yefiriji iparare.Kupisa kunofanira kuramba kuchipa iyo enthalpy ye desorption (endothermic).Nekuti adsorption maitiro anoratidzwa nekushanduka kwekushisa, simba repamusoro density rinoda yakakwira yekupisa conductivity.Nekudaro, yakaderera thermal conductivity ndiyo yakanyanya kusarudzika mumashandisirwo mazhinji.
Dambudziko guru rekuita nderekuwedzera kukosha kwayo kwepakati uchichengetedza nzira yekufambisa iyo inopa kuyerera kweadsorption / desorption vapors.Nzira mbiri dzinowanzo shandiswa kuita izvi: composite heat exchangers uye coated heat exchangers.Izvo zvinonyanya kufarirwa uye zvinobudirira zvinoumbwa zvinhu ndezviya zvinoshandisa kabhoni-based additives, iyo yakawedzera graphite, activated kabhoni, kana kabhoni fibers.Oliveira et al.2 yakamisikidzwa yakawedzera graphite poda ine calcium chloride kugadzira adsorber ine chaiyo yekutonhodza simba (SCP) inosvika 306 W/kg uye coefficient of performance (COP) inosvika 0.46.Zajaczkowski et al.3 yakaronga kusanganiswa kwegraphite yakawedzerwa, kabhoni fiber uye calcium chloride ine yakazara conductivity ye15 W / mK.Jian et al4 akaedzwa macomposites ane sulfuric acid akabatwa akawedzera echisikigo graphite (ENG-TSA) se substrate mune maviri-nhanho adsorption kutonhora kutenderera.Iyo modhi yakafanotaura COP kubva 0.215 kusvika 0.285 uye SCP kubva 161.4 kusvika 260.74 W/kg.
Nekure iyo inonyanya kushanda mhinduro ndeye yakavharwa heat exchanger.Maitiro ekuputira ezvitsinhanisi izvi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: yakananga synthesis uye adhesives.Nzira yakabudirira zvikuru ndiyo yakananga synthesis, iyo inosanganisira kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvinoshambadza zvakananga pamusoro pezvinopisa zvinopisa kubva kune zvakakodzera reagents.Sotech5 ine patented nzira yekugadzira yakavharwa zeolite kuti ishandiswe munhevedzano yeanotonhorera anogadzirwa neFahrenheit GmbH.Schnabel et al6 vakaedza kushanda kwezeolite mbiri dzakaputirwa pasimbi isina tsvina.Nekudaro, iyi nzira inoshanda chete neakananga adsorbents, izvo zvinoita kuti kupfekedza nemanamira kuve imwe inonakidza imwe nzira.Mabhainda zvinhu zvisingaite zvakasarudzwa kuti zvitsigire sorbent adhesion uye/kana kutamisa vanhu vakawanda, asi hazvitadze kuita adsorption kana conductivity kuwedzera.Freni et al.7 yakavharwa nealuminum heat exchanger neAQSOA-Z02 zeolite yakagadzikana nevhu-based binder.Calabrese et al.8 vakadzidza kugadzirira kwezeolite coatings nemapolymeric binders.Ammann et al.9 vakaronga nzira yekugadzira porous zeolite coatings kubva kumagineti musanganiswa wepolyvinyl doro.Alumina (aluminium) inoshandiswawo sebhainda gumi mune adsorber.Kuruzivo rwedu, cellulose uye hydroxyethyl cellulose inongo shandiswa musanganiswa neyemuviri adsorbents11,12.Dzimwe nguva glue haisi kushandiswa kwepende, asi inoshandiswa kuvaka chimiro 13 pachayo.Iko kusanganiswa kwealginate polymer matrices ane akawanda emunyu hydrates anoumba anochinjika akaumbwa mabheji zvimiro zvinodzivirira kuvuza panguva yekuomesa uye inopa yakaringana kuwanda kwekufambisa.Madhaka akadai se bentonite uye attapulgite akashandiswa sezvisungo zvekugadzirira kwecomposites15,16,17.Ethylcellulose yakashandiswa kuita microencapsulate calcium chloride18 kana sodium sulfide19.
Macomposites ane porous simbi chimiro anogona kukamurwa kuva akawedzera kupisa exchangers uye coated heat exchangers.Kubatsira kwezvivakwa izvi ndiyo yakakwirira chaiyo nzvimbo.Izvi zvinoguma nehombe yekubatana pakati pe adsorbent nesimbi pasina kuwedzera kweinert mass, iyo inoderedza kushanda kwese kwefiriji.Lang et al.20 vakavandudza hunhu hwese hwezeolite adsorber ine aluminium huchi chimiro.Gillerminot et al.21 yakavandudza kupisa kwekupisa kweNaX zeolite layers nemhangura uye nickel foam.Kunyangwe macomposites achishandiswa sechikamu chekuchinja zvinhu (PCMs), zvakawanikwa zveLi et al.22 uye Zhao et al.23 zvakare inofarira chemisorption.Vakafananidza mashandiro eiyo yakawedzera graphite nesimbi furo uye vakagumisa kuti iyo yekupedzisira yaive yakanaka chete kana ngura isiri nyaya.Palomba et al.vachangobva kuenzanisa mamwe esimbi porous zvimiro24.Van der Pal et al.vakadzidza munyu wesimbi wakaiswa mufuro 25 .Mienzaniso yese yapfuura inoenderana neyakaomeswa zvidimbu zve particulate adsorbents.Metal porous zvimiro haatombo shandiswa kupfeka adsorbers, inova yakanyanya kunaka mhinduro.Muenzaniso wekusunga kune zeolites unogona kuwanikwa muWittstadt et al.26 asi hapana kuedza kwakaitwa kusunga hydrates yemunyu pasinei nepamusoro pesimba ravo guru 27.
Nokudaro, nzira nhatu dzekugadzira adsorbent coatings dzichaongororwa munyaya ino: (1) binder coating, (2) zvakananga kuita, uye (3) kurapwa kwepamusoro.Hydroxyethylcellulose ndiyo yaive binder yesarudzo mubasa iri nekuda kwekugadzikana kwakambotaurwa uye kunaka kwekunamira kwekunamira pamwe chete nema adsorbents emuviri.Iyi nzira yakatanga kuferefetwa kune yakapfava yekupfeka uye yakazoshandiswa kune simbi fiber zvimiro.Pakutanga, kuongororwa kwekutanga kwekugona kwemakemikari kuita nekugadzirwa kwe adsorbent coatings yakashumwa.Chiitiko chekare chave kuendeswa kune kuvharwa kwesimbi fiber zvimiro.Mushonga wepamusoro wakasarudzwa webasa iri inzira inobva pane aluminium anodizing.Aluminium anodizing yakave yakabudirira kusanganiswa nesimbi munyu nekuda kwekunakisa29.Muzviitiko izvi, majasi akanyatsogadzikana uye asingadziviriri anogona kuwanikwa.Nekudaro, ivo havagone kuita chero adsorption kana desorption maitiro.Iri bepa rinopa mutsauko weiyi nzira inobvumira kuti misa ifambiswe uchishandisa inonamira maitiro ekutanga maitiro.Sekuziva kwedu, hapana imwe yenzira dzinotsanangurwa pano yakambodzidzwa.Vanomiririra tekinoroji nyowani inonakidza nekuti inobvumira kuumbwa kwe hydrated adsorbent coatings, iyo ine huwandu hwezvakanakira pamusoro peanowanzo dzidza adsorbents emuviri.
Mahwendefa ealuminum akadhindwa akashandiswa sema substrates ezviyedzo izvi akapihwa neALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic.Izvo zvine 98.11% aluminium, 1.3622% iron, 0.3618% manganese uye mitsetse yemhangura, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zingi, chromium uye nickel.
Zvishandiso zvakasarudzwa pakugadzirwa kwemakompositi zvinosarudzwa zvinoenderana neayo thermodynamic properties, kureva, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura yavanogona kudsorb / desorb patembiricha iri pasi pe120 ° C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufadza uye akadzidza hydrated salts30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41.Iyo thermodynamic zvivakwa zvakayerwa zvine hurongwa uye zvakaonekwa kuti yakakodzera kunyorera muminda ye adsorption firiji, kupisa pombi uye kuchengetedza simba.Dry magnesium sulfate CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yakashandiswa.
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) imwe munyu wakanyatsodzidza nokuti hydrate yayo ine zvinofadza thermodynamic properties41,42,43,44.Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No.7774-34-7 97% yakashandiswa (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) uye mahydrates ayo ane thermodynamic properties akakodzera kuderera kwekushisa adsorption process45,46.Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yakashandiswa.
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) inewo inonakidza thermodynamic properties4,45,47 kunyange zvazvo inowanzobatanidzwa neammonia mu adsorption kupisa pombi kana tsvakurudzo yekuchengetedza simba.Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0-102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) yakashandiswa pakugadzirisa.
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) haisi pakati pemahydrates anowanzo kuwanikwa mumabhuku eunyanzvi, kunyange zvazvo iyo thermodynamic properties inofarira kune yakaderera tembiricha application48,49.Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) yakashandiswa pakugadzirisa.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) imwe yemunyu we hydrated ichangobva kugamuchira zvakanyanya mumunda wekuchengetedza simba rekushisa50,51.Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 pure pharmaceutical grade (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Germany) yakashandiswa pakuedza.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, hydroxyethyl cellulose yakasarudzwa nekuda kwemhedzisiro yakanaka mumashandisirwo akafanana.Nyaya inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwedu ndeye hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Metal fibers inogadzirwa kubva kune pfupi waya dzakabatanidzwa pamwe nekutsikirira uye sintering, maitiro anozivikanwa se crucible melt extraction (CME)52.Izvi zvinoreva kuti kupisa kwavo kwekushisa kunoenderana kwete chete nehuwandu hwekutengesa kwesimbi inoshandiswa mukugadzira uye porosity yegadziriro yekupedzisira, asiwo pahutano hwezvisungo pakati petambo.Iwo mafiber haasi isotropic uye anowanzo kugoverwa mune imwe nzira panguva yekugadzira, izvo zvinoita kuti iyo yekupisa conductivity munzira inochinjika iderere zvakanyanya.
Kunyura kwemvura kwakaongororwa pachishandiswa panguva imwecheteyo thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) mune vacuum package (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra).Izvo zviyero zvakaitwa mumhepo inoyerera ye nitrogen pamwero wekuyerera kwe10 ml / min uye tembiricha kubva ku25 kusvika 150 ° C mualuminium oxide crucibles.Chiyero chekupisa chaive 1 ° C / min, uremu hwemuenzaniso hwakasiyana kubva pa10 kusvika ku20 mg, sarudzo yaive 0.1 μg.Mune basa iri, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mutsauko wehukuru payuniti yepamusoro ine kusavimbika kukuru.Iwo masampula anoshandiswa muTGA-DTG madiki uye asina kuchekwa zvisina kurongwa, izvo zvinoita kuti nharaunda yavo ive isina kururama.Aya makoshero anogona chete kuwedzererwa kune yakakura nzvimbo kana kutsauka kwakakura kwakafungwa.
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra yakawanikwa paBruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) vachishandisa ATR platinum accessory (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany).Iyo spectra yemakristasi akaoma edhaimani akayerwa zvakananga muvacuum isati yashandisa masampuli semashure ekuyedza kuyerwa.Iwo masampuli akayerwa muvacuum achishandisa spectral resolution ye 2 cm-1 uye avhareji yenhamba yezviyero zve 32. Wavenumber kubva ku8000 kusvika ku500 cm-1.Kuongororwa kweSpectral kwakaitwa pachishandiswa chirongwa cheOPUS.
Ongororo yeSEM ​​yakaitwa pachishandiswa DSM 982 Gemini kubva kuZeiss pakumhanyisa mavoltage e2 ne5 kV.Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) yakaitwa pachishandiswa Thermo Fischer System 7 ine Peltier inotonhorera silicon drift detector (SSD).
Kugadzirira kweplateti yesimbi kwakaitwa maererano nemaitiro akafanana neanotsanangurwa muna 53. Kutanga, inyura ndiro mu 50% sulfuric acid.Maminitsi gumi nemashanu.Vakabva vaunzwa mu1 M sodium hydroxide solution kweanenge masekonzi gumi.Zvadaro zvienzaniso zvakashambidzwa nehuwandu hwemvura yakasvibiswa, uye zvakanyura mumvura yakasvibiswa kwemaminitsi makumi matatu.Mushure mekutanga kurapwa kwepamusoro, masampuli akanyudzwa mune 3% yakazara mhinduro.HEC uye chinangwa chemunyu.Pakupedzisira, zvibudise woaomesa pa60°C.
Iyo anodizing nzira inosimudzira uye inosimbisa yakasikwa oxide layer pane passive simbi.Iyo aluminium mapaneru akaiswa anodized ne sulfuric acid mune yakaomeswa mamiriro obva avharirwa mumvura inopisa.Anodizing yakatevera etching yekutanga ne 1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) inoteverwa ne neutralization mu 1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s).Mushonga we electrolyte musanganiswa we 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, uye 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O.Anodizing yakaitwa pa (40 ± 1) ° C, 30 mA/cm2 kwemasekonzi 1200.Kuiswa chisimbiso kwaiitwa mune dzakasiyana siyana brine mhinduro sezvakatsanangurwa mumidziyo (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2).Sample inobikwa mairi kwemasekonzi 1800.
Nzira nhatu dzakasiyana dzekugadzira macomposites dzakaongororwa: adhesive coating, yakananga kuita, uye kurapwa kwepamusoro.Zvakanakira nekuipira nzira yega yega yekudzidzisa zvinoongororwa zvakarongeka uye zvinokurukurwa.Kutarisa kwakananga, nanoimaging, uye makemikari / elemental kuongorora zvakashandiswa kuongorora migumisiro.
Anodizing yakasarudzwa senzira yekushandura pamusoro pekurapa nzira yekuwedzera kunamatira kwemunyu hydrates.Uku kurapwa kwepamusoro kunogadzira porous chimiro chealumina (alumina) zvakananga pamusoro pealuminium pevhu.Sechinyakare, nzira iyi ine nhanho mbiri: yekutanga nhanho inogadzira porous chimiro chealuminium oxide, uye chechipiri nhanho inogadzira yekuputira yealuminium hydroxide inovhara pores.Dzinotevera inzira mbiri dzekuvharisa munyu pasina kuvharira kupinda mugasi.Yekutanga ine muzinga wehuchi uchishandisa diki aluminium oxide (Al2O3) machubhu akawanikwa mudanho rekutanga kubata makristasi adsorbent uye kuwedzera kunamira kwayo kune simbi.Mizinga inoguma ine dhayamita ingangoita 50 nm uye kureba kwe200 nm (Fig. 1a).Sezvambotaurwa, mhango idzi dzinowanzovharwa mudanho rechipiri nekatetepa yeAl2O(OH)2 boehmite inotsigirwa nealumina chubhu kufashaira.Munzira yechipiri, iyi yekuisa chisimbiso inogadziridzwa nenzira yekuti makristasi emunyu anotorwa mune imwechete yakavhara layer ye boehmite (Al2O (OH)), iyo isingashandiswe kuiswa chisimbiso munyaya iyi.Danho rechipiri rinoitwa mune saturated solution yemunyu unoenderana.Maitiro akatsanangurwa ane hukuru muhuwandu hwe50-100 nm uye hunoita semadonhwe akaputika (Fig. 1b).Iyo yepamusoro inowanikwa semugumisiro wekugadzirisa chisimbiso ine chirevo chechimiro chechimiro nekuwedzera kwekusangana.Iyi pateni yepamusoro, pamwe neakawanda magadzirirwo ekubatanidza, yakanakira kutakura uye kubata makristasi emunyu.Maumbirwo ese ari maviri anotsanangurwa anoita kunge ane porous zvechokwadi uye ane maburi madiki anoratidzika kunge akanyatsokodzera kuchengetedza munyu hydrates uye adsorbing mhute kumunyu panguva yekushanda kweiyo adsorber.Nekudaro, yekutanga kuongororwa kwenzvimbo idzi uchishandisa EDX inogona kuona kuteedzera huwandu hwemagesium nesarufa pamusoro pe boehmite, izvo zvisingaonekwe muchiitiko chealumina surface.
Iyo ATR-FTIR yemuenzaniso yakasimbisa kuti chinhu chaive magnesium sulfate (ona Mufananidzo 2b).The spectrum inoratidza unhu sulfate ion peaks pa 610–680 uye 1080–1130 cm–1 uye hunhu lattice mvura pamusoro 1600–1700 cm–1 uye 3200–3800 cm–1 (ona Fig. 2a, c).)Kuvapo kwema magnesium ions kunenge kusachinje spectrum54.
(a) EDX ye boehmite yakavharwa MgSO4 aluminium plate, (b) ATR-FTIR spectra ye boehmite uye MgSO4 coatings, (c) ATR-FTIR spectra yeMgSO4 yakachena.
Kuchengeta adsorption kunyatsoshanda kwakasimbiswa neTGA.Pamusoro pemuonde.3b inoratidza desorption peak ye approx.60°C.Iyi peak haienderane nekupisa kwezvikomo zviviri zvakaonekwa muTGA yemunyu wakachena (Fig. 3a).Kudzokorora kweiyo adsorption-desorption cycle yakaongororwa, uye mutsara wakafanana wakaonekwa mushure mekuisa sampuli munzvimbo ine hunyoro (Fig. 3c).Misiyano inoonekwa muchikamu chechipiri chekudzikisa kunogona kuva chikonzero chekudzikisa mvura mumhepo inoyerera, sezvo izvi zvinowanzoita kuti kushaya simba kusina kukwana.Aya makoshero anofambirana neinosvika 17.9 g/m2 mukudonha kwekutanga kwemvura uye 10.3 g/m2 mukudonha kwechipiri.
Kuenzanisa kweTGA kuongororwa kweboehmite uye MgSO4: TGA kuongororwa kweMgSO4 yakachena (a), musanganiswa (b) uye mushure mekudzorerazve mvura (c).
Iyo nzira imwechete yakaitwa ne calcium chloride se adsorbent.Mhedzisiro inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Kuongororwa kwechiso kwechiso kwakaratidza shanduko diki mukupenya kwesimbi.Mvere dzacho hadzina kuoneka.SEM yakasimbisa kuvapo kwemakristasi madiki akaenzana akagoverwa pamusoro pepamusoro.Zvisinei, TGA yakaratidza kusapera mvura pasi pe150°C.Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti chikamu chemunyu chakanyanya kudiki kana chichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hweiyo substrate yekuona neTGA.
Mhedzisiro yekurapa kwepamusoro kwemhangura sulfate yekuputira neanodizing nzira inoratidzwa mufig.5. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo inotarisirwa kuiswa kweCuSO4 muAl oxide structure haina kuitika.Pane kudaro, tsono dzisina kusimba dzinocherechedzwa sezvo dzichiwanzo shandiswa kumhangura hydroxide Cu(OH)2 inoshandiswa neakajairika turquoise dhayi.
Iyo anodized pamusoro kurapwa yakaedzwa zvakare musanganiswa ne strontium chloride.Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kufukidzwa kusina kuenzana (ona Mufananidzo 6a).Kuti uone kana munyu wakavhara nzvimbo yose, kuongororwa kweEDX kwakaitwa.Mutsara wepoindi munzvimbo yegrey (point 1 muFig. 6b) inoratidza zvishoma strontium uye yakawanda yealuminium.Izvi zvinoratidza kuderera kwe strontium munzvimbo yakayerwa, iyo inoratidzawo kuvharika kwakaderera kwestrontium chloride.Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo dzakachena dzine zvinyorwa zvepamusoro zve strontium uye zvinyorwa zvishoma zvealuminium (pfungwa 2-6 muFig. 6b).EDX kuongororwa kwenzvimbo yakachena inoratidza mavara akasviba (pfungwa 2 uye 4 muFig. 6b), yakaderera muklorini uye yakakwirira musulfuri.Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuumbwa kwe strontium sulfate.Madonhwe akajeka anoratidza huwandu hweklorini uye hushoma hwesarufa (point 3, 5, uye 6 muFig. 6b).Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti chikamu chikuru chemucheka muchena chinosanganisira inotarisirwa strontium chloride.Iyo TGA yemuenzaniso yakasimbisa kududzirwa kwekuongorora nepamusoro pehutano hwekushisa kwe pure strontium chloride (Fig. 6c).Kukosha kwavo kuduku kunogona kururamiswa nechikamu chiduku chemunyu mukuenzanisa nehuwandu hwekutsigirwa kwesimbi.Iyo desorption mass yakatemwa muzviedzo inoenderana nehuwandu hwe7.3 g/m2 yakapihwa pachikamu chechikamu cheiyo adsorber patembiricha ye150 ° C.
Eloxal-treated zinc sulfate coatings yakaedzwa zvakare.Macroscopically, iyo yekupfekedza ndeye yakaonda kwazvo uye yakafanana layer (Fig. 7a).Zvisinei, SEM yakaratidza nzvimbo yepamusoro yakafukidzwa nemakristasi maduku akaparadzaniswa nenzvimbo dzisina chinhu (Fig. 7b).Iyo TGA yekuputira uye substrate yakafananidzwa neyemunyu wakachena (Mufananidzo 7c).Munyu chaiwo une peak imwe isingaenzaniswi pa59.1°C.Iyo aruminiyamu yakavharwa yakaratidza madiki madiki maviri pa55.5 ° C uye 61.3 ° C, zvichiratidza kuvepo kwe zinc sulfate hydrate.Musiyano mukuru wakaratidzwa muchiyedzo unoenderana ne10.9 g/m2 patembiricha yekupera mvura ne150°C.
Sezvakaita mukushandiswa kwekare53, hydroxyethyl cellulose yakashandiswa sebhainda kuvandudza kunamatira uye kugadzikana kwe sorbent coating.Kuenderana kwezvinhu uye mhedzisiro pane adsorption performance yakaongororwa neTGA.Kuongorora kunoitwa maererano nehuwandu hwehuwandu, kureva kuti muenzaniso unosanganisira ndiro yesimbi inoshandiswa se substrate yekuputira.Kunamatira kunoedzwa nemuyedzo wakavakirwa pamuchinjiko notch bvunzo inotsanangurwa muiyo ISO2409 yakatarwa (haigone kusangana neiyo notch yekuparadzanisa yakatarwa zvichienderana nekushongedzwa ukobvu uye hupamhi).
Kuvhara mapaneru ne calcium chloride (CaCl2) (ona Fig. 8a) yakakonzera kusagovera kusina kuenzana, iyo yakanga isingaonekwi mumucheka wakachena wealuminium wakashandiswa pakuongorora kwechinyorwa che transverse.Kuenzaniswa nemigumisiro yeCaCl2 yakachena, TGA (Fig. 8b) inoratidza maitiro maviri epamusoro akashandurwa kune tembiricha yakaderera ye40 uye 20 ° C, zvichiteerana.Muedzo wepamuchinjikwa haubvumiri kuenzanisa kwechinangwa nokuti yakachena CaCl2 sampuli (sample iri kurudyi muFig. 8c) inonzi powdery precipitate, iyo inobvisa zvikamu zvepamusoro-soro.Mhedzisiro yeHEC yakaratidza kuonda kwakanyanya uye yunifomu yekupfeka nekunamatira kunogutsa.Musiyano mukuru unoratidzwa mufig.8b inoenderana ne51.3 g/m2 pachikamu chechikamu cheiyo adsorber patembiricha ye150 ° C.
Zvigumisiro zvakanaka maererano nekunamatira uye kufanana zvakawanikwawo ne magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (ona Fig. 9).Ongororo ye desorption process yejasi yakaratidza kuvepo kweimwe peak ye approx.60°C.Tembiricha iyi inoenderana nedanho guru rekunyudza rinoonekwa mukupera kwemvura yemunyu wakachena, inomiririra imwe nhanho pa44°C.Inopindirana nekuchinja kubva kune hexahydrate kusvika pentahydrate uye haisi kuonekwa munyaya yekuputira nemabhaidhi.Miedzo yechikamu chemuchinjikwa inoratidza kugoverwa kwakavandudzika uye kunamatira kana ichienzaniswa nemucheka wakagadzirwa uchishandisa munyu wakachena.Musiyano mukuru wakaonekwa muTGA-DTC unoenderana ne18.4 g/m2 pachikamu chechikamu cheiyo adsorber patembiricha ye150 ° C.
Pamusana pekusagadzikana kwepamusoro, strontium chloride (SrCl2) ine chifukidzo chisina kuenzana pane zvimbi (Fig. 10a).Zvisinei, migumisiro ye-transverse notch test yakaratidza kugovera yunifomu nekugadzirisa zvakanyanya (Fig. 10c).Kuongorora kweTGA kwakaratidza musiyano mudiki muhuremu, unofanirwa kunge uri nekuda kweiyo yakaderera munyu inofananidzwa nesimbi substrate.Zvisinei, nhanho dziri pa curve dzinoratidza kuvapo kwekuita dehydration process, kunyangwe iyo peak yakabatana nekudziya kunowanikwa kana ichiratidzira munyu wakachena.Nzvimbo dzepamusoro pa110 ° C uye 70.2 ° C dzakaonekwa muFig.10b yakawanikwa zvakare pakuongorora munyu chaiwo.Zvisinei, danho guru rekubvisa mvura mumuviri rakaonekwa mumunyu wakachena pa50 ° C harina kuratidzwa mumakona uchishandisa binder.Kusiyana neizvi, musanganiswa webinder wakaratidza mapeji maviri pa 20.2 ° C uye 94.1 ° C, ayo asina kuyerwa nokuda kwemunyu wakachena (Fig. 10b).Patembiricha ye150 ° C, iyo inocherechedzwa misiyano inoenderana ne7.2 g/m2 pachikamu chechikamu cheiyo adsorber.
Kusanganiswa kweHEC uye zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) haina kupa migumisiro inogamuchirwa (Mufananidzo 11).TGA kuongororwa kwesimbi yakavharwa haina kuratidza chero maitiro ekupera mvura.Kunyange zvazvo kugovera uye kunamatira kwekuputira kwakagadziridzwa, zvinhu zvayo zvichiri kure nepamusoro.
Nzira yakareruka yekupfekedza simbi dzesimbi nemucheka mutete uye yunifomu ndeyekunyorova kwemvura (Fig. 12a), iyo inosanganisira kugadzirira kwechinangwa chemunyu uye kuiswa kwesimbi fiber ine aqueous solution.
Paunenge uchigadzirira kuiswa kwemvura, matambudziko maviri makuru anosangana.Kune rumwe rutivi, kudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro kwesaline solution kunodzivirira kubatanidzwa kwakarurama kwemvura muhutano hweporous.Crystallization pamusoro pekunze (Fig. 12d) uye mabhuru emhepo akavharirwa mukati megadziriro (Fig. 12c) inogona kuderedzwa chete nekuderedza kukanganiswa kwepamusoro uye kusati kwanyorova sampuli nemvura yakasvibiswa.Kumanikidzwa kuparara mumuenzaniso nekubvisa mhepo mukati kana nekugadzira mhinduro inoyerera muchimiro ndiyo dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda dzekuvimbisa kuzadza kwakakwana kwechimiro.
Dambudziko rechipiri rakasangana panguva yekugadzirira kwaiva kubviswa kwefirimu kubva kune chikamu chemunyu (ona mufananidzo 12b).Chiitiko ichi chinoratidzwa nekuumbwa kweiyo yakaoma coating pamusoro pekunyunguduka kwepasi, iyo inomisa iyo convectively inokurudzirwa kuomesa uye inotanga diffusion inokurudzirwa maitiro.Yechipiri nzira inononoka kupfuura yekutanga.Nekuda kweizvozvo, tembiricha yakakwira inodiwa kwenguva inonzwisisika yekuomeswa, izvo zvinowedzera njodzi yemabhuru anoumba mukati memuenzaniso.Dambudziko iri rinogadziriswa nekuisa imwe nzira yekristalllization yakabva kwete pakuchinja kwekugadzirisa (evaporation), asi pakuchinja kwekushisa (semumuenzaniso neMgSO4 muFig. 13).
Schematic inomiririra yekristaro maitiro panguva yekutonhora uye kupatsanurwa kweakasimba uye emvura zvikamu uchishandisa MgSO4.
Saturated munyu mhinduro inogona kugadzirirwa pa kana pamusoro pekamuri tembiricha (HT) uchishandisa nzira iyi.Muchiitiko chekutanga, crystallization yakamanikidzwa nekudzikisa kutonhora pasi pekushisa kwekamuri.Muchiitiko chechipiri, crystallization yakaitika apo sampuli yakanyoroveswa kusvika kune tembiricha yekamuri (RT).Mhedzisiro isanganiswa yemakristasi (B) uye yakanyungudika (A), iyo chikamu chemvura chinobviswa nemhepo yakamanikidzwa.Iyi nzira haingodzivise kuumbwa kwefirimu pane aya mahydrates, asiwo inoderedza nguva inodiwa pakugadzirira kwemamwe maumbirwo.Zvisinei, kubviswa kwemvura nemhepo yakamanikidzwa kunotungamirira kune imwe crystallization yemunyu, zvichiita kuti pave nekuputira.
Imwe nzira inogona kushandiswa kupfekedza nzvimbo dzesimbi inosanganisira kugadzirwa kwakananga kwemunyu wakananga kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari.Coated heat exchangers yakagadzirwa nekuita kweasidhi panzvimbo yesimbi yezvimbi nemachubhu zvine zvakanakira zvakawanda, sezvakataurwa muchidzidzo chedu chapfuura.Kushandiswa kweiyi nzira kumafibhi kwakaunza mhedzisiro yakaipa kwazvo nekuda kwekuumbwa kwemagasi panguva yekuita.Kudzvinyirirwa kwehydrogen gasi bubbles inovaka mukati me probe uye inoshanduka sezvo chigadzirwa chinobudiswa (Fig. 14a).
Iyo yekuputira yakagadziridzwa kuburikidza nekemikari yekuita kuti idzore zviri nani kukora uye kugovera kwekupfeka.Iyi nzira inosanganisira kupfuudza mhute yeasidhi kuburikidza nemuenzaniso (Mufananidzo 14b).Izvi zvinotarisirwa kuguma nekuputira yunifomu nekuita ne substrate simbi.Mhedzisiro yacho yaigutsa, asi nzira yacho yakanonoka kuti ionekwe senzira inoshanda (Fig. 14c).Nguva pfupi yekupindura inogona kuwanikwa nekudziya kwenzvimbo.
Kuti akunde zvisingabatsiri zvemaitiro ari pamusoro apa, nzira yekuputira inobva pakushandiswa kwemishonga yakadzidziswa.HEC yakasarudzwa zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yakapihwa muchikamu chakapfuura.Yese sampuli dzakagadzirirwa pa3% wt.Iyo binder inosanganiswa nemunyu.Mafiibha acho akaiswa pretreated maererano nenzira yakafanana neyembabvu, kureva kuti yakanyudzwa mu50% vol.mukati memaminitsi gumi nemashanu.sulfuric acid, yakazonyudzwa mu sodium hydroxide kwemasekonzi makumi maviri, yakashambidzwa mumvura ine distilled uye pakupedzisira yakanyudzwa mumvura yakashambwa kwemaminetsi makumi matatu.Muchiitiko ichi, imwe nhanho yakawedzerwa isati yaiswa pamuviri.Nyura muenzaniso muchidimbu munyu yakanyungudutswa yemunyu uye woomesa panosvika 60°C.Iyo nzira yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa pamusoro pesimbi, kugadzira nucleation nzvimbo dzinovandudza kugovera kwekuputira muchikamu chekupedzisira.Iyo fibrous structure ine rimwe divi apo filaments iri mitete uye yakanyatsorongedzwa, uye kune yakatarisana iyo filaments yakakora uye kushoma kugoverwa.Iyi ndiyo mhedzisiro ye52 maitiro ekugadzira.
Mibairo yecalcium chloride (CaCl2) inopfupikiswa uye inofananidzirwa nemifananidzo iri muTebhura 1. Kuvharirwa kwakanaka mushure mekupinza.Kunyangwe iwo tambo dzisina makristasi anooneka pamusoro akange adzikisira simbi yekuratidzira, zvichiratidza shanduko mukupedzisa.Zvisinei, mushure mokunge sampuli dzakagadziriswa nemusanganiswa wemvura weCaCl2 neHEC uye wakaomeswa pakupisa kwe60 ° C, machira acho akaiswa pamharadzano dzezvivako.Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro unokonzerwa nekuputika kwepamusoro kwemhinduro.Mushure mekunyura, mvura inoramba iri mukati memuenzaniso nekuda kwekunetseka kwayo kwepamusoro.Chaizvoizvo inoitika pamharadzano yezvivakwa.Rutivi rwakanakisisa rwemuenzaniso une maburi akawanda akazadzwa nemunyu.Huremu hwakawedzera ne 0.06 g/cm3 mushure mekuputira.
Kuputira ne magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) yakabudisa munyu wakawanda pane imwe unit volume (Tafura 2).Muchiitiko ichi, iyo yakayerwa increment ndeye 0.09 g/cm3.Nzira yekudyara yakakonzera kuvharwa kwemuenzaniso wakawanda.Mushure mekuputira, munyu unovhara nzvimbo dzakakura dzedivi rakatetepa remuenzaniso.Mukuwedzera, dzimwe nzvimbo dzematte dzakavharwa, asi imwe porosity inochengetwa.Muchiitiko ichi, kuumbwa kwemunyu kunoonekwa nyore nyore pamharadzano yezvivakwa, zvichisimbisa kuti nzira yekuputira inonyanya kukonzerwa nekukakavadzana kwepamusoro pemvura, uye kwete kupindirana pakati pemunyu nesimbi substrate.
Migumisiro yekubatanidzwa kwe strontium chloride (SrCl2) uye HEC yakaratidza zvinhu zvakafanana kune mienzaniso yapfuura (Tafura 3).Muchiitiko ichi, rutivi rwakatetepa rwemuenzaniso unenge wakavharwa zvachose.Mapores ega ega anoonekwa, anoumbwa panguva yekuomeswa semugumisiro wekusunungurwa kwemhepo kubva mumuenzaniso.Chimiro chakacherechedzwa padivi rematte chakanyanya kufanana nechakaitika chekare, nzvimbo yacho yakavharwa nemunyu uye mafibhi haana kuvharwa zvachose.
Kuti uongorore maitiro akanaka ekugadzirwa kwefibrous pakushanda kwekupisa kwechitsinhanisi chekupisa, iyo inoshanda yekushisa conductivity yezvakaputirwa fibrous chimiro chakatemwa uye chichienzaniswa nechakachena coating material.Thermal conductivity yakayerwa zvinoenderana neASTM D 5470-2017 uchishandisa iyo flat panel mudziyo unoratidzwa muFigure 15a uchishandisa chinongedzo zvinhu zvinozivikanwa kupisa kwemafuta.Zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzekuyera dzenguva pfupi, musimboti uyu wakanakira zvinhu zvine porous zvinoshandiswa muchidzidzo chazvino, sezvo kuyerwa kunoitwa munzvimbo yakatsiga uye nehukuru hwakakwana hwemuenzaniso (nzvimbo yepasi 30 × 30 mm2, kureba ingangoita 15 mm).Samples yeyakachena coating material (reference) uye yakavharwa fiber chimiro chakagadzirirwa kuyerwa munzira yefiber uye perpendicular kune kutungamira kwefiber kuti iongorore mhedzisiro yeanisotropic thermal conductivity.Mienzaniso yacho yakange yakagadzika pamusoro (P320 grit) kuderedza kushanda kwekuoma kwepamusoro nekuda kwekugadzirira kwemuenzaniso, iyo isingaratidzi chimiro mukati memuenzaniso.