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Musika wemasisitimu ekutonhodza anodzungudza uye mapombi ekupisa uchiri mudiki zvichienzaniswa nemasisitimu echinyakare ecompressor. Pasinei nebhenefiti huru yekushandisa kupisa kwakachipa (panzvimbo pebasa remagetsi rinodhura), kushandiswa kwemasisitimu akavakirwa pamisimboti yekudzungudza kuchiri kungogumira kune mamwe mashandisirwo chaiwo. Dambudziko guru rinofanira kubviswa kudzikira kwesimba rakati nekuda kwekudzikira kwekupisa uye kugadzikana kushoma kweadsorbent. Masisitimu ekutonhodza anodzungudza ekutengesa ari pari zvino akavakirwa paadsorbers akavakirwa paplate heat exchangers dzakaputirwa kuti dziwedzere kugona kutonhora. Mhedzisiro inozivikanwa kuti kudzikisa ukobvu hwecoating kunotungamira kudzikira kwehuremu hwekutumira mass, uye kuwedzera chiyero chenzvimbo kusvika pahuwandu hwezvimiro zvinofambisa kunowedzera simba pasina kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka. Fibre dzesimbi dzinoshandiswa mubasa iri dzinogona kupa nzvimbo chaiyo iri pakati pe2500–50,000 m2/m3. Nzira nhatu dzekuwana coating dzakatetepa asi dzakagadzikana dzemunyu pamusoro pesimbi, kusanganisira fiber dzesimbi, dzekugadzira coating dzinoratidza kekutanga high power density heat exchanger. Kurapa pamusoro kwakavakirwa paaluminium anodizing kunosarudzwa kuti pave nechisungo chakasimba pakati pechifukidziro ne substrate. Maumbirwo e micros epamusoro akawanikwa akaongororwa uchishandisa scanning electron microscopy. Kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwe reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy uye energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy zvakashandiswa kutarisa kuvapo kwemhando inodiwa mu assay. Kukwanisa kwavo kugadzira hydrates kwakasimbiswa ne combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). Hunhu husina kunaka pamusoro pe 0.07 g (mvura)/g (composite) hwakawanikwa mu MgSO4 coating, ichiratidza zviratidzo zvekushaya mvura pa 60 °C uye inogona kudzokororwa mushure mekudzorerwa mvura mumuviri. Mhedzisiro yakanaka yakawanikwawo ne SrCl2 ne ZnSO4 ine musiyano wehukuru hwe 0.02 g/g pasi pe 100 °C. Hydroxyethylcellulose yakasarudzwa sekuwedzera kuwedzera kugadzikana uye kunamira kwe coating. Hunhu hwekunyengerera hwezvigadzirwa hwakaongororwa neTGA-DTG panguva imwe chete uye kunamatira kwazvo kwakaratidzwa nenzira yakavakirwa pamiedzo yakatsanangurwa muISO2409. Kuenderana uye kunamatira kweCaCl2 coating kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya uku ichichengetedza kugona kwayo kwekunyengerera nekusiyana kwehuremu hweinenge 0.1 g/g patembiricha iri pasi pe100 °C. Pamusoro pezvo, MgSO4 inoramba iine kugona kuumba hydrates, ichiratidza musiyano wehukuru hweinopfuura 0.04 g/g patembiricha iri pasi pe100 °C. Pakupedzisira, fibers dzesimbi dzakaputirwa dzinoongororwa. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kufambisa kwekupisa kunoshanda kwechimiro chefiber chakaputirwa neAl2(SO4)3 kunogona kunge kwakapetwa ka4.7 zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hweAl2(SO4)3 yakachena. Kupfekedzwa kwependi dzakadzidzwa kwakaongororwa nemaziso, uye chimiro chemukati chakaongororwa uchishandisa mufananidzo we microscopic wezvikamu zvakachinjika. Kupfekedzwa kweAl2(SO4)3 ine ukobvu hweinenge 50 µm kwakawanikwa, asi maitiro ese anofanira kugadziriswa kuti awane kugoverwa kwakafanana.
Masisitimu ekudyisa mvura anyanya kutariswa mumakumi emakore apfuura sezvo achipa imwe nzira isingakuvadzi nharaunda pane mapombi ekupisa ekudzvanya kana masisitimu ekufirisa. Nekukwira kwemazinga ekunyaradza uye tembiricha yepasi rose, masisitimu ekudyisa mvura anogona kuderedza kuvimba nemafuta munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Pamusoro pezvo, chero kuvandudzwa kwekudyisa mvura kana mapombi ekupisa kunogona kutamisirwa kunzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba rekupisa, izvo zvinomiririra kuwedzera kwekugona kwekushandisa simba rekutanga nemazvo. Chinhu chikuru chekushandisa mapombi ekupisa ekudyisa nemvura uye masisitimu ekufirisa mvura ndechekuti anogona kushanda nekupisa kwakaderera. Izvi zvinoita kuti akwanise kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinopisa zvishoma senge simba rezuva kana kupisa kwakasviba. Panyaya yekushandiswa kwekuchengetedza simba, kudyisa mvura kune mukana wekuwedzera simba uye kupararira kwesimba shoma zvichienzaniswa nekuchengetedza kupisa kwakanyatsojeka kana kwakavanzika.
Mapombi ekupisa eAdsorption uye masisitimu ekutonhodza anotevedzera thermodynamic cycle yakafanana neyavo vapor compression. Musiyano mukuru ndewekutsiva zvikamu zvecompressor ne adsorbers. Chinhu ichi chinokwanisa kunwisa low pressure refrigerant vapor patembiricha iri pakati nepakati, zvichibvisa evaporant yakawanda mufiriji kunyangwe mvura yacho ichitonhora. Zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti adsorber inotonhorera nguva dzose kuitira kuti enthalpy yeadsorption (exotherm) isashande. Adsorber inogadzirwazve patembiricha yepamusoro, zvichiita kuti refrigerant vapor ibvise sorbency. Kupisa kunofanira kuramba kuchipa enthalpy yedesorption (endothermic). Nekuti maitiro ekunwisa anoratidzwa nekuchinja kwetembiricha, simba rakawanda rinoda high thermal conductivity. Zvisinei, low thermal conductivity ndiyo dambudziko guru mumashandisirwo mazhinji.
Dambudziko guru rekufambisa mafambiro emhepo nderekuwedzera avhareji yehuwandu hwayo uku uchichengetedza nzira yekufambisa inopa kuyerera kwemvura inonyungudika/inonyungudika. Nzira mbiri dzinowanzo shandiswa kuita izvi: zvinochinja-chinja kupisa zvinosanganiswa uye zvinochinja-chinja kupisa zvakaputirwa. Zvinhu zvinosanganiswa zvakanyanya uye zvinobudirira ndezviya zvinoshandisa zvinowedzera zvinokonzerwa nekabhoni, zvinoti graphite yakawedzerwa, kabhoni yakagadziriswa, kana carbon fibers. Oliveira nevamwe 2 vakaisa upfu hwakanyanya hwegrafiti hwakaiswa muropa necalcium chloride kuti vagadzire adsorber ine kugona kutonhora kwakanangana (SCP) kunosvika 306 W/kg uye coefficient of performance (COP) kunosvika 0.46. Zajaczkowski nevamwe 3 vakakurudzira musanganiswa wegrafiti yakawedzerwa, kabhoni fiber uye calcium chloride ine conductivity yakakwana ye15 W/mK. Jian nevamwe 4 vakaedza composites nesulfuric acid yakagadziriswa expanded natural graphite (ENG-TSA) se substrate muchikamu chekutonhodza che adsorption chematanho maviri. Modhi iyi yakafanotaura kuti COP yaizosvika pa0.215 kusvika pa0.285 uye SCP yaizosvika pa161.4 kusvika pa260.74 W/kg.
Mhinduro inonyanya kushanda ndeye coated heat exchanger. Nzira dzekuputira dzeizvi heat exchangers dzinogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: direct synthesis uye adhesives. Nzira yakabudirira zvikuru ndeye direct synthesis, iyo inosanganisira kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvinokwidza zvakananga pamusoro pe heat exchangers kubva kune reagents dzakakodzera. Sotech5 ine patent yenzira yekugadzira coated zeolite kuti ishandiswe mune dzakatevedzana dze coolers dzakagadzirwa neFahrenheit GmbH. Schnabel et al6 vakaedza mashandiro e zeolites mbiri dzakaputirwa pa steel stainless. Zvisinei, nzira iyi inoshanda chete ne adsorbents chaiyo, izvo zvinoita kuti coating ne adhesives ive imwe nzira inonakidza. Binders zvinhu zvisingashande zvakasarudzwa kutsigira sorbent adhesion uye/kana mass transfer, asi hazvina basa mu adsorption kana conductivity enhancement. Freni et al. 7 coated aluminum heat exchangers neAQSOA-Z02 zeolite yakagadzikana ne clay-based binder. Calabrese et al.8 vakadzidza kugadzirira zeolite coatings ne polymeric binders. Ammann nevamwe vake 9 vakapa nzira yekugadzira machira e zeolite ane porous kubva mu magnetic mixes ye polyvinyl alcohol. Alumina (alumina) inoshandiswawo se binder 10 mu adsorber. Sekuziva kwedu, cellulose ne hydroxyethyl cellulose zvinoshandiswa chete pamwe chete ne physical adsorbents11,12. Dzimwe nguva glue haishandiswe pakupenda, asi inoshandiswa kuvaka chimiro 13 yoga. Kusanganiswa kwe alginate polymer matrices ne multiple salt hydrates kunogadzira flexible composite bead structures dzinodzivirira kubuda kwemvura panguva yekuomeswa uye dzinopa huwandu hwakakwana hwema. Ivhu rakadai se bentonite ne attapulgite rakashandiswa se binders pakugadzira composites15,16,17. Ethylcellulose yakashandiswa kuisa microcapsulate calcium chloride18 kana sodium sulfide19.
Makompositi ane chimiro chesimbi chine maburi anogona kukamurwa kuita ma-extension heat exchangers uye ma-coated heat exchangers. Chinhu chakanaka pane izvi ndechekuti nzvimbo yepamusoro ine nzvimbo yakakura. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nenzvimbo yakakura pakati pe-adsorbent nesimbi pasina kuwedzera inert mass, izvo zvinoderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwe-refrigeration cycle. Lang et al. 20 vakavandudza conductivity ye zeolite adsorber ine chimiro chealuminium honeycomb. Gillerminot et al. 21 vakavandudza conductivity yethermal yeNaX zeolite layers ne copper ne nickel foam. Kunyangwe ma composites achishandiswa sezvinhu zvekuchinja kwechikamu (PCMs), zvakawanikwa naLi et al. 22 naZhao et al. 23 zvinonakidzawo pa chemisorption. Vakaenzanisa mashandiro e-expanded graphite nemetal foam uye vakagumisa kuti yekupedzisira yaidiwa chete kana ngura isiri dambudziko. Palomba et al. vachangobva kuenzanisa mamwe ma-metallic porous structures24. Van der Pal et al. vakadzidza metal salts dzakaiswa mumafuro 25. Mienzaniso yese yapfuura inoenderana ne dense layers dze particulate adsorbents. Zvivako zvesimbi zvine maburi hazvishandiswi kuputira adsorbers, inova mhinduro yakanaka kwazvo. Muenzaniso wekusunga kune zeolites unogona kuwanikwa muna Wittstadt et al. 26 asi hapana kuedza kwakaitwa kusunga munyu hydrates kunyangwe simba rawo rakawanda 27.
Saka, nzira nhatu dzekugadzirira machira e adsorbent dzichaongororwa munyaya ino: (1) binder coating, (2) direct reaction, uye (3) surface treatment. Hydroxyethylcellulose ndiyo yaive binder yakasarudzwa mubasa iri nekuda kwekugadzikana kwakambotaurwa uye kunamira kwakanaka kwe coating pamwe chete ne physical adsorbents. Nzira iyi yakatanga kutsvakurudzwa ye flat coatings uye yakazoshandiswa ku metal fiber structures. Kare, ongororo yekutanga yekugona kwe chemical reactions nekuumbwa kwe adsorbent coatings yakashumwa. Ruzivo rwekare ikozvino rwuri kutamisirwa ku coating ye metal fiber structures. Kurapa kwepamusoro kwakasarudzwa pabasa iri inzira yakavakirwa pa aluminium anodizing. Aluminium anodizing yakabatanidzwa zvinobudirira ne metal salts nekuda kwerunako29. Muzviitiko izvi, machira akasimba uye anodzivirira ngura anogona kuwanikwa. Zvisinei, haagone kuita chero adsorption kana desorption process. Pepa iri rinopa imwe nzira yeiyi nzira inobvumira mass kutamiswa uchishandisa glue properties ye original process. Sekuziva kwedu, hapana imwe yenzira dzakatsanangurwa pano dzakambodzidzwa kare. Dzinomiririra tekinoroji itsva inonakidza zvikuru nekuti dzinobvumira kuumbwa kwezvipfeko zvinonyungudutsa mvura, izvo zvine zvakanakira zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinonyungudutsa zvinogara zvichidzidzwa.
Maplate ealuminium akadhindwa akashandiswa se substrates dzekuedza uku akapihwa neALINVEST Břidličná, Czech Republic. Ane 98.11% aluminium, 1.3622% iron, 0.3618% manganese uye zvisaririra zvemhangura, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zinc, chromium uye nickel.
Zvinhu zvinosarudzwa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinosanganiswa zvinosarudzwa zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwazvo hwe thermodynamic, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura yazvinogona kunyungudutsa/kubvisa patembiricha iri pasi pe 120°C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ndeimwe yemunyu unonakidza uye wakadzidzwa zvikuru une hydrated salts30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41. Hunhu hwe thermodynamic hwakayerwa zvakarongeka uye hwakawanikwa kuti hwakakodzera kushandiswa munzvimbo dzekudziya, kudziya, uye kuchengetedza simba. Dry magnesium sulfate CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yakashandiswa.
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) ndeimwe munyu wakanyatsodzidzwa nekuti hydrate yayo ine hunhu hunonakidza hwe thermodynamic41,42,43,44. Calcium chloride hexahydrate CAS-No. 7774-34-7 97% inoshandiswa (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany).
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) uye hydrates dzayo dzine hunhu hwe thermodynamic hwakakodzera maitiro ekunyungudutsa tembiricha yakaderera45,46. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Germany) yakashandiswa.
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) inewo hunhu hunonakidza hwe thermodynamic4,45,47 kunyangwe ichiwanzobatanidzwa ne ammonia mu adsorption heat pump kana energy storage research. Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) yakashandiswa pakugadzira.
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) haisi pakati pemahydrate anowanikwa kakawanda mumabhuku ehunyanzvi, kunyangwe hunhu hwayo hwe thermodynamic huchikosha pakushandiswa kwekupisa kwakaderera48,49. Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) yakashandiswa pakugadzira.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) ndeimwe yemunyu wakanyungudutswa wave kutariswa zvakanyanya munguva pfupi yapfuura muchikamu chekuchengetedza simba rekupisa50,51. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 pure pharmaceutical grade (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Germany) yakashandiswa pakuedza uku.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, hydroxyethyl cellulose yakasarudzwa nekuda kwemhedzisiro yakanaka mukushandiswa kwakafanana. Chinhu chinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwedu ihydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Matayi esimbi anogadzirwa newaya pfupi dzakasungirirwa pamwe chete nekudzvanya nekupinza, nzira inozivikanwa secrucible melt extraction (CME)52. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kufambiswa kwemafuta kwadzo hakungotsamiri pakufambiswa kwesimbi dzakawanda dzinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa uye kudzika kwechimiro chekupedzisira, asiwo pamhando yezvisungo zviri pakati pemashinda. Matayi haana kusimba uye anowanzo kuparadzirwa munzira yakati panguva yekugadzira, izvo zvinoita kuti kufambiswa kwemafuta mugwara rakachinjika kuve kwakaderera zvikuru.
Hunhu hwekunyudzwa kwemvura hwakaongororwa uchishandisa thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) mu vacuum package (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra). Kuyerwa kwakaitwa mumhepo ine nitrogen inoyerera pachiyero chekuyerera kwe10 ml/min uye tembiricha iri pakati pe25 kusvika 150°C mu aluminium oxide crucibles. Chiyero chekupisa chaive 1 °C/min, huremu hwesampuro hwakasiyana kubva pa10 kusvika 20 mg, resolution yaive 0.1 μg. Mubasa iri, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti musiyano wehukuru pa unit surface hauna chokwadi chikuru. Sampu dzinoshandiswa muTGA-DTG diki kwazvo uye dzakachekwa zvisina kurongeka, izvo zvinoita kuti kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo yadzo kusakosha. Aya mavalues ​​​​anongogona kutorwa kunzvimbo yakakura kana kutsauka kukuru kukafungwa.
Maspectra eFourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) akadzikiswa akawanikwa paBruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) achishandisa chinhu cheATR platinum (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany). Maspectra emakristaro edhaimani akaoma akayerwa zvakananga muvacuum vasati vashandisa masampuli senzvimbo yekuyedza kuyerwa. Masampuli akayerwa muvacuum achishandisa resolution yespectral ye2 cm-1 uye avhareji yehuwandu hwema scans e32. Wavenumber inotangira pa8000 kusvika 500 cm-1. Kuongorora kwespectral kwakaitwa uchishandisa chirongwa cheOPUS.
Ongororo yeSEM ​​yakaitwa pachishandiswa DSM 982 Gemini kubva kuZeiss pamagetsi anowedzera simba re2 ne5 kV. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) yakaitwa pachishandiswa Thermo Fischer System 7 nePeltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
Kugadzirwa kwemaplate esimbi kwakaitwa zvichienderana nenzira yakafanana neyakatsanangurwa mu53. Kutanga, nyika ndiro mu50% sulfuric acid. kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu. Zvadaro dzakaiswa mu 1 M sodium hydroxide solution kwemasekondi gumi. Zvadaro, sampuli dzakagezwa nemvura yakawanda yakasanganiswa, uye dzakazonyikwa mumvura yakasanganiswa kwemaminitsi makumi matatu. Mushure mekutanga kurapwa pamusoro, sampuli dzakanyikwa mu 3% saturated solution. HEC ne target salt. Pakupedzisira, dzibudise wodziomesa pa60°C.
Nzira yeanodizing inowedzera uye inosimbisa layer ye natural oxide pasimbi isingashande. Mapaneru ealuminium akasanganiswa nesulfuric acid muchimiro chekuomarara ndokuzovharwa mumvura inopisa. Anodizing yakatevera kuchekwa kwekutanga ne1 mol/l NaOH (600 s) zvichiteverwa ne neutralization mu1 mol/l HNO3 (60 s). Mhinduro ye electrolyte musanganiswa we 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3, uye 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O. Anodizing yakaitwa pa (40 ± 1)°C, 30 mA/cm2 kwemasekondi 1200. Maitiro ekuvhara akaitwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemvura yakanyorova sezvakatsanangurwa muzvinhu (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2). Sample inobikwa mairi kwemasekondi 1800.
Nzira nhatu dzakasiyana dzekugadzira zvinhu zvinosanganisa makemikari dzakaongororwa: kuputira neglue, kuita zvakananga, uye kurapwa pamusoro pechinhu. Zvakanakira nezvakaipa zvenzira yega yega yekudzidzisa zvinoongororwa uye zvinokurukurwa zvakarongeka. Kutarisa zvakananga, nanoimaging, uye ongororo yemakemikari/elemental zvakashandiswa kuongorora mhedzisiro.
Anodizing yakasarudzwa senzira yekushandura pamusoro kuti iwedzere kunamira kwemunyu. Kurapa uku pamusoro kunogadzira chimiro chine maburi chealumina (alumina) zvakananga pamusoro pealuminamu. Nenzira, nzira iyi ine matanho maviri: danho rekutanga rinogadzira chimiro chine maburi chealuminamu oxide, uye danho rechipiri rinogadzira kufukidza kwealuminamu hydroxide kunovhara maburi. Idzi nzira mbiri dzekuvhara munyu pasina kuvhara kupinda muchikamu chegasi. Yekutanga ine sisitimu yeuchi inoshandisa machubhu madiki ealuminamu oxide (Al2O3) anowanikwa padanho rekutanga kuti abate makristaro anonyungudutsa uye awedzere kunamira kwawo pamusoro pesimbi. Huchi dzinobuda dzine dhayamita inosvika 50 nm uye kureba kwe200 nm (Mufananidzo 1a). Sezvambotaurwa, maburi aya anowanzo vharwa padanho rechipiri nechikamu chakatetepa cheAl2O(OH)2 boehmite chinotsigirwa nemaitiro ekubikisa chubhu yealumina. Munzira yechipiri, maitiro aya ekuvhara anogadziriswa nenzira yekuti makristaro emunyu anobatwa muchikamu chakafukidza zvakafanana cheboehmite (Al2O(OH)), icho chisingashandiswe pakuvhara muchiitiko ichi. Danho rechipiri rinoitwa mumhinduro yakazara yemunyu unoenderana. Mapatani anotsanangurwa ane saizi dziri pakati pe50–100 nm uye anotaridzika semadonhwe akapfapfaidzwa (Mufananidzo 1b). Pamusoro pechinhu chinowanikwa nekuda kwekuvhara chine chimiro chakakura chenzvimbo ine nzvimbo yakawedzerwa yekubata. Maitiro aya epamusoro, pamwe chete nemagadzirirwo awo akawanda ekubatanidza, akanakira kutakura nekubata makristaro emunyu. Magadzirirwo ese ari maviri anotsanangurwa anoita seane maburi chaiwo uye ane maburi madiki anoita seakakodzera kuchengetedza hydrate yemunyu uye kukwidza utsi kumunyu panguva yekushanda kweadsorber. Zvisinei, ongororo yezvikamu izvi uchishandisa EDX inogona kuona huwandu hushoma hwemagnesium nesarufa pamusoro peboehmite, izvo zvisingaonekwe kana paine pamusoro pealumina.
ATR-FTIR yemuenzaniso yakasimbisa kuti chinhu chacho chaive magnesium sulfate (ona Mufananidzo 2b). Iyo spectrum inoratidza hunhu hwe sulfate ion peaks pa 610–680 uye 1080–1130 cm–1 uye hunhu hwe lattice water peaks pa 1600–1700 cm–1 uye 3200–3800 cm–1 (ona Mufananidzo 2a, c). ). Kuvapo kwe magnesium ion hakumbochinji hunhu hwe54.
(a) EDX yeplate yearuminiyamu yeMgSO4 yakaputirwa neboehmite, (b) maspectra eATR-FTIR eboehmite neMgSO4, (c) maspectra eATR-FTIR eMgSO4 yakachena.
Kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwekunyungudutsa mvura kwakasimbiswa neTGA. Pamufananidzo 3b panoratidza kukwirira kwekunyungudutsa kweinenge 60°C. Kukwira uku hakuenderane nekupisa kwezvikamu zviviri zvakaonekwa muTGA yemunyu wakachena (Mufananidzo 3a). Kudzokororwa kwedanho rekunyungudutsa mvura nekunyungudutsa mvura kwakaongororwa, uye curve imwechete yakaonekwa mushure mekuisa sampuli mumhepo ine hunyoro (Mufananidzo 3c). Musiyano wakaonekwa padanho rechipiri rekunyungudutsa mvura unogona kunge uri mugumisiro wekushaya mvura mumhepo inoyerera, sezvo izvi zvinowanzoita kuti mvura ipere isina kukwana. Aya manhamba anoenderana neinenge 17.9 g/m2 mukubvisa mvura kwekutanga uye 10.3 g/m2 mukubvisa mvura kwechipiri.
Kuenzanisa kuongororwa kweTGA kweboehmite neMgSO4: Kuongororwa kweTGA kweMgSO4 yakachena (a), musanganiswa (b) uye mushure mekudzorerwa kwemvura mumuviri (c).
Nzira imwecheteyo yakaitwa necalcium chloride se adsorbent. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Kuongorora pamusoro pechinhu kwakaratidza shanduko diki mukupenya kwesimbi. Mvere yacho hainyatsooneki. SEM yakasimbisa kuvapo kwemakristaro madiki akapararira zvakaenzana pamusoro pechinhu. Zvisinei, TGA haina kuratidza kupera mvura mumuviri pasi pe150°C. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti chikamu chemunyu chidiki kwazvo kana tichienzanisa nehuremu hwese hwechinhu kuti TGA ionekwe nacho.
Mhedzisiro yekurapa pamusoro pe copper sulfate coating nenzira yeanodizing inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5. Muchiitiko ichi, kutarisirwa kwekubatanidzwa kweCuSO4 muchimiro cheAl oxide hakuna kuitika. Pane kudaro, tsono dzakareruka dzinoonekwa sezvo dzichishandiswa zvakanyanya pa copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 inoshandiswa nedhayi dze turquoise.
Kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo ine anodized kwakaedzwawo pamwe chete nestrontium chloride. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kufukidza kusina kuenzana (ona Mufananidzo 6a). Kuti vaone kana munyu wakafukidza pamusoro pese, ongororo yeEDX yakaitwa. Kukombama kwenzvimbo ine grey (point 1 muFig. 6b) kunoratidza strontium shoma uye aluminium yakawanda. Izvi zvinoratidza huwandu hushoma hwestrontium munzvimbo yakayerwa, izvo, zvinoratidza kufukidza kushoma kwestrontium chloride. Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo chena dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwestrontium uye huwandu hushoma hwealuminium (points 2-6 muFig. 6b). Ongororo yeEDX yenzvimbo chena inoratidza madotsi matema (points 2 ne4 muFig. 6b), chlorine shoma uye sulfure yakawanda. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuumbwa kwestrontium sulfate. Madotsi akajeka anoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwechlorine uye huwandu hushoma hwesulfure (points 3, 5, uye 6 muFig. 6b). Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekuti chikamu chikuru chependi chena chine strontium chloride inotarisirwa. TGA yemuenzaniso yakasimbisa dudziro yeongororo iyi nekukwirira pakupisa kwemhando ye strontium chloride yakachena (Mufananidzo 6c). Kukosha kwavo kudiki kunogona kusimbiswa nechikamu chidiki chemunyu kana tichienzanisa nehuremu hwesimbi inotsigira. Huremu hwekubviswa kwemvura hwakawanikwa mukuyedza kwacho hunoenderana nehuwandu hwe7.3 g/m2 hunopihwa pachikamu chimwe nechimwe che adsorber pakupisa kwe150°C.
Mapendi e zinc sulfate akagadziriswa neEloxal akaedzwawo. Nekushandisa macroscopic, pendi yacho yakatetepa uye yakafanana (Mufananidzo 7a). Zvisinei, SEM yakaratidza nzvimbo yepamusoro yakafukidzwa nemakristaro madiki akaparadzaniswa nenzvimbo dzisina chinhu (Mufananidzo 7b). TGA yependi ne substrate yakaenzaniswa neyemunyu wakachena (Mufananidzo 7c). Munyu wakachena une peak imwe isina kufanana pa59.1°C. Aluminium yakaputirwa yakaratidza peak mbiri diki pa55.5°C uye 61.3°C, zvichiratidza kuvapo kwe zinc sulfate hydrate. Musiyano wehukuru wakaratidzwa mukuyedza unoenderana ne10.9 g/m2 patembiricha yekushaya mvura ye150°C.
Sezvakaitwa kare53, hydroxyethyl cellulose yakashandiswa se binder yekuvandudza kunamira uye kugadzikana kwe sorbent coating. Kuenderana kwezvinhu uye mhedzisiro pakushanda kwe adsorption zvakaongororwa neTGA. Ongororo inoitwa maererano nehuremu hwese, kureva kuti sampuro inosanganisira ndiro yesimbi inoshandiswa se substrate yekunamira. Kunamira kunoedzwa nebvunzo zvichibva pa cross notch test yakatsanangurwa mu ISO2409 specification (haigone kusangana ne notch separation specification zvichienderana nehukobvu uye upamhi hwe specification).
Kuputira mapaneru necalcium chloride (CaCl2) (ona Mufananidzo 8a) kwakaita kuti pave nekupararira kusina kuenzana, izvo zvisina kuonekwa mu pure aluminum coating yakashandiswa pa transverse notch test. Zvichienzaniswa nemhedzisiro ye pure CaCl2, TGA (Mufananidzo 8b) inoratidza ma characteristic peaks maviri akachinjika kuenda ku tembiricha yakaderera ye40 ne20°C, zvichiteerana. Cross-section test haibvumiri kuenzanisa kwakananga nekuti pure CaCl2 sample (sample iri kurudyi muMufananidzo 8c) ipowdery precipitate, iyo inobvisa zvidimbu zvepamusoro. Mhedzisiro yeHEC yakaratidza coating yakatetepa uye yakafanana ine kunamira kunogutsa. Musiyano wehukuru unoratidzwa mumufananidzo 8b unoenderana ne51.3 g/m2 pa unit area ye adsorber pa tembiricha ye150°C.
Mhedzisiro yakanaka maererano nekunamatira uye kufanana yakawanikwawo nemagnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (ona Mufananidzo 9). Kuongororwa kwemaitiro ekubviswa kwejira kwakaratidza kuvapo kwechikamu chimwe chepamusoro cheinenge 60°C. Kupisa uku kunoenderana nedanho guru rekubviswa kwemvura mumunyu wakachena, zvichimiririra rimwe danho pa44°C. Kunoenderana nekuchinja kubva kuhexahydrate kuenda kupentahydrate uye hakuonekwi kana paine machira ane ma binders. Miedzo yecross section inoratidza kupararira kuri nani uye kunamira zvichienzaniswa nemachira akagadzirwa uchishandisa munyu wakachena. Musiyano wehukuru wakaonekwa muTGA-DTC unoenderana ne18.4 g/m2 pachikamu chimwe nechimwe che adsorber patembiricha ye150°C.
Nekuda kwekusarongeka kwepamusoro, strontium chloride (SrCl2) ine kuputira kusina kuenzana pamafins (Mufananidzo 10a). Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yebvunzo ye transverse notch yakaratidza kupararira kwakafanana nekunamatira kwakawedzera zvakanyanya (Mufananidzo 10c). Kuongororwa kweTGA kwakaratidza musiyano mudiki kwazvo muhuremu, izvo zvinofanira kunge zvichikonzerwa nehuwandu hwemunyu hwakaderera zvichienzaniswa nesimbi substrate. Zvisinei, matanho ari pa curve anoratidza kuvapo kwemaitiro ekushaya mvura mumuviri, kunyangwe peak ichibatanidzwa netembiricha inowanikwa pakuratidza munyu wakachena. Ma peaks pa 110°C uye 70.2°C akaonekwa muMifananidzo 10b akawanikwawo pakuongorora munyu wakachena. Zvisinei, danho guru rekushaya mvura mumuviri rakaonekwa mumunyu wakachena pa 50°C harina kuratidzwa muma curves uchishandisa binder. Kusiyana neizvi, musanganiswa we binder wakaratidza ma peaks maviri pa 20.2°C uye 94.1°C, asina kuyerwa munyu wakachena (Mufananidzo 10b). Pakupisa kwe150 °C, musiyano wehukuru hunoonekwa unoenderana ne7.2 g/m2 pachikamu chimwe nechimwe che adsorber.
Kusanganiswa kweHEC ne zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) hakuna kupa mhedzisiro inogamuchirika (Mufananidzo 11). Kuongororwa kweTGA kwesimbi yakaputirwa hakuna kuratidza maitiro ekupera mvura mumuviri. Kunyangwe kupararira nekunamatira kwependi kwavandudzika, hunhu hwayo huchiri kure nehwepamusoro.
Nzira iri nyore yekuputira simbi nejira rakatetepa uye rakafanana ndeyekunyungudutsa mvura (Mufananidzo 12a), iyo inosanganisira kugadzirira munyu wakanangana uye kunyungudutsa simbi nemvura.
Pakugadzirira kunyudzwa kwemvura, matambudziko maviri makuru anosangana nawo. Kune rumwe rutivi, kumanikidzwa kwemvura mumushonga wesaline kunodzivirira kuiswa kwemvura zvakanaka muchimiro chine maburi. Kuumbwa kwekristaro pamusoro pekunze (Mufananidzo 12d) uye mabubble emhepo akavharirwa mukati mechimiro (Mufananidzo 12c) zvinogona kuderedzwa chete nekuderedza kumanikidzwa kwemvura uye kunyorovesa sampuli nemvura yakasanganiswa. Kunyungudika kwemvura mumushonga nekuburitsa mhepo mukati kana nekugadzira kuyerera kwemvura mumushonga ndeimwe nzira dzinoshanda dzekuona kuti chivakwa chazara zvakakwana.
Dambudziko rechipiri rakasangana naro panguva yekugadzirira kwaive kubviswa kwefirimu kubva muchikamu chemunyu (ona Mufananidzo 12b). Chiitiko ichi chinoratidzwa nekuumbwa kwejira rakaoma pamusoro pekunyungudika, izvo zvinomisa kuoma kwakakonzerwa ne convectively uye zvinotanga maitiro anokurudzirwa ne diffusion. Maitiro echipiri anononoka kupfuura ekutanga. Nekuda kweizvozvo, tembiricha yakakwira inodiwa kuti iome zvakanaka, izvo zvinowedzera njodzi yekuumbwa kwemabubbles mukati memuenzaniso. Dambudziko iri rinogadziriswa nekuisa imwe nzira ye crystallization yakavakirwa kwete pakuchinja kwe concentration (evaporation), asi pakuchinja kwe tembiricha (semumuenzaniso neMgSO4 muMufananidzo 13).
Kuratidzwa kwechimiro chemaitiro ekristaro panguva yekutonhodza nekupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvakasimba uye zvemvura uchishandisa MgSO4.
Mhinduro dzemunyu wakaguta dzinogona kugadzirwa patembiricha yemukamuri (HT) kana kupfuura uchishandisa nzira iyi. Muchiitiko chekutanga, crystallization yakamanikidzwa nekudzikisa tembiricha iri pasi petembiricha yemukamuri. Muchiitiko chechipiri, crystallization yakaitika apo sampuro yakatonhodzwa kusvika patembiricha yemukamuri (RT). Mugumisiro wacho musanganiswa wemakristaro (B) uye wakanyungudika (A), chikamu chemvura chinobviswa nemhepo yakamanikidzwa. Nzira iyi haingodziviriri kuumbwa kwefirimu pamahydrates aya chete, asiwo inoderedza nguva inodiwa pakugadzirira zvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganiswa. Zvisinei, kubviswa kwemvura nemhepo yakamanikidzwa kunotungamira kune kuwedzera crystallization yemunyu, zvichikonzera kukora kwakakora.
Imwe nzira inogona kushandiswa kuputira pamusoro pesimbi inosanganisira kugadzirwa zvakananga kwemunyu wakananga kuburikidza nemakemikari. Ma "coated heat exchangers" anokonzerwa ne "reaction" ye "acids" pamusoro pesimbi dzemafins nemachubhu ane zvakanakira zvakawanda, sezvakataurwa muongororo yedu yapfuura. Kushandiswa kwenzira iyi kumafibers kwakaita kuti pave nemigumisiro yakaipa nekuda kwekuumbwa kwemagasi panguva ye "reaction". Kumanikidzwa kwemabubbles egasi rehydrogen kunoungana mukati me "probe" uye kunochinja sezvo chigadzirwa chacho chinoburitswa (Mufananidzo 14a).
Kupfeka kwacho kwakagadziridzwa kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari kuti zvinyatso dzora ukobvu nekupararira kwejira. Nzira iyi inosanganisira kupfuudza rwizi rweacid mhute kuburikidza nemuenzaniso (Mufananidzo 14b). Izvi zvinotarisirwa kuti zvizoguma nekupfeka kwakafanana nekuita nesimbi ye substrate. Mhedzisiro yacho yaigutsa, asi maitiro acho ainonoka zvekuti haafanirwe kuonekwa senzira inoshanda (Mufananidzo 14c). Nguva pfupi dzekuita dzinogona kuwanikwa nekupisa kwenzvimbo.
Kuti tikunde matambudziko enzira dziri pamusoro apa, nzira yekuputira yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwezvinonamatira yakadzidzwa. HEC yakasarudzwa zvichibva pane zvakabuda muchikamu chapfuura. Mienzaniso yese yakagadzirwa pa3% wt. Chinosungirirwa chinosanganiswa nemunyu. Mashinda akaiswa mushonga wakafanana newakaitwa nembabvu, kureva kuti akanyikwa mu50% vol. mukati memaminitsi gumi nemashanu. sulfuric acid, yozonyikwa musodium hydroxide kwemasekondi makumi maviri, yakasukwa mumvura yakasanganiswa uye pakupedzisira yakanyikwa mumvura yakasanganiswa kwemaminetsi makumi matatu. Muchiitiko ichi, imwe nhanho yakawedzerwa usati waiswa. Nyudza sampuli kwenguva pfupi mumushonga wemunyu wakasanganiswa woomesa paanenge 60°C. Maitiro acho akagadzirirwa kugadzirisa pamusoro pesimbi, kugadzira nzvimbo dze nucleation dzinovandudza kupararira kwe coating muchikamu chekupedzisira. Chimiro che fibrous chine divi rimwe apo filaments dzakatetepa uye dzakanyatsoiswa, uye divi rakapesana apo filaments dzakakora uye dzisinganyanyi kuparadzirwa. Izvi ndizvo mhedzisiro yemaitiro makumi mashanu nemaviri ekugadzira.
Mhedzisiro yecalcium chloride (CaCl2) inopfupikiswa uye inofananidzirwa nemifananidzo iri muTafura 1. Kufukidzwa kwakanaka mushure mekubayiwa. Kunyangwe tambo idzodzo dzisina makristaro anooneka pamusoro dzaive nekudzikira kwesimbi, zvichiratidza kuchinja kwekupera. Zvisinei, mushure mekunge sampuro dzaiswa mumusanganiswa wemvura weCaCl2 neHEC uye dzaomeswa patembiricha inosvika 60°C, machira acho akabatanidzwa panzvimbo dzinosangana zvivako. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro kwemvura. Mushure mekunyikwa, mvura inoramba iri mukati memuenzaniso nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwayo pamusoro. Chaizvoizvo inoitika panzvimbo dzinosangana zvivako. Rutivi rwakanakisa rwemuenzaniso rune maburi akati wandei akazadzwa nemunyu. Huremu hwacho hwakawedzera ne0.06 g/cm3 mushure mekuputirwa.
Kuputira nemagnesium sulfate (MgSO4) kwakaburitsa munyu wakawanda pahuwandu hweyuniti (Tafura 2). Muchiitiko ichi, kuwedzera kwakayerwa i0.09 g/cm3. Maitiro ekudzvara mbeu akaita kuti sampuli ifukidzwe zvakanyanya. Mushure mekuita kwekuputira, munyu unovhara nzvimbo huru dzedivi rakatetepa remuenzaniso. Pamusoro pezvo, dzimwe nzvimbo dzematte dzakavharika, asi mamwe maburi anochengetwa. Muchiitiko ichi, kuumbwa kwemunyu kunoonekwa zviri nyore pamharadzano yezvivakwa, zvichisimbisa kuti maitiro ekuputira anonyanya kukonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro kwemvura, kwete kudyidzana pakati pemunyu nesimbi.
Mhedzisiro yekusanganiswa kwestrontium chloride (SrCl2) neHEC yakaratidza hunhu hwakafanana nemienzaniso yapfuura (Tafura 3). Muchiitiko ichi, divi rakatetepa remuenzaniso rinenge rakavharwa zvachose. Maburi ega ega ndiwo anoonekwa, anoumbwa panguva yekuomeswa nekuda kwekuburitswa kwemhepo kubva mumuenzaniso. Maitiro akaonekwa padivi rematte akafanana zvikuru neapfuura, nzvimbo yacho yakavharwa nemunyu uye fibers hadzina kuvharwa zvachose.
Kuti tiongorore mhedzisiro yakanaka yechimiro che fibrous pakushanda kwekupisa kwe heat exchanger, kufambisa kwekupisa kunoshanda kwechimiro che fibrous chakaputirwa kwakaongororwa uye kwakaenzaniswa nezvinhu zvakachena zvekuputira. Kufambisa kwekupisa kwakayerwa zvichienderana neASTM D 5470-2017 uchishandisa mudziyo we flat panel unoratidzwa muMufananidzo 15a uchishandisa chinhu chekutarisa chine thermal conductivity inozivikanwa. Zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzekuyera dzenguva pfupi, musimboti uyu unobatsira kune zvinhu zvine maburi zvinoshandiswa muchidzidzo chazvino, sezvo zviyero zvichiitwa mumamiriro akadzikama uye nehukuru hwakakwana hwesampuro (base area 30 × 30 mm2, kureba kuri pamusoro pe 15 mm). Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvakaputirwa zvakachena (reference) uye chimiro che fiber chakaputirwa zvakagadzirirwa kuyerwa munzira ye fiber uye zvakananga kune nzira ye fiber kuti vaongorore mhedzisiro ye anisotropic thermal conductivity. Mienzaniso yakakuyiwa pamusoro (P320 grit) kuderedza mhedzisiro yekuoma kwepamusoro nekuda kwekugadzirira sampuro, iyo isingaratidze chimiro chiri mukati me sampuro.