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Kev sib koom ua lag luam ntawm cov tshuab cua txias adsorption thiab cov twj tso cua sov yog tseem me me piv rau cov tshuab compressor tsoos.Txawm hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob pheej yig (tshwj tsis yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kim), kev siv cov tshuab raws li cov qauv adsorption tseem txwv rau qee qhov kev siv tshwj xeeb.Qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm yog qhov txo qis ntawm lub zog tshwj xeeb vim tias tsis muaj thermal conductivity thiab tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov adsorbent.Tam sim no lub xeev ntawm cov kos duab coj mus muag adsorption tub yees tshuab yog raws li adsorbers raws li phaj kub exchangers coated los optimize txias peev.Cov txiaj ntsig tau paub zoo tias kev txo qis ntawm cov txheej txheej ua rau txo qis hauv huab hwm coj hloov impedance, thiab ua rau thaj tsam ntawm qhov ntim piv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nce lub zog yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm.Cov hlau fibers siv rau hauv txoj haujlwm no tuaj yeem muab thaj chaw tshwj xeeb hauv thaj tsam ntawm 2500-50,000 m2 / m3.Peb txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov txheej nyias nyias tab sis ruaj khov ntawm cov ntsev hydrates ntawm cov hlau hlau, nrog rau cov hlau fibers, rau kev tsim cov txheej txheej ua qauv qhia thawj zaug rau lub zog siab ceev kub exchanger.Kev kho saum npoo raws li aluminium anodizing yog xaiv los tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov txheej thiab cov substrate.Lub microstructure ntawm qhov tshwm sim saum npoo tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm kev siv tshuab electron microscopy.Txo tag nrho cov kev xav tau Fourier hloov pauv infrared spectroscopy thiab lub zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy tau siv los xyuas seb puas muaj cov tsiaj uas xav tau hauv qhov kev xeem.Lawv lub peev xwm los tsim hydrates tau lees paub los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke thermogravimetric tsom xam (TGA) / sib txawv thermogravimetric tsom xam (DTG).Cov dej tsis zoo tshaj 0.07 g (dej) / g (composite) tau pom nyob rau hauv MgSO4 txheej, qhia pom tias lub cev qhuav dej ntawm li 60 ° C thiab rov tsim dua tom qab rov ua dej.Cov txiaj ntsig zoo kuj tau txais nrog SrCl2 thiab ZnSO4 nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm kwv yees li 0.02 g / g hauv qab 100 ° C.Hydroxyethylcellulose tau raug xaiv los ua ib qho ntxiv los ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab adhesion ntawm txheej.Cov khoom adsorptive ntawm cov khoom raug soj ntsuam los ntawm ib txhij TGA-DTG thiab lawv cov adhesion yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov qauv raws li cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau piav qhia hauv ISO2409.Qhov sib xws thiab adhesion ntawm CaCl2 txheej yog txhim khu kev qha thaum tuav nws lub peev xwm adsorption nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav li ntawm 0.1 g / g ntawm qhov kub hauv qab 100 ° C.Tsis tas li ntawd, MgSO4 khaws lub peev xwm los tsim cov hydrates, qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau tshaj 0.04 g / g ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab 100 ° C.Thaum kawg, coated hlau fibers raug tshuaj xyuas.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov ua tau zoo thermal conductivity ntawm cov qauv fiber ntau coated nrog Al2 (SO4) 3 tuaj yeem yog 4.7 npaug siab dua piv rau qhov ntim ntawm cov ntshiab Al2 (SO4) 3.Cov txheej txheej ntawm cov txheej txheej kawm tau raug tshuaj xyuas qhov muag pom, thiab cov qauv sab hauv tau soj ntsuam siv cov duab microscopic ntawm cov ntu ntu.Ib txheej ntawm Al2 (SO4) 3 nrog lub thickness ntawm txog 50 µm tau txais, tab sis tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo kom ua tiav ib qho kev faib tawm ntau dua.
Cov tshuab adsorption tau txais kev saib xyuas ntau dhau los ntawm ob peb lub xyoo dhau los vim lawv muab cov kev pabcuam ib puag ncig rau cov khoom siv cua sov los yog cov tub yees.Nrog nce kev nplij siab cov qauv thiab lub ntiaj teb no qhov nruab nrab kub, adsorption systems yuav txo dependence rau fossil fuels nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho kev txhim kho hauv adsorption tub yees lossis cov twj tso cua sov tuaj yeem hloov mus rau thermal zog cia, uas sawv cev rau kev nce ntxiv hauv lub peev xwm rau kev siv lub zog tseem ceeb.Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm adsorption tshav kub twj tso kua mis thiab tub yees tshuab yog hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm nrog tsawg tshav kub loj.Qhov no ua rau lawv haum rau qhov chaw kub qis xws li lub hnub ci zog lossis cov cua sov khib nyiab.Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog cia daim ntaub ntawv, adsorption muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub zog ntau dua thiab tsawg zog dissipation piv rau paub tab los yog latent tshav kub cia.
Adsorption heat pumps thiab tub yees tshuab ua raws tib lub voj voog thermodynamic raws li lawv cov vapor compression counterparts.Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog hloov cov khoom siv compressor nrog cov adsorbers.Cov khoom muaj peev xwm adsorb qis siab refrigerant vapor ntawm nruab nrab kub, evaporating ntau refrigerant txawm tias cov kua txias.Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej qhov txias ntawm lub adsorber kom tsis txhob suav nrog enthalpy ntawm adsorption (exotherm).Lub adsorber yog regenerated ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ua rau lub refrigerant vapor desorb.Cov cua kub yuav tsum tau muab cov enthalpy ntawm desorption (endothermic).Vim tias cov txheej txheem adsorption yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev hloov pauv kub, lub zog siab ceev yuav tsum muaj thermal conductivity siab.Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tshua muaj thermal conductivity yog nyob deb ntawm qhov tsis zoo hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm conductivity yog nce nws qhov nruab nrab tus nqi thaum tswj kev thauj mus los uas muab cov dej ntws ntawm adsorption / desorption vapors.Ob txoj hauv kev feem ntau yog siv los ua kom tiav qhov no: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw thiab cov coated heat exchangers.Cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws thiab ua tau zoo yog cov khoom siv carbon-based additives, uas yog nthuav graphite, activated carbon, los yog carbon fibers.Oliveira et al.2 impregnated nthuav graphite hmoov nrog calcium chloride los tsim ib qho adsorber nrog lub peev xwm txias txias (SCP) txog li 306 W / kg thiab coefficient ntawm kev ua tau zoo (COP) txog li 0.46.Zajaczkowski et al.3 tau npaj ua ke ntawm kev nthuav dav graphite, carbon fiber thiab calcium chloride nrog tag nrho cov conductivity ntawm 15 W / mK.Jian et al4 tested composites with sulfuric acid kho expanded natural graphite (ENG-TSA) as substrate in a two-stage adsorption cooling cycle.Tus qauv kwv yees COP ntawm 0.215 txog 0.285 thiab SCP los ntawm 161.4 txog 260.74 W / kg.
Txog tam sim no qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog coated heat exchanger.Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: ncaj qha synthesis thiab nplaum.Txoj kev vam meej tshaj plaws yog kev sib txuas ncaj qha, uas suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv adsorbing ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog.Sotech5 tau patented ib txoj hauv kev rau kev sib txuas cov coated zeolite rau siv nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm coolers tsim los ntawm Fahrenheit GmbH.Schnabel thiab al6 tau soj ntsuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob lub zeolites coated ntawm stainless hlau.Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no tsuas yog ua haujlwm nrog cov adsorbents tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau txheej txheej nrog cov nplaum ua lwm yam nthuav.Binders yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas tau xaiv los txhawb nqa sorbent adhesion thiab / lossis kev hloov pauv loj, tab sis tsis ua lub luag haujlwm hauv adsorption lossis kev txhim kho conductivity.Freni et al.7 coated aluminium heat exchangers nrog AQSOA-Z02 zeolite stabilized nrog av nplaum-raws li binder.Calabrese et al.8 tau kawm txog kev npaj ntawm zeolite txheej nrog polymeric binders.Ammann et al.9 tau npaj ib txoj hauv kev los npaj cov txheej txheem zeolite los ntawm cov sib nqus sib nqus ntawm polyvinyl cawv.Alumina (alumina) kuj yog siv los ua binder 10 hauv adsorber.Rau peb txoj kev paub, cellulose thiab hydroxyethyl cellulose tsuas yog siv ua ke nrog lub cev adsorbents11,12.Qee zaum cov kua nplaum tsis yog siv rau cov xim, tab sis yog siv los tsim cov qauv 13 ntawm nws tus kheej.Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm alginate polymer matrices nrog ntau cov ntsev hydrates cov ntaub ntawv hloov tau yooj yim sib xyaw cov hlaws uas tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob tawg thaum ziab thiab muab cov khoom xa tuaj txaus.Cov av nplaum xws li bentonite thiab attapulgite tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv rau kev npaj cov khoom sib xyaw 15,16,17.Ethylcellulose tau siv los ua microencapsulate calcium chloride18 lossis sodium sulfide19.
Composites nrog ib tug ntxeem tau hlau qauv yuav muab faib ua additives tshav kub exchangers thiab coated tshav kub exchangers.Qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv no yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw siab.Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib cuag loj dua ntawm cov adsorbent thiab hlau yam tsis muaj qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qhov inert huab hwm coj, uas txo cov kev ua haujlwm tag nrho ntawm lub tub yees.Lang et al.20 tau txhim kho tag nrho cov conductivity ntawm zeolite adsorber nrog cov qauv txhuas honeycomb.Gillerminot et al.21 txhim kho cov thermal conductivity ntawm NaX zeolite txheej nrog tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee ua npuas ncauj.Txawm hais tias cov khoom sib xyaw siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv theem (PCMs), qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Li et al.22 and Zhao et al.23 kuj muaj kev txaus siab rau chemisorption.Lawv piv cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm nthuav graphite thiab hlau ua npuas ncauj thiab xaus lus tias tom kawg yog qhov zoo dua yog tias corrosion tsis yog qhov teeb meem.Palomba et al.tsis ntev los no tau muab piv rau lwm cov khoom siv hlau ntxeem tau24.Van der Pal et al.tau kawm cov ntsev ntsev nyob rau hauv foams 25 .Tag nrho cov piv txwv yav dhau los sib raug rau cov txheej tuab ntawm cov khoom adsorbents.Cov hlau ntxeem tau cov qauv siv tsis tau siv los ua cov tsho adsorbers, uas yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo dua.Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev khi rau zeolites tuaj yeem pom hauv Wittstadt li al.26 tab sis tsis tau sim ua kom khi ntsev hydrates txawm tias lawv lub zog ntau dua 27 .
Yog li, peb txoj hauv kev los npaj cov txheej txheem adsorbent yuav raug tshawb nrhiav hauv kab lus no: (1) binder txheej, (2) cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha, thiab (3) kev kho saum npoo.Hydroxyethylcellulose yog qhov kev xaiv ntawm txoj haujlwm no vim yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm kev ruaj ntseg thiab zoo txheej adhesion nrog rau lub cev adsorbents.Txoj kev no tau pib tshawb xyuas rau cov txheej txheej tiaj tus thiab tom qab ntawd siv rau cov qauv hlau fiber ntau.Yav dhau los, kev tshuaj xyuas ua ntej ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog kev tsim cov adsorbent coatings tau tshaj tawm.Kev paub dhau los tam sim no tau raug xa mus rau txheej txheej ntawm cov hlau fiber ntau.Kev kho deg xaiv rau txoj haujlwm no yog ib txoj hauv kev los ntawm aluminium anodizing.Aluminium anodizing tau ua tiav nrog cov ntsev ntsev rau kev zoo nkauj29.Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ruaj khov heev thiab corrosion-resistant txheej yuav tau.Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txheej txheem adsorption lossis desorption.Daim ntawv no nthuav tawm qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev no uas tso cai rau cov khoom txav mus los siv cov khoom nplaum ntawm cov txheej txheem qub.Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev paub, tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev piav qhia ntawm no tau kawm yav dhau los.Lawv sawv cev rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab nthuav dav vim tias lawv tso cai tsim cov hydrated adsorbent coatings, uas muaj ntau qhov zoo dua li niaj zaus kawm lub cev adsorbents.
Lub stamped txhuas daim hlau siv los ua substrates rau cov kev sim no tau muab los ntawm ALINVEST Břidličná, Czech koom pheej.Lawv muaj 98.11% aluminium, 1.3622% hlau, 0.3618% manganese thiab cov kab ntawm tooj liab, magnesium, silicon, titanium, zinc, chromium thiab nickel.
Cov ntaub ntawv xaiv rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw yog xaiv raws li lawv cov khoom siv thermodynamic, uas yog, nyob ntawm seb cov dej uas lawv tuaj yeem nqus tau / desorb ntawm qhov kub hauv qab 120 ° C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) yog ib qho ntawm feem nthuav thiab kawm hydrated salts30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41.Cov khoom siv thermodynamic tau raug ntsuas thiab pom tias tsim nyog rau kev siv hauv thaj chaw ntawm adsorption tub yees, twj tso kua mis thiab lub zog cia.Qhuav magnesium sulfate CAS-Nr.7487-88-9 99% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) tau siv.
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) (H319) yog lwm cov ntsev uas tau kawm zoo vim tias nws cov hydrate muaj cov khoom siv thermodynamic nthuav dav 41,42,43,44.Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate CAS NO.7774-34-7 97% siv (Grüssing, GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees).
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (H3O2, H318, H410) thiab nws cov hydrates muaj cov khoom siv thermodynamic haum rau cov txheej txheem kub tsis tshua muaj adsorption45,46.Zinc sulfate heptahydrate CAS-Nr.7733-02-0 99.5% (Grüssing GmbH, Filsum, Niedersachsen, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) tau siv.
Strontium chloride (SrCl2) (H318) kuj muaj qhov nthuav dav thermodynamic zog 4,45,47 txawm hais tias nws feem ntau ua ke nrog ammonia nyob rau hauv adsorption tshav kub twj tso kua mis los yog lub zog cia kev tshawb fawb.Strontium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.10.476-85-4 99.0–102.0% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, TEB CHAWS USA) tau siv los ua cov synthesis.
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) (H302, H315, H319, H410) tsis yog cov hydrates nquag pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev tshaj lij, txawm hais tias nws cov khoom siv thermodynamic muaj kev txaus siab rau kev siv kub tsawg48,49.Copper sulfate CAS-Nr.7758-99-8 99% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) tau siv rau kev sib txuas.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) yog ib qho ntawm cov hydrated ntsev uas tsis ntev los no tau txais kev saib xyuas ntau dua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm thermal zog cia 50,51.Magnesium chloride hexahydrate CAS-Nr.7791-18-6 ntshiab tshuaj qib (Applichem GmbH., Darmstadt, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) tau siv rau kev sim.
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, hydroxyethyl cellulose raug xaiv vim qhov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov ntawv thov zoo sib xws.Cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv peb cov synthesis yog hydroxyethyl cellulose CAS-Nr 9004-62-0 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
Hlau fibers yog tsim los ntawm luv xov hlau sib txuas ua ke los ntawm compression thiab sintering, txheej txheem hu ua crucible melt extraction (CME)52.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv cov thermal conductivity nyob ntawm tsis yog tsuas yog nyob ntawm tej yam conductivity ntawm cov hlau siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw tsim khoom thiab lub porosity ntawm lub kawg qauv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv zoo ntawm cov bonds ntawm threads.Cov fibers tsis yog isotropic thiab zoo li yuav tsum tau muab faib rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, uas ua rau cov thermal conductivity nyob rau hauv transverse kev taw qhia qis dua.
Cov khoom nqus dej tau raug tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ib txhij thermogravimetric (TGA) / differential thermogravimetric tsom (DTG) hauv pob khoom nqus tsev (Netzsch TG 209 F1 Libra).Kev ntsuas tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntws nitrogen ntawm qhov ntws ntawm 10 ml / min thiab qhov kub ntawm 25 txog 150 ° C hauv aluminium oxide crucibles.Qhov ntsuas kub yog 1 ° C / min, tus qauv hnyav txawv ntawm 10 txog 20 mg, qhov kev daws teeb meem yog 0.1 μg.Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov sib txawv loj ntawm ib chav tsev saum npoo muaj qhov tsis paub meej loj.Cov qauv siv hauv TGA-DTG yog qhov me me thiab tsis sib xws, uas ua rau lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis raug.Cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem tsuas yog ntxiv rau thaj tsam loj dua yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv loj rau hauv tus account.
Attenuated tag nrho cov kev xav Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra tau txais ntawm Bruker Vertex 80 v FTIR spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Leipzig, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) siv ATR platinum accessory (Bruker Optik GmbH, Lub teb chaws Yelemees).Lub spectra ntawm cov pob zeb diamond qhuav qhuav tau ntsuas ncaj qha hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ua ntej siv cov qauv ua keeb kwm yav dhau los rau kev sim ntsuas.Cov qauv ntsuas tau ntsuas hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev siv qhov kev daws teeb meem spectral ntawm 2 cm-1 thiab qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 32. Wavenumber ntau ntawm 8000 txog 500 cm-1.Kev tsom xam Spectral tau ua los ntawm kev siv OPUS program.
SEM tsom xam tau ua tiav siv DSM 982 Gemini los ntawm Zeiss ntawm accelerating voltages ntawm 2 thiab 5 kV.Zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) tau ua los ntawm Thermo Fischer System 7 nrog Peltier cooled silicon drift detector (SSD).
Kev npaj cov phaj hlau tau ua tiav raws li cov txheej txheem zoo ib yam li tau piav qhia hauv 53. Ua ntej, muab cov phaj tso rau hauv 50% sulfuric acid.15 feeb.Tom qab ntawd lawv tau nkag mus rau hauv 1 M sodium hydroxide tov rau li 10 vib nas this.Tom qab ntawd cov qauv raug ntxuav nrog ntau cov dej distilled, thiab tom qab ntawd soaked hauv dej distilled rau 30 feeb.Tom qab kev kho qhov chaw ua ntej, cov qauv tau muab tso rau hauv 3% saturated tov.HEC thiab phiaj ntsev.Thaum kawg, tshem lawv tawm thiab qhuav ntawm 60 ° C.
Txoj kev anodizing txhim kho thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub ntuj oxide txheej ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj zog.Aluminium panels tau anodized nrog sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv ib tug hardened lub xeev thiab ces kaw nyob rau hauv dej kub.Anodizing ua raws li qhov pib etching nrog 1 mol / l NaOH (600 s) tom qab los ntawm neutralization hauv 1 mol / l HNO3 (60 s).Cov tshuaj electrolyte yog sib xyaw ntawm 2.3 M H2SO4, 0.01 M Al2 (SO4) 3, thiab 1 M MgSO4 + 7H2O.Anodizing tau nqa tawm ntawm (40 ± 1) ° C, 30 mA / cm2 rau 1200 vib nas this.Cov txheej txheem sib khi tau ua tiav hauv ntau yam kev daws teeb meem brine raws li tau piav qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv (MgSO4, CaCl2, ZnSO4, SrCl2, CuSO4, MgCl2).Cov qauv yog boiled nyob rau hauv nws rau 1800 vib nas this.
Peb txoj kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw tau raug tshawb xyuas: cov nplaum nplaum, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha, thiab kev kho saum npoo.Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua txoj kev cob qhia raug txheeb xyuas thiab sib tham.Kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha, nanoimaging, thiab tshuaj lom neeg / tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau siv los ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig.
Anodizing tau xaiv raws li kev hloov pauv saum npoo kev kho mob kom ua kom cov adhesion ntawm ntsev hydrates.Qhov kev kho saum npoo no tsim cov qauv ntxeem tau ntawm alumina (alumina) ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw txhuas.Kev lig kev cai, txoj kev no muaj ob theem: thawj theem tsim cov txheej txheem ntxeem tau ntawm aluminium oxide, thiab theem thib ob tsim cov txheej txheej ntawm aluminium hydroxide uas kaw qhov pores.Hauv qab no yog ob txoj hauv kev los thaiv cov ntsev tsis thaiv kev nkag mus rau theem roj.Tus thawj muaj ib tug honeycomb system siv me me txhuas oxide (Al2O3) hlab tau nyob rau hauv thawj kauj ruam los tuav lub adsorbent crystals thiab ua rau nws adhesion rau hlau nto.Lub resulting honeycombs muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 50 nm thiab ib tug ntev ntawm 200 nm (Fig. 1a).Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov kab noj hniav no feem ntau raug kaw hauv ib kauj ruam thib ob nrog txheej nyias ntawm Al2O (OH) 2 boehmite txhawb nqa los ntawm alumina raj boiling txheej txheem.Hauv txoj kev thib ob, cov txheej txheem kev sib khi no tau hloov kho raws li txoj hauv kev uas cov ntsev ntsev raug ntes hauv ib txheej txheej ntawm boehmite (Al2O (OH)), uas tsis yog siv rau kev sib khi hauv qhov no.Qhov thib ob theem yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug saturated tov ntawm coj ntsev.Cov qauv piav qhia muaj qhov ntau thiab tsawg hauv thaj tsam ntawm 50–100 nm thiab zoo li splashed tee (Daim duab 1b).Qhov saum npoo tau txais los ntawm cov txheej txheem sealing muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav spatial qauv nrog rau qhov chaw sib txuas ntxiv.Cov qauv saum npoo no, nrog rau lawv cov kev sib txuas ntau, yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev nqa thiab tuav cov khoom siv ntsev.Ob qho qauv piav qhia zoo li yog qhov ntxeem tau tiag tiag thiab muaj cov kab noj me me uas zoo li ua tau zoo rau khaws cov ntsev hydrates thiab adsorbing vapors rau ntsev thaum lub sij hawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub adsorber.Txawm li cas los xij, kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov chaw no siv EDX tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas cov lej ntawm magnesium thiab sulfur nyob rau saum npoo ntawm boehmite, uas tsis pom nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm alumina nto.
ATR-FTIR ntawm tus qauv tau lees paub tias cov khoom yog magnesium sulfate (saib daim duab 2b).Cov spectrum qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm sulfate ion peaks ntawm 610–680 thiab 1080–1130 cm–1 thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej lattice peaks ntawm 1600–1700 cm–1 thiab 3200–3800 cm–1 (saib daim duab 2a, c).).Lub xub ntiag ntawm magnesium ions yuav luag tsis hloov spectrum54.
(a) EDX ntawm boehmite coated MgSO4 txhuas phaj, (b) ATR-FTIR spectra ntawm boehmite thiab MgSO4 txheej, (c) ATR-FTIR spectra ntawm ntshiab MgSO4.
Kev tuav cov adsorption efficiency tau lees paub los ntawm TGA.Ntawm daim duab.3b qhia tau hais tias desorption ncov ntawm approx.60 ° C.Lub ncov no tsis sib haum rau qhov kub ntawm ob lub ncov pom hauv TGA ntawm cov ntsev ntshiab (Fig. 3a).Kev rov ua dua ntawm lub voj voog adsorption-desorption tau soj ntsuam, thiab tib lub nkhaus tau pom tom qab muab cov qauv tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntub dej (Daim duab 3c).Qhov sib txawv tau pom nyob rau theem ob ntawm desorption tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej hauv qhov chaw ntws, vim qhov no feem ntau ua rau lub cev qhuav dej tsis tiav.Cov txiaj ntsig no sib raug rau kwv yees li 17.9 g / m2 hauv thawj dewatering thiab 10.3 g / m2 hauv qhov thib ob dewatering.
Kev sib piv ntawm TGA tsom xam ntawm boehmite thiab MgSO4: TGA tsom xam ntawm ntshiab MgSO4 (a), sib tov (b) thiab tom qab rehydration (c).
Tib txoj kev tau ua nrog calcium chloride ua adsorbent.Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm hauv daim duab 4. Kev soj ntsuam pom ntawm qhov chaw qhia me ntsis kev hloov pauv hauv cov xim hlau ci.Cov plaub no NW nyuam qhuav pom.SEM tau lees paub tias muaj cov muaju me me sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw.Txawm li cas los xij, TGA tsis pom lub cev qhuav dej hauv qab 150 ° C.Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim qhov tseeb tias qhov feem ntawm cov ntsev yog me me heev piv rau tag nrho cov huab hwm coj ntawm substrate rau kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm TGA.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho saum npoo ntawm tooj liab sulfate txheej los ntawm txoj kev anodizing yog qhia hauv daim duab.5. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov xav tau kev koom ua ke ntawm CuSO4 rau hauv cov qauv Al oxide tsis tshwm sim.Hloov chaw, cov koob xoob tau pom raws li lawv feem ntau siv rau tooj liab hydroxide Cu (OH) 2 siv nrog turquoise dyes.
Kev kho deg anodized kuj tau sim ua ke nrog strontium chloride.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom qhov tsis sib xws (saib daim duab 6a).Txhawm rau txiav txim siab tias cov ntsev npog tag nrho saum npoo, kev tshuaj xyuas EDX tau ua.Qhov nkhaus rau ib qho taw tes hauv cheeb tsam grey (point 1 hauv daim duab 6b) qhia me ntsis strontium thiab ntau ntawm txhuas.Qhov no qhia tau hais tias muaj cov ntsiab lus tsawg ntawm strontium hauv thaj tsam ntsuas, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, qhia tias tsis tshua muaj kev pab cuam ntawm strontium chloride.Hloov pauv, thaj chaw dawb muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm strontium thiab cov ntsiab lus tsawg ntawm txhuas (cov ntsiab lus 2–6 hauv daim duab 6b).EDX tsom xam ntawm thaj chaw dawb qhia pom cov dots tsaus (cov ntsiab lus 2 thiab 4 hauv daim duab 6b), qis hauv cov tshuaj chlorine thiab siab sulfur.Qhov no tuaj yeem qhia qhov tsim ntawm strontium sulfate.Brighter dots qhia txog cov ntsiab lus chlorine siab thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj leej faj (cov ntsiab lus 3, 5, thiab 6 hauv daim duab 6b).Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheej dawb muaj qhov xav tau strontium chloride.Lub TGA ntawm cov qauv tau lees paub qhov kev txhais ntawm kev tsom xam nrog lub ncov ntawm tus yam ntxwv kub ntawm cov ntshiab strontium chloride (Fig. 6c).Lawv cov nqi me me tuaj yeem ua ncaj ncees los ntawm ib feem me me ntawm ntsev hauv kev sib piv nrog cov khoom loj ntawm cov hlau txhawb.Lub desorption huab hwm coj txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim sib raug rau tus nqi ntawm 7.3 g / m2 muab tawm rau ib chav tsev ntawm qhov adsorber ntawm qhov kub ntawm 150 ° C.
Eloxal-kho zinc sulfate txheej kuj tau sim.Macroscopically, txheej txheej yog ib txheej nyias nyias (daim duab 7a).Txawm li cas los xij, SEM tau nthuav tawm thaj chaw saum npoo npog nrog cov pob zeb me me sib cais los ntawm qhov chaw khoob (Fig. 7b).TGA ntawm cov txheej thiab substrate tau muab piv rau cov ntsev ntshiab (Daim duab 7c).Ntshiab ntsev muaj ib qho asymmetric ncov ntawm 59.1 ° C.Cov coated aluminium pom ob lub ncov me me ntawm 55.5 ° C thiab 61.3 ° C, qhia tias muaj zinc sulfate hydrate.Qhov sib txawv loj tshaj tawm hauv qhov kev sim sib raug rau 10.9 g / m2 ntawm lub cev qhuav dej kub ntawm 150 ° C.
Raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov yav dhau los 53, hydroxyethyl cellulose tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv los txhim kho cov adhesion thiab stability ntawm cov sorbent txheej.Cov khoom sib raug zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm adsorption raug ntsuas los ntawm TGA.Kev tsom xam yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau tag nrho cov huab hwm coj, piv txwv li cov qauv muaj xws li ib tug hlau phaj siv raws li ib tug txheej substrate.Adhesion yog kuaj los ntawm ib qho kev xeem raws li qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tus ntoo khaub lig uas tau teev tseg hauv ISO2409 specification (tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov ntsuas qhov sib cais nyob ntawm qhov specification thickness thiab dav).
Txheej cov vaj huam sib luag nrog calcium chloride (CaCl2) (saib daim duab 8a) ua rau muaj kev faib tsis sib luag, uas tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab txhuas txheej uas siv rau kev ntsuas kev sib hloov.Piv nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig rau cov ntshiab CaCl2, TGA (Fig. 8b) qhia tau hais tias ob lub cim ncov tau hloov mus rau qhov kub qis dua ntawm 40 thiab 20 ° C, feem.Qhov kev sim hla ntu tsis tso cai rau kev sib piv lub hom phiaj vim tias cov qauv CaCl2 ntshiab (piv txwv ntawm sab xis hauv daim duab 8c) yog cov hmoov av precipitate, uas tshem tawm cov ntsiab lus saum toj kawg nkaus.Cov txiaj ntsig HEC tau pom cov txheej txheej nyias nyias thiab zoo ib yam nrog kev ua kom txaus siab.Qhov sib txawv loj qhia hauv daim duab.8b sib raug rau 51.3 g / m2 ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub adsorber ntawm qhov kub ntawm 150 ° C.
Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov adhesion thiab uniformity kuj tau txais nrog magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (saib daim duab 9).Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov txheej txheem desorption ntawm txheej tau pom tias muaj ib lub ncov ntawm approx.60 ° C.Qhov kub no sib haum mus rau lub ntsiab desorption kauj ruam pom hauv lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov ntsev ntshiab, sawv cev rau lwm kauj ruam ntawm 44 ° C.Nws sib haum mus rau kev hloov ntawm hexahydrate mus rau pentahydrate thiab tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm coatings nrog binders.Kev ntsuam xyuas hla ntu qhia tau zoo dua qhov kev faib tawm thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub piv rau cov txheej txheem uas siv cov ntsev ntshiab.Qhov sib txawv loj tau pom nyob rau hauv TGA-DTC sib raug rau 18.4 g / m2 ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub adsorber ntawm qhov kub ntawm 150 ° C.
Vim muaj qhov tsis sib xws, strontium chloride (SrCl2) muaj cov txheej txheem tsis sib xws ntawm cov fins (Fig. 10a).Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev ntsuas kev sib hloov pauv tau pom tias muaj kev faib tawm tsis sib xws nrog kev txhim kho adhesion (Daim duab 10c).TGA tsom xam pom qhov sib txawv me me ntawm qhov hnyav, uas yuav tsum yog vim cov ntsev tsawg dua piv rau cov hlau substrate.Txawm li cas los xij, cov kauj ruam ntawm txoj kab nkhaus qhia tias muaj cov txheej txheem lub cev qhuav dej, txawm hais tias lub ncov yog txuam nrog qhov kub thiab txias tau txais thaum characterizing ntshiab ntsev.Lub ncov ntawm 110 ° C thiab 70.2 ° C pom hauv daim duab.10b kuj tau pom thaum txheeb xyuas cov ntsev ntshiab.Txawm li cas los xij, cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev qhuav dej tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntsev ntshiab ntawm 50 ° C tsis tau pom hauv cov nkhaus uas siv cov ntawv khi.Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cov binder sib tov pom ob peaks ntawm 20.2 ° C thiab 94.1 ° C, uas tsis tau ntsuas rau cov ntsev ntshiab (Fig. 10b).Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 150 ° C, qhov pom qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 7.2 g / m2 ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub adsorber.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm HEC thiab zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) tsis tau muab cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo (Daim duab 11).Kev tshuaj xyuas TGA ntawm cov hlau coated tsis qhia txog kev ua kom lub cev qhuav dej.Txawm hais tias qhov kev faib tawm thiab adhesion ntawm cov txheej txheej tau txhim kho, nws cov khoom tseem nyob deb ntawm qhov zoo.
Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws rau txheej txheej hlau fibers nrog cov txheej nyias nyias yog ntub impregnation (Daim duab 12a), uas suav nrog kev npaj cov phiaj ntsev thiab impregnation ntawm cov hlau fibers nrog cov tshuaj aqueous.
Thaum npaj rau ntub impregnation, ob qho teeb meem tseem ceeb tau ntsib.Ntawm ib sab, qhov nro ntawm cov kua ntsev tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kua rau hauv cov qauv ntxeem tau.Crystallization nyob rau sab nrauv (Daim duab 12d) thiab cov npuas huab cua uas nyob hauv cov qauv (Daim duab 12c) tuaj yeem txo qis los ntawm kev txo qis qhov nro thiab pre-wetting tus qauv nrog dej distilled.Kev quab yuam kev tawg hauv cov qauv los ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm huab cua hauv lossis los ntawm kev tsim cov kev daws teeb meem hauv cov qauv yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo los xyuas kom meej qhov ua tiav ntawm cov qauv.
Qhov teeb meem thib ob uas tau ntsib thaum npaj yog tshem tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm ib feem ntawm cov ntsev (saib daim duab 12b).Qhov tshwm sim no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheej qhuav ntawm qhov tawg, uas nres lub convectively stimulated qhuav thiab pib diffusion stimulated txheej txheem.Qhov thib ob mechanism yog qeeb qeeb dua thawj zaug.Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum muaj qhov kub thiab txias rau lub sijhawm kom qhuav, uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm npuas tsim hauv cov qauv.Qhov teeb meem no yog daws los ntawm kev qhia lwm txoj kev ntawm crystallization raws li tsis nyob rau hauv concentration hloov (evaporation), tab sis nyob rau hauv kub hloov (raws li nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv nrog MgSO4 nyob rau hauv daim duab 13).
Schematic sawv cev ntawm cov txheej txheem crystallization thaum txias thiab sib cais ntawm cov khoom thiab cov theem ua kua siv MgSO4.
Saturated ntsev tov tuaj yeem npaj tau ntawm lossis siab dua chav tsev kub (HT) siv txoj kev no.Hauv thawj kis, crystallization raug yuam los ntawm kev txo qis hauv qab chav tsev kub.Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, crystallization tshwm sim thaum tus qauv tau txias rau chav sov (RT).Qhov tshwm sim yog sib tov ntawm cov muaju (B) thiab yaj (A), cov kua ib feem ntawm cov uas tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm compressed cua.Txoj hauv kev no tsis tsuas yog zam kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov hydrates, tab sis kuj txo lub sijhawm xav tau rau kev npaj ntawm lwm cov khoom sib xyaw.Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshem tawm cov kua los ntawm cov cua compressed ua rau ntxiv crystallization ntawm ntsev, ua rau cov txheej tuab.
Lwm txoj hauv kev uas tuaj yeem siv los pleev xim rau saum npoo hlau yog qhov ncaj qha ntawm cov ntsev ntsev los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.Coated heat exchangers ua los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm acids ntawm cov hlau nto ntawm fins thiab hlab ntsha muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv peb kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los.Kev siv cov qauv no rau cov fibers ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo vim yog qhov tsim ntawm cov pa roj thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.Lub siab ntawm hydrogen gas npuas tsim nyob rau hauv lub sojntsuam thiab hloov raws li cov khoom yog ejected (Fig. 14a).
Cov txheej txheej tau raug hloov kho los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom zoo dua tswj cov tuab thiab kev faib tawm ntawm txheej.Txoj kev no suav nrog kev hla cov dej kua qaub los ntawm cov qauv (Daim duab 14b).Qhov no xav tias yuav ua rau cov txheej txheem sib xws los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hlau substrate.Cov txiaj ntsig tau txaus siab, tab sis cov txheej txheem qeeb dhau los suav tias yog txoj hauv kev zoo (Daim duab 14c).Lub sijhawm luv luv tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm cov cua sov hauv zos.
Txhawm rau kov yeej qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no, txoj kev txheej txheej raws li kev siv cov nplaum tau kawm.HEC raug xaiv raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm hauv ntu dhau los.Tag nrho cov qauv tau npaj ntawm 3% wt.Lub binder yog tov nrog ntsev.Cov fibers tau pretreated raws li cov txheej txheem ib yam li rau cov tav, piv txwv li soaked nyob rau hauv 50% vol.hauv 15 feeb.sulfuric acid, ces soaked nyob rau hauv sodium hydroxide rau 20 vib nas this, ntxuav nyob rau hauv distilled dej thiab thaum kawg soaked nyob rau hauv dej distilled rau 30 feeb.Hauv qhov no, ib kauj ruam ntxiv tau ntxiv ua ntej impregnation.Raus cov qauv luv luv nyob rau hauv dilute lub hom phiaj ntsev tov thiab qhuav ntawm kwv yees li 60 ° C.Cov txheej txheem yog tsim los hloov kho qhov saum npoo ntawm cov hlau, tsim cov chaw nucleation uas txhim kho qhov kev faib tawm ntawm txheej txheej hauv theem kawg.Cov qauv fibrous muaj ib sab uas cov filaments yog thinner thiab nruj nreem ntim, thiab sab nraud uas cov filaments yog thicker thiab tsawg dua.Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm 52 cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm calcium chloride (CaCl2) yog cov ntsiab lus thiab qhia nrog cov duab hauv Table 1. Kev pab zoo tom qab inoculation.Txawm tias cov strands uas tsis pom muaju nyob rau saum npoo tau txo cov xim hlau reflections, qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv qhov kawg.Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab cov qauv raug impregnated nrog cov dej sib tov ntawm CaCl2 thiab HEC thiab qhuav ntawm qhov kub ntawm li 60 ° C, cov coatings tau concentrated ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov qauv.Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm qhov nro ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem.Tom qab soaking, cov kua tseem nyob hauv cov qauv vim nws qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw.Yeej nws tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov qauv.Qhov zoo tshaj plaws sab ntawm cov qauv muaj ob peb lub qhov ntim nrog ntsev.Qhov hnyav nce los ntawm 0.06 g / cm3 tom qab txheej.
Txheej nrog magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ua kom ntsev ntau ntxiv rau ib chav tsev ntim (Table 2).Hauv qhov no, qhov ntsuas qhov nce ntxiv yog 0.09 g / cm3.Cov txheej txheem seeding tau ua rau cov qauv dav dav.Tom qab txheej txheem txheej, cov ntsev thaiv cov cheeb tsam loj ntawm lub nyias sab ntawm cov qauv.Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov chaw ntawm matte raug thaiv, tab sis qee qhov porosity tau khaws cia.Hauv qhov no, kev tsim ntsev tau yooj yim pom ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov qauv, paub meej tias cov txheej txheem txheej feem ntau yog vim qhov nro ntawm cov kua, thiab tsis yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsev thiab cov hlau substrate.
Cov txiaj ntsig rau kev sib xyaw ntawm strontium chloride (SrCl2) thiab HEC tau pom cov khoom zoo sib xws rau cov piv txwv yav dhau los (Table 3).Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub thinner sab ntawm tus qauv yog yuav luag tag.Tsuas yog ib tus neeg qhov pores pom, tsim thaum lub sij hawm ziab vim qhov kev tso tawm ntawm chav los ntawm cov qauv.Cov qauv pom nyob rau sab matte zoo ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv dhau los, thaj chaw raug thaiv nrog ntsev thiab cov fibers tsis npog tag nrho.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov qauv fibrous ntawm kev ua haujlwm thermal ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, qhov zoo thermal conductivity ntawm coated fibrous qauv tau txiav txim siab thiab muab piv nrog cov khoom siv dawb huv.Thermal conductivity raug ntsuas raws li ASTM D 5470-2017 siv cov khoom siv vaj huam sib luag tiaj tus hauv daim duab 15a siv cov ntaub ntawv siv nrog cov thermal conductivity.Piv nrog rau lwm txoj kev ntsuas kev ncua sij hawm, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv ntxeem tau siv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, vim tias qhov ntsuas tau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ruaj khov thiab muaj qhov loj me me (piv txwv li 30 × 30 mm2, qhov siab kwv yees li 15 mm).Cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv ntshiab txheej (siv) thiab cov qauv coated fiber ntau tau npaj rau kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov fiber ntau thiab perpendicular mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm fiber ntau los ntsuam xyuas cov nyhuv ntawm anisotropic thermal conductivity.Cov qauv no tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw (P320 grit) kom txo cov nyhuv ntawm qhov roughness vim qhov kev npaj cov qauv, uas tsis cuam tshuam cov qauv hauv cov qauv.