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Indawo yokhathalelo lwempilo engcolisekileyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni i-multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms kunye ne-C. difficile. Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuvavanya isiphumo se-ozone eveliswe yi-dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) i-plasma reactor kwisenzo se-vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), i-carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRE), i-carbapenem-resistant Antibacterial effects of different materials contamsp. I-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), i-carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) kunye ne-Clostridium difficile spores. Izinto ezahlukeneyo ezingcoliswe yi-VRE, CRE, CRPA, CRAB kunye ne-C. difficile spores ziphathwe nge-ozone kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha okuvezwa. I-Atomic force microscopy (AFM) ibonise ukuguqulwa komphezulu webhaktheriya emva konyango lwe-ozone. Xa i-dose ye-500 ppm i-ozone isetyenziswe kwi-VRE kunye ne-CRAB imizuzu ye-15, ukuncipha kwe-2 okanye ngaphezulu kwe-log10 kwabonwa kwintsimbi engenasici, ilaphu kunye nomthi, kunye nokuncipha kwe-1-2 log10 kwabonwa kwiglasi kunye neplastiki. I-C. i-difficile spores yafunyaniswa ikwazi ukumelana ne-ozone ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezivavanyiweyo. Kwi-AFM, emva kokunyanga nge-ozone, iiseli zebhaktheriya zidumbile kwaye zikhubazekile. I-ozone eveliswe yi-DBD Plasma Reactor sisixhobo esilula nesixabisekileyo sokucocwa kwe-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile spores, ezaziwa njengeentsholongwane eziqhelekileyo zosulelo olunxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo.
Ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezichasene neziyobisi (MDR) kubangelwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-antibiotics kubantu kunye nezilwanyana kwaye ichongwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) njengengozi enkulu kwimpilo yoluntu1. Ngokukodwa, amaziko okhathalelo lwempilo ajongana ngakumbi nokuvela kunye nokusasazeka kwe-MROs. Ii-MRO eziphambili yi-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus kunye ne-vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), i-extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (ESBL), i-multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, i-multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter, i-batteruman-resistant Enterobacter kunye ne-basterumanbacter. (CRE). Ukongeza, usulelo lweClostridium difficile ngunobangela ophambili worhudo olunxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo, lubeka umthwalo obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo. I-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile zisasazwa ngezandla zabasebenzi bokhathalelo lwezempilo, indawo ezosulelekileyo, okanye ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Uphando olutshanje lubonise ukuba iindawo ezingcolileyo kwiindawo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhanjisweni kwe-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile xa abasebenzi bezempilo (HCWs) bedibana neendawo ezingcolileyo okanye xa izigulane zidibana ngokuthe ngqo neendawo ezingcolileyo ze-3,4. iindawo ezingcolileyo kwiindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo zinciphisa iziganeko ze-MLRO kunye ne-C. difficile usulelo okanye i-colonization5,6,7. Ukunikezelwa kwenkxalabo yehlabathi malunga nokunyuka kokuchasana kwe-antimicrobial, kuyacaca ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka kwiindlela kunye neenkqubo zokucoca kwiindawo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Kungekudala, iindlela zokucoca i-terminal ezingathintekiyo, ngokukodwa izixhobo ze-ultraviolet (UV) okanye iinkqubo ze-hydrogen peroxide, ziye zaqatshelwa njengeendlela ezithembisayo zokungcolisa. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo ze-UV okanye i-hydrogen peroxide zifumaneka kurhwebo azibizi nje kuphela, ukubulala iintsholongwane kwe-UV kusebenza kuphela kwindawo eveziweyo, ngelixa ukubulala iintsholongwane kwiplasma yehydrogen peroxide kufuna ixesha elide lokuphelisa iintsholongwane phambi komjikelo olandelayo wokubulala iintsholongwane5.
Iozone inezinto ezaziwayo zokunqanda ukubola kwaye inokuveliswa ngexabiso eliphantsi8. Ikwaziwa njengetyhefu kwimpilo yabantu, kodwa inokubola ngokukhawuleza ibe yioksijini 8. I-Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ii-plasma reactors zezona ziqhelekileyo iijenereyitha ze-ozone9. Izixhobo ze-DBD zikuvumela ukuba wenze i-plasma yobushushu obuphantsi emoyeni kwaye uvelise i-ozone. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-ozone kuthintelwe ikakhulu ekubulaweni kweentsholongwane emanzini echibi lokuqubha, amanzi okusela kunye ne-sewage10. Izifundo ezininzi ziye zaxela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo zokhathalelo lwempilo8,11.
Kule sifundo, sasebenzisa i-compact DBD plasma ozone generator ukubonisa ukusebenza kwayo ekucoceni i-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile, kwanabo bafakwe kwi-inoculated kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwizicwangciso zonyango. Ukongeza, inkqubo ye-ozone sterilization iye yacaciswa kusetyenziswa imifanekiso ye-atomic force microscopy (AFM) yeeseli eziphathwa nge-ozone.
Iintlobo zifunyenwe kwiindawo ezizimeleyo zeklinikhi: i-VRE (i-SCH 479 kunye ne-SCH 637), i-carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRE; SCH CRE-14 kunye ne-DKA-1), i-carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA; 54 kunye ne-83) kunye ne-carbapenem-resistant bacteria. ibhaktheriya Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA; 54 kunye ne-83). ukumelana ne-Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB; F2487 kunye ne-SCH-511). I-C. difficile ifunyenwe kwiNgqokelela yeNkcubeko yeSizwe yePathogen (NCCP 11840) ye-Arhente yaseKorea yoLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo. Yabekwa yodwa kwisigulana saseMzantsi Korea ngo-2019 kwaye yafunyanwa ikwi-ST15 isebenzisa ukuchwetheza ngokulandelelana kwe-multilocus. I-Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Umhluzi (BD, Sparks, MD, USA) ifakwe kwi-VRE, i-CRE, i-CRPA kunye ne-CRAB ixutywe kakuhle kwaye ifakwe kwi-37 ° C. iiyure ze-24.
C. difficile yahluzwa nge-anaerobically kwi-blood agar iiyure ezingama-48. Iikholoni ezininzi zongezwa kwi-5 ml ye-brain heart broth kwaye ifakwe phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic kwiiyure ze-48. Emva koko, inkcubeko yashukunyiswa, i-5 ml ye-ethanol ye-95% yongezwa, iphinde igubungele kwaye ishiye kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-30 imizuzu. Emva kwe-centrifugation kwi-3000 g imizuzu engama-20, lahla i-supernatant kwaye umise i-pellet equkethe i-spores kwaye ibulale ibhaktheriya kwi-0.3 ml yamanzi. Iiseli ezisebenzayo zibalwe ngokutyalwa okujikelezayo kokumiswa kweeseli zebhaktiriya kwiipleyiti ze-agar yegazi emva kokuhlanjululwa okufanelekileyo. I-Gram staining iqinisekise ukuba i-85% ukuya kwi-90% yezakhiwo zebhaktiriya yayizimbewu.
Uphononongo olulandelayo lwenziwe ukuphanda iziphumo ze-ozone njengesibulali ntsholongwane kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezosulelwe yi-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile spores, ezaziwa ngokubangela usulelo olunxulumene nezempilo. Lungiselela iisampulu zentsimbi engatyiwa, ilaphu (umqhaphu), iglasi, iplastiki (i-acrylic), kunye nemithi (yompayina) enomlinganiselo wesentimitha enye ngesentimitha enye. Disinfected amakhuphoni phambi kokusetyenziswa. Zonke iisampulu zavalwa inzala nge-autoclaving ngaphambi kosulelo lwebhaktheriya.
Kolu phononongo, iiseli zebhaktheriya zasasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-substrate kunye nakwiipleyiti ze-agar. Emva koko iipaneli zihlanjululwa ngokuzibeka kwi-ozone ixesha elithile kunye noxinzelelo oluthile kwigumbi elivaliweyo. Kwikhiwane. I-1 yifoto yezixhobo ze-ozone sterilization. Izixhobo ze-plasma ze-DBD zenziwe ngokuqhotyoshela ii-electrode zensimbi ezingenasici ngaphambili nasemva kwe-1 mm ubukhulu beepleyiti ze-alumina (dielectric). Kwi-electrodes ene-perforated, i-aperture kunye nommandla womngxuma wawuyi-3 mm kunye ne-0.33 mm, ngokulandelanayo. I-electrode nganye inokwakheka okujikelezayo kunye nobubanzi be-43 mm. Amandla ombane aphezulu ombane aphezulu (i-GBS Elektronik GmbH Minipuls 2.2) isetyenziselwe ukusebenzisa amandla ombane we-sinusoidal amalunga ne-8 kV peak ukuya kuncopho kwi-frequency ye-12.5 kHz ukuya kwii-electrode ezinemingxuma ukuvelisa iplasma emiphethweni yee-electrode. i-electrodes enemingxuma. Ekubeni iteknoloji yindlela yokwenza inzala yegesi, inzala iqhutyelwa kwigumbi elihlulwe ngomthamo kumagumbi aphezulu nangaphantsi, aqukethe iisampuli ezingcolileyo zebhaktheriya kunye neejeneretha zeplasma, ngokulandelanayo. Ikhompatimenti ephezulu inamazibuko eevalvu ezimbini zokususa kunye nokukhupha i-ozone eshiyekileyo. Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kuvavanyo, utshintsho lwexesha lokuxinana kwe-ozone kwigumbi emva kokuvula ufakelo lwe-plasma lulinganiswa ngokuhambelana ne-spectrum yokufunxa yomgca we-spectral we-253.65 nm yesibane se-mercury.
(a) Isicwangciso sovavanyo lokuseta ukuvalwa kweebhaktheriya kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa i-ozone eveliswe kwi-DBD plasma reactor, kunye (b) noxinzelelo lwe-ozone kunye nexesha lokuvelisa iplasma kwigumbi lokuvala inzala. Umzobo wenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-OriginPro version 9.0 (i-OriginPro software, Northampton, MA, USA; https://www.originlab.com).
Okokuqala, ngokucoca iiseli zebhaktheriya ezibekwe kwiipleyiti ze-agar kunye ne-ozone, ngelixa utshintsha ugxininiso lwe-ozone kunye nexesha lonyango, ugxininiso lwe-ozone olufanelekileyo kunye nexesha lonyango lokuchithwa kwe-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile linqunywe. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvala inzala, igumbi lihlanjululwa kuqala ngomoya ojikeleze kwaye lizaliswe nge-ozone ngokuvula iyunithi yeplasma. Emva kokuba iisampuli ziphathwe nge-ozone kwixesha elimiselweyo, ipompo ye-diaphragm isetyenziselwa ukususa i-ozone eseleyo. Imilinganiselo isebenzise isampuli yenkcubeko epheleleyo yeeyure ezingama-24 (~ 108 CFU/ml). Iisampulu zokunqunyanyiswa kweeseli zebhaktiriya (20 μl) zaqala zaxutywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo izihlandlo ezilishumi nge-saline enyumba, emva koko ezi sampuli zasasazwa kwiipleyiti ze-agar ezifakwe i-ozone kwigumbi. Emva koko, iisampulu eziphindaphindiweyo, ezibandakanya iisampulu eziveziweyo kwaye zingabonakali kwi-ozone, zifakwe kwi-37 ° C kwiiyure ze-24 kwaye zibalwe iikholoni zokuvavanya ukuphumelela kokwenza inzala.
Ukuqhubela phambili, ngokwemiqathango ye-sterilization echazwe kwisifundo esingentla, impembelelo yokutshatyalaliswa kobu buchwepheshe kwi-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile yavavanywa ngokusebenzisa amakhuphoni ezinto ezahlukeneyo (insimbi engenasici, ilaphu, iglasi, iplastiki kunye namakhuphoni okhuni) asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kumaziko ezonyango. Gqibezela iinkcubeko zeeyure ezingama-24 (~ 108 cfu/ml) zisetyenzisiwe. Iisampulu zokunqunyanyiswa kweseli yebhaktiriya (20 μl) zaxutywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo izihlandlo ezilishumi ngetyuwa enyumba, emva koko amakhuphoni antywiliselwa kwezi broths zixutywe ukuvavanya ungcoliseko. Iisampulu ezisusiweyo emva kokuntywiliselwa kumhluzi we-dilution zafakwa kwizitya zePetri eziyinyumba kwaye zomiswa kwiqondo lobushushu legumbi iiyure ezingama-24. Beka isiciko se-petri dish kwisampuli kwaye uyibeke ngononophelo kwigumbi lokuvavanya. Susa isiciko kwisitya sePetri kwaye uveze isampuli kwi-500 ppm ozone imizuzu eyi-15. Iisampuli zokulawula zifakwe kwikhabhinethi yokhuseleko lwebhayoloji kwaye azizange zivelele kwi-ozone. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba sesichengeni se-ozone, iisampulu kunye neesampulu ezingeyo-radiated (okt ulawulo) zaxutywa ne-saline eyinyumba kusetyenziswa umxube we-vortex ukwahlula ibhaktheriya kumphezulu. Ukunqunyanyiswa kwe-eluted kuye kwahlanjululwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo amaxesha ali-10 nge-saline engenazintsholongwane, emva koko inani lebhaktiriya ehlanjululweyo lamiselwa kwiipleyiti ze-agar yegazi (yebhaktiriya ye-aerobic) okanye i-anaerobic blood agar plates ye-Brucella (yeClostridium difficile) kwaye incubated ku-37 °C iiyure ezingama-24. okanye phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic kwiiyure ezingama-48 kwi-37 ° C ngokuphindwe kabini ukumisela ukuxinwa kokuqala kwe-inoculum. Umahluko kumanani ebhaktiriya phakathi kolawulo olungavezwanga kunye neesampulu eziveziweyo zibalwe ukunika ukuncipha kwelogi kumanani ebhaktiriya (okt, ukuvala inzala) phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo.
Iiseli zebhayoloji kufuneka zingashukumi kwipleyiti yokucinga ye-AFM; ngoko ke, i-mica disk ecaba kunye ne-uniformly rough mica ene-roughness scale encinci kunobungakanani beseli isetyenziswa njenge-substrate. Ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu beediski be-20 mm kunye ne-0.21 mm, ngokulandelanayo. Ukuqinisa ngokuqinileyo iiseli kumphezulu, umphezulu we-mica ugqunywe nge-poly-L-lysine (200 µl), eyenza ukuba ihlawulwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye i-membrane yeseli ihlawuliswe kakubi. Emva kokugquma nge-poly-L-lysine, iidiski ze-mica zihlanjwe ngamaxesha e-3 nge-1 ml yamanzi e-deionized (DI) kunye nomoya womile ubusuku bonke. Emva koko, iiseli zebhaktheriya zisetyenziswe kwi-mica surface ehlanganiswe ne-poly-L-lysine ngokudosa isisombululo se-bacterial dilute, esishiywe kwi-30 min, emva koko i-mica surface ihlanjwe nge-1 ml yamanzi adibeneyo.
Isiqingatha seesampuli zaphathwa nge-ozone kunye ne-surface morphology yamacwecwe e-mica alayishwe nge-VRE, i-CRAB kunye ne-C. i-difficile spores yabonwa ngokusebenzisa i-AFM (XE-7, iinkqubo zepaki). Indlela yokusebenza ye-AFM isetelwe kwimo yokucofa, eyindlela eqhelekileyo yokujonga iiseli zebhayoloji. Kwiimvavanyo, i-microcantilever eyenzelwe imodi engabonakaliyo (i-OMCL-AC160TS, i-OLYMPUS Microscopy) isetyenzisiwe. Imifanekiso ye-AFM irekhodwe ngokusekelwe kwireyithi ye-probe scan ye-0.5 Hz ekhokelela kwisisombululo somfanekiso we-2048 × 2048 pixels.
Ukumisela iimeko apho i-DBD ye-plasma reactors isebenza phantsi kokuvalwa inzala, siye saqhuba uthotho lweemvavanyo sisebenzisa zombini i-MDRO (VRE, CRE, CRPA, kunye ne-CRAB) kunye ne-C. Kwikhiwane. I-1b ibonisa i-ozone ijika lexesha lokuxinana kwimeko nganye yovavanyo emva kokuguqula isixhobo seplasma. Ukugxininiswa kunyuke nge-logarithmically, ukufikelela kwi-300 kunye ne-500 ppm emva kwe-1.5 kunye ne-2.5 imizuzu, ngokulandelanayo. Iimvavanyo zangaphambili kunye ne-VRE zibonise ukuba ubuncinci obufunekayo ukukhupha iibhaktheriya ngokufanelekileyo yi-300 ppm ozone imizuzu eyi-10. Ngaloo ndlela, kwiimvavanyo ezilandelayo, i-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile zavezwa kwi-ozone kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo (300 kunye ne-500 ppm) kunye namaxesha amabini ahlukeneyo okuvezwa (i-10 kunye ne-15 imizuzu). Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-sterilization yedosi ye-ozone nganye kunye nokusetwa kwexesha lokuvezwa kwabalwa kwaye kwaboniswa kwiTheyibhile 1. Ukubonakaliswa kwi-300 okanye i-500 ppm ye-ozone imizuzu eyi-10-15 kubangele ukucutha ngokubanzi kwe-VRE ye-2 okanye ngaphezulu kwe-log10. Eli nqanaba liphezulu lokubulala ibhaktheriya nge-CRE liphunyezwe ngemizuzu eyi-15 yokuvezwa kwi-300 okanye i-500 ppm ozone. Ukunciphisa okuphezulu kwi-CRPA (> 7 log10) kwaphunyezwa ngokutyhileka kwi-500 ppm ye-ozone kwi-15 min. Ukunciphisa okuphezulu kwi-CRPA (> 7 log10) kwaphunyezwa ngokutyhileka kwi-500 ppm ye-ozone kwi-15 min. Высокое снижение CRPA (> 7 log10) было достигнуто при воздействии 500 частей на миллион озона в течение 15 минут. Ukunciphisa okuphezulu kwi-CRPA (> 7 log10) kwaphunyezwa ngokuvezwa kwi-500 ppm ozone imizuzu eyi-15.暴露于500 ppm 的臭氧15 分钟后，可大幅降低CRPA (> 7 log10).暴露于500 ppm 的臭氧15 分钟后，可大幅降低CRPA (> 7 log10). Существенное снижение CRPA (> 7 log10) после 15-минутного воздействия озона с концентрацией 500 ppm. Ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo kwi-CRPA (> 7 log10) emva kwemizuzu eyi-15 yokuvezwa kwi-500 ppm ozone.Ukubulawa okungafanelekanga kweebhaktheriya ze-CRAB kwi-300 ppm ozone; nangona kunjalo, kwi-500 ppm ozone, kwakukho > i-1.5 log10 yokunciphisa. nangona kunjalo, kwi-500 ppm ozone, kwakukho > i-1.5 log10 yokunciphisa. однако при концентрации озона 500 частей на миллион наблюдалось снижение > 1,5 log10. nangona kunjalo, kugxininiso lwe-ozone ye-500 ppm, ukuhla kwe->1.5 log10 kwabonwa.然而，在500 ppm 臭氧下，减少了> 1.5 log10.然而，在500 ppm 臭氧下，减少了> 1.5 log10. Однако при концентрации озона 500 частей на миллион наблюдалось снижение >1,5 log10. Nangona kunjalo, kugxininiso lwe-ozone ye-500 ppm, ukuhla kwe->1.5 log10 kwabonwa. Ukuveza i-C. difficile spores kwi-300 okanye i-500 ppm i-ozone kukhokelele ekunciphiseni > 2.5 log10. Ukuveza i-C. difficile spores kwi-300 okanye i-500 ppm i-ozone kukhokelele ekunciphiseni > 2.5 log10. Воздействие на споры C. difficile озона с концентрацией 300 okanye 500 частей на миллион приводило к снижению > 2,5 log10. Ukuvezwa kwe-C. difficile spores kwi-300 okanye i-500 ppm i-ozone kukhokelele ekunciphiseni > kwe-2.5 log10.将艰难梭菌孢子暴露于300 或500 ppm的臭氧中导致> 2.5 log10 减少。 300 或500 ppm 的臭氧中导致> 2.5 log10 减少。 Воздействие на споры C. difficile озона с концентрацией 300 okanye 500 частей на миллион приводило к снижению >2,5 log10. Ukuvezwa kwe-C. difficile spores kwi-300 okanye i-500 ppm i-ozone kukhokelele ekunciphiseni > kwe-2.5 log10.
Ngokusekelwe kwiimvavanyo ezingentla, imfuno eyaneleyo yafunyanwa ukuba ingasebenzi ibhaktheriya kwi-dose ye-500 ppm ozone imizuzu eyi-15. I-VRE, i-CRAB kunye ne-C. i-spores e-difficile iye yavavanywa kwimpembelelo ye-germicidal ye-ozone kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya insimbi engenasici, indwangu, iglasi, iplastiki kunye neenkuni eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwizibhedlele. Ubuchule babo bokuvala inzala buboniswe kwiThebhile 2. Izinto eziphilayo zovavanyo zavavanywa kabini. Kwi-VRE kunye ne-CRAB, i-ozone yayingasebenzi kakuhle kwiglasi kunye neplastiki, nangona i-log10 yokunciphisa malunga ne-factor ye-2 okanye ngaphezulu yabonwa kwintsimbi engenasici, ilaphu kunye neendawo zokhuni. I-C. i-difficile spores yafunyaniswa ixhathisa ngakumbi kunyango lwe-ozone ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezivavanyiweyo. Ukufunda ngokwezibalo umphumo we-ozone kwisiphumo sokubulala izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichasene ne-VRE, i-CRAB, kunye ne-C. difficile, iimvavanyo ze-t zisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa ukungafani phakathi kwenani le-CFU nge-milliliter yokulawula kunye namaqela okulinga kwizinto ezahlukeneyo (umzobo 2). iintlobo zibonise umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo, kodwa umahluko obaluleke ngakumbi wabonwa kwi-VRE kunye ne-CRAB spores kune-C. difficile spores.
I-Scatterplot yemiphumo ye-ozone ekubulaweni kwebhaktheriya yezinto ezahlukeneyo (a) VRE, (b) CRAB, kunye (c) C. difficile.
I-AFM imaging yenziwa kwi-ozone-treated and untreated VRE, CRAB, kunye ne-C. difficile spores ukufundisisa ngokubanzi inkqubo ye-ozone ye-sterilization yegesi. Kwikhiwane. I-3a, i-c kunye ne-e ibonisa imifanekiso ye-AFM ye-VRE engaphathwanga, i-CRAB kunye ne-C. difficile spores, ngokulandelanayo. Njengoko kubonwa kwimifanekiso ye-3D, iiseli zigudile kwaye zilungile. Amanani 3b, d kunye no-f abonisa i-VRE, i-CRAB kunye ne-C. i-spores e-difficile emva konyango lwe-ozone. Abazange behle kuphela kubungakanani bazo zonke iiseli ezivavanyiweyo, kodwa umphezulu wabo uye waba rhabaxa ngokubonakalayo emva kokuvezwa kwi-ozone.
Imifanekiso ye-AFM ye-VRE engaphathwanga, i-MRAB kunye ne-C. difficile spores (a, c, e) kunye (b, d, f) iphathwa nge-500 ppm ozone kwi-15 min. Imifanekiso izotywe kusetyenziswa iPark Systems XEI version 5.1.6 (XEI Software, Suwon, Korea; https://www.parksystems.com/102-products/park-xe-bio).
Uphando lwethu lubonisa ukuba i-ozone eveliswa zizixhobo ze-plasma ze-DBD ibonisa ukukwazi ukutshabalalisa ngokufanelekileyo i-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile spores, eyaziwa ngokuba yizona zizathu eziphambili zosulelo olunxulumene nezempilo. Ukongeza, kuphononongo lwethu, ngenxa yokuba ukungcoliseka kwendalo kunye ne-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile spores ingaba ngumthombo wezifo ezinxulumene nezempilo, umphumo we-germicidal we-ozone wafunyaniswa uyimpumelelo kwizinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuyintloko kwizicwangciso zesibhedlele. Iimvavanyo ze-decontamination zenziwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ze-plasma ze-DBD emva kokungcoliswa kokwenziwa kwezinto ezifana nensimbi engenasici, ilaphu, iglasi, iplastiki kunye neenkuni ezine-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile spores. Ngenxa yoko, nangona i-decontamination effect iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo, amandla okutshatyalaliswa kwe-ozone ayamangalisa.
Izinto eziphathwa rhoqo kumagumbi esibhedlele zifuna inkqubo yesiqhelo, inqanaba eliphantsi lokubulala iintsholongwane. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokucoca izinto ezinjalo kukucoca ngesandla kunye ne-liquid disinfectant efana ne-quaternary ammonium compound 13. Nangona ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwiingcebiso zokusetyenziswa kwe-disinfectants, i-MPO inzima ukuyisusa ngokucoca kwendalo yendabuko (ngokuqhelekileyo ukucoca ngesandla) 14. Ke ngoko, iitekhnoloji ezintsha ziyafuneka, njengeendlela zokungaqhagamshelwa. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwakho umdla kwizibulali-ntsholongwane zegesi, kuquka i-hydrogen peroxide kunye ne-ozone10. Inzuzo ye-gaseous disinfectants kukuba banokufikelela kwiindawo kunye nezinto ezingenakufikelela kuzo iindlela zemveli zezandla. Iperoxide yehidrojeni isandula kusetyenziswa kunyango, nangona kunjalo ihydrogen peroxide ngokwayo iyityhefu kwaye kufuneka iphathwe ngokwemigaqo engqongqo yokuphatha. Ukuvala inzala kwiplasma ngehydrogen peroxide kufuna ixesha elide lokucocwa phambi komjikelo olandelayo wokuvala inzala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-ozone isebenza njenge-antibacterial agent ebanzi, esebenzayo ngokuchasene neebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane ezichasene nezinye ii-disinfectants8,11,15. Ukongeza, i-ozone inokuveliswa ngexabiso eliphantsi ukusuka kumoya osesibhakabhakeni kwaye ayifuni imichiza eyongezelelekileyo eyityhefu enokushiya indawo eyingozi kwindawo engqongileyo, kuba ekugqibeleni iyaqhekeka ibe yioksijini. Nangona kunjalo, isizathu sokuba i-ozone ingasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi njenge-disinfectant yile ilandelayo. I-Ozone inetyhefu kwimpilo yabantu, ngoko ukugxininiswa kwayo akudluli i-0.07 ppm ngokomyinge ngaphezu kweeyure ze-816, ngoko ke i-ozone sterilizers iye yaphuhliswa kwaye yafakwa kwiimarike, ngokukodwa ukucoca iigesi zokukhupha. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba uphefumle igesi kwaye uvelise iphunga elimnandi emva kokuchithwa kwe-decontamination5,8. I-ozone ayizange isetyenziswe ngokusebenzayo kumaziko ezonyango. Nangona kunjalo, i-ozone ingasetyenziselwa ngokukhuselekileyo kumagumbi okubulala inzala kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokungenisa umoya, kwaye ukususwa kwayo kunokukhawuleza kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-converter catalytic. Kolu phononongo, sibonisa ukuba i-plasma ozone sterilizers ingasetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane kwiindawo zokhathalelo lwempilo. Siye saphuhlisa isixhobo esinamandla aphezulu wokuvala inzala, ukusebenza ngokulula kunye nenkonzo ekhawulezayo kwizigulana ezisezibhedlele. Ukongeza, siphuhlise iyunithi elula yokuvala inzala esebenzisa umoya ojikeleze ngaphandle kweendleko ezongezelelweyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho lwazi lwaneleyo malunga neemfuneko ze-ozone ezisezantsi zokungasebenzi kwe-MDRO. Izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kuphononongo lwethu kulula ukuseta kwaye zinexesha elifutshane kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zibe luncedo ukuvala inzala rhoqo kwezixhobo.
Indlela yesenzo se-bactericidal ye-ozone ayicacanga ngokupheleleyo. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-ozone iyonakalisa i-membrane ye-bacterial cell, ekhokelela ekuvuzeni kwe-intracellular kunye ne-cell lysis17,18. I-Ozone inokuphazamisa umsebenzi we-enzymatic yeselula ngokusabela kunye namaqela e-thiol kwaye inokuguqula iziseko ze-purine kunye ne-pyrimidine kwi-nucleic acids. Olu phononongo lubonise i-morphology ye-VRE, i-CRAB, kunye ne-C. difficile spores ngaphambi nangemva konyango lwe-ozone kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ayizange iyancipha kuphela ngobukhulu, kodwa nayo yaba yingozi kakhulu kumphezulu, ebonisa umonakalo okanye ukubola kwenwebu engaphandle. kunye nezinto zangaphakathi ngenxa yegesi ye-ozone inamandla oxidizing. Lo monakalo unokukhokelela ekusebenzeni kweeseli, kuxhomekeke kubunzima beenguqu zeselula.
C. i-difficile spores kunzima ukuyisusa kumagumbi esibhedlele. Iimbewu zihlala kwiindawo apho zichitha khona i-10,20. Ukongeza, kolu phononongo, nangona i-logarithmic ephezulu ye-10 yokunciphisa inani leebhaktheriya kwiipleyiti ze-agar kwi-500 ppm i-ozone kwimizuzu eyi-15 yayingu-2.73, umphumo we-bactericidal we-ozone kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziqulethe i-C spores .difficile iye yancitshiswa. Ngoko ke, izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zinokuqwalaselwa ukunciphisa ukusuleleka kwe-C. difficile kwiindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezizimeleyo ze-C. difficile kuphela, kunokuba luncedo ukulungisa ixesha lokuvezwa kunye nobukhulu bonyango lwe-ozone. Ukongezelela, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba indlela ye-ozone decontamination ayikwazi ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo ukucocwa kwencwadana eqhelekileyo kunye ne-disinfectants kunye nezicwangciso ze-antimicrobial, kwaye inokusebenza kakhulu ekulawuleni i-C. difficile 5. Kolu phononongo, ukusebenza kwe-ozone njengesibulali ntsholongwane kwahluka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeMPO. Ukusebenza kunokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi ezifana nenqanaba lokukhula, udonga lweeseli, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendlela zokulungisa21,22. Isizathu sempembelelo eyahlukileyo ye-ozone kumphezulu wento nganye inokuba ngenxa yokwenziwa kwe-biofilm. Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba i-E. faecium kunye ne-E. faecium zonyusa ukuxhathisa kokusingqongileyo xa zikhoyo njenge-biofilms23, 24, 25. Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba i-ozone inempembelelo ebalulekileyo ye-bactericidal kwi-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile spores.
Umda wokufunda kwethu kukuba sivavanye umphumo wokugcinwa kwe-ozone emva kokulungiswa. Oku kunokukhokelela ekucingeni ngokugqithisileyo kwenani leeseli zebhaktheriya ezisebenzayo.
Nangona olu phononongo lwenziwe ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-ozone njenge-disinfectant kwindawo yesibhedlele, kunzima ukwenza ngokubanzi iziphumo zethu kuzo zonke izicwangciso zesibhedlele. Ke ngoko, uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuphanda ukufaneleka kunye nokuhambelana kwesi sterilizer ye-ozone ye-DBD kwindawo yesibhedlele yokwenyani.
I-ozone eveliswe yi-DBD ye-plasma reactors inokuba yinto elula nexabisekileyo yokucoca i-MDRO kunye ne-C. difficile. Ke, unyango lwe-ozone lunokuthathwa njengenye indlela esebenzayo yokubulala iintsholongwane kwindawo esibhedlele.
Iiseti zedatha ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye/okanye ezihlalutyiweyo kuphononongo lwangoku ziyafumaneka kubabhali abachaphazelekayo ngesicelo esinengqiqo.
Isicwangciso sehlabathi se-WHO sokuqulatha ukuchasana kwe-antimicrobial. https://www.who.int/drugresistance/WHO_Global_Strategy.htm/en/ Iyafumaneka.
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