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Kureba neza bisaba isuzuma ryiza rya retina no guhuza kugira ngo twongere tubone imiterere y'ikintu. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko iyo uvanze ingero zo mu gace runaka ziturutse ku bintu bitandukanye, ukuri kurabura. Kubwibyo, gutandukanya ibice, ni ukuvuga gushyira hamwe ibice by'ishusho kugira ngo bitunganywe ukwabyo, ni ingenzi cyane mu buryo bwo kubona. Mu kazi kabanje, imiterere ya lattice ya bistable, ishobora gufatwa nk'ubuso bumwe cyangwa bwinshi bwimuka, yakoreshejwe mu kwiga iyi nzira. Aha, turatangaza isano iri hagati y'ibikorwa n'isesengura ry'ibyiciro mu turere two hagati tw'inzira y'amaso y'inyamaswa. By'umwihariko, twasanze ko neurons zo mu gihe cyo hagati zireba mu buryo butoranijwe zari zifite ubushobozi bwo kumva ibimenyetso by'imiterere byakoreshejwe mu kugoreka uburyo bistable gratings zibonwa kandi zagaragaje isano ikomeye hagati y'igeragezwa n'uburyo umuntu abona ibintu bidashira. Iri sano riri hejuru mu bice bigaragaza ingendo y'isi yose mu buryo bufite icyerekezo kinini cy'aho hantu. Bityo, twanzuye ko urwego rw'igihe cyo hagati rugizwe n'ibimenyetso bikoreshwa mu gutandukanya ahantu hagoye mu bintu n'ubuso.
Kureba ntibishingira gusa ku gutandukanya neza imiterere y'ishusho nk'icyerekezo cy'inkombe n'umuvuduko, ahubwo cyane cyane ku guhuza neza ibi biranga kugira ngo harebwe imiterere y'ibidukikije nk'imiterere y'ikintu n'inzira1. Ariko, ibibazo bivuka iyo amashusho ya retina ashyigikiye amatsinda menshi y'ibintu bifatika 2, 3, 4 (Ishusho ya 1a). Urugero, iyo amatsinda abiri y'ibimenyetso by'umuvuduko yegeranye cyane, ibi bishobora gusobanurwa nk'ikintu kimwe kigenda cyangwa ibintu byinshi bigenda (Ishusho ya 1b). Ibi bigaragaza imiterere y'uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibice, ni ukuvuga ko atari imiterere ihamye y'ishusho, ahubwo ni inzira yo gusobanura. Nubwo ari ingenzi ku buryo busanzwe bwo kubona ibintu, gusobanukirwa kwacu ishingiro ry'imitsi yo gutandukanya ibice mu buryo bwo kumva ntibiragera ku rugero ruhagije.
Ishusho y'ishusho yerekana ikibazo cyo gutandukanya amarangamutima. Uko umuntu abona ubujyakuzimu mu gice cy'inyuma (ibumoso) bisimburana hagati y'ibisobanuro bibiri bishoboka (iburyo). Ibi biterwa nuko nta bimenyetso biri ku ishusho byemerera ubwonko kumenya neza aho ishusho iherereye (bitangwa n'ikimenyetso cyo kuziba kimwe iburyo). b Iyo ibimenyetso byinshi by'ingendo bigaragazwa hafi y'ahantu, sisitemu yo kureba igomba kumenya niba ingero zo mu gace zituruka ku kintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi. Ubudasa bw'ibimenyetso by'ingendo byo mu gace, ni ukuvuga urukurikirane rw'ingendo z'ibintu rushobora gutanga ingendo imwe yo mu gace, bigatuma habaho ibisobanuro byinshi bingana ku buryo bungana ku bijyanye n'amaso, ni ukuvuga imirima ya vector hano ishobora guturuka ku ngendo ihuza ubuso bumwe cyangwa ingendo igaragara y'ubuso bufatanye. c (ibumoso) Urugero rw'igitutu cyacu cy'urukuta. Imiterere y'urukiramende igenda igororotse ku cyerekezo cyayo ("icyerekezo cy'ibice" - utwambi tw'umweru) irahurirana kugira ngo ikore igishushanyo cy'imirongo. Umurongo ushobora kubonwa nk'ingendo imwe, isanzwe, ihujwe y'icyerekezo (utwambi dutukura) cyangwa ingendo igaragara y'icyerekezo gifatanye. Uburyo bwo kubona umurongo ugororotse buhinduka iyo hongewemo ibimenyetso by’imiterere y’ingingo. (Hagati) Agace kagaragara mu muhondo karagutse kandi kakagaragazwa nk'urukurikirane rw'amakaramu y'ibimenyetso bihuye kandi bibonerana, uko bikurikirana. Ingendo y'akadomo muri buri rubanza igaragazwa n'utwambi tw'icyatsi kibisi n'umutuku. (Iburyo) Imbonerahamwe y'aho umuntu aherereye (x, y) y'aho atoranya ugereranyije n'umubare w'amakaramu. Mu buryo buhuye, imiterere yose igenda mu cyerekezo kimwe. Mu gihe cyo kugaragara, imiterere igenda mu cyerekezo cy'igice. d Ishusho y'ishusho yerekana akazi kacu ko gutandukanya imikorere. Inkende zatangiye buri gerageza zishyiraho akadomo gato. Nyuma y'igihe gito, ubwoko runaka bw'imiterere y'urukuta (guhuza/gutangara) n'ingano y'ikimenyetso cy'imiterere (urugero: itandukaniro) byagaragaye aho MT RF iri. Muri buri kizamini, urukuta rushobora kunyura mu cyerekezo kimwe mu bibiri bishoboka by'imiterere. Nyuma yo gukuraho stimulus, intego zo gutoranya zagaragaye hejuru no munsi ya MT RF. Inkende zigomba kwerekana uko urubuga rwazo rubona mu masanduku ku ntego ikwiye yo gutoranya.
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ingendo z'amaso burangwa neza, bityo butanga icyitegererezo cyiza cyo kwiga imiyoboro y'ubwonko mu gutandukanya amarangamutima. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe mu kubara bwagaragaje akamaro k'uburyo bwo gutunganya ingendo z'ibice bibiri aho gupima mbere y'ibipimo bihanitse bikurikirwa no guhuza ingero zo mu gace kugira ngo bikureho urusaku no kugarura umuvuduko w'ikintu7,8. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko sisitemu zo kureba zigomba kwita ku kugabanya iri tsinda ry'ingero zo mu gace zikomoka ku bintu bisanzwe. Ubushakashatsi bwa psychophysical bwagaragaje ibintu bigira ingaruka ku buryo ibimenyetso by'ingendo zo mu gace bigabanywamo ibice, ariko imiterere y'inzira z'umubiri n'amategeko y'ubwonko biracyari ibibazo. Raporo nyinshi zigaragaza ko uturemangingo duhitamo icyerekezo mu gace ka MT (primate cortex) ari abakandida ku ngingo z'ubwonko.
Icy'ingenzi ni uko muri ubu bushakashatsi bwabanje, impinduka mu mikorere y'imitsi zifitanye isano n'impinduka mu mikorere y'ibyumviro. Ariko, nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru, gutandukanya ibice ni inzira yo kubona. Kubwibyo, kwiga substrate y'imitsi yayo bisaba guhuza impinduka mu mikorere y'imitsi n'impinduka mu buryo ibyumviro by'imitsi bihoraho. Kubwibyo, twatoje inkende ebyiri gutanga raporo niba imiterere y'imitsi igaragara yakozwe n'imitsi y'urukiramende ihindagurika cyane ari ubuso bumwe cyangwa ubuso bubiri bwigenga. Kugira ngo twige isano iri hagati y'imikorere y'imitsi n'ibyerekeye gutandukanya ibice, twanditse igikorwa kimwe muri MT igihe inkende zakoraga iki gikorwa.
Twabonye isano ikomeye hagati y’inyigo y’ibikorwa bya MT n’uburyo umuntu abona ibintu. Iyi sano yabayeho niba ibintu bitera ingaruka birimo ibimenyetso bifatika byo gutandukanya ibintu. Byongeye kandi, imbaraga z’iyi ngaruka zifitanye isano no kumva ibimenyetso byo gutandukanya ibintu, ndetse n’icyitegererezo cy’imiterere. Icya nyuma gipima urwego rw’uburyo igice gitanga urumuri ku isi aho kuba mu buryo bw’aho kiri mu miterere igoye. Nubwo guhitamo icyerekezo cy’imideli byamaze igihe kinini byemerwa nk’ikintu kiranga MT, kandi uturemangingo duhitamo imideli tugaragaza ko duhuza ibintu bigoye bihuye n’uko abantu babona ibyo bintu, uko tubizi, iki ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cy’isano riri hagati y’imiterere, igipimo n’uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu.
Twatoje inkende ebyiri kugira ngo zigaragaze uko zibona ibintu bihindagurika mu miyoboro y'urukuta (ingendo zihuza cyangwa zigaragara). Abantu bareba ibi bintu akenshi babona ko ibi bintu bihuza cyangwa bigaragara bifite ubwinshi bungana. Kugira ngo dutange igisubizo nyacyo muri iki kigeragezo kandi dushyireho ishingiro ry'igihembo cy'umukoresha, twakoze ibimenyetso byo gutandukanya ibintu dukoresheje imiterere y'igice gikora umurongo (Ishusho ya 1c, d). Mu bihe bihuza, imiterere yose igenda mu cyerekezo cy'igishushanyo (Ishusho ya 1c, "ihuza"). Mu gihe gihuza, imiterere igenda igororotse ku cyerekezo cy'urukuta aho rwashyizwe (Ishusho ya 1c, "igaragara"). Tugenzura ingorane z'akazi duhindura itandukaniro ry'iki kirango cy'imiterere. Mu igeragezwa ryakozwe, inkende zahawe ibihembo ku bisubizo bijyanye n'imiterere, kandi ibihembo byatanzwe ku buryo butunguranye (amahirwe 50/50) mu igerageza ririmo imiterere idafite imiterere (imiterere inyuranye ya zero).
Amakuru y’imyitwarire yavuye mu bushakashatsi bubiri bugaragara ku Ishusho ya 2a, kandi ibisubizo byatanzwe nk'igice cy'isuzuma ry'uko ibimenyetso by'imiterere bihuye ugereranije n'itandukaniro ry'ibimenyetso by'imiterere (itandukaniro ry'impinduka rifatwa nk'iribi bitewe n'igisobanuro) ku miterere ihinduka cyangwa imanuka, uko bikurikirana. Muri rusange, uko inkende zibona ubwumvikane/ubudahangarwa byagizweho ingaruka ku buryo bwizewe n'ikimenyetso (cyagutse, gisobanutse) ndetse n'imbaraga (itandukaniro) ry'imiterere y'ikintu (ANOVA; inkende N: icyerekezo – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, ikimenyetso – F = 1248, p < 10−10, itandukaniro – F = 22.63, p < 10;−10 inkende S: icyerekezo – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, ikimenyetso – F = 2876.7, p < 10−10, itandukaniro – F = 36.5, p < 10−10). Muri rusange, uko inkende zibona ubwumvikane/ubudahangarwa byagizweho ingaruka ku buryo bwizewe n'ikimenyetso (cyagutse, gisobanutse) ndetse n'imbaraga (itandukaniro) ry'imiterere y'ikimenyetso (ANOVA; inkende N: icyerekezo – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, ikimenyetso – F = 1248, p < 10−10, itandukaniro – F = 22.63, p < 10; -10 inkende S: icyerekezo – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, ikimenyetso – F = 2876.7, p < 10−10, itandukaniro – F = 36.5, p < 10−10). В целом на восприятие о Ажьянами когерентности / прозрачности достоверно влияли как знак (прозрачность, когерентность), tak и сила (кистрастность) текстурного признака (ANOVA 0 о 0) F = 1248, p <10−10, китрастаст - F = 22,63, p <10; = 2876,7, p <10−10, китрастаст - F = 36,5, р <10-10). Muri rusange, uburyo inkende zibona ubwumvikane/ubwisanzure bwagizweho ingaruka zikomeye n’ikimenyetso (ubwisanzure, ubwisanzure) ndetse n’imbaraga (ubwisanzure) bw’imiterere y’imiterere (ANOVA; inkende N: icyerekezo — F = 0.58, p = 0.45, ikimenyetso — F = 1248, p < 10−10, ubwisanzure – F = 22.63, p < 10; -10 inkende S: icyerekezo – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, ikimenyetso – F = 2876.7, p < 10 −10, ubwisanzure – F = 36.5, p < 10-10).总体而言，猴子对连贯性 / 透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ ANOVA ）的符号（透明、连贯）和强度（对比度）的可靠影响；猴子 N ：方向 - F = 0.58 ， p = 0.45 ，符号 - F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度 - F = 22.63, p <10; −10 猴子 S: 方向 - F = 0.41, p = 0.52, 符号 - F = 2876.7, p <10−10, 对比度 - F = 36.5 ， p <10-10 ）。总体而言，猴子对连贯性 / 透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ ANOVA ）的符号（透明、连贯）和强度（对比度）的可靠影响；猴子 N ：方向 - F = 0.58 ， p = 0.45 ，符号 - F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度 - F = 22.63, p <10; −10 36.5 ， p <10-10 ）。Muri rusange, uburyo inkende zihurirana/zigaragara byagizweho ingaruka cyane n'ikimenyetso (gushyira ahagaragara, guhuza) n'ubukana (itandukaniro) ry'ibimenyetso by'imiterere (ANOVA);о yinьяна Н: ориентация - F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак - F = 1248, p <10−10, Контрастность - F = 22,63, p <10; Inkende N: icyerekezo – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, ikimenyetso – F = 1248, p < 10−10, Itandukaniro – F = 22.63, p < 10; −10 О ଡିଜьяна С: Ориентация - F = 0,41, p = 0,52, Знак - F = 2876,7, p <10−10, Контрастность - F = 36,5, p <10-10). −10 Inkende S: Icyerekezo – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, Ikimenyetso – F = 2876.7, p < 10-10, Itandukaniro – F = 36.5, p < 10-10).Imikorere yo gukusanya ya Gaussian yashyizwe ku makuru yavuye muri buri somo kugira ngo hagaragazwe imiterere y’inguge mu buryo bw’imitekerereze n’imitekerereze yazo. Ku ishusho ya 2b hagaragazwa uburyo ubwo buryo bwo gukusanya bukoreshwa mu gukusanya iyi mikorere bukoreshwa mu gukusanya iyo ...
Ingero z'imyitwarire y'inguge mu byiciro by'itsinda (n ​​≥ igeragezwa rya 20 kuri buri kibazo cyo gukangura). Mu matsinda y'ibumoso (iburyo), amakuru yavuye mu isomo rimwe ry'inguge rya N(S) ashushanywa nk'amanota yo guhitamo ahuye (ordinate) ugereranije n'ikimenyetso cy'itandukaniro ry'ibimenyetso by'imiterere (abscissa). Aha bifatwa ko imiterere iboneye (ifatanye) ifite agaciro ka hasi (kabiri). Ibisubizo byubatswe ukwabyo hakurikijwe icyerekezo cy'ingendo y'igishushanyo (hejuru (90°) cyangwa hasi (270°)) mu igerageza. Ku nyamaswa zombi, imikorere, yaba igisubizo cyagabanijwemo 50/50 contrast (PSE - imyambi ikomeye) cyangwa ingano y'itandukaniro ry'imiterere ikenewe kugira ngo ishyigikire urwego runaka rw'imikorere (umurongo - imyambi ifunguye), iri muri ibi byerekezo byo kuzenguruka. b Histogram yujuje agaciro ka R2 k'umusaruro wa Gaussian cumulative. Amakuru ya S(N) y'inguge agaragara ibumoso (iburyo). c (Hejuru) PSE yapimwe ku muyoboro wagiye hasi (ordinate) ugereranije na PSE yazamuwe hejuru ku muyoboro wa (abscissa) washushanyije, impande zigaragaza ikwirakwizwa rya PSE kuri buri kibazo n'utwambi twerekana impuzandengo kuri buri kibazo. Amakuru y'ibiganiro byose bya N(S) by'inkende atangwa mu nkingi y'ibumoso (iburyo). (Hasi) Uburyo bumwe nk'ubw'amakuru ya PSE, ariko ku mibare y'ibipimo byashyizwemo. Nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye mu mibare ya PSE cyangwa imideli (reba inyandiko). d PSE n'umusozi (ordinate) byashushanyijwe bitewe n'icyerekezo cya raster gisanzwe cy'igice cyo gutandukanya inguni ("inguni y'umugozi ivanze" - abscissa). Uduce dufunguye ni two tuyobora, umurongo ukomeye ni wo ukwiriye icyitegererezo cyo gusubira inyuma, kandi umurongo urimo utudomo ni interval y'icyizere cya 95% kuri moderi yo gusubira inyuma. Hari isano ikomeye hagati ya PSE n'inguni y'umuyoboro isanzwe, ariko ntabwo ari umusozi n'inguni y'umuyoboro isanzwe, bigaragaza ko imikorere ya psychometric ihinduka uko inguni itandukanya imiyoboro y'ibice, ariko ntabwo ikarishye cyangwa ngo igorore. (Inkende N, n = amasomo 32; Inkende S, n = amasomo 43). Mu matsinda yose, utubari tw'amakosa tugaragaza ikosa risanzwe ry'ikigereranyo. Haha. Guhuza, amanota y'uburinganire mu buryo bw'ibanga bwa PSE, norm. standardization.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, itandukaniro ry'imiterere y'ibintu n'icyerekezo cy'uburyo imiterere igenda ryaratandukanye mu bigeragezo, aho ibintu bitera imbaraga bizamuka cyangwa bigabanutse mu igerageza runaka. Ibi bikorwa kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka zo kwihuza kw'imitsi n'imitsi. Icyerekezo cy'imiterere ugereranyije n'ubusumbane (ingingo y'uburinganire cyangwa PSE) (Ikizamini cy'ingano ya Wilcoxon; inkende N: z = 0.25, p = 0.8; inkende S: z = 0.86, p = 0.39) cyangwa urwego rw'imikorere rwashyizwemo (igiteranyo cy'imiterere ya Wilcoxon; inkende N: z = 0.14, p = 0.89, inkende S: z = 0.49, p = 0.62) (Ishusho ya 2c). Byongeye kandi, nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye hagati y’inguge mu rugero rw’imiterere y’inguge rwasabwaga kugira ngo hakomeze urwego rw’imikorere (N inguge = 24.5% ± 3.9%, S inguge = 18.9% ± 1.9%; Wilcoxon rank sum , z = 1.01, p = 0.31).
Muri buri somo, twahinduye inguni itandukanya icyerekezo cy’uturemangingo tw’ibice. Ubushakashatsi bwa psychophysical bwagaragaje ko abantu bashobora kubona akagari ka 10 nk’aho gahujwe iyo iyi nguni ari nto. Iyo inguge zigaragaza neza uko zibona ubwumvikane/ubudahangarwa, hashingiwe kuri ibi byavumbuwe, umuntu yakwitega ko PSE, itandukaniro ry’imiterere rijyanye n’itandukaniro rimwe hagati y’ubwumvikane n’ubudahangarwa, ryiyongera iyo habayeho imikoranire. Ibi ni ko byagenze (Ishusho ya 2d; igwa mu cyerekezo cy'icyitegererezo, Kruskal–Wallis; inkende N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10−3; inkende S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10−3; isano iri hagati y’inguni isanzwe ihuza imiterere na PSE – inkende N: r = 0.67, p < 10−9; inkende S: r = 0.76, p < 10−13). Ibi ni ko byagenze (Ishusho ya 2d; igwa mu cyerekezo cy'icyitegererezo, Kruskal–Wallis; inkende N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10−3; inkende S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10−3; isano iri hagati y’inguni ihuza ibintu bisanzwe na PSE – inkende N: r = 0.67, p < 10−9; inkende S: r = 0.76, p < 10−13). Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; кол полс поперек направления паттерна, Крускал-Уоллис; о nijнана N: χ2 = 23,06, p N: r = 0,67, p <10-9, оଜନьяна S: r = 0,76, p <10-13). Ibi byabayeho koko (Ishusho ya 2d; gusenyuka mu cyerekezo cy'igishushanyo, Kruskal-Wallis; inkende N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10–3; inkende S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10–3; isano iri hagati y'inguni ya lattice isanzwe na PSE - inkende N: r = 0.67, p < 10-9, inkende S: r = 0.76, p < 10-13).情况确实如此（图 2d ；跨模式方向折叠， Kruskal-Wallis ；猴子 N ：χ2 = 23.06 ， p <10-3 ；猴子 S ：χ2 = 22.22 ， p <10-3 ；标准化间光栅角和 PSE - 猴子 N ： r = 0.67 ， p <10-9 ；猴子 S ： r = 0,76 ， p <10-13 ）。情况 确实 如此 （图 图 2D ； 方向 折叠 ， kruskal-wallis ； n ： ： 2 = 23.06 ， p <10-3 ； 猴子 ： ： 2 = 22.22 ， p 10-13 ）。 Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; кратность по оси моды, Крускал-Уоллис; о yinьяна N: χ2 = 23,06, p Ibi ni ko byari bimeze (Ishusho ya 2d; hindura umurongo w'uburyo, Kruskal-Wallis; inkende N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10-3; inkende S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10-3; inguni isanzwe y'interatike). PSE-оଜନьяна N: r = 0,67, p <10–9, о ашьяна S: r = 0,76, p <10–13). PSE inkende N: r = 0.67, p < 10–9, inkende S: r = 0.76, p < 10–13).Mu buryo bunyuranye, guhindura inguni ya interlattice nta ngaruka nini byagize ku ruhande rw'imikorere ya psychometric (Ishusho ya 2d; cross-modal orientation fold, Kruskal-Wallis; monkey N: χ2 = 8.09, p = 0.23; monkey S χ2 = 3.18, p = 0.67, isano iri hagati ya normalized interlattice angle n'urusobe - monkey N: r = -0.4, p = 0.2, monkey S: r = 0.03, p = 0.76). Bityo, hakurikijwe amakuru y'imitekerereze y'umuntu, ingaruka mpuzandengo yo guhindura inguni iri hagati y'ibice by'inyuma ni ihinduka ry'ingingo zo kwimuka, ntabwo ari ukwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka k'uburyo umuntu yumva ibimenyetso byo gutandukanya.
Amaherezo, ibihembo bitangwa ku buryo butunguranye hamwe n'amahirwe ya 0.5 mu igeragezwa rifite itandukaniro rya zeru. Iyo inkende zose ziba zizi ubu buryo budasanzwe kandi zikaba zarashobora gutandukanya itandukaniro rya zeru n'ibintu bitera gushushanya, zashoboraga gushyiraho ingamba zitandukanye z'ubwoko bubiri bw'igerageza. Ibyagaragaye bibiri bigaragaza cyane ko atari ko bimeze. Icya mbere, guhindura inguni ya grating byagize ingaruka zimwe ku manota ya cue na zeru (Ishusho ya 2d n'Ishusho y'inyongera ya 1). Icya kabiri, ku nkende zombi, guhitamo igerageza rya bistable ntibishoboka ko ari ugusubiramo ibihembo biheruka (byabanje) (ikizamini cya binomial, inkende za N: 0.52, z = 0.74, p = 0.22; Inkende za S: 0.51, r = 0.9, p = 0.18).
Mu gusoza, imyitwarire y’inkende mu kazi kacu ko gutandukanya ibice yari munsi y’ubuyobozi bwiza bwo gukangura. Gushingira ku bushishozi bw’ibitekerezo ku kimenyetso n’ingano y’ibimenyetso by’imiterere, ndetse n’impinduka muri PSE hamwe n’inguni ya grating, bigaragaza ko inkende zavuze ko ziyumva mu buryo bw’umubiri ku buryo bwo guhuza imiyoboro/gushyira ahagaragara. Amaherezo, ibisubizo by’inkende mu igerageza rya zeru ritandukanye n’imiterere ntibyigeze bigerwaho n’amateka y’ibihembo by’igeragezwa ryabanje kandi byagizweho ingaruka cyane n’impinduka hagati y’inguni. Ibi bigaragaza ko inkende zikomeje gutangaza uburyo ziyumva mu buryo bw’umubiri ku miterere y’ubuso bwa lattice muri iki gihe cy’ingenzi.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ihinduka ry’itandukaniro ry’imiterere kuva kuri negative kugera kuri positive ringana n’ihinduka ry’ibitekerezo by’ibintu biva kuri transparent kugeza kuri coherent. Muri rusange, ku ngirabuzimafatizo runaka, igisubizo cya MT gikunda kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka uko imiterere ihinduka kuva kuri negative kugera kuri positive, kandi icyerekezo cy’iyi ngaruka gikunze guterwa n’icyerekezo cy’ingendo z’imiterere/igice. Urugero, imirongo yo gutondeka icyerekezo cy’uturemangingo tubiri twa MT igaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 hamwe n’ibisubizo by’utu turemangingo ku migozi irimo ibimenyetso by’imiterere bito cyangwa byinshi bihuza cyangwa bihura. Twagerageje mu buryo bumwe gupima neza ibi bisubizo by’urusobe rw’amakuru, bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n’imikorere y’inguge zacu mu bijyanye n’imitekerereze.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'umurongo w'icyerekezo cy'akagari ka MT k'inkende gahagarariye S bitewe n'urutonde rumwe rwa sinusoidal. Inguni igaragaza icyerekezo cy'ingendo y'akagari, ubunini bwerekana aho kajya, kandi icyerekezo cy'akagari gakundwa gihurirana na dogere 90 (hejuru) n'icyerekezo cy'igice kimwe mu cyerekezo cy'icyitegererezo cy'akagari. b Histogram y'igihe cyo gushishikariza buri cyumweru (PSTH) y'urusobe rw'igisubizo, yimuwe mu cyerekezo cya template na dogere 90 (yerekanwe ibumoso) ku kagari kagaragajwe muri a. Ibisubizo bitondekwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'icyitegererezo cy'imiterere (cohesive/transparent - hagati/iburyo uko bikurikirana) na Michelson contrast (PSTH color hint). Hagaragazwa gusa igerageza ryiza kuri buri bwoko bw'ibimenyetso by'imiterere biri hasi n'ibitandukanye cyane. Utunyangingo twakiranye neza imiterere y'akagari kazamuka hamwe n'ibimenyetso by'imiterere bisobanutse, kandi igisubizo kuri izi mbonerahamwe cyariyongereye uko contrast y'imiterere yiyongera. c, d ni uburyo bumwe nk'ubwo muri a na b, ariko ku tunyangingo twa MT tutari utwangi S, icyerekezo cyabo gikundwa gihurirana n'icy'urusobe rw'amazi rumanuka. Iyi mashini ikunda imirasire imanuka ifite ibimenyetso by’imiterere ihamye, kandi igisubizo kuri izi miterere kiyongera uko imiterere itandukana. Mu bice byose, agace gafite igicucu kagaragaza ikosa risanzwe ry’ikigereranyo. Imirasire. Imirasire, amasegonda. isegonda.
Kugira ngo dusuzume isano iri hagati y’imiterere y’ubuso bwa lattice (bufatanye cyangwa bugaragara) nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ibimenyetso byacu by’imiterere n’ibikorwa bya MT, twabanje gusubira inyuma isano iri hagati y’uturemangingo kugira ngo tugire ingendo zihamye (umusemburo mwiza) cyangwa ingendo zigaragara (umusemburo mubi) binyuze mu gusubira inyuma. Twahawe gushyira mu byiciro uturemangingo hakurikijwe igipimo cy’inyito y’ibimenyetso ugereranije n’icyerekezo cya buri buryo). Ingero z’izi nzira zo gupima lattice ziva mu kagari kamwe k’urugero ku Ishusho ya 3 zigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4a. Nyuma yo gushyira mu byiciro, twakoresheje isesengura ry’imikorere ya receiver (ROC) kugira ngo dupime uburyo buri kagari gashobora kwiyumvisha uburyo ibimenyetso by’imiterere bihinduka (reba Uburyo). Imikorere ya neurometric yabonetse muri ubu buryo ishobora kugereranywa neza n’imiterere ya psychophysical y’inkende mu gihe kimwe kugira ngo tugereranye neza uburyo neurons ziyumva n’imiterere ya lattice. Twakoze isesengura ry’ibimenyetso bibiri ku bice byose biri mu rugero, tubara imiterere itandukanye ya neurometric kuri buri cyerekezo cy’igishushanyo (nanone, hejuru cyangwa hasi). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko, kuri iri sesengura, twashyizemo gusa ibizamini aho (i) ibintu byateraga birimo ikimenyetso cy’imiterere na (ii) inkende zasubije hakurikijwe icyo kimenyetso (ni ukuvuga ibizamini "bikwiye").
Igipimo cy'umuriro gishushanyijwe hakurikijwe itandukaniro ry'ikimenyetso cy'imiterere, uko bikurikirana, kugira ngo imigozi ihindukire (ibumoso) cyangwa hasi (iburyo), umurongo ukomeye ugaragaza umurongo ugororotse ukwiriye neza, kandi amakuru ari ku murongo wo hejuru (wo hepfo) afatwa mu byagaragajwe ku Ishusho. Umuceri. 3a Akagari, b (Ishusho ya 3c, d). Ibiranga imiterere yo gusubira inyuma byakoreshejwe mu gushyira ibimenyetso by'imiterere (bihuje/bibonerana) kuri buri kagari/urukiramende (n ≥ igeragezwa rya 20 kuri buri kibazo). Uduce tw'amakosa tugaragaza ihinduka risanzwe ry'ikigereranyo. Imikorere ya neurometric y'ibice bigaragara muri ba isobanurwa hamwe n'imikorere ya psychometric yakusanyijwe mu gihe kimwe. Noneho, kuri buri kintu, dushushanya amahitamo y'igikoresho gikunzwe (ordinate) (reba inyandiko) nk'ijanisha ry'itandukaniro ry'ikimenyetso cy'imiterere (abscissa). Itandukaniro ry'imiterere ryahinduwe ku buryo uduce tw'ibikoresho bikunzwe ari byiza naho uduce tw'ibikoresho bidafitemo ubusa tukaba ari bibi. Amakuru aturuka ku miyoboro izamuka (imanuka) agaragara mu duce tw'ibumoso (iburyo), mu mirongo yo hejuru (yo hepfo) - amakuru aturuka mu turemangingo agaragara ku Ishusho ya 3a, b (Ishusho ya 3c, d). Ibipimo bya neurometric na psychometric threshold (N/P) bigaragazwa muri buri duce. Amasogonda. Amasogonda, amasegonda. amasegonda, ububiko. icyerekezo, intara ikundwa, psi. Psychometry, Neurology.
Imiterere ya Lattice tuning curves n'imikorere ya neurometric y'uturemangingo tubiri twa MT duhagarariye hamwe n'imikorere ya psychometric ifitanye isano natwo, bikusanyirijwe hamwe n'ibi bisubizo, bigaragazwa mu matsinda yo hejuru n'ayo hasi y'Ishusho ya 4a, b, uko bikurikirana. Utu turemangingo tugaragaza ukwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka gukabije uko agace k'imiterere kagenda kava ku mucyo kakajya ku buryo buhuriweho. Byongeye kandi, icyerekezo n'imbaraga by'iyi sano biterwa n'icyerekezo cy'ingendo ya lattice. Amaherezo, imikorere ya neurometric yabazwe uhereye ku bisubizo by'utu turemangingo yegereye gusa (ariko ntabwo ijyanye) n'imiterere ya psychophysical y'ingendo ya unidirectional grid. Umurimo wa neurometric na psychometric wombi washyizwe muri make hamwe n'ibipimo, ni ukuvuga bihwanye na 84% by'itandukaniro ryatoranijwe neza (rihuye n'ikigereranyo + 1 sd cy'imikorere ya Gaussian ihuye). Mu rugero rwose, igipimo cya N/P, igipimo cy’urwego rwa neurometric ugereranije n’icya psychometric, cyabaye impuzandengo ya 12.4 ± 1.2 muri monkey N na 15.9 ± 1.8 muri monkey S, kandi kugira ngo lattice ijye mu cyerekezo kimwe nibura, gusa Kuri ~ 16% (18). %) uvuye kuri monkey N (monkey S) (Ishusho ya 5a). Dukurikije urugero rw’uturemangingo rugaragara ku ishusho. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 na 4, ubushobozi bwo kumva neurons bushobora kugira ingaruka ku isano iri hagati y’icyerekezo cy’uturemangingo gikunzwe n’icyerekezo cy’ingendo za lattice zakoreshejwe mu igerageza. By’umwihariko, imirongo yo guhindura icyerekezo iri ku Ishusho ya 3a, c igaragaza isano iri hagati y’icyerekezo cya neuron cy’urutonde rumwe rwa sinusoidal n’uburyo bwo kumva imikorere yarwo ku ngendo isobanutse/ijyanye n’imiterere mu rutonde rwacu. Ibi ni ko byagenze ku mbege zombi (ANOVA; icyerekezo gikundwa cyane gifite ubushobozi bwa dogere 10; inkende N: F = 2.12, p < 0.01; inkende S: F = 2.01, p < 0.01). Ibi ni ko byagenze ku mbege zombi (ANOVA; icyerekezo gikundwa cyane gifite ubushobozi bwa dogere 10; inkende N: F = 2.12, p < 0.01; inkende S: F = 2.01, p < 0.01). Это имело место для обеих о усьян (ANOVA; относительные предпочтительные направления обедины в группы с разрешением 10 °; о nijьяна N: F = 2,12, p <0,01; о вицьяна S: F = 2,01, p <0,01), p <0,01). Ibi ni ko byagenze ku mbege zombi (ANOVA; icyerekezo gikundwa cyane cyashyizwe mu itsinda rya 10°; mbege N: F=2.12, p<0.01; mbege S: F=2.01, p<0.01).两只猴子都是这种情况（方差分析；以 10 ° 分辨率合并的相对首选方向；猴子 N ： F = 2.12 ， p <0.01 ；猴子 S ： F = 2.01 ， p <0.01 ）。两 只 猴子 都 是 这 种 （方差 分析 ° ° 10 ° 分辨率 合并 的 相对 方向 ； 猴子 n ： f = 2.12 ， p <0.01 ； ： ： f = 2.01 ， p <0.01 。。。。。。。）））））））））））））））））））））））））） Это имело место для обеих о усьян (ANOVA; относительная предпочтительная ориента одинена при разрешении 10 °; о nijьяна N: F = 2,12, p <0,01; о cearya С: F = 2,01, p <0,01). Ibi ni ko byagenze ku mbege zombi (ANOVA; icyerekezo gikunze kuba cyiza cyashyizwe hamwe kuri dogere 10; inkende N: F=2.12, p<0.01; inkende S: F=2.01, p<0.01).Bitewe n’uburyo bunini bwo guhindagurika mu bushobozi bw’imitsi (Ishusho ya 5a), kugira ngo turebe uko imiterere y’imitsi iterwa n’imiterere y’imitsi ikoreshwa, twabanje kugena imiterere y’ingirabuzimafatizo ya buri kagari ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe ku buryo “bwiza” bwo kugenda kw’imiterere y’urusobe rw’amakuru (ni ukuvuga icyerekezo). Aho urusobe rw’amakuru rukora inguni ntoya hagati y’imiterere y’ingirabuzimafatizo ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe n’icyerekezo cy’imiterere y’urusobe rw’amakuru). Twasanze imiterere y’imitsi ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe (icyerekezo cy’icyerekezo “kibi” cya lattice/icyerekezo cy’icyerekezo “cyiza” cya lattice) yaratandukanye bitewe n’iyi imiterere ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe, aho uburebure bw’iyi ngero y’imitsi bugaragara ku miterere cyangwa icyerekezo cy’ibice (Ishusho ya 5b). )). Iyi ngaruka ntiyashoboraga gusobanurwa n'uburyo icyerekezo gikwirakwizwa mu bice byatoranyijwe muri buri rugero kijya kuri kimwe mu bice bya plaid cyangwa icyerekezo cy'ibice (Ishusho ya 5c; ikizamini cya Rayleigh; inkende N: z = 8.33, p < 10−3, impuzandengo y'uruziga = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg; inkende S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) kandi yari ijyanye n'inguni za plaid hagati ya grating (Ishusho y'inyongera ya 2). Iyi ngaruka ntiyashoboraga gusobanurwa n'uburyo icyerekezo gikwirakwizwa mu bice byatoranyijwe muri buri rugero kijya kuri kimwe mu bice bya plaid cyangwa icyerekezo cy'ibice (Ishusho ya 5c; ikizamini cya Rayleigh; inkende N: z = 8.33, p < 10−3, impuzandengo y'uruziga = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg; inkende S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) kandi yari ijyanye n'inguni za plaid hagati ya grating (Ishusho y'inyongera ya 2). Этот нельзя было ояснить смещением распределения предпочтительных направлений в единицах в каждой выборке в сторону одного из клетччх направлений или направлений вова; ры; 8,33, p <10–3). Iyi ngaruka ntiyashoboraga gusobanurwa n'impinduka mu ikwirakwizwa ry'icyerekezo gikunzwe mu bice muri buri rugero rugana kuri kimwe mu byerekezo byagenwe cyangwa icyerekezo cy'ibice (Ishusho ya 5c; ikizamini cya Rayleigh; inkende N: z = 8.33, p < 10–3)., impuzandengo y'uruziga = dogere 190.13 ± dogere 9.83; inkende S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) kandi yari imwe ku mfuruka zose z'urusobe rw'amazi (Ishusho y'inyongera ya 2).这种效应不能通过每个样本中单元中的优选方向分布偏向格子图案或组件方向之一来解释（图 5c ；瑞利测试；猴子 N ： z = 8.33 ， p <10-3 ，圆形平均值 = 190.13 度 ± 9.83 度；猴子 S ： z = 0,79 ， p = 0.45 ）并且在格子间光栅角上是一致的（补充图 2 ）。这 种 效应 不 能 每 每 样本 中 中 优选 方向 分布 来 = = = = = = = = = = = 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 z Этот г не не может быть обяснен тем, что распределение предпочтительных ориентаций в клетках в kaждом оцце смещено либо в сторону кыры решетки, либо в сторону одной из види; ры; = 8,33, p <10–3). Iyi ngaruka ntishobora gusobanurwa n'uko ikwirakwizwa ry'icyerekezo gikunzwe mu turemangingo muri buri rugero ribogamiye ku miterere ya lattice cyangwa kuri kimwe mu cyerekezo cy'ibice (Ishusho ya 5c; ikizamini cya Rayleigh; monkey N: z = 8.33, p < 10–3)., impuzandengo y'uruziga) = dogere 190.13 ± dogere 9.83; inkende S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) kandi zari zingana mu nguni za lattice hagati y'imirongo (Ishusho y'inyongera ya 2).Bityo, ubushobozi bw'imitsi y'ubwonko ku miyoboro y'amajwi (textured grids) bushingira, nibura ku gice, ku miterere y'ibanze ya MT tuning.
Igice cy'ibumoso kigaragaza uko ibipimo bya N/P bikwirakwizwa (neuron/psychophysiological threshold); buri kagari gatanga amakuru abiri, kimwe kuri buri cyerekezo aho igishushanyo mbonera kigenda. Igice cy'iburyo kigaragaza ibipimo bya psychophysical (ordinate) ugereranije n'ibipimo bya neuronal (abscissa) ku bice byose biri mu cyitegererezo. Amakuru ari ku murongo wo hejuru (wo hepfo) aturuka ku nkake N (S). b Ibipimo bya threshold byagenwe hakurikijwe ingano y'itandukaniro riri hagati y'icyerekezo cyiza cya lattice n'icyerekezo cya selile gikunzwe. Icyerekezo "cyiza" gisobanurwa nk'icyerekezo cy'imiterere ya grating (gipimwe hakoreshejwe grating imwe ya sinusoidal) yegereye icyerekezo cya selile gikunzwe. Amakuru yabanje gukubitwa hakoreshejwe icyerekezo gikunzwe gikunzwe (10° bins), hanyuma ibipimo bya threshold byagenwe ku gaciro ntarengwa kandi bigashyirwa mu mpuzandengo muri buri kagari. Utunyangingo dufite icyerekezo gikunzwe kinini cyangwa gito kuruta icyerekezo cy'ibice bya lattice twagize itandukaniro rinini mu buryo bwo kwiyumvisha icyerekezo cya lattice. c Histogram y'ibara ry'icyerekezo gikunzwe cy'ibipimo byose bya MT byanditswe muri buri nkake.
Amaherezo, igisubizo cya MT gihinduka bitewe n'icyerekezo cy'urugendo rw'urukiramende n'ibisobanuro by'ibimenyetso byacu byo gutandukanya (imiterere). Kugereranya uburyo bwo kumva imitsi y'ubwonko n'ubwonko bwa psychophysical byagaragaje ko, muri rusange, ibice bya MT bitashoboraga kumva cyane ibimenyetso bitandukanye by'imiterere nk'inguge. Ariko, uburyo bwo kumva imitsi y'ubwonko bwahindutse bitewe n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'icyerekezo cy'igice cyatoranijwe n'icyerekezo cy'urukiramende. Uturemangingo tw'ubwonko twakundaga kugira ibyo dukunda mu buryo bw'icyerekezo hafi ya byose byatwikiraga imiterere ya lattice cyangwa imwe mu miterere y'ibice bigize, kandi agace gato k'ingero zacu kari gafite ubworoherane cyangwa ubworoherane kurusha uko inguge zibona itandukaniro ry'ubusumbane. Kugira ngo tumenye niba ibimenyetso bivuye muri ibi bice by'ubwonko byafitanye isano rya bugufi n'uburyo bwo kumva mu nguge, twasuzumye isano iri hagati yo kumva no gusubiza mu buryo bw'ubwonko.
Intambwe y'ingenzi mu gushyiraho isano iri hagati y'imikorere y'imitsi n'imyitwarire ni ugushyiraho isano iri hagati y'imitsi n'imyitwarire n'ibintu bihoraho bitera imbaraga. Kugira ngo duhuze uburyo imitsi n'imitekerereze itera imbaraga n'uburyo itera imbaraga, ni ngombwa gukora ikintu gitera imbaraga, nubwo ari kimwe, kibonwa mu buryo butandukanye mu bigeragezo bitandukanye. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibi bigaragazwa neza n'uburyo nta shusho itera imbaraga itera imbaraga. Nubwo dushimangira ko, hashingiwe ku mikorere y'inyamaswa, uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y'imitsi bufite itandukaniro rito (riri munsi ya ~20%) akenshi bufatwa nk'aho buhuje cyangwa busobanutse.
Kugira ngo dupime urwego ibisubizo bya MT bifitanye isano na raporo z'ibitekerezo, twakoze isesengura ry'ubushobozi bwo guhitamo (CP) ry'amakuru yacu ya grid (reba 3). Muri make, CP ni igipimo kidashingiye ku bipimo, kidashingiye ku gipimo gipima isano iri hagati y'ibisubizo bya spike n'isuzuma ry'ibitekerezo30. Dufatiye ku isesengura ku bigeragezo hakoreshejwe grid zifite itandukaniro ry'imiterere n'amasomo aho inkende zakoze nibura amahitamo atanu kuri buri bwoko bw'ibi bigeragezo, twabaruye SR ukwayo kuri buri cyerekezo cy'ingendo za grid. Mu nkende zose, twabonye agaciro k’impuzandengo ya CP kari hejuru cyane kurusha uko twakwitega ku bw’amahirwe (Ishusho ya 6a, d; inkende N: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), ikizamini cya t-cricket-two-side ugereranije na null ya CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10−9; inkende S: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), ikizamini cya t-cricket-two-side, t = 9.4, p < 10−13). Mu nkende zose, twabonye agaciro k’impuzandengo ya CP kari hejuru cyane kuruta uko twabyiteze ku bw’amahirwe (Ishusho ya 6a, d; inkende N: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), ikizamini cya t-cricket-two-side ugereranije na null ya CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10−9; inkende S: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), ikizamini cya t-cricket-two-side, t = 9.4, p < 10−13).Mu mineke, twabonye impuzandengo ya CP iri hejuru cyane kurusha uko byari byitezwe mu buryo butunguranye (Ishusho ya 6a, d; mineke N: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), ikizamini cya t gifite imirizo ibiri ugereranyije n’agaciro ka null).CP = 0,5, t = 6,7, p <10–9; CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10–9; о leaьяна S: среднее CP: 0,55, 95% ДИ: (0,54, 0,57), двуононний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p <10–13). Inkende S: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), ikizamini cya t gifite imirizo ibiri, t = 9.4, p < 10–13).在猴子中，我们观察到平均 CP 值显着大于我们偶然预期的值（图 6a ， d ；猴子 N ：平均 CP ： 0.54，95% CI ：（ 0.53，0.56 ），针对空值的双边 t 检验 CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9; 猴子 S: 平均 CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边 t 检验, t = 9.4, p <10−13) .在 猴子 中 ， 我们 观察 平均 平均 值 大于 我们 图 6a ， d ； n ： ： 0.54，95% Ci ： 0.53，0.56） ， 空值 检验 CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9; S: 平均 CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边 t 检验, t = 9.4, p <10−13) У о ଡିଜьян мы наблюдали средние значения CP, значительно превшающие то, что мы могли бы ожидть случайно (рис. 6a, d; о ejжана Н: среднее CP: 0,54, 95% ДИ: (0,53, 0,5) t = 6,7, p t-критерий, t = 9,4, p <10- 13). Mu mineke, twabonye impuzandengo y'agaciro ka CP irenze cyane ibyo twashoboraga kwitega ku bw'amahirwe (Ishusho ya 6a, d; imineke N: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), ikizamini cya t gifite imirizo ibiri CP vs. zeru = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10-9, imineke S: impuzandengo ya CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), t ifite imirizo ibiri- igipimo, t = 9.4, p < 10-13).Bityo, uturemangingo twa MT dukunda kurasa cyane nubwo nta bimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza ko inyamaswa ibona uko imiterere y’uturemangingo igenda ihura n’ibyo amikoro akunda.
a Gukwirakwiza amahirwe yo guhitamo ku miyoboro idafite ibimenyetso by'imiterere ku ngero zafashwe na monkey N. Buri selile ishobora gutanga amakuru agera kuri abiri (imwe kuri buri cyerekezo cy'urugendo rwa grid). Agaciro k'ikigereranyo cya CP hejuru y'imyambi y'umweru) bigaragaza ko muri rusange hari isano ikomeye hagati y'ibikorwa bya MT n'uburyo umuntu abona ibintu. b Kugira ngo dusuzume ingaruka z'ingaruka z'uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo guhitamo, twabaruye CP ukwayo ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyatumaga inkende zikora ikosa rimwe. Amahirwe yo guhitamo yashushanyijwe nk'uko bigaragara ku gipimo cyo guhitamo (pref/null) ku bintu byose (ibumoso) n'agaciro ntarengwa k'ikimenyetso cy'imiterere (iburyo, amakuru aturuka ku turemangingo 120 ku giti cyazo). Umurongo ukomeye n'agace gafite igicucu mu gice cy'ibumoso bigaragaza impuzandengo ya ± sem y'impuzandengo y'amanota 20 yimuka. Amahirwe yo guhitamo yabazwe ku bintu bifite igipimo cyo guhitamo kidahuje, nk'imiyoboro ifite igipimo cyo kwerekana ikimenyetso kinini, bitandukanye cyane kandi byashyizwe hamwe hakurikijwe ibishoboka. Agace k'ijivu mu gice cy'iburyo gashimangira itandukaniro ry'ibintu biri mu kubara amahirwe yo guhitamo menshi. c Amahirwe yo guhitamo ikintu kinini (ordinate) ashushanyijwe ku ruhande rw'umuyoboro w'amaraso (abscissa). Amahirwe yo guhitamo yari afite isano ribi cyane n'urugero. Ihame rya df ni rimwe na ac ariko rikoreshwa ku makuru 157 y'inkende S keretse iyo byavuzwe ukundi. g Amahirwe yo guhitamo ikintu kinini (ordinate) ashushanyijwe ku ruhande rw'icyerekezo gikunze gukoreshwa (abscissa) kuri buri nkende ebyiri. Buri selile ya MT yatanze amanota abiri y'amakuru (imwe kuri buri cyerekezo cy'imiterere ya lattice). h Imiterere minini y'agasanduku k'amahirwe yo guhitamo kuri buri nguni iri hagati ya raster. Umurongo ukomeye ugaragaza urwego rwo hagati, impande zo hasi n'izo hejuru z'agasanduku zigaragaza ingano ya 25 na 75, utwatsi twongereweho inshuro 1.5 z'uruhererekane rw'interquartile, kandi utundi turenze uyu mupaka turagaragara. Amakuru ari mu duce tw'ibumoso (iburyo) ni ay'uturemangingo 120 (157) tw'inkende za N (S). i Amahirwe yo guhitamo ikintu kinini (ordinate) ashushanyijwe ku gihe cyo gutangira kwa stimulus (abscissa). CP nini yabazwe mu mpandeshatu zigenda zinyerera (ubugari bwa 100 ms, intambwe ya 10 ms) mu igeragezwa ryose hanyuma ishyirwa mu mpuzandengo mu bice.
Ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko CP iterwa n'umubare w'igeragezwa mu ikwirakwizwa ry'igipimo cy'ibanze, bivuze ko iki gipimo kidakwiye kwizerwa ku bintu bitera itandukaniro rikomeye mu gipimo cya buri guhitamo. Kugira ngo tugerageze iki gipimo mu makuru yacu, twabaruye CP ukwayo ku bintu byose bitera, hatitawe ku itandukaniro ry'imiterere y'ikimenyetso, kandi inkende zakoze nibura igerageza rimwe ry'ikinyoma. CP ishushanyije hakurikijwe igipimo cyo guhitamo (pref/null) kuri buri nyamaswa mu Ishusho ya 6b na e (agace k'ibumoso), uko bikurikirana. Urebye impuzandengo yimuka, biragaragara ko CP iguma hejuru y'amahirwe mu buryo bwinshi bwo guhitamo, ikagabanuka gusa iyo amahirwe yaguye (yiyongera) munsi ya (hejuru) 0.2 (0.8). Dushingiye ku miterere ya psychometric y'inyamaswa, twakwitega ko coefficients zo guhitamo zingana gutya zikoreshwa gusa ku bintu bitera itandukaniro rikomeye mu miterere (bihuje cyangwa bisobanutse) (reba ingero z'imiterere ya psychometric mu Ishusho ya 2a, b). Kugira ngo tumenye niba ari ko bimeze kandi niba mudasobwa ikomeye yarakomeje ndetse no ku bintu bitera imbaraga hamwe n'ibimenyetso bisobanutse byo gutandukanya, twasuzumye ingaruka z'agaciro k'itandukaniro ry'imiterere kuri mudasobwa (Ishusho ya 6b, e-iburyo). Nkuko byari byitezwe, CP yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'amahirwe yo kugira ibimenyetso bitera imbaraga kugeza ku rugero rwo hagati (~20% cyangwa munsi yayo).
Mu bijyanye no kwerekeza, umuvuduko, no kumenya ibintu bidahuye, MT CP ikunda kuba yo hejuru mu ngirabuzimafatizo z’ubwonko zifite ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu cyane, bishoboka ko ari ukubera ko izi ngirabuzimafatizo zifite ibimenyetso byinshi 30, 32, 33, 34.Dukurikije ibi byavumbuwe, twabonye isano iri hagati ya grand CP, yabazwe uhereye ku gipimo cyo kurasa cya z-scored muri texture cue contrast zagaragajwe mu gice cy'iburyo cy'Ishusho.6b, e, na neuronal threshold (Ishusho ya 6c, f; ikigereranyo cy'ubusumbane bw'ikigereranyo cya geometrike; inkende N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 inkende S: r = -0.18, p < 10 -3). 6b, e, na neuronal threshold (Ishusho ya 6c, f; ikigereranyo cy'ubusumbane bw'ikigereranyo cya geometrike; inkende N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 inkende S: r = -0.18, p < 10 -3).Dukurikije ibi byavumbuwe, twabonye isano iri hagati ya CP nini yabazwe uhereye ku gipimo cya z-amanota uhereye ku kimenyetso cy’imiterere cyagaragajwe mu gice cy’iburyo cy’Ishusho ya 6b, e, na neuronal threshold (Ishusho ya 6c, f; geometric). ikigereranyo cy’ubusumbane bw’ikigereranyo cya geometric;о leaьяна N: r = -0,12, p = 0,07 о yinьяна S: r = -0,18, p <10-3). Inkende N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 Inkende S: r = -0.18, p < 10-3).与这些发现一致，我们观察到大 CP 之间存在适度但显着的相关性，这是根据图 6b 、 e 和神经元阈值（图 6c 、 f ；几何平均回归；猴子 N ： r = -0.12 ， p = 0.07 猴子 S ： r = -0.18 ， p <10-3 ）。与 这些 发现 一致 ， 我们 到 大 大 之间 适度 但 显着 b 6b 、 e 和 元 阈值 （图 c 6c 、 f ；Dukurikije ibi byavumbuwe, twabonye isano iri hagati ya CV nini nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6b, e n'imibare y'imitsi y'ubwonko (Ishusho ya 6c, f; ikigereranyo cy'ubusumbane bw'ikigereranyo cya geometrike; inkende N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07).О ашьяна С: г = -0,18, р <10-3). Inkende S: r = -0.18, p < 10-3).Kubwibyo, ibimenyetso byavuye mu matsinda y’ubumenyi cyane byagaragazaga ko ibintu bitandukanye cyane hamwe n’ibyiyumviro by’impande mu nkende, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi hatitawe ku bimenyetso by’imiterere byiyongera ku kubogama kw’ibitekerezo.
Bitewe nuko twari twaramaze gushyiraho isano iri hagati yo kumva ibimenyetso by’imiterere y’urusobe rw’amakuru n’icyerekezo cy’imitsi, twibajije niba hari isano isa iri hagati ya CP n’icyerekezo cy’imitsi (Ishusho ya 6g). Iyi sano yari ifite agaciro gato muri S y’inkende (ANOVA; inkende N: 1.03, p = 0.46; inkende S: F = 1.73, p = 0.04). Nta tandukaniro twabonye muri CP ku nguni za lattice hagati ya lattice ku nyamaswa iyo ari yo yose (Ishusho ya 6h; ANOVA; inkende N: F = 1.8, p = 0.11; inkende S: F = 0.32, p = 0. 9).
Amaherezo, akazi kabanje kagaragaje ko CP ihinduka mu gihe cyose cy'igerageza. Hari ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko CP yiyongera cyane hagakurikiraho ingaruka zo guhitamo zigenda neza,30 mu gihe ubundi bwagaragaje ko ikimenyetso cyo guhitamo cyakomeje kwiyongera mu gihe cy'igerageza31. Kuri buri nguge, twabaruye CP ya buri gice mu igerageza nta tandukaniro ry'imiterere (uko bikurikirana, hakurikijwe icyerekezo cy'imiterere) mu turemangingo twa 100 ms dutera intambwe buri 20 ms kuva ku ntangiriro ya pre-stimulus kugeza ku iherezo ry'ikigereranyo cya pre-stimulus. Impuzandengo ya CP ku nguge ebyiri igaragara ku ishusho ya 6i. Muri ibyo bihe byombi, CP yagumye ku rwego rutunguranye cyangwa hafi cyane yayo kugeza hafi 500 ms nyuma yo gutangira kwa stimulus, nyuma yaho CP yiyongera cyane.
Uretse guhindura uburyo bwo kumva, byagaragaye ko CP iterwa ingaruka n'imiterere imwe n'imwe y'imiterere y'uturemangingo. Urugero, Uka na DeAngelis34 basanze CP mu gikorwa cyo kumenya kudahuza kwa binocular biterwa n'uburyo icyuma gipima kudahuza kwa binocular cy'igikoresho gikoresha. Muri iki kibazo, ikibazo gifitanye isano ni ukumenya niba uturemangingo tw’icyerekezo cy’imiterere (PDS) ari two tworoheje kurusha uturemangingo tw’icyerekezo cy’ibice (CDS). Uturemangingo twa PDS dushyiraho icyerekezo rusange cy’imiterere irimo icyerekezo cyinshi cyo mu gace, mu gihe uturemangingo twa CDS dusubiza ku ngendo y’ibice by’icyerekezo cy’imiterere (Ishusho ya 7a).
Ishusho ya Schematic y'uburyo bwo gukosora ibice by'uburyo n'ingufu zishingiye ku gushushanya (ibumoso) n'ingufu zishingiye ku gushushanya (iburyo) (reba Ibikoresho n'Uburyo). Muri make, niba akagari gahujwe n'ibice by'urukuta kugira ngo kamenyeshe isura y'ibimenyetso, umuntu yakwitega ingufu zimwe zo gukosora ku gishushanyo kimwe n'ingufu zishingiye ku gishushanyo (inkingi ya nyuma, ingufu ikomeye). Ku rundi ruhande, niba akagari kadahuza icyerekezo cy'ibice mu ngendo y'icyitegererezo cy'ibimenyetso, umuntu yakwitega ingufu zishingiye ku gushushanya ibice bibiri zifite uburebure muri buri cyerekezo cy'ingendo zihindura igice kimwe mu cyerekezo cy'akagari gikunda (inkingi ya nyuma, ingufu ivanze). . ingufu za b (ibumoso) zo guhindura icyerekezo cy'urutonde rwa sinusoidal ku turemangingo zigaragara ku Mashusho ya 1 na 2. 3 na 4 (umurongo wo hejuru - turemangingo mu Mashusho ya 3a, b na 4a, b (hejuru); agace ko hepfo - turemangingo two ku Ishusho ya 3c, d na 4a, b (hejuru)). (Hagati) Imbonerahamwe n'ibipimo by'ibice bibarwa uhereye kuri lattice tuning profiles. (Iburyo) Guhindura urubuga rw'utu turemangingo. Uturemangingo two hejuru (hepfo) dushyirwa mu byiciro by’uturemangingo (igice). Menya ko nta guhuza hagati y’ibyiciro by’uturemangingo n’ibyo abantu bakunda gukora ku buryo bufatika/bugaragara (reba ibisubizo by’imiterere y’uturemangingo kuri izi turemangingo ku ishusho ya 4a). c Ingano y’isano ry’igice cy’uburyo bwa z-score (ordinate) yashushanyijwe hakurikijwe coefficient y’isano ry’igice cy’uturemangingo twa z-score (abscissa) ku turemangingo twose twanditswe mu turemangingo twa N (ibumoso) na S (iburyo). Imirongo minini igaragaza ibipimo by’ingenzi bikoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro uturemangingo. d Igishushanyo cy’ubushobozi bwo guhitamo bwinshi (ordinate) ugereranyije n’igipimo cy’uburyo (Zp - Zc) (abscissa). Amakuru ari mu duce tw’ibumoso (iburyo) yerekeza ku turemangingo twa N (S). Uduce twirabura twerekana amakuru ari mu bice bingana. Mu nyamaswa zombi, hari isano ikomeye hagati y’ubushobozi bwo guhitamo bwinshi n’igipimo cy’imiterere, bigaragaza isano ikomeye y’imitekerereze ku turemangingo dufite icyerekezo cy’ibimenyetso mu bintu bifite icyerekezo cy’ibice byinshi.
Kubwibyo, mu itsinda ryihariye ry’ibizamini, twapimye ibisubizo ku miyoboro ya sinusoidal na grids kugira ngo dushyire neurons mu byiciro byacu muri PDS cyangwa CDS (reba Uburyo). Imiyoboro yo gupima Lattice, iteganyagihe ry’ibice by’imbonerahamwe ryubatswe muri aya makuru yo gupima, hamwe n’imiyoboro yo gupima lattice ku tungles igaragara ku Ishusho ya 1 na 3. Ishusho ya 3 na 4 n’Ishusho y’inyongera ya 3 bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 7b. Ikwirakwizwa ry’imiterere n’uburyo ibice bitoranywa, ndetse n’icyerekezo cy’uturemangingo gikunzwe muri buri cyiciro, byerekanwe kuri buri nguge ku Ishusho ya 7c n’ishusho y’inyongera ya 4.
Kugira ngo dusuzume uburyo CP ishingira ku gukosora ibice bigize igishushanyo, twabanje kubara imiterere y’icyitegererezo 35 (PI), agaciro kanini (gato) kagaragaza imyitwarire isa na PDS (CDS) nini. Dukurikije ibikubiye haruguru, ko: (i) ubushobozi bwo kumva imiterere y’imitsi butandukana bitewe n’itandukaniro riri hagati y’icyerekezo cy’uturemangingo dukunda n’icyerekezo cy’uburyo bwo gushishikariza, kandi (ii) hari isano ikomeye hagati yo kumva imiterere y’imitsi n’ubushobozi bwo guhitamo mu rugero rwacu, twasanze isano iri hagati ya PI n’icyitegererezo cyose cya CP cyakoreweho ubushakashatsi kugira ngo hamenyekane icyerekezo "cyiza" cy’uburyo buri turemangingo gakora (reba haruguru). Twasanze CP ifite isano ikomeye na PI (Ishusho ya 7d; ikigereranyo cy’ubusumbane bw’ikigereranyo cya geometrike; inkende nini ya CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; inkende ifite ubwisanzure bubiri N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; inkende nini ya CP S: r = 0.30, p < 10−4; inkende ifite ubwisanzure bubiri S: r = 0.29, p < 10−3), bigaragaza ko uturemangingo twashyizwe mu byiciro bya PDS twagaragaje imikorere ijyanye n’amahitamo kurusha CDS n’uturemangingo tudafite ibyiciro. Twasanze CP ifite isano ikomeye na PI (Ishusho ya 7d; ikigereranyo cy’ubusumbane bw’ikigereranyo cya geometrike; inkende nini ya CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; inkende ifite ubwisanzure bubiri N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; inkende nini ya CP S: r = 0.30, p < 10−4; inkende ifite ubwisanzure bubiri S: r = 0.29, p < 10−3), bigaragaza ko uturemangingo twashyizwe mu byiciro bya PDS twagaragaje imikorere ijyanye n’amahitamo kurusha CDS n’uturemangingo tudafite ibyiciro. Мы обнаружили, что CP значительно коррелирует с PI (рис. 7d; бид среднего геометрического; большая о ьяьяьянаа CP N: r = 0,23, p <0,01; бистабильный CP о эжьяны S: r = 0,29, p <10-3), что указывает на то, что клетки, классифицированные как PDS, проявляли большую активность, связанную с выбором, чем CDS и неклассифицированные клетки. Twasanze CP ifitanye isano rikomeye na PI (Ishusho ya 7d; ikigereranyo cy’ubusumbane bw’ikigereranyo cya geometrike; inkende nini CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; inkende yibishobora CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; inkende nini CP S: r = 0.30, p < 10-4; inkende S yibishobora CP: r = 0.29, p < 10-3), bigaragaza ko uturemangingo twashyizwe mu byiciro bya PDS twagaragaje ibikorwa byinshi, bifitanye isano n’amahitamo kurusha CDS n’uturemangingo tudafite ibyiciro.我们发现 CP 与 PI 显着相关（图 7d ；几何平均回归；大 CP 猴 N ： r = 0.23 ， p <0.01 ；双稳态 CP 猴 N r = 0.21 ， p = 0.013 ；大 CP 猴 S ： r = 0.30 ， p <10-4 ；双稳态 CP 猴 S ： r = 0.29 ， p <10-3 ），表明分类为 PDS 的细胞比 CDS 和未分类的细胞表现出更大的选择相关活性。 CP 与 PI 显着相关（图 7d ；几何平均回归；大 CP 猴 N ： r = 0.23 ， p <0.01 ；双稳态 CP 猴 N r = 0.21 ， r ， p = 0.21 ， p3 ； 0.0 Мы обнаружили, что CP был значительно свяаз с PI (рис. 7d; би под среднего геометрического; большая о ьяьяьянана CP CP N: r = 0,23, p <0,01; 10-4; Twasanze CP ifitanye isano rikomeye na PI (Ishusho ya 7d; ikigereranyo cy'ubusumbane bw'ikigereranyo cya geometrike; inkende nini CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; inkende ifite bistable CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; inkende nini CP S: r = 0.013) 0.30, p < 10-4; бис абильный CP о усьяны S: r = 0,29, p <10-3), что указывает на то, что клетки, миссифицированные как PDS, проявляли большую селекционную активность, чем клетки, кски кски. Inkende S bistable CP: r = 0.29, p < 10-3), bigaragaza ko uturemangingo twashyizwe mu byiciro bya PDS twagaragaje imikorere myinshi yo gutoranya ugereranije n’uturemangingo twashyizwe mu byiciro bya CDS kandi tudafite imiterere.Kubera ko PI na neuron sensitivity byombi bifitanye isano na CP, twakoze isesengura ryinshi rya regression (hamwe na PI na neuron sensitivity nk'ibintu byigenga na CP nini nk'ibintu bishingiye ku bipimo) kugira ngo dutahure isano iri hagati y'ibipimo bibiri biganisha ku ngaruka zishobora kubaho. Ibipimo byombi by’itandukaniro byari bifite akamaro kanini (inkende N: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; inkende S: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10−3), bigaragaza ko CP yiyongera bitewe n’uburyo bwo kumva no kwiyongera mu buryo bwigenga hamwe na PI. Ibipimo byombi by’itandukaniro byari bifite akamaro kanini (inkende N: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; inkende S: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10−3), bigaragaza ko CP yiyongera bitewe n’uburyo bwo kumva no kwiyongera mu buryo bwigenga hamwe na PI. Оба частных коэфффенента корреляции были значимыми (о yinьяна N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, PI против CP: r = 0,23, p <0,01; о ejjjна С: порог проавит CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,09, PI что CP увеличивается с чувствительностью и независимым обеличивается с PI. Ibipimo byombi by’itandukaniro byari bifite akamaro (inkende N: threshold vs. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; inkende S: threshold vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p <10-3), bigaragaza ko CP yiyongera iyo umuntu agize ikibazo kandi ikiyongera ku giti cye iyo PI ikoze.两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子 N ：阈值与 CP ： r = -0.13 ， p = 0.04 ， PI 与 CP ： r = 0.23 ， p <0.01 ；猴子 S ：阈值与 CP ： r = -0.16 ， p = 0.03 ， PI vs CP ： 0.29 ， p <10-3 ），表明 CP 随灵敏度增加而增加，并且以独立方式随 PI 增加。两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子 N ：阈值与 CP ： r = -0.13 ， p = 0.04 ， PI = 0.03 ， PI vs CP ： 0.29 ， p <10-3 ），表明 CP Оба частных коэфффенента корреляции были значимыми (о yinьяна N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, PI против CP: r = 0,23, p <0,01; о ьяьяьяাна С: порог проав CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03, указывает на то, что CP увеличивалась с чувствительностью и увеличивалась с PI независимым баром. Ibipimo byombi by’itandukaniro byari bifite akamaro (inkende N: threshold vs. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; inkende S: threshold vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p <10-3), bigaragaza ko CP yiyongereye bitewe n’uburyo umuntu abyumva kandi yiyongera hamwe na PI mu buryo bwigenga.
Twanditse igikorwa kimwe mu gace ka MT, maze inkende zivuga uko zibona imiterere ishobora kugaragara nk'ingendo zihamye cyangwa zisobanutse. Uburyo neurons ziyumvamo ibimenyetso byo gutandukanya ibintu byongewe ku bitekerezo bibogamye buratandukanye cyane kandi bigenwa, nibura igice, n'isano iri hagati y'icyerekezo cy'igice zikunda n'icyerekezo cy'ingendo zishishikariza. Mu baturage bose, ubushobozi bwo kumva neurons bwari hasi cyane ugereranyije n'uburyo bwo kumva ibyiyumvo, nubwo ibice by'ubwenge cyane byahuje cyangwa byarenze ubushobozi bwo kumva imyifatire n'ibimenyetso byo gutandukanya ibintu. Byongeye kandi, hari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y'inshuro zo kurasa no kumva ibintu, bigaragaza ko MT signaling igira uruhare mu gutandukanya ibintu. Utunyangingo dufite icyerekezo gikunda twanogeje ubushobozi bwatwo bwo kumva itandukaniro mu bimenyetso byo gutandukanya ibintu kandi twakundaga kwerekana ingendo mpuzamahanga mu bintu bishishikariza hamwe n'icyerekezo cyinshi cyo mu gace, bigaragaza isano iri hejuru cyane mu buryo bwo kumva. Hano turasuzuma ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bishobora kubaho mbere yo kugereranya ibi bisubizo n'akazi kabanje.
Ikibazo gikomeye mu bushakashatsi bukoresha ibintu bihindagurika mu nyamaswa ni uko ibisubizo by'imyitwarire bishobora kudashingira ku rugero rw'inyungu. Urugero, inkende zacu zishobora gutanga raporo ku buryo zibona imiterere y'imiterere y'umubiri zititaye ku buryo zibona imiterere y'umubiri. Ibintu bibiri by'amakuru bigaragaza ko atari ko bimeze. Icya mbere, hakurikijwe raporo zabanje, guhindura inguni y'icyerekezo cy'ibice bitandukanya ibintu byahinduye uburyo bwo kumva neza. Icya kabiri, mu busanzwe, ingaruka ni zimwe ku miterere irimo cyangwa idafite ibimenyetso by'imiterere y'umubiri. Ibyo byose hamwe bigaragaza ko ibisubizo by'inkende bihora bigaragaza uko zibona imiterere y'umubiri/uburyo bwo kugaragara.
Ikindi kibazo gishobora kubaho ni uko tutaranoza ibipimo by'ingendo za grating bitewe n'imimerere runaka. Mu mirimo myinshi yabanje igereranya uburyo bwo kumva no kumva ibintu mu buryo bwa psychophysical, ibintu byatoranijwe ukwabyo kuri buri gice cyanditswe [31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. Aha twakoresheje icyerekezo kimwe cy'ingendo za lattice hatitawe ku ihinduka ry'icyerekezo cya buri kagari. Iyi miterere yatumye twiga uburyo ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu buhinduka bitewe n'uko bigenda hagati y'ingendo za lattice n'icyerekezo gikundwa, ariko, ntabwo byatanze ishingiro ryo kumenya niba uturemangingo dukunda uburyo bwo kumva ibintu buhuje cyangwa busobanutse. Kubwibyo, twishingikiriza ku bipimo ngenderwaho, dukoresheje igisubizo cya buri kagari ku ruhu rw'imiterere, kugira ngo dushyireho uburyo bwo gukunda no gushyira ibirango kuri buri cyiciro cy'ingendo za mesh. Nubwo bidashoboka, ibi bishobora guhindura uburyo bwo gusuzuma uburyo twakoresheje no kumenya ibimenyetso bya CP, bishobora kurenza urugero rw'igipimo icyo ari cyo cyose. Ariko, ibintu byinshi by'isesengura n'amakuru bivugwa hano hepfo bigaragaza ko atari ko bimeze.
Ubwa mbere, gushyira amazina yakunze (null) ku bintu byateye ibikorwa byinshi (bike) ntacyo byagizeho ingaruka ku buryo ibi bipimo by’ibisubizo bitandukana. Ahubwo, byemeza gusa ko imikorere ya neurometric na psychometric ifite ikimenyetso kimwe, bityo ikaba ishobora kugereranywa mu buryo butaziguye. Icya kabiri, ibisubizo byakoreshejwe mu kubara CP (ibizamini "bitari byo" ku bipimo byashyizwemo imiterere n'ibizamini byose ku bipimo byashyizwemo imiterere bidafite itandukaniro ry'imiterere) ntibyashyizwe mu isesengura rya regression ryagaragaje niba buri selile "ikunda" siporo ihujwe cyangwa igaragara. Ibi byemeza ko ingaruka zo guhitamo zitabogamiye ku bipimo byakunze / bidakwiye, bigatuma habaho amahirwe menshi yo guhitamo.
Inyigo za Newsom na bagenzi be [36, 39, 46, 47] ni zo za mbere zagaragaje uruhare rwa MT mu gupima icyerekezo cy'inzira. Raporo zakurikiyeho zakusanyije amakuru ku ruhare rwa MT mu buryo bwimbitse34,44,48,49,50,51 n'umuvuduko32,52, icyerekezo cyiza33 no kubona imiterere ya 3D uhereye ku ngendo31,53,54 (amashyamba arambye ya 3D). Twagura ibi bisubizo mu buryo bubiri bw'ingenzi. Ubwa mbere, dutanga ibimenyetso by'uko ibisubizo bya MT bigira uruhare mu gutandukanya ibimenyetso bya visuomotor mu buryo bw'amatwi. Ubwa kabiri, twabonye isano iri hagati yo guhitamo uburyo bwa MT n'iki kimenyetso cyo guhitamo.
Mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, ibisubizo by'ubu bisa cyane n'ibyakozwe kuri 3-D SFM, kuko byombi ari uburyo bwo kumva ibintu bugoye burimo kugenda no gushyira mu byiciro by'ubujyakuzimu. Dodd n'abandi 31 basanze amahirwe menshi yo guhitamo (0.67) mu kazi k'inkende batanga raporo ku cyerekezo cyo kuzenguruka cya silinda ya 3D SFM ya bistable. Twabonye ingaruka nto cyane yo guhitamo ibintu bishya kuri stimuli ya bistable grid (hafi 0.55 ku nkende zombi). Kubera ko isuzuma rya CP rishingiye ku gipimo cyo guhitamo, biragoye gusobanura CP yabonetse mu bihe bitandukanye mu mirimo itandukanye. Ariko, ingano y'ingaruka zo guhitamo twabonye yari imwe kuri zeru na texture contrast gratings nke, ndetse no igihe twahuzaga texture contrast stimuli nto/ntazo kugira ngo twongere imbaraga. Kubwibyo, iri tandukaniro muri CP ntirishobora guterwa n'itandukaniro mu gipimo cyo guhitamo hagati y'amakuru.
Impinduka nto mu gipimo cyo kurasa cya MT giherekejwe n'uburyo umuntu abona ibintu muri uru rubanza rwa nyuma zisa n'izitangaje ugereranije n'imiterere ikomeye kandi itandukanye mu buryo bw'imitekerereze iterwa no gukangura 3-D SFM n'imiterere y'urukuta rushobora guhindagurika. Kimwe mu bishoboka ni uko twasuzuguye ingaruka zo guhitamo tubara igipimo cyo kurasa mu gihe cyose cy'ikangura. Bitandukanye n’ibyabaye kuri 31 3-D SFM, aho itandukaniro mu bikorwa bya MT ryagiye rigera kuri 250 ms mu igeragezwa hanyuma rigakomeza kwiyongera mu igeragezwa ryose, isesengura ryacu ry’impinduka z’igihe cy’ibimenyetso byo gutoranya (reba 500 ms nyuma yo gutangira gushishikariza mu nkende zombi. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo kwiyongera gukomeye muri iki gihe, twabonye ihindagurika rya CP mu gihe cy’igerageza risigaye. Hupe na Rubin55 bavuga ko uko abantu babona imiterere y’urukiramende ihinduka akenshi mu igeragezwa rirerire. Nubwo ibintu byacu byagaragajwe mu masegonda 1.5 gusa, uko inkende zacu zibona bishobora gutandukana kuva ku guhuza kugeza ku mucyo mu igerageza (ibisubizo byabo byagaragaje uko babona bya nyuma mu guhitamo ikimenyetso.) Kubwibyo, verisiyo y’igihe cyo gusubiza cy’umurimo wacu, cyangwa gahunda aho inkende zishobora gutanga raporo ku buryo buhoraho ku byo zibona, byitezwe ko igira ingaruka nini mu guhitamo. Igishoboka cya nyuma ni uko ikimenyetso cya MT gisomwa mu buryo butandukanye muri iyo mirimo yombi. Nubwo bimaze igihe kinini bitekerezwa ko ibimenyetso bya CPU bituruka ku gusesengura ibyiyumviro n’urusaku rufitanye isano,56 Gu na bagenzi be57 basanze mu buryo bwo kubara, ingamba zitandukanye zo guhuza, aho kuba urwego rw’ibijyanye guhindagurika, bishobora gusobanura neza CPU muri neuron zo mu gice cy’inyuma cy’inyuma zizwi nka dorsal media-temporary temporal neurons. sheet change orientation task (MSTd). Ingaruka ntoya zo guhitamo twabonye muri MT zishobora kugaragaza ubwiyongere bunini bwa neuron nyinshi zidafite amakuru menshi kugira ngo habeho imyumvire y’ubwumvikane cyangwa ubwisanzure. Mu bihe byose aho ibimenyetso by’ingendo byagombaga gushyirwa mu kintu kimwe cyangwa bibiri (bistable gratings) cyangwa ubuso butandukanye bw’ibintu bisanzwe (3-D SFM), ibimenyetso byigenga bigaragaza ko ibisubizo bya MT bifitanye isano rikomeye n’isuzuma ry’ibitekerezo, hari ibisubizo bikomeye bya MT. Biteganyijwe ko byagira uruhare mu igabanywa ry’amashusho akomeye mu bice byinshi hakoreshejwe amakuru y’ingendo.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ni twe twa mbere twatanze raporo y'isano riri hagati y'ibikorwa bya selile ya MT pattern n'uburyo ibonwa. Nk'uko byakozwe mu buryo bwa mbere bw'ibice bibiri na Movshon na bagenzi be, mode unit ni yo cyiciro cyo gutanga umusaruro wa MT. Ariko, ubushakashatsi buherutse bwerekanye ko mode na component cells bihagarariye impera zitandukanye z'umurambararo kandi ko itandukaniro rya parametric mu miterere y'umurima wakira ari ryo rishinzwe spectrum yo guhindura ibice by'uburyo. Kubwibyo, twabonye isano ikomeye hagati ya CP na PI, isa n'isano iri hagati ya binocular mismatch adjustment symmetry na CP mu gikorwa cyo kumenya ubujyakuzimu cyangwa imiterere yo gushyiraho icyerekezo mu gikorwa cyo gutandukanya icyerekezo neza. Isano iri hagati y'inyandiko na CP 33. Wang na Movshon62 basesenguye umubare munini w'uturemangingo dufite MT orientation selectivity kandi basanga, mu busanzwe, mode index yari ifitanye isano n'imiterere myinshi yo guhindura, bigaragaza ko mode selectivity iriho mu bundi bwoko bwinshi bw'ibimenyetso bishobora gusomwa n'abaturage ba MT. Kubwibyo, mu bushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza ku isano iri hagati y'ibikorwa bya MT n'uburyo umuntu abona ibintu, bizaba ngombwa kumenya niba imiterere y'icyitegererezo ifitanye isano n'ibindi bimenyetso by'imirimo n'uburyo bwo guhitamo ibintu, cyangwa niba iyi sano ari yihariye ku bijyanye no gutandukanya uburyo umuntu abona ibintu.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Nienborg na Cumming 42 basanze nubwo uturemangingo twa hafi n'utw'inyuma twatoranyije kudahuza neza muri V2 twari dufite ubushobozi bwo kwiyumvamo mu buryo bungana mu gikorwa cyo gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo bwimbitse, uturemangingo twakundaga cyane ni two twagaragaje CP ikomeye. Ariko, kongera gutoza inkende kugira ngo zipime itandukaniro rikomeye rya kure byatumye CP zikomeye mu duce twakundwaga cyane. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko amateka y'amahugurwa ashingira ku isano iri hagati y'uburyo bwo kubona ibintu 34,40,63 cyangwa isano iri hagati y'ibikorwa bya MT n'ivangura ritandukanye 48. Isano twabonye hagati ya CP n'icyerekezo cyo guhitamo icyerekezo ishobora kugaragaza ingamba zihariye inkende zakoresheje mu gukemura ikibazo cyacu, atari uruhare rwihariye rw'ibimenyetso byo guhitamo uburyo mu buryo bwo kubona ibintu. Mu kazi kazaza, bizaba ngombwa kumenya niba amateka y'inyigisho agira ingaruka zikomeye mu kugena ibimenyetso bya MT bipimirwa neza kandi mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo hakorwe ibyemezo byo gutandukanya ibintu.
Stoner na bagenzi be14,23 ni bo ba mbere bavuze ko guhindura urumuri rw'uturere tw'urusobe rw'amakuru duhurirana byagize ingaruka ku buryo bugaragara no ku mucyo wa raporo z'abantu bareba hamwe n'impinduka mu cyerekezo cya neurons za MT. Abanditsi basanze iyo urumuri rw'uturere duhurirana ruhuye n'umucyo, abarebaga bagaragaje ko babona ibintu mu buryo busobanutse neza, mu gihe neurons za MT zagaragazaga ingendo z'ibice bya raster. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo urumuri ruhurirana n'urusobe rw'amakuru runyuranamo mu buryo bugaragara bitajyanye ku buryo bugaragara, umurebaga abona ingendo ihamye, kandi neurons za MT zigaragaza ingendo mpuzamahanga z'icyitegererezo. Bityo, ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko impinduka zifatika mu bintu bigaragarira amaso bigira ingaruka ku buryo bwizewe kuri raporo zo gutandukanya ibintu nazo zitera impinduka zitezwe ku buryo bugaragara mu gukanguka kwa MT. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa muri uru rwego bwagaragaje ibimenyetso bya MT bikurikirana isura y'ibintu bidasanzwe18,24,64. Urugero, itsinda ry'inyuroni za MT byagaragaye ko bigaragaza uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibintu bibiri ku ikarita y'impinduka (RDK) ifite icyerekezo bibiri bito cyane ugereranyije na RDK imwe. Ubunini bw'impinduka mu guhinduranya ibyuma 19, 25. Abareba ibintu bahora babona imiterere ya mbere nk'ingendo igaragara, nubwo inyinshi mu ngirabuzimafatizo za MT zigaragaza impinduka zijyanye n'izi mpamvu, kandi impuzandengo yoroheje y'ingirabuzimafatizo zose za MT itanga igisubizo cy'umubare w'abantu uhoraho. Bityo, itsinda ry'ingirabuzimafatizo zigaragaza uburyo bwo guhinduranya imitsi mu buryo bubiri rishobora gukora substrate y'imitsi kugira ngo ribone uko ribyumva. Igishimishije ni uko muri marmosets, iyi nyigo yahuje ingirabuzimafatizo za PDS iyo zageragejwe hakoreshejwe grid isanzwe n'impande.
Ibisubizo byacu birenga intambwe imwe kuruta ibyavuzwe haruguru, ari nabyo by'ingenzi mu kugaragaza uruhare rwa MT mu gutandukanya ibitekerezo. Mu by'ukuri, gutandukanya ibitekerezo ni ikintu cy’umuntu ku giti cye. Ibyerekanwa byinshi by’amashusho bigaragaza ubushobozi bw’uburyo bwo kubona ibintu mu buryo burenze bumwe. Gukusanya ibisubizo by’imitsi n’amakuru y’amashusho icyarimwe mu bushakashatsi bwacu byatumye dushobora gusuzuma uburyo MT itera gushya n’uburyo isobanura ibintu mu gushishikariza abantu guhora ikora. Nyuma yo kugaragaza iyi sano, twemera ko icyerekezo cy’impamvu kitarashyirwaho, ni ukuvuga ko hakenewe izindi gerageza kugira ngo hamenyekane niba ikimenyetso cy’ugutandukanya ibitekerezo twabonye, ​​nk’uko bamwe babivuga [65, 66, 67], ari cyo cyikora. Iyi gahunda nanone igaragaza ibimenyetso bimanuka bigaruka mu gice cy’amatwi kiva mu bice byo hejuru 68, 69, 70 (Ishusho ya 8). Raporo z’igice kinini cy’uturemangingo duhitamo imiterere muri MSTd71, imwe mu ntego z’ingenzi za MT, zigaragaza ko kongera ubu bushakashatsi kugira ngo bushyiremo amajwi ya MT na MSTd icyarimwe byaba ari intambwe nziza ya mbere yo gusobanukirwa kurushaho uburyo bwo kumva.
Icyitegererezo cy’icyiciro n’icyerekezo cy’uburyo hamwe n’ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ibitekerezo byo hejuru ku bikorwa bijyanye n’amahitamo mu guhindura imashini. Aha, guhitamo icyerekezo cy’uburyo (PDS – “P”) mu ntambwe ya MT biremwa na (i) urugero runini rw’amakuru y’icyitegererezo ajyanye n’umuvuduko wihariye w’uburyo, na (ii) gukata cyane. Igice cy’icyitegererezo (CDS) cy’icyiciro cya MT (“C”) gifite urugero ruto rw’ingero mu cyerekezo cy’ibyinjira kandi ntigifite gukata cyane. Gukata bidasubiwemo bitanga ububasha ku bantu bombi. Utwambi tw’amabara tugaragaza icyerekezo cy’igikoresho gikunzwe. Kugira ngo bisobanuke neza, hagaragara igice gito cy’imiyoboro ya V1-MT n’agasanduku kamwe k’icyitegererezo n’icyitegererezo. Mu rwego rwo gusobanura ibisubizo byacu byo gutanga amakuru (FF), imiterere yagutse y’ibyinjira n’ikumirwa rikomeye ry’uburyo (ryagaragajwe mu ibara ritukura) mu turemangingo twa PDS byateje itandukaniro rikomeye mu bikorwa mu gusubiza imiterere myinshi y’ingendo. Mu kibazo cyacu cyo gutandukanya, iri tsinda riyobora imiyoboro y’ibyemezo kandi rigahindura imyumvire. Mu buryo bunyuranye, mu gihe cyo gutanga ibitekerezo (FB), ibyemezo by’ibitekerezo bitangwa mu miyoboro yo hejuru hakoreshejwe amakuru y’ibyumviro n’ibice by’ubwenge, kandi ingaruka nini za FB zo hasi ku tunyangingo twa PDS (imirongo minini) zitanga ibimenyetso byo guhitamo. b Ishusho y’uburyo butandukanye bw’ibikoresho bya CDS na PDS. Aha ibimenyetso bya PDS muri MT ntibitangwa gusa n’uburyo bwa V1, ahubwo binatangwa n’uburyo bwa V1-V2-MT. Inzira zitaziguye z’icyitegererezo zirahindurwa kugira ngo habeho guhitamo imbibi z’imiterere (ahantu hahurira urubuga). Module ya CDS y’urwego rwa MT ikora igiteranyo cy’ibice by’ingenzi n’ibitaziguye kandi yohereza umusaruro kuri module ya PDS. PDS igenzurwa no gukumira amarushanwa. Nanone, hagaragajwe gusa ibyo bihuza bikenewe kugira ngo hashushanywe imiterere y’ibanze y’icyitegererezo. Aha, uburyo butandukanye bwa FF kuruta ubwo bwatanzwe muri a bushobora gutuma habaho itandukaniro rikomeye mu gusubiza kwa lattice y’utunyangingo kuri PDS, binatera ibitaziguye mu buryo bwo gufata ibyemezo. Ubundi buryo, CP nini mu tunyangingo twa PDS ishobora kuba ikiri ingaruka zo gutandukana mu mbaraga cyangwa imikorere ya FB ku tunyangingo twa PDS. Ibimenyetso bishyigikira moderi za MT PDS z’ibice bibiri na bitatu ndetse n’ibisobanuro bya CP FF na FB.
Inyamaswa ebyiri zikuze (macaca mulatta), imwe y'ingabo n'indi y'ingore (imyaka 7 n'imyaka 5), ​​zipima kuva kuri 4.5 kugeza kuri 9.0 kg, zakoreshejwe nk'inyigo. Mbere y'igerageza ryose ryo kubaga inyamaswa zitanduye, inyamaswa zashyizwemo icyumba cyo gufata amajwi cyakozwe mu buryo bwihariye kugira ngo zifate electrode zihagaze zegereye agace ka MT, icyuma gikingira umutwe (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD), n'aho ijisho riherereye hamwe n'icyuma gipima scleral search coil. (Cooner Wire, San Diego, California). Amasezerano yose yubahiriza amabwiriza ya Minisiteri y'Ubuhinzi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USDA) n'amabwiriza y'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubuzima (NIH) yo kwita ku nyamaswa no kuzikoresha muri laboratwari kandi byemejwe na Komite Ishinzwe Kwita ku Nyamaswa muri Kaminuza ya Chicago (IAUKC).
Ibintu byose bigaragarira amaso byagaragajwe mu mwenge uzengurutse inyuma y’umukara cyangwa imvi. Mu gihe cyo gufata amajwi, aho uyu mwobo uherereye n’umurambararo wawo byahinduwe hakurikijwe urwego rwa kera rw’imyakura ku mutwe w’amashanyarazi. Twakoresheje ibyiciro bibiri binini by’ibintu bigaragarira amaso: ibintu bigaragarira amaso n’ibintu bihinduranya ibintu.
Igikangurambaga cya psychometric ni igishushanyo mbonera cy’urukiramende (20 cd/m2, 50% contrast, 50% duty cycle, 50% duty cycle, 5 dogere/segonda) cyakozwe no gushyira hejuru y’urukiramende ebyiri z’urukiramende zigenda mu cyerekezo gigororotse ku cyerekezo cyazo (Ishusho ya 1b). Byagaragaye mbere ko abantu babona izi mbonerahamwe z’urukiramende nk’ibintu bihindagurika, rimwe na rimwe nk’igishushanyo kimwe kigenda mu cyerekezo kimwe (guhuza) ndetse rimwe na rimwe nk’ubuso bubiri butandukanye bugenda mu byerekezo bitandukanye (guhuza). Ibice bigize igishushanyo mbonera cya lattice, byerekeje ku buryo bungana - inguni iri hagati ya lattice ni kuva kuri 95° kugeza kuri 130° (yakuwe muri seti: 95°, 100°, 105°, 115°, 120°, 125°, 130° °, mu gihe cyose cy’imyitozo, neurons zo kwitandukanya kuri 115° ntizabikwaga, ariko dushyiramo amakuru ya psychophysical hano) - hafi 90° cyangwa 270° (icyerekezo cy’icyitegererezo). Muri buri somo, hakoreshejwe inguni imwe gusa y'urukuta rw'urukuta rw'urukuta ruhuza urukuta; muri buri somo, icyerekezo cy'icyitegererezo cya buri gerageza cyatoranijwe mu buryo butunguranye mu buryo bubiri.
Kugira ngo dutandukanye uburyo imiterere y’urusobe rw’amajwi igaragara kandi dutange ishingiro ry’icyitegererezo cy’igihembo cy’igikorwa, twinjiyemo imiterere y’ingingo zitari zimwe mu ntambwe ya 72 y’urusobe rw’amajwi rwa buri gice cy’urusobe rw’amajwi. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu kongera cyangwa kugabanya (ku gipimo gihamye) urumuri rw’igice cy’amapikseli cyatoranijwe mu buryo butunguranye (Ishusho ya 1c). Icyerekezo cy’imigendere y’imiterere gitanga ikimenyetso gikomeye gihindura uko uwitegereza abona ibintu mu buryo buhuye cyangwa busobanutse (Ishusho ya 1c). Mu bihe bihuye, imiterere yose, hatitawe ku gice cy’urusobe rw’amajwi, ihindurwa mu cyerekezo cy’igishushanyo (Ishusho ya 1c, isobanutse). Mu gihe cy’ishusho isobanutse, imiterere igenda igororotse ku cyerekezo cy’urusobe igaragaramo (Ishusho ya 1c, isobanutse) (Filime y’inyongera ya 1). Kugira ngo tugenzure ubukana bw’igikorwa, mu byiciro byinshi, itandukaniro rya Michelson (Lmax-Lmin/Lmax+Lmin) kuri iki kimenyetso cy’imiterere ryatandukanye kuva kuri (-80, -40, -20, -10, -5, 0, 5). , 10, 20, 40, 80). Itandukaniro risobanurwa nk'urumuri rugereranye rwa raster (bityo agaciro k'itandukaniro ka 80% kazatuma habaho imiterere ya 36 cyangwa 6 cd/m2). Ku masomo 6 muri monkey N n'amasomo 5 muri monkey S, twakoresheje intera ntoya z'itandukaniro ry'imiterere (-30, -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30), aho imiterere ya psychophysical ikurikiza icyerekezo kimwe n'itandukaniro ryuzuye, ariko nta saturation.
Ibintu bitera imbaraga ni imiyoboro ya sinusoidal (itandukaniro rya 50%, uruziga/dogere 1, dogere 5/segonda) igenda muri kimwe mu byerekezo 16 bifite intera ingana, cyangwa imiyoboro ya sinusoidal igenda muri ibi byerekezo (igizwe n'inguni ebyiri zihabanye za 135° zishushanyijeho imiyoboro ya sinusoidal hejuru y'indi) mu cyerekezo kimwe cy'icyitegererezo.