Tinokutendai nekushanyira Nature.com. Shanduro yebrowser yauri kushandisa ine rutsigiro rushoma rweCSS. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwakanaka, tinokurudzira kuti ushandise browser yakagadziridzwa (kana kuti udzime Compatibility Mode muInternet Explorer). Panguva ino, kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti rutsigiro runoramba ruchienderera mberi, tichaisa saiti iyi isina masitayera uye JavaScript.
Karuseri inoratidza masiraidhi matatu panguva imwe chete. Shandisa mabhatani ekuti Yakapfuura neInotevera kuti ufambe nemasiraidhi matatu panguva imwe chete, kana kushandisa mabhatani ekuti anotsvedza ari kumagumo kuti ufambe nemasiraidhi matatu panguva imwe chete.
Kuona kwepamusoro-soro kunoda kutorwa kwemasampuli akanaka eretina uye kubatanidzwa kuti pavezve nepfungwa dzechinhu. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kana uchisanganisa mienzaniso yemuno kubva kuzvinhu zvakasiyana, kururama kunorasika. Nokudaro, kupatsanurwa, kuunganidzwa kwenzvimbo dzemufananidzo kuti dzigadziriswe zvakasiyana, kwakakosha pakuona. Mubasa rekare, zvimiro zve lattice zvinosungirirwa, zvinogona kutariswa senzvimbo imwe chete kana kupfuura dzinofamba, zvakashandiswa kudzidza maitiro aya. Pano, tinotaura nezvehukama huripo pakati pezviitiko nekutongwa kwezvikamu munzvimbo dziri pakati penzira yekuona ye primate. Zvikuru, takaona kuti nzira dze median temporal neurons dzaisarudza kutarisisa magadzirirwo emukati dzakashandiswa kukanganisa maonero e bistable gratings uye dzakaratidza hukama hwakakosha pakati pemiedzo nepfungwa yepfungwa yezvinokonzeresa zvinoramba zvichiitika. Kubatana uku kwakakura mumayuniti anoratidza kufamba kwenyika yose mumapatani ane nzira dzakawanda dzemuno. Saka, tinogumisa kuti nzvimbo yenguva iri pakati ine zviratidzo zvinoshandiswa kuparadzanisa zviitiko zvakaoma kuita zvinhu nenzvimbo.
Kuona hakungovimbi chete nekusiyanisa kwakarurama kwehunhu hwemufananidzo wekutanga senge kurongeka kwemucheto uye kumhanya, asi chinonyanya kukosha pakubatanidzwa kwakakodzera kwehunhu uhwu kuti kuverengwe hunhu hwezvakatipoteredza senge chimiro chechinhu uye nzira1. Zvisinei, matambudziko anomuka kana mifananidzo ye retinal ichitsigira mapoka akati wandei akaenzana 2, 3, 4 (Mufananidzo 1a). Semuenzaniso, kana maseti maviri ezviratidzo zvekumhanya ari pedyo zvikuru, izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa zvine musoro sechinhu chimwe chinofamba kana zvinhu zvakawanda zvinofamba (Mufananidzo 1b). Izvi zvinoratidza hunhu hwemunhu hwekupatsanura, kureva kuti hachisi chinhu chakagadzika chemufananidzo, asi maitiro ekududzira. Pasinei nekukosha kwayo kuri pachena kwekunzwisisa kwakajairika, kunzwisisa kwedu hwaro hwetsinga dzekupatsanura kwekunzwisisa kunoramba kusina kukwana zvakanyanya.
Mufananidzo wekatuni wedambudziko rekupatsanurwa kwemaonero. Kuona kwemuoni kudzika kweNecker cube (kuruboshwe) kunochinjana pakati petsananguro mbiri dzinogona kuitika (kurudyi). Izvi zvinodaro nekuti hapana zviratidzo mumufananidzo zvinobvumira uropi kuona zvakananga 3D yemunhu (zvinopihwa nechiratidzo chekuvharika kwemonocular kurudyi). b Kana zviratidzo zvakawanda zvekufamba zvikaratidzwa munzvimbo iri pedyo, sisitimu yekuona inofanira kuona kana mienzaniso yemuno iri kubva kune chimwe chinhu kana kupfuura. Kusanzwisisika kwezviratidzo zvekufamba kwemuno, kureva kutevedzana kwemafambiro echinhu kunogona kuburitsa kufamba kwakafanana kwemuno, zvichikonzera kududzirwa kwakawanda kwakaenzana kwezvinoonekwa, kureva minda yevector pano inogona kubva pakufamba kwakabatana kwenzvimbo imwe chete kana kufamba kwakajeka kwenzvimbo dzinopindirana. c (kuruboshwe) Muenzaniso wekukurudzira kwedu kwegrid yakagadzirwa. Magirati erectangular anosvetukira akatarisana negwara rawo ("nzira dzezvikamu" - miseve chena) anopindirana kuti aumbe pateni yekugadzika. Lattice inogona kuonekwa sekufamba kumwe chete, kwakajairika, kwakabatana kwenzira (miseve mitsvuku) kana kufamba kwakajeka kwenzira dzakabatana. Kuonekwa kwe lattice kunokanganiswa nekuwedzera zviratidzo zve random point texture. (Pakati) Nzvimbo yakaratidzwa neyero inowedzerwa uye inoratidzwa semafuremu akatevedzana ezviratidzo zvinobatana uye zvakajeka, zvichiteerana. Kufamba kwedoti muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe kunomiririrwa nemiseve yegirini netsvuku. (Kurudyi) Girafu yenzvimbo (x, y) yenzvimbo yekusarudza zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemafuremu. Muchiitiko chinobatana, magadzirirwo ese anotenderera nenzira imwe chete. Muchiitiko chekujeka, magadzirirwo anofamba akananga kuchikamu. d Mufananidzo wekatuni webasa redu rekuita chikamu chekufamba. Tsoko dzakatanga kuyedza kwega kwega nekugadzira doti diki. Mushure mekunonoka kwenguva pfupi, imwe mhando ye grating pattern (kubatana/kujeka) uye saizi ye texture signal (semuenzaniso kusiyana) zvakaonekwa panzvimbo ye MT RF. Munguva yebvunzo yega yega, grating inogona kutenderera mune imwe yenzira mbiri dzinogona kuitika dze pattern. Mushure mekubviswa kwe stimulus, zvinangwa zvekusarudza zvakaonekwa pamusoro nepasi pe MT RF. Tsoko dzinofanira kuratidza maonero adzo e grid muma saccades kune chinangwa chakakodzera chekusarudza.
Kugadziriswa kwemafambiro ekuona kwakanyatsotsanangurwa uye nokudaro kunopa muenzaniso wakanaka wekudzidza ma neural circuits ekupatsanurwa kwemaonero. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemakomputa zvakaratidza kushanda kwemamodheru ekugadzirisa kufamba kwematanho maviri umo kufungidzira kwekutanga kwe high-resolution kunoteverwa nekubatanidzwa kwesarudzo dzemuno kubvisa ruzha uye kudzoreredza kumhanya kwechinhu7,8. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti masisitimu ekuona anofanirwa kungwarira kuganhurira boka iri kune chete iwo masampuli emuno kubva kuzvinhu zvakajairika. Zvidzidzo zvepfungwa zvakatsanangura zvinhu zvemuviri zvinopesvedzera kuti masaini ekufamba emuno anopatsanurwa sei, asi chimiro che anatomical trajectories uye neural codes zvinoramba zviri pachena mibvunzo. Mishumo yakawanda inoratidza kuti masero ekusarudza orientation ari munzvimbo ye temporal (MT) ye primate cortex ndiwo anofanirwa kushandiswa mu neural substrates.
Zvakakosha, mukuyedza uku kwakapfuura, shanduko mumabasa etsinga dzine chekuita nekuchinja kwemuviri muzvinhu zvinoonekwa. Zvisinei, sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, kupatsanurana kwetsinga inyaya yekuona. Nokudaro, kudzidza nezvesimba rayo retsinga kunoda kubatanidza shanduko mumabasa etsinga nekuchinja mukuona kwezvinhu zvinoonekwa. Nokudaro, takadzidzisa tsoko mbiri kuti dzitaure kana patani yekubistable grating inoonekwa yakagadzirwa ne superimposed drifting rectangular gratings yaive pamusoro mumwe chete kana kuti nzvimbo mbiri dzakazvimiririra. Kuti tidzidze hukama huripo pakati pemabasa etsinga nekutonga kwekupatsanurana, takanyora chiitiko chimwe chete muMT apo tsoko dzakaita basa iri.
Takawana hukama hwakakosha pakati pekudzidza nezvechiitiko cheMT nemaonero. Hukama uhwu hwakavapo kunyangwe zvinhu zvinokurudzira zvaive nezviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa zviri pachena kana kuti kwete. Pamusoro pezvo, simba remhedzisiro iyi rine chekuita nekunzwa zviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa, pamwe nechiratidzo chemapatani. Chekupedzisira chinoyera mwero uyo chikamu chinoburitsa pasi rose kwete kufamba kwemuno mumapatani akaomarara. Kunyangwe kusarudza kwekutungamira mafashoni kwagara kuchizivikanwa sechinhu chinotsanangura MT, uye masero anosarudza mafashoni anoratidza kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakaoma zvinoenderana nemaonero evanhu ezvinhu izvozvo, maererano neruzivo rwedu, uku ndiko humbowo hwekutanga hwehukama pakati pemapatani, indekisi uye kupatsanurwa kwemaonero.
Takadzidzisa tsoko mbiri kuti dziratidze maonero adzo ekukurudzira kwegrid kusvetuka (kufamba kwakabatana kana kwakajeka). Vanhu vanoona izvi vanowanzoona kufambisa uku sekufamba kwakabatana kana kwakajeka kweinenge nguva imwe chete. Kuti tipe mhinduro chaiyo mukuyedza uku uye tiise hwaro hwemubairo wemushandi, takagadzira zviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa nekunyora raster yechikamu chinoumba lattice (Mufananidzo 1c, d). Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akabatana, magadzirirwo ese anofamba nenzira yepateni (Mufananidzo 1c, "kubatana"). Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajeka, magadzirirwo acho anofamba akatarisana negwara regring raakaiswa pamusoro paro (Mufananidzo 1c, "kujeka"). Tinodzora kuoma kwebasa nekushandura musiyano weiyi label yemavara. Mumiedzo yakachekwa, tsoko dzakapihwa mibairo yemhinduro dzinoenderana nezviratidzo zvemavara, uye mibairo yakapihwa zvisina tsarukano (50/50 odds) mumiedzo ine mapatani asina zviratidzo zvemavara (zero texture contrast condition).
Ruzivo rwemaitiro kubva mukuyedza kuviri kunomiririra rwunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2a, uye mhinduro dzakarongwa sechikamu chekutonga kwekuenderana kana kupesana kwezviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo (kusiyana kwekujeka kunofungidzirwa kuti hakuna kunaka netsanangudzo) yemapatani anochinja-chinja achikwira kana kudzika, zvichiteerana. Kazhinji, maonero etsoko ekubatana/kujeka akakanganiswa nechiratidzo (chakajeka, chakabatana) uye simba (kusiyana) kwechiratidzo chemavara (ANOVA; tsoko N: gwara – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chiratidzo – F = 1248, p < 10−10, kusiyana – F = 22.63, p < 10;−10 tsoko S: gwara – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, chiratidzo – F = 2876.7, p < 10−10, kusiyana – F = 36.5, p < 10−10). Kazhinji, maonero etsoko ekubatana/kujeka akakanganiswa nechiratidzo (chakajeka, chakabatana) uye simba (kusiyana) kwechiratidzo chemavara (ANOVA; tsoko N: kutungamira – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chiratidzo – F = 1248, p < 10−10, kusiyana – F = 22.63, p < 10; −10 tsoko S: kutungamira – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, chiratidzo – F = 2876.7, p < 10−10, kusiyana – F = 36.5, p < 10−10). В целом на восприятие обезьянами когерентности/прозрачности достоверно влияли как знак (прозрачность, когерентность), так и сила (кон) (ANOVA; обезьяна N: направление — F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак — F = 1248, p < 10−10, контраст – F = 22,63, p < 10; −10 обни, F = 22,63, p <10; p = 0,52, признак – F = 2876,7, p <10−10, контраст – F = 36,5, р <10-10). Kazhinji, maonero ekubatana/kujeka kwetsoko akakanganiswa zvakanyanya nechiratidzo (kujeka, kubatana) uye simba (kusiyana) kwechimiro chemavara (ANOVA; tsoko N: kutungamira — F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chiratidzo — F = 1248, p < 10−10, kusiyana – F = 22.63, p < 10; -10 tsoko S: kutungamira – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, chiratidzo – F = 2876.7, p < 10 −10, kusiyana – F = 36.5, p < 10-10).总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明、连贯）和强度（对比度）的可靠影响；猴子N：方向- F = 0.58,p = 0.45, 符号- F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 22.63, p <10;−10 猴子S: 方向– F = 0.41, p = 0.41, p = 0.41 0.52, 符号– F = 2876.7, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 36.5,p <10-10）.总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明、连贯）和强度（对比度）的可靠影响；猴子N：方向- F = 0.58,p = 0.45,符号- F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 22.63, p <10;−10 36.5,p <10-10）.Kazhinji, maonero ekubatana/kujeka kwetsoko akakanganiswa zvakanyanya nechiratidzo (kujeka, kubatana) uye kusimba (kusiyana) kwezviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo (ANOVA);обезьяна N: ориентация – F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак – F = 1248, p < 10−10, Контрастность — F = 22,63, p <10; Tsoko N: kurongeka – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chiratidzo – F = 1248, p < 10−10, Kusiyana – F = 22.63, p < 10; −10 Обезьяна S: Ориентация — F = 0,41, p = 0,52, Знак — F = 2876,7, p < 10−10, Контрастность — F = 36,5, p < 10-10). −10 Tsoko S: Kutungamira – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, Chiratidzo – F = 2876.7, p < 10-10, Kusiyana – F = 36.5, p < 10-10).Mabasa ekuunganidza eGaussian akaiswa padata kubva pachikamu chega chega kuti aratidze hunhu hwepfungwa hwetsoko. Pamufananidzo 2b inoratidza kugoverwa kwekubvumirana kwemamodeli aya pazvikamu zvese zvetsoko dzese. Kazhinji, tsoko dzakapedza basa nemazvo uye nguva dzose, uye takaramba pasi pe13% yezvikamu zvetsoko mbiri nekuda kwekusakodzera zvakanaka muenzaniso weGaussian.
Mienzaniso yemaitiro etsoko muzvikamu zvinomiririra (n ​​≥ 20 miedzo pamamiriro ekukurudzira). Mumapaneru ekuruboshwe (kurudyi), data kubva kumusangano wetsoko weN(S) rakarongwa semapoinzi ekusarudza akabatana (ordinate) zvichienzaniswa nechiratidzo chekuenzanisa kwezviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo (abscissa). Pano zvinofungidzirwa kuti magadzirirwo akajeka (akabatana) ane hunhu hwakaipa (hwakanaka). Mhinduro dzakavakwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana negwara rekufamba kwepatani (kumusoro (90°) kana pasi (270°)) mubvunzo. Kune mhuka dzese dziri mbiri, mashandiro, kungave mhinduro yakakamurwa ne50/50 contrast (PSE - miseve yakasimba) kana huwandu hwe textural contrast hunodiwa kutsigira imwe nhanho yekushanda (threshold - miseve yakavhurika), iri munzira idzi dzekutsvedza. b Histogram yakakosheswa yeR2 values ​​​​yeGaussian cumulative function. Data retsoko reS(N) rinoratidzwa kuruboshwe (kurudyi). c (Kumusoro) PSE yakayerwa yegrid yakachinjirwa pasi (ordinate) zvichienzaniswa nePSE yakachinjirwa kumusoro kwegrid (abscissa) yakarongwa, ine mipendero inomiririra kugoverwa kwePSE kwemamiriro ese uye miseve inoratidza avhareji yemamiriro ese. Data rezvikamu zvese zveN(S) monkey rinopihwa mukoramu yekuruboshwe (kurudyi). (Pazasi) Musangano wakafanana nedata rePSE, asi kune fitted feature thresholds. Pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakosha muPSE thresholds kana mafashoni (ona chinyorwa). d PSE neslope (ordinate) zvakarongwa zvichienderana ne normalized raster orientation ye angular separation component ("integral grating angle" - abscissa). Madenderedzwa akavhurika ndiwo means, mutsetse wakasimba ndiwo wakanakisa fitting regression model, uye mutsetse une dotted ndiyo 95% confidence interval ye regression model. Pane hukama hwakakosha pakati pePSE ne normalized integration angle, asi kwete slope ne normalized integration angle, zvichiratidza kuti psychometric function inochinja sezvo angle inoparadzanisa component lattices, asi kwete kurodza kana kupfava. (Tsuro N, n = 32 sessions; Tsuro S, n = 43 sessions). Mumapaneru ese, mitsetse yekukanganisa inomiririra chikanganiso chakajairwa cheavhareji. Haha. Kubatana, PSE subjective equality score, norm. standardization.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, kusiyana kwezviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo uye gwara rekufamba kwepatani zvakasiyana-siyana pamiedzo, nekukurudzira kuchikwira kana kudzika mukuyedza kwakapihwa. Izvi zvinoitirwa kuderedza mhedzisiro yepsychophysical11 uye neuronal28 adaptive. Kurongeka kwepatani versus bias (subjective equality point kana PSE) (Wilcoxon rank sum test; monkey N: z = 0.25, p = 0.8; monkey S: z = 0.86, p = 0.39) kana fitted function threshold (sum of Wilcoxon ranks; monkey N: z = 0.14, p = 0.89, monkey S: z = 0.49, p = 0.62) (Mufananidzo 2c). Pamusoro pezvo, pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakosha pakati petsoko muhuwandu hwemhando yemufananidzo waidiwa kuchengetedza mazinga ekushanda (N tsoko = 24.5% ± 3.9%, S tsoko = 18.9% ± 1.9%; Wilcoxon rank sum , z = 1.01, p = 0.31).
Muchikamu chega chega, takachinja angle yepakati pemachira inoparadzanisa marongero ezvikamu zvemachira. Zvidzidzo zvepfungwa zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vanowanzoona sero 10 seyakabatana kana kona iyi iri diki. Dai tsoko dzaitaura zvakavimbika maonero adzo ekubatana/kujeka, saka zvichibva pane zvakawanikwa izvi, munhu angatarisira kuti PSE, kusiyana kwemaumbirwo kunoenderana nekupatsanurwa kwakafanana pakati pekubatana uye sarudzo dzekunzwisisa, kuti iwedzere pakubatana. angle yelattice. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika (Mufananidzo 2d; ichidonha munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, Kruskal–Wallis; tsoko N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10−3; tsoko S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10−3; hukama huripo pakati pekona inopindirana nePSE – tsoko N: r = 0.67, p < 10−9; tsoko S: r = 0.76, p < 10−13). Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika (Mufananidzo 2d; ichidonha munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, Kruskal–Wallis; tsoko N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10−3; tsoko S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10−3; hukama huripo pakati pekona inopindirana nePSE – tsoko N: r = 0.67, p < 10−9; tsoko S: r = 0.76, p < 10−13). Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; коллапс поперек направления паттерна, Крускал-Уоллис; обезьяна N: χ2 = 23,06 = 23,06, p. 22,22, p < 10–3; Izvi zvakaitika zvechokwadi (Mufananidzo 2d; kudonha kwakanangana nepattern, Kruskal-Wallis; tsoko N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10–3; tsoko S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10–3; hukama pakati pe normalized lattice angle nePSE - tsoko N: r = 0.67, p < 10-9, tsoko S: r = 0.76, p < 10-13).情况确实如此（图2d；跨模式方向折叠，Kruskal-Wallis;子N:χ2 = 23.06，p <10-3猴子S:χ2=p2. 10-3；标准化间光栅角和PSE – 猴子N：r = 0.67，p <10-9；猴子S：r = 0.76,p <10-13）.情况 确实 如此 （图 图 2D ; 方向 折叠 , kruskal-wallis ; n : :2 = 23.06 , p <10-3 ; <10-3 ; <10-3 ; <10-3 ; <10-3 ; <10-3 ; 默 : 2 - 2 = 2 - p.光栅角 和 pse-猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子N：r = 0.67，p <10-9；猴子S:r = 0.76，p <10-13）. Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; кратность по оси моды, Крускал-Уоллис; обезьяна N: χ2 = 23,06, p <10-3; обез,2: 2 = 23,06, p <10-3; 10-3 нормализованный межрешеточный угол). Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika (Mufananidzo 2d; peta pamwe chete nemode axis, Kruskal-Wallis; tsoko N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10-3; tsoko S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10-3; normalized interlattice corner). PSE-обезьяна N: r = 0,67, p < 10–9, обезьяна S: r = 0,76, p < 10–13). Tsoko yePSE N: r = 0.67, p < 10–9, tsoko S: r = 0.76, p < 10–13).Kusiyana neizvi, kuchinja kona yepakati pemachira hakuna kukanganisa zvakanyanya pakutsetseka kwebasa repfungwa (Mufananidzo 2d; cross-modal orientation fold, Kruskal-Wallis; monkey N: χ2 = 8.09, p = 0.23; monkey S χ2 = 3.18, p = 0.67, hukama pakati pekona yepakati pemachira yakajairwa uye kutsetseka - monkey N: r = -0.4, p = 0.2, monkey S: r = 0.03, p = 0.76). Saka, zvichienderana nedata repfungwa remunhu, avhareji yemhedzisiro yekuchinja kona pakati pemagirati kuchinja munzvimbo dzekutama, kwete kuwedzera kana kudzikira kwekunzwa zviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa.
Chekupedzisira, mibairo inopihwa zvisina tsarukano ine mukana we0.5 mumiedzo ine zero texture contrast. Dai tsoko dzese dzaiziva nezveizvi zvakasiyana uye dzaikwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pe zero texture contrast ne cue stimuli, dzaigona kugadzira nzira dzakasiyana dzemhando mbiri dzemiedzo. Zvakaonekwa zviviri zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti izvi hazvisizvo. Chekutanga, kushandura angle yegrating kwaive nemigumisiro yakafanana pa cue ne zero texture contrast scores (Mufananidzo 2d ne Supplementary Fig. 1). Chechipiri, kune tsoko dzese dziri mbiri, bistable trial selection haigone kuve kudzokorora kwechangobva kusarudzwa (yapfuura) mibairo (binomial test, N tsoko: 0.52, z = 0.74, p = 0.22; S tsoko: 0.51, r = 0.9, p = 0.18).
Mukupedzisa, maitiro etsoko mubasa redu rekuparadzanisa aive pasi pekudzora kwakanaka kwekukurudzira. Kutsamira kwekutonga kwemaonero pachiratidzo nehukuru hwezviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo, pamwe nekuchinja kwePSE ne grating angle, zvinoratidza kuti tsoko dzakataura maonero adzo epfungwa dzekubatana kwemota/kujeka. Chekupedzisira, mhinduro dzetsoko mukuyedzwa kwe zero texture contrast hadzina kukanganiswa nenhoroondo yemubairo yemiedzo yapfuura uye dzakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuchinja kwe-inter-raster angular. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tsoko dzinoramba dzichirondedzera maonero adzo epfungwa dze lattice surface configuration pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya akakosha.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, kuchinja kwekuchinja kwemavara kubva pane zvakaipa kuenda kune zvakanaka kwakaenzana nekuchinja kwemaonero ezvinotikurudzira kubva pane zvakajeka kuenda kune zvinoenderana. Kazhinji, kune sero rakapihwa, mhinduro yeMT inowanzo kuwedzera kana kuderera sezvo kusiyana kwemavara kuchichinja kubva pane zvakaipa kuenda kune zvakanaka, uye kutungamira kwemhedzisiro iyi kunowanzoenderana negwara rekufamba kwepattern/chikamu. Semuenzaniso, macurve ekutungamira emasero maviri eMT anomiririra anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3 pamwe chete nemhinduro dzemasero aya kune magirati ane masaini emukati akadzika kana akakwirira kana akajeka. Takaedza neimwe nzira kuyera zviri nani mhinduro idzi dzegrid, izvo zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nekushanda kwepfungwa kwetsoko dzedu.
Polar plot ye directional tuning curve ye monkey representative MT cell S ichipindura kune imwe sinusoidal array. Angle inoratidza mafambiro egrating, hukuru hunoratidza emissivity, uye preferred cell direction inopindirana neinenge 90° (kumusoro) nedirection yechimwe chezvinhu zviri munzira yegrating pattern. b Weekly stimulus-time histogram (PSTH) ye response grid, yakachinjirwa mu template direction ne90° (inoratidzwa schematically kuruboshwe) ye cell inoratidzwa mu a. Mhinduro dzinorongwa ne texture hint type (cohesive/transparent - middle/right panel zvichiteerana) uye Michelson contrast (PSTH color hint). Kuedza kwakarurama chete ndiko kunoratidzwa kune yega yega mhando ye low-contrast uye high-contrast texture signals. Masero aipindura zviri nani kune upward drifting lattice patterns ne transparent texture cues, uye response kune aya mapatani yakawedzera nekuwedzera texture contrast. c, d ndiwo maitiro akafanana neari mu a na b, asi kune MT cells kunze kwe monkey S, their preferred orientation inenge yakaenzana neye downward drifting grid. Chigadzirwa ichi chinoda magirati ekudhonza akadzika ane zviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo akabatana, uye mhinduro yemapatani aya inowedzera nekuwedzera kwekuenzanisa kwemagadzirirwo. Mumapaneru ese, nzvimbo ine mumvuri inomiririra kukanganisa kwakajairika kweavhareji. Maspokes. Maspokes, masekonzi. sekondi.
Kuti tiongorore hukama huripo pakati pemagadzirirwo epamusoro pe lattice (akabatana kana akajeka) sezvakaratidzwa nezviratidzo zvedu zvemagadzirirwo uye chiitiko cheMT, takatanga taderedza hukama huripo pakati pemasero ekufamba kwakabatana (kutsetseka kwakanaka) kana kufamba kwakajeka (kutsetseka kusina kunaka) nekudzoka. Zvakapihwa kupatsanura masero nechiyero chekupindura kwechiratidzo zvichienzaniswa nekusiyana (zvakasiyana kune yega yega nzira yemode). Mienzaniso yeaya macurve ekugadzirisa lattice kubva kumuenzaniso mumwe chete wesero muMufananidzo 3 inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4a. Mushure mekupatsanura, takashandisa receiver performance analysis (ROC) kuti tiverenge kunzwisisika kwesero rega rega pakuchinja kwezviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo (ona Maitiro). Mabasa e neurometric akawanikwa nenzira iyi anogona kuenzaniswa zvakananga nehunhu hwepfungwa hwetsoko muchikamu chimwe chete kuitira kuenzanisa zvakananga kunzwisisika kwepfungwa kwe neurons kune lattice textures. Takaita analyses mbiri dzekuona zviratidzo zvemayuniti ese ari mumuenzaniso, tichiverenga maficha akasiyana e neurometric kune yega yega nzira ye pattern (zvakare, kumusoro kana pasi). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, pakuongorora uku, takangosanganisira miedzo umo (i) zvinokurudzira zvaive ne texture cue uye (ii) tsoko dzakapindura zvichienderana ne cue iyoyo (kureva, "miedzo" chaiyo).
Mwero wemoto unorongwa zvichienderana nekuenzanisa kwechiratidzo chemavara, zvichiteerana, kuti magirati akwire kumusoro (kuruboshwe) kana pasi (kurudyi), mutsetse wakasimba unomiririra kudzoreredzwa kwemutsara kwakanakisa, uye data riri mumutsara wepamusoro (pasi) rinotorwa kubva kune rinoratidzwa muMufananidzo. Rice. 3a Cell, b (Mufananidzo 3c, d). Maficha eregression slope akashandiswa kupa ma cues anodiwa emavara (coherent/transparent) kune yega yega cell/lattice orientation combination (n ≥ 20 trials per stimulus condition). Error bars dzinomiririra standard deviation yeavhareji. Mabasa e neurometric emayuniti anoratidzwa mu ba anotsanangurwa pamwe chete nemabasa e psychometric akaunganidzwa panguva imwe chete. Iye zvino, pane yega yega feature, tinoronga sarudzo yakasarudzwa ye tooltip (ordinate) (ona text) sechikamu chekuenzanisa kwechiratidzo chemavara (abscissa). Kusiyanisa kwemavara kwakachinjwa kuitira kuti ma tooltip anodiwa ave akanaka uye ma tooltip asina chinhu ave negative. Data kubva kumagrid ekudzungaira ari kumusoro (achidzika) rinoratidzwa mumapaneru ekuruboshwe (kurudyi), mumitsara yepamusoro (yepasi) - data kubva kumasero anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3a, b (Mufananidzo 3c, d). Zviyero zve neurometric ne psychometric threshold (N/P) zvinoratidzwa mupaneru yega yega. MaSpokes. MaSpikes, masekonzi. sec, dhairekitori. gwara, province preferred, psi. Psychometry, Neurology.
Makomba ekugadzirisa maLattice uye mabasa e neurometric emasero maviri eMT anomiririra uye mabasa avo e psychometric akabatana, akabatanidzwa pamwe chete nemhinduro idzi, anoratidzwa mumapaneru epamusoro nepasi eMufananidzo 4a, b, zvichiteerana. Masero aya anoratidza kuwedzera kana kudzikira kusingaite sezvo ruvara ruchibva pakujeka kuenda pakuenderana. Pamusoro pezvo, kutungamira nesimba rekubatana uku zvinoenderana negwara rekufamba kwe lattice. Pakupedzisira, mabasa e neurometric akaverengerwa kubva kumhinduro dzemasero aya akangosvika (asi achiri kusaenderana) nehunhu hwe psychophysical hwekufamba kwe grid unidirectional. Mabasa ese e neurometric ne psychometric akapfupikiswa ne thresholds, kureva kuti zvinoenderana neinenge 84% ye contrast yakasarudzwa nemazvo (inoenderana ne mean + 1 sd yebasa re fitted cumulative Gaussian). Mumuenzaniso wese, chiyero cheN/P, chiyero che neurometric threshold kune psychometric one, chaive neavhareji ye12.4 ± 1.2 mutsoko N uye 15.9 ± 1.8 mutsoko S, uye kuti lattice ifambe munzira imwe chete, chete pa ~16% (18). %) mayuniti kubva kutsoko N (tsoko S) (Mufananidzo 5a). Kubva mumuenzaniso wesero unoratidzwa mumufananidzo. Sezvakaonekwa muMifananidzo 3 ne4, kunzwa kwema neuron kunogona kukanganiswa nehukama huripo pakati penzira yakasarudzwa yesero negwara rekufamba kwe lattice rinoshandiswa mukuyedza. Kunyanya, ma curve ekugadzirisa orientation ari muMufananidzo 3a, c anoratidza hukama huripo pakati pe neuron orientation setting ye single sinusoidal array uye kunzwa kwayo kune transparent/coherent motion mu textured array yedu. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kutsoko dzese mbiri (ANOVA; nzira dzinofarirwa dzakaiswa mugomba rine resolution ye10°; tsoko N: F = 2.12, p < 0.01; tsoko S: F = 2.01, p < 0.01). Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kutsoko dzese mbiri (ANOVA; nzira dzinofarirwa dzakaiswa mugomba rine resolution ye10°; tsoko N: F = 2.12, p < 0.01; tsoko S: F = 2.01, p < 0.01). Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; относительные предпочтительные направления объединены в группы с разрешениение, 12° , 12, 10; p <0,01 обезьяна S: F = 2,01, p <0,01; Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kutsoko dzese dziri mbiri (ANOVA; nzira dzinofarirwa dzakarongwa pa10° resolution; tsoko N: F=2.12, p<0.01; tsoko S: F=2.01, p<0.01).两只猴子都是這种情况（方差分析；以10° 分辨率合并的相对首选方向；猴子N：F = 2.10,S = 2.10,p = 10; 0.01.两 只 猴子 都 是 這 种 （方差 分析 以 10 ° 分辨率 合并 的 相对 方向 ； 猴子 n: : f = 2; f = 2; f = 2. 2.01 , p <0.01...... Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; относительная предпочтительная ориентация объединена при разрешении 10°; обез:1, 2 = обезьяна S: F = 2,01, p <0,01). Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kutsoko dzese dziri mbiri (ANOVA; kurongeka kwaidiwa kwakaunganidzwa pa 10° resolution; tsoko N: F=2.12, p<0.01; tsoko S: F=2.01, p<0.01).Tichifunga nezvekusiyana kukuru kwekunzwa kwemasero etsinga (Mufananidzo 5a), kuti tione kutsamira kwekunzwisisa kwemasero etsinga pamatanho anodiwa, takatanga tagadzirisa nzira yaifarirwa nesero rega rega kuenda kune "yakanakisisa" yekufamba kwemufananidzo wegrid (kureva kutungamira). umo grating inoumba kona diki pakati penzira yaifarirwa nesero uye nzira yaifarirwa nesero). Takaona kuti miganho yetsinga dzetsinga (muganho wenzira yakaipisisa yekudzikisa/muganho wenzira yakanakisa yekudzikisa) yakasiyana neiyi nzira yaifarirwa, nematanho ari muchiyero ichi achiitika akapoteredza mapatani kana magadzirirwo ezvikamu (Mufananidzo 5b). )). Mhedzisiro iyi haigone kutsanangurwa nekusarura mukugoverwa kwenzira dzinodiwa muzvikamu mumuenzaniso wega wega kune imwe yenzira dzeplaid pattern kana nzira dzezvikamu (Mufananidzo 5c; Rayleigh test; monkey N: z = 8.33, p < 10−3, denderedzwa mean = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg; monkey S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) uye yaive yakafanana pakati pemakona eplaid inter-grating (Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 2). Mhedzisiro iyi haigone kutsanangurwa nekusarura mukugoverwa kwenzira dzinodiwa muzvikamu mumuenzaniso wega wega kune imwe yenzira dzeplaid pattern kana nzira dzezvikamu (Mufananidzo 5c; Rayleigh test; monkey N: z = 8.33, p < 10−3, denderedzwa mean = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg; monkey S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) uye yaive yakafanana pakati pemakona eplaid inter-grating (Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 2). Этот эффект нельзя было объяснить смещением распределения предпочтительных направлений в единицах в каждой выборке здорке в добро направлений или направлений компонентов (рис. 5в; критерий Рэлея; обезьяна N: z = 8,33, p <10–3). Mhedzisiro iyi haigone kutsanangurwa nekuchinja kwekugoverwa kwenzira dzinodiwa muzvikamu mumuenzaniso wega wega kuenda kune imwe yenzira dzakachekwa kana nzira dzezvikamu (Mufananidzo 5c; Rayleigh test; monkey N: z = 8.33, p < 10–3)., avhareji yedenderedzwa = 190.13 degrees ± 9.83 degrees; tsoko S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) uye yaive yakafanana pamakona ese egridi yeplaid (Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 2).這种效应不能通过每个樣本中单元中的优选方向分布偏向格子图案或组件方向之一來解释（图5c;瑞利测试；猴子N：z = 8.33,p <10-3 ，圆形平均值= 190.13 度± 9.83 度；猴子S：z = 0.79，p = 0.45）并且在格子间光栅角上是一致的（补图2）.這 种 效应 不 能 通过 每 樣本 中 单元 中 优选 方向 分布 偏向 偏向 图案 元 组（图 图 图 瑞利测试 ； 猴子 n : z = 8.33 , p <10-3 , 平均值 平均值 圆形 圆墢 圆形圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形z Этот эффект не может быть объяснен тем, что распределение предпочтительных ориентаций в клетках в каждом образце смеще обезьяна N: z = 8,33, p <10–3). Mhedzisiro iyi haigone kutsanangurwa nekuti kugoverwa kwenzira dzinofarirwa mumasero mumuenzaniso wega wega kwakarerekera kungave kune chimiro che lattice kana kune imwe yenzira dzezvikamu (Mufananidzo 5c; bvunzo yaRayleigh; monkey N: z = 8.33, p < 10–3)., avhareji yedenderedzwa) = 190.13 degrees ± 9.83 degrees; tsoko S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) uye dzaive dzakaenzana mumakona e lattice pakati pegrids (Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 2).Saka, kunzwa kwema neuron kune textured grids kunoenderana, zvishoma nezvishoma, nehunhu hwakakosha hweMT tuning.
Panel yekuruboshwe inoratidza kugoverwa kweN/P ratios (neuron/psychophysiological threshold); sero rega rega rinopa data points mbiri, imwe yenzira yega yega iyo pattern inofamba. Panel yekurudyi inoratidza psychophysical thresholds (ordinate) zvichienzaniswa ne neuronal thresholds (abscissa) yemayuniti ese ari mu sample. Data riri mumutsara wepamusoro (wepasi) rinobva kutsoko N (S). b Normalized threshold ratios dzakarongwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwemusiyano uripo pakati pe optimal lattice orientation uye preferred cell orientation. Nzira "yakanakisisa" inotsanangurwa senzira ye grating structure (yakayerwa ne single sinusoidal grating) iri pedyo ne preferred cell direction. Data rakatanga raiswa mu bin ne normalized preferred orientation (10° bins), uye threshold ratios dzakagadziriswa kusvika pahuwandu hwepamusoro uye dzakaverengerwa mukati me bin rega rega. Masero ane preferred orientation yakakura zvishoma kana diki pane orientation ye lattice components aive nemusiyano mukuru mukunzwa orientation ye lattice pattern. c Pink histogram yekugoverwa kwe preferred orientation yemayuniti ese eMT akanyorwa mutsoko yega yega.
Pakupedzisira, mhinduro yeMT inogadziriswa negwara rekufamba kwegirati uye ruzivo rwezviratidzo zvedu zvekuparadzanisa (magadzirirwo). Kuenzaniswa kwesensitive yeneuronal neyepfungwa kwakaratidza kuti, kazhinji, mayuniti eMT aisanyanya kunzwa zviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo akasiyana pane tsoko. Zvisinei, sensitive yeneuron yakachinja zvichienderana nemusiyano uripo pakati penzira yaifarirwa yeyuniti negwara rekufamba kwegrid. Masero anonyanya kunzwa aiwanzova nezvinodiwa zvekutungamirira zvaida kuvhara pattern ye lattice kana imwe yenzira dzakagadzirwa, uye kachikamu kadiki kesamples dzedu kaive nesensitive kana sensitive kupfuura maonero etsoko emusiyano wekusiyana. Kuti tione kana zviratidzo kubva kumayuniti aya anonyanya kunzwa zvaive zvakabatana zvakanyanya nemaonero mutsoko, takaongorora hukama huripo pakati pekuona nemhinduro dze neuronal.
Danho rakakosha pakusimbisa hukama huripo pakati pemabasa etsinga nemaitiro nderekusimbisa hukama huripo pakati petsinga dzeuropi nemhinduro dzemaitiro kune zvinokurudzira nguva dzose. Kuti tibatanidze mhinduro dzetsinga nekutonga kwekupatsanurana, zvakakosha kugadzira chinokurudzira icho, kunyangwe chakafanana, chinoonekwa zvakasiyana mumiedzo yakasiyana. Muchidzidzo chino, izvi zvinomiririrwa zvakajeka ne zero texture contrast grating. Kunyangwe tichisimbisa kuti, zvichibva pamabasa epfungwa emhuka, ma grating ane musiyano mudiki (pasi pe ~20%) textural contrast anowanzoonekwa seakabatana kana kuti akajeka.
Kuti tiverenge kuti mhinduro dzeMT dzinoenderana sei nemishumo yekuona, takaita ongororo yesarudzo (CP) yedata redu regrid (ona 3). Muchidimbu, CP chiyero chisiri cheparametric, chisiri chestandard chinoyera hukama huripo pakati pemhinduro dzespike nekutonga kwekuona30. Tichiganhurira ongororo iyi kumiedzo tichishandisa magrid asina kusiyanisa textural uye ma sessions umo tsoko dzakaita sarudzo shanu pamhando yega yega yemiedzo iyi, takaverenga SR zvakasiyana kune yega yega nzira yekufamba kwegrid. Pakati petsoko, takaona avhareji yeCP yakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura zvataizotarisira netsaona (Mufananidzo 6a, d; tsoko N: avhareji yeCP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), bvunzo yet-sided mbiri ichipesana ne null yeCP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10−9; tsoko S: avhareji yeCP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), bvunzo yet-sided mbiri, t = 9.4, p < 10−13). Pakati petsoko, takaona avhareji yeCP yakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura zvataizotarisira netsaona (Mufananidzo 6a, d; tsoko N: avhareji yeCP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), bvunzo yet-sided mbiri ichipesana ne null yeCP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10−9; tsoko S: avhareji yeCP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), bvunzo yet-sided mbiri, t = 9.4, p < 10−13).Mutsoko, takaona avhareji yeCP yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvaitarisirwa zvisina tsarukano (Mufananidzo 6a, d; tsoko N: avhareji yeCP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), two-tailed t-test vs. null values).CP = 0,5, t = 6,7, p <10–9; CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10-9; обезьяна S: среднее CP: 0,55, 95% ДИ: (0,54, 0,57), двусторонний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p < 10–13) . Tsoko S: avhareji CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), bvunzo yet-yemuswe miviri, t = 9.4, p < 10–13).在猴子中，我們观察到平均CP 值显着大于我們偶然预期的值（图6a，d；猴子N：平均CP:0.54,95% CI: (0.53, 0.56)双边t 检验, t = 9.4, p <10−13) .在 猴子 中 ， 我們 观察 平均 平均 值 显着 大于 我們 偶然 的值 图 图 6a , d: : ; 坳 5: 5 , 5 . 0.53,0.56） , 空值 检验 CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9; 猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边t检验, t=9.4, p <10−13) У обезьян мы наблюдали средние значения CP, значительно превышающие то, что мы могли бы ожидать случайно (рис. 6a, значительно превышающие то, что мы могли бы ожидать случайно (рис. 0,54, 95% ДИ: (0,53, 0,56), двусторонний t- тест CP против нуля = 0,5, t = 6,7, p < 10-9, обезьяна S: средний CP, 5,5,5 0,57), двусторонний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p <10- 13) . Mutsoko, takaona avhareji yeCP yakakwira kupfuura zvataigona kutarisira netsaona (Mufananidzo 6a, d; tsoko N: avhareji yeCP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), two-tailed t-test CP vs. zero = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10-9, tsoko S: avhareji yeCP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), two-tailed t- criterion, t = 9.4, p < 10-13).Saka, ma MT neurons anowanzo pfura zvakanyanya kunyangwe pasina zviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa zviri pachena, kana maonero emhuka ekufamba kwe lattice achienderana nezvinodiwa nesero.
a Kugoverwa kwemhedzisiro yekusarudza kwemagridi asina zviratidzo zvemagadzirirwo emasampuli akatorwa kubva kutsoko N. Sero rega rega rinogona kupa data kusvika kumapoinzi maviri (rimwe renzira yega yega yekufamba kwegridi). Avhareji yeCP kukosha pamusoro pe random (miseve chena) inoratidza kuti pane hukama hwakakosha pakati peMT activity nekunzwisisa. b Kuti tiongorore kukanganiswa kwechero mukana wekusarudza, takaverenga CP zvakasiyana kune chero chinhu chinosimudzira icho tsoko dzakaita kanenge kamwechete kukanganisa. Mikana yekusarudza yakarongwa sebasa rechiyero chekusarudza (pref/null) chezvose zvinokurudzira (kuruboshwe) uye absolute values ​​​​yekusiyana kwechiratidzo chemavara (kurudyi, data kubva kumasero zana nemakumi maviri). Mutsetse wakasimba nenzvimbo ine mumvuri mupanera rekuruboshwe zvinomiririra avhareji ± sem yeavhareji inofamba ye20-point. Mikana yekusarudza yakaverengerwa yekukurudzira nemazinga ekusarudza asina kuenzana, akadai semagridi ane musiyano wechiratidzo chepamusoro, akasiyana zvakanyanya uye akaunganidzwa pamikana. Nzvimbo ine grey-shaded mupanera rekuruboshwe inosimbisa musiyano wezvinhu zvinosanganisirwa mukuverenga kwemhedzisiro yekusarudza yakakwira. c Mikana yekusarudza hombe (ordinate) inorongedzwa ichipesana nemucheto we neuron (abscissa). Mikana yekusarudza yakabatana zvakanyanya nemuganhu. Mutemo df wakafanana neac asi unoshanda kune data rimwe chete 157 kubva kutsoko S kunze kwekunge zvataurwa neimwe nzira. g Mikana yepamusoro yekusarudza (ordinate) inorongedzwa ichipesana negwara rakasarudzwa (abscissa) kune tsoko mbiri. Sero rega rega reMT rakapa mapoinzi maviri edata (rimwe regwara rega rega rechimiro che lattice). h Mabhokisi makuru esarudzo yekusarudza angle yega yega ye inter-raster. Mutsetse wakasimba unoratidza median, mipendero yepasi neyepamusoro yebhokisi inomiririra 25th ne75th percentiles zvakateerana, ndebvu dzinowedzerwa kusvika 1.5 times pane interquartile range, uye outliers dzinopfuura muganho uyu dzinoonekwa. Data riri mupanera rekuruboshwe (kurudyi) rinobva kumasero etsoko e120 (157) ega ega eN(S). i Mikana yepamusoro yekusarudza (ordinate) inorongedzwa ichipesana nenguva yekutanga kwestimulus (abscissa). CP hombe yakaverengerwa muma rectangles anotsvedza (upamhi 100 ms, nhanho 10 ms) mukati mebvunzo yese uye yakazoverengerwa paavhareji yemayuniti.
Dzimwe ongororo dzakamboitwa dzakataura kuti CP inoenderana nehuwandu hwemiedzo mu basal rate distribution, zvichireva kuti chiyero ichi hachina kuvimbika kune zvinokurudzira zvinokonzera mutsauko mukuru muchikamu chesarudzo yega yega. Kuti tiedze mhedzisiro iyi mudata redu, takaverenga CP zvakasiyana kune zvese zvinokurudzira, zvisinei nechiratidzo chemavara, uye tsoko dzakaita kanenge bvunzo imwe chete yenhema. CP yakarongwa zvichienderana nechiyero chekusarudza (pref/null) chemhuka yega yega muMufananidzo 6b na e (paneru rekuruboshwe), zvichiteerana. Tichitarisa maavhareji anofamba, zviri pachena kuti CP inoramba iri pamusoro pemukana pane akasiyana-siyana emakanganiso ekusarudza, ichiderera chete kana mikana yadonha (kuwedzera) pasi (pamusoro) 0.2 (0.8). Zvichibva pahunhu hwepfungwa dzemhuka, taizotarisira kuti ma coefficients ekusarudza ehukuru uhwu ashande chete kune zvinokurudzira zvine high-contrast texture cues (coherent kana transparent) (ona mienzaniso ye psychometric features muMufananidzo 2a, b). Kuti tione kana izvi zvaive zvakadaro uye kana PC yakakosha yakaramba iripo kunyangwe kune zvinokurudzira zvine zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekuparadzanisa, takaongorora mhedzisiro ye absolute textural contrast values ​​​​paPC (Mufananidzo 6b, e-right). Sezvaitarisirwa, CP yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura mukana wekuti zvinokurudzira zvive nezviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa zvinosvika pakati nepakati (~20% contrast kana pasi).
Mukuita mabasa ekutungamira, kumhanya, uye kuziva kusaenderana, MT CP inowanzo kuve yakakwira mumasero etsinga anonyanya kunzwa, zvichida nekuti matsinga aya ane zviratidzo zvine ruzivo rwakanyanya30,32,33,34.Zvichienderana nezvakawanikwa izvi, takaona hukama huri pakati pegrand CP, hwakaverengerwa kubva pamazinga ekurova akawanikwa nez-scored mumhando dzakasiyana dzemagadzirirwo emhando dzakaratidzwa mupanera rekurudyi reFig.6b, e, uye neuronal threshold (Mufananidzo 6c, f; geometric mean regression; tsoko N: r = −0.12, p = 0.07 tsoko S: r = −0.18, p < 10−3). 6b, e, uye neuronal threshold (Mufananidzo 6c, f; geometric mean regression; tsoko N: r = −0.12, p = 0.07 tsoko S: r = −0.18, p < 10−3).Zvichienderana nezvakawanikwa izvi, takaona hukama huri pakati peCP yakakura yakaverengerwa kubva pahuwandu hwekuwedzera z-score kubva pakuenzanisa kwechiratidzo chemavara kwakaratidzwa kurudyi kweMufananidzo 6b, e, uye neuronal threshold (Mufananidzo 6c, f; geometric). geometric mean regression;обезьяна N: r = -0,12, p = 0,07 обезьяна S: r = -0,18, p < 10-3). tsoko N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 tsoko S: r = -0.18, p < 10-3).与這些发现一致，我們观察到大CP 之间存在适度但显着的相关性，這是根据图6b, e和神经元阈值（图6c,f;与 這些 发现 一致 ， 我們到 大 大 之间 存在 适度 但 显着 的 相关性這是根据 图 6b , e .图 6c, f ; 回归 ； 猴子 n : r = -0.12 , p = 0.07 猴子S：r = -0.18，p <10-3）.Zvichienderana nezvakawanikwa izvi, takaona hukama huri pakati pemaCV makuru sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 6b,e uye neuron thresholds (Mufananidzo 6c,f; geometric mean regression; monkey N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07).Обезьяна S: г = -0,18, р < 10-3). Tsoko S: r = -0.18, p < 10-3).Saka, zviratidzo zvinobva kuzvikamu zvine ruzivo rwakanyanya zvairatidza kuwirirana kukuru nekutonga kwekupatsanurana kwemunhu mutsoko, izvo zvakakosha pasinei nezviratidzo zvemavara zvakawedzerwa kune rusaruro rwekuona.
Tichifunga kuti takanga tatove nehukama huripo pakati pekunzwa kwezviratidzo zve grid texture uye kurongeka kwe neuronal kwaidiwa, takashamisika kana paine hukama hwakafanana pakati peCP ne kurongeka kwaidiwa (Mufananidzo 6g). Kubatana uku kwaingova kwakakosha zvishoma mutsoko S (ANOVA; tsoko N: 1.03, p=0.46; tsoko S: F=1.73, p=0.04). Hatina kuona musiyano muCP wemakona e lattice pakati pe lattices mumhuka ipi zvayo (Mufananidzo 6h; ANOVA; tsoko N: F = 1.8, p = 0.11; tsoko S: F = 0.32, p = 0. 9).
Pakupedzisira, basa rekare rakaratidza kuti CP inochinja mukati mekuedza. Dzimwe ongororo dzakashuma kuwedzera kukuru kuchiteverwa nemhedzisiro yekusarudza yakapfava,30 nepo dzimwe dzakashuma kuwedzera kwakasimba kwechiratidzo chekusarudza mukati mekuedza31. Patsoko yega yega, takaverenga CP yeyuniti yega yega mukuyedzwa pasina kusiyana kwemavara (zvichienderana, zvichienderana nemaitiro emufananidzo) mumasero e100 ms tichikwira 20 ms yega yega kubva pakutanga kwekukurudzira kusvika pakupera kweavhareji pre-stimulus. Avhareji yeCP dynamics yetsoko mbiri inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6i. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, CP yakaramba iri padanho rakasarudzika kana kuti iri pedyo nayo kusvika pa500 ms mushure mekutanga kwekukurudzira, mushure mezvo CP yakawedzera zvakanyanya.
Pamusoro pekuchinja kwekunzwa, CP yakaratidzwawo kuti inokanganiswa nehumwe hunhu hwekugadzirisa masero. Semuenzaniso, Uka naDeAngelis34 vakaona kuti CP mubasa rekuziva kusawirirana kwebhinocular rinoenderana nekuenzana kwebinocular mismatch tuning curve yemudziyo. Muchiitiko ichi, mubvunzo wakabatana ndewekuti masero ekusarudza nzira yemufananidzo (PDS) anonyanya kunzwa here kupfuura masero ekusarudza nzira yezvikamu (CDS). Masero ePDS anochengetedza mafambiro akajairika emapateni ane marongero akawanda emuno, nepo masero eCDS achipindura kufamba kwezvikamu zvepattern yedivision (Mufananidzo 7a).
kuratidzwa kweSchematic kwe "mode component tuning stimulus" uye "hypothetical grating" (kuruboshwe) uye "grating orientation tuning curves" (kurudyi) (ona Zvinhu uye Nzira). Muchidimbu, kana sero rikabatana nezvikamu zvegrid kuti rifambe ne "signal pattern movement", munhu angatarisira "tuning curves" dzakafanana dze "grid" ne "grid stimuli" (last column, solid curve). Kusiyana neizvi, kana sero risingabatanidze mafambiro ezvikamu mukufamba kwe "signal pattern", munhu angatarisira "bipartite tuning curve" ine "peak" munzira yega yega ye "grating motion" inoshandura chikamu chimwe mugwara rayo (last column, dashed curve). b (kuruboshwe) ma "curves" ekugadzirisa "orientation" ye "sinusoidal array" yemasero anoratidzwa muMifananidzo 1 ne2. 3 ne4 (top row - masero ari muMifananidzo 3a,b na4a,b (kumusoro); "bottom panel" - masero e "Fig. 3c, d na4a, b (pasi)). (Pakati) Kufanotaura kwe "pattern" uye zvikamu zvakaverengerwa kubva kuma "lattice tuning profiles". (Kurudyi) Kugadzirisa "grid" yemasero aya. Masero epakona repamusoro (pasi) anorongwa semasero etemplate (chikamu). Cherechedza kuti hapana hukama huripo pakati pekupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvepatani uye zvinofarirwa nekufamba kwemasero kwakabatana/kwakajeka (ona mhinduro dzemagadzirirwo emasero aya muMufananidzo 4a). c Coefficient yekubatana kwechikamu che z-score mode (ordinate) yakarongwa maererano ne partial correlation coefficient ye z-score component (abscissa) yemasero ese akanyorwa mu N (kuruboshwe) ne S (kurudyi) tsoko. Mitsetse yakakora inoratidza zvinodiwa zvinoshandiswa kupatsanura masero. d Plot ye high selection probability (ordinate) versus mode index (Zp - Zc) (abscissa). Data riri mu left (right) panels rinoreva tsoko N(S). Denderedzwa dema rinoratidza data mu approximate units. Mumhuka dzese dziri mbiri, pakanga paine hukama hwakakosha pakati pe high selection probability ne pattern index, zvichiratidza hukama hukuru hwekuona masero ane signal pattern orientation mu stimuli ane multiple component orientation.
Saka, mune imwe seti yekuedza yakasiyana, takayera mhinduro kumagridhi e sinusoidal nemagridhi kuti tigovane ma neuron ari musampuli dzedu sePDS kana CDS (ona Maitiro). Macurve ekugadzirisa Lattice, kufanotaura kwezvikamu zve template zvakavakirwa kubva padata iri rekugadzirisa, uye macurve ekugadzirisa lattice emasero anoratidzwa muMifananidzo 1 ne3. Mifananidzo 3 ne4 neMufananidzo Wekuwedzera 3 zvinoratidzwa muMifananidzo 7b. Kugoverwa kwemapateni uye kusarudza zvikamu, pamwe nekutarisa kwemasero kwakasarudzwa muchikamu chimwe nechimwe, zvinoratidzwa kutsoko yega yega muMifananidzo 7c neMufananidzo wekuwedzera 4 zvichiteerana.
Kuti tiongorore kuvimba kweCP pakugadziriswa kwezvikamu zvepattern, takatanga taverenga pattern index 35 (PI), iyo yakakura (diki) kukosha kwayo kunoratidza maitiro akafanana nePDS (CDS) yakakura. Tichifunga nezvemuenzaniso uri pamusoro apa wekuti: (i) neuronal sensitivity inosiyana nemusiyano uripo pakati pemafungiro emasero anodiwa uye gwara rekufamba kwestimulus, uye (ii) pane hukama hwakakosha pakati pe neuronal sensitivity uye mukana wekusarudza mumuenzaniso wedu, takawana hukama pakati pePI uye total CP yakadzidzwa kuti ive "gwara rakanakisisa" rekufamba kwesero rega rega (ona pamusoro). Takaona kuti CP yakabatana zvakanyanya nePI (Mufananidzo 7d; geometric mean regression; grand CP monkey N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; bi-stable CP monkey N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; grand CP monkey S: r = 0.30, p < 10−4; bi-stable CP monkey S: r = 0.29, p < 10−3), zvichiratidza kuti masero akarongwa sePDS akaratidza basa rakakura rine chekuita nesarudzo kupfuura CDS nemasero asina kurongwa. Takaona kuti CP yakabatana zvakanyanya nePI (Mufananidzo 7d; geometric mean regression; grand CP monkey N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; bi-stable CP monkey N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; grand CP monkey S: r = 0.30, p < 10−4; bi-stable CP monkey S: r = 0.29, p < 10−3), zvichiratidza kuti masero akarongwa sePDS akaratidza basa rakakura rine chekuita nesarudzo kupfuura CDS nemasero asina kurongwa. Мы обнаружили, что CP значительно коррелирует с PI (рис. 7d; регрессия среднего геометрического; большая обезьяна CP N:3, r = 0,2; бистабильная обезьяна CP N r = 0,21, p = 0,013 обезьяна CP S: r = 0,30, p < 10-4; 10-3), unenge uchifunga nezvechimwe chinhu, uchiti клетки, классифицированные как PDS, проявляли большую активность, связанную с выбором, чем CDS и неклассифицированные клетки. Takawana kuti CP yakabatana zvakanyanya nePI (Mufananidzo 7d; geometric mean regression; great monkey CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; bistable monkey CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; great monkey CP S: r = 0.30, p < 10-4; monkey S bistable CP: r = 0.29, p < 10-3), zvichiratidza kuti masero akarongwa sePDS akaratidza kushanda kwakawanda, kwakabatana nesarudzo kupfuura CDS nemasero asina kurongwa.我們发现CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d; 大CP 猴N:r = 0.23，p <0.01；双稳态CP = 3 CP = 0.02 CP = 0.0 1. S: r = 0.30,p <10-4;双稳态CP 猴S:r = 0.29,p <10-3），表明分类為PDS的细胞比CDS 和未分类的细胞表现出更大的选择相关活性. CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d；几何平均回归；大CP猴N：r = 0.23，p <0.01；双稳态CP 猴N r = 0.20 ; Мы обнаружили, что CP был значительно связан с PI (рис. 7d; регрессия среднего геометрического; большая обезьяна CP N:3, r = 0,2; бистабильная обезьяна CP N r = 0,21, p = 0,013 обезьяна CP S: r = 0,013) 0,30, p <10-4; Takawana kuti CP yakabatana zvakanyanya nePI (Mufananidzo 7d; geometric mean regression; great monkey CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; bistable monkey CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; great monkey CP S: r = 0.013) 0.30, p < 10-4; бистабильный CP обезьяны S: r = 0,29, p < 10-3), что указывает на то, что клетки, классифицированные как PDS, прояолунцульклиш активность, чем клетки, классифицированные как CDS и неклассифицированные. tsoko S bistable CP: r = 0.29, p < 10-3), zvichiratidza kuti masero akarongwa sePDS akaratidza basa guru rekusarudza kupfuura masero akarongwa seCDS uye asina kurongwa.Nekuti zvese PI uye kunzwisiswa kwemasero etsinga (neuron) zvakabatana neCP, takaita ongororo dzakawanda dzekudzokorora (nePI uye kunzwisiswa kwemasero etsinga (neuron) sezvinhu zvinoshanduka zvakazvimiririra uye CP hombe sezvinhu zvinoshanduka) kuti tibvise hukama huripo pakati pezviyero zviviri zvinotungamira kumukana wemhedzisiro. Ma coefficient ese ari maviri epartial correlation aive akakosha (tsoko N: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; tsoko S: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10−3), zvichiratidza kuti CP inowedzera nekunzwa uye nenzira yakazvimirira inowedzera nePI. Ma coefficient ese ari maviri epartial correlation aive akakosha (tsoko N: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; tsoko S: threshold vs. CP: r = −0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10−3), zvichiratidza kuti CP inowedzera nekunzwa uye nenzira yakazvimirira inowedzera nePI. Оба частных коэффициента корреляции были значимыми (обезьяна N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, PI против CP:3, r = 0,2бя = 0,2бя = 0,21 порог против CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03, PI vs CP: 0,29, p < 10-3), предполагая, что CP увеличивается с чувствительностью и неваомбистей PI. Ma coefficient ese ari maviri epartial correlation aive akakosha (tsoko N: threshold vs. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; tsoko S: threshold vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p <10-3), zvichiratidza kuti CP inowedzera nekunzwa uye inowedzera yega nePI.两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP：r = -0.13,p = 0.04,PI 与CP:r = 0.23，p <0.01:阈值与CP:r = -0.13,p = 0.04,PI 与CP:r = 0.23，p <0.01: 阈值子，S = : 0.03,PI vs CP:0.29,p <10-3），表明CP 随灵敏度增加而增加，并且以独立方式随PI 增加.两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP：r = -0.13,p = 0.04,PI = 0.03，PI vs CP:0.29，p <10-3漉， Оба частных коэффициента корреляции были значимыми (обезьяна N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, PI против CP:3, r = 0,2бя = 0,2бя = 0,21 порог против CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03 , PI против CP: 0,29, p < 10-3), что указывает на то, что CP увеличивалась с чувстевительвительность независимым образом. Ma coefficient ese ari maviri epartial correlation aive akakosha (tsoko N: threshold vs. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; tsoko S: threshold vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p <10-3), zvichiratidza kuti CP yakawedzera nekunzwa uye yakawedzera nePI nenzira yakazvimirira.
Takanyora chiitiko chimwe chete munzvimbo yeMT, uye tsoko dzakataura maonero adzo emapatani anogona kuoneka semafambiro akabatana kana akajeka. Kunzwa kwema neuron kune zviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa zvakawedzerwa kune maonero akasarudzika kunosiyana zvakanyanya uye kunoonekwa, kanenge muchikamu, nehukama huripo pakati pekutungamira kwainodiwa neyuniti uye gwara rekufamba kwekukurudzira. Muvanhu vese, kunzwa kwe neuron kwaive kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane kunzwa kwepfungwa, kunyangwe mayuniti anonyanya kunzwa akaenzana kana kupfuura kunzwa kwemaitiro kune zviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa. Pamusoro pezvo, pane covariance yakakosha pakati pehuwandu hwekupfura uye kuona, zvichiratidza kuti MT signaling ine basa mukuparadzanisa. Masero ane kutungamirirwa kwakasarudzwa akagadzirisa kunzwa kwawo kune misiyano muzviratidzo zvekuparadzanisa lattice uye aiwanzoratidza kufamba kwenyika yese mukukurudzira nematanho akawanda emunharaunda, zvichiratidza hukama hwepamusoro hwekunzwisisa. Pano tinoongorora mamwe matambudziko angangoitika tisati taenzanisa mhedzisiro iyi nebasa rekare.
Dambudziko guru rekutsvagisa uchishandisa bistable stimuli mumhando dzemhuka nderekuti maitiro ekuita anogona kunge asina kuenderana nehukuru hwechido. Semuenzaniso, tsoko dzedu dzinogona kutaura maonero adzo ekutarisa kwemavara pasina kutarisa kwadzo kubatana kwe lattice. Zvinhu zviviri zvedata zvinoratidza kuti izvi hazvisizvo. Chekutanga, zvichienderana nemishumo yapfuura, kushandura angle yekutarisa kwezvikamu zvinoparadzanisa array kwakachinja mukana wekuona kwakabatana. Chechipiri, paavhareji, mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana kune mapatani ane kana asina zviratidzo zvemavara. Kana zvabatanidzwa, izvi zvinoratidza kuti mhinduro dzetsoko dzinogara dzichiratidza maonero adzo ekubatana/kujeka.
Chimwe chinetso chingangoitika ndechekuti hatina kugadzirisa ma "grating motion parameters" emamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Mumabasa akawanda apfuura tichienzanisa neuronal ne psychophysical sensitivity, stimuli dzakasarudzwa imwe neimwe pachikamu chimwe nechimwe chakanyoreswa [31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. Pano tashandisa nzira mbiri dzakafanana dzekufamba kwe "lattice pattern" pasinei nekugadzirisa kwe "orientation" yesero rega rega. Dhizaini iyi yakatibvumira kudzidza kuti "sensitivity" yakachinja sei nekubatana pakati pe "lattice movement" uye "preferred orientation", zvisinei, haina kupa hwaro hwekuona kana masero achida "coherent" kana "transparent lattices". Naizvozvo, tinovimba ne "empirical criteria", tichishandisa mhinduro yesero rega rega kune "textured mesh", kuti tipe "preference" uye "zero labels" kune yega yega "mesh movement". Kunyangwe zvisingaite, izvi zvinogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro ye "sensitivity analysis" yedu uye "CP signal detection", zvichigona kuwedzeredza chero chiyero. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvakati wandei zve "analysis" nedata zvakurukurwa pazasi zvinoratidza kuti izvi hazvisizvo.
Chekutanga, kupa mazita anodiwa (null) kune zvinokurudzira zvakakonzera chiitiko chakawanda (chishoma) hakuna kukanganisa kusiyanisa kwekugoverwa kwemhinduro idzi. Pane kudaro, zvinongovimbisa kuti mabasa e neurometric ne psychometric ane chiratidzo chimwe chete, saka anogona kuenzaniswa zvakananga. Chechipiri, mhinduro dzinoshandiswa kuverenga CP (miedzo "isiriyo" yemagirati ane texture uye miedzo yese yemagirati asina texture contrast) hazvina kubatanidzwa mukuongorora kwe regression kwaisarudza kana sero rega rega "richifarira" mitambo yakabatana kana yakajeka. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti mhedzisiro yekusarudza haina kutsamira kune mazita anodiwa/asina basa, zvichikonzera mukana wakakura wekusarudza.
Zvidzidzo zvaNewsom nevamwe vake [36, 39, 46, 47] ndizvo zvakatanga kuona basa reMT mukufungidzira kwainenge yakanangana nekufamba. Mishumo yakatevera yakaunganidza data pamusoro pekutora chikamu kweMT muhupamhi34,44,48,49,50,51 uye kumhanya32,52, kurongeka kwakanaka33 uye kunzwisisa kwechimiro che3D kubva pakufamba31,53,54 (masango anochengetedza 3D). Kutonga). Tinotambanudza mhedzisiro iyi nenzira mbiri dzakakosha. Chekutanga, tinopa humbowo hwekuti mhinduro dzeMT dzinobatsira mukupatsanurwa kwezviratidzo zvevisuomotor. Chechipiri, takaona hukama pakati peMT mode orientation selectivity nechiratidzo ichi chekusarudza.
Mukufunga, mhedzisiro iripo yakafanana zvakanyanya nebasa re3-D SFM, sezvo ese ari maviri ari maonero akaomarara e bistable anosanganisira kufamba uye kurongeka kwehupamhi. Dodd et al.31 vakawana mukana mukuru wekusarudza (0.67) mubasa retsoko vachirondedzera kutenderera kwe bistable 3D SFM cylinder. Takawana mhedzisiro diki kwazvo yekusarudza ye bistable grid stimuli (inenge 0.55 yetsoko dzese). Sezvo kuongororwa kweCP kunoenderana ne coefficient yekusarudza, zvakaoma kududzira CP yakawanikwa mumamiriro akasiyana mumabasa akasiyana. Zvisinei, hukuru hwemhedzisiro yekusarudza yatakaona yaive yakafanana kune zero uye low texture contrast gratings, uye zvakare patakabatanidza low/no texture contrast stimuli kuti tiwedzere simba. Nokudaro, musiyano uyu muCP haugone kuve nekuda kwemusiyano mumazinga ekusarudza pakati pedatasets.
Kuchinja kudiki kwehuwandu hweMT hunoenderana nekunzwisisa muchiitiko chekupedzisira kunoita sekusinganzwisisike kana tichienzanisa nemamiriro ekuona akasimba uye akasiyana-siyana anokonzerwa nekukurudzirwa kwe3-D SFM uye magadzirirwo egrid anobata. Imwe mukana ndeyekuti takaderedza mhedzisiro yekusarudza nekuverenga huwandu hwekupisa mukati menguva yese yekukurudzira. Kusiyana nechiitiko che31 3-D SFM, uko musiyano mumabasa eMT wakawedzera anenge 250 ms mumiedzo uye wobva wawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mumiedzo yese, ongororo yedu yekuchinja kwenguva kwezviratidzo zvekusarudza (ona 500 ms mushure mekutanga kwekukurudzira mutsoko dzese dziri mbiri. Pamusoro pezvo, mushure mekukwira kwakanyanya munguva iyi, takaona kuchinja-chinja muCP panguva yasara yemuyedzo. Hupe naRubin55 vanotaura kuti maonero evanhu e bistable rectangular arrays anowanzo chinja panguva yemiedzo mirefu. Kunyangwe zvinokurudzira zvedu zvakaratidzwa kwemasekondi 1.5 chete, maonero etsoko dzedu anogonawo kusiyana kubva pakuenderana kusvika pakujeka panguva yemuyedzo (mhinduro dzavo dzakaratidza maonero avo ekupedzisira pakusarudza cue.) Naizvozvo, shanduro yenguva yekuita basa redu, kana chirongwa umo tsoko dzinogona kuramba dzichishuma maonero adzo, chinotarisirwa kuva nemhedzisiro yakakura yekusarudza. Mukana wekupedzisira ndewekuti chiratidzo cheMT chinoverengwa zvakasiyana mumabasa maviri aya. Kunyangwe zvave zvichifungidzirwa kwenguva refu kuti zviratidzo zveCPU zvinokonzerwa ne sensory decoding uye correlated noise,56 Gu nevamwe vake57 vakawana kuti mumakomputa models, nzira dzakasiyana dzekubatanidza, pane mazinga e correlated Kuchinja-chinja, kunogona kutsanangura zviri nani CPU mu dorsal media-superior temporal neurons. sheet change orientation recognition task (MSTd). Mhedzisiro diki yekusarudza yatakaona muMT ingangoratidza kuunganidzwa kwakakura kwema neuron mazhinji asina ruzivo rwakawanda kuti tigadzire maonero ekubatana kana kujeka. Chero mamiriro ezvinhu apo ma local motion cues aifanira kuiswa muchinhu chimwe kana zviviri (bistable gratings) kana nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvakajairika (3-D SFM), humbowo hwakazvimiririra hwekuti mhinduro dzeMT dzaive dzakabatana zvakanyanya nemaonero ekuona, paive nemhinduro dzakasimba dzeMT. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti zviite basa mukupatsanurwa kwemifananidzo yakaoma kuita nzvimbo dzezvinhu zvakawanda uchishandisa ruzivo rwekufamba kwekuona.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, isu takatanga kutaura nezvehukama huripo pakati peMT pattern cellular activity ne perception. Sezvakarongwa mumodhi yekutanga yezvikamu zviviri naMovshon nevamwe vake, iyo mode unit ndiyo output stage yeMT. Zvisinei, basa razvino raratidza kuti mode ne component cells zvinomiririra magumo akasiyana e continuum uye kuti misiyano ye parametric muchimiro che reacceptive field ndiyo inokonzera tuning spectrum ye mode components. Nokudaro, takawana hukama hwakakosha pakati peCP nePI, hwakafanana nehukama huripo pakati pe binocular mismatch adjustment symmetry neCP mu depth recognition task kana orientation setting configuration mu fine orientation discrimination task. Hukama huripo pakati pemagwaro neCP 33. Wang naMovshon62 vakaongorora nhamba huru yemasero ane MT orientation selectivity uye vakaona kuti, paavhareji, mode index yakabatana nemaitiro akawanda e tuning, zvichiratidza kuti mode selectivity iripo mune mamwe marudzi mazhinji ezviratidzo zvinogona kuverengwa kubva kuvanhu veMT. Saka, pakudzidza kweramangwana kwehukama huripo pakati pechiitiko cheMT nepfungwa dzemunhu, zvichave zvakakosha kuona kana pattern index ichienderana zvakafanana nezvimwe zviratidzo zvebasa nekukurudzira, kana kuti hukama uhwu hwakanangana nenyaya yekupatsanurwa kwemaonero.
Saizvozvowo, Nienborg naCumming 42 vakaona kuti kunyange zvazvo masero ari pedyo neari kure anosarudza kusawirirana kwemabhinocular muV2 aive akaenzana mukuita basa rekusarura zvakadzama, huwandu hwemasero aifarira chete hwakaratidza CP yakakosha. Zvisinei, kudzidzisa tsoko zvakare kuti dziwedzere kurema kusiyana kwekure kwakaguma neCP dzakakosha mumakeji anodiwa zvakanyanya. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakataurawo kuti nhoroondo yekudzidzira inoenderana nehukama hwekuona34,40,63 kana hukama hwechikonzero pakati pechiitiko cheMT nekusarurana kwakasiyana48. Hukama hwatakaona pakati peCP nesarudzo yekuraira inogona kuratidza nzira chaiyo yakashandiswa netsoko kugadzirisa dambudziko redu, kwete basa chairo rezviratidzo zvekusarudza modhi mukuona kwemota. Mubasa remangwana, zvichave zvakakosha kuona kana nhoroondo yekudzidza ine simba guru pakusarudza kuti ndeapi masaini eMT anoyerwa zvakanaka uye nenzira inochinjika kuti aite kutonga kwekuparadzanisa.
Stoner nevamwe vake14,23 ndivo vakatanga kutaura kuti kuchinja kupenya kwenzvimbo dzegrid dzinopindirana kwakakanganisa kubatana nekujeka kwemishumo yevanhu vanoongorora uye kugadziriswa kwenzira muma neuron eMT macaque. Vanyori vakaona kuti kana kupenya kwenzvimbo dzinopindirana kwakaenderana nekujeka, vanoongorora vakataura kuti kuona kwakajeka, nepo ma neuron eMT achiratidza kufamba kwezvikamu zveraster. Kusiyana neizvi, kana kupenya kunopindirana nekupindirana kwakajeka zvisingaenderane nemuviri, mucherechedzi anoona kufamba kwakabatana, uye ma neuron eMT anoratidza kufamba kwepasi rose kwepatani. Saka, zvidzidzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti shanduko dzemuviri muzvinhu zvinoonekwa zvinopesvedzera mishumo yekuparadzanisa zvikamu zvinokonzeresawo shanduko dzinofungidzirwa muMT arousal. Basa razvino munzvimbo iyi rakaongorora kuti ndeapi ma signals eMT anoteedzera chitarisiko chekuona chezvinhu zvakaoma18,24,64. Semuenzaniso, subset yema neuron eMT akaratidzwa kuratidza bimodal tuning kune random point motion map (RDK) ine nzira mbiri dzisina kuparadzaniswa zvakanyanya kupfuura unidirectional RDK. Bandwidth ye cellular tuning 19, 25. Vacherechedzi vanogara vachiona maitiro ekutanga sekufamba kwakajeka, kunyangwe akawanda ma MT neurons achiratidza kuchinjika kwemodal mukupindura kune izvi zvinokurudzira, uye avhareji iri nyore yemasero ese eMT inopa mhinduro yemodal population. Saka, boka remasero rinoratidza bimodal tuning rinogona kuumba neural substrate yekuona uku. Zvinofadza kuti, muma marmosets, huwandu uhwu hwakafanana nePDS cells pahwakaedzwa uchishandisa conventional grid uye grid stimuli.
Mhedzisiro yedu inopfuura nhanho imwe chete pane zviri pamusoro apa, izvo zvakakosha pakusimbisa basa reMT mukupatsanurana kwemaonero. Kutaura zvazviri, kupatsanurana chiitiko chinongoitika chemunhu. Kuratidzwa kwakawanda kwekuona kwakabatana kunoratidza kugona kwehurongwa hwekuona kuronga nekududzira zvinokurudzira zvinogara zviripo nenzira dzinopfuura imwe. Kuunganidza mhinduro dzetsinga panguva imwe chete nemishumo yekuona muchidzidzo chedu kwakatibvumira kuongorora covariance pakati pehuwandu hwekupisa kweMT uye dudziro yekunzwisisa yekukurudzira nguva dzose. Taratidza hukama uhwu, tinobvuma kuti nhungamiro yechikonzero haisati yasimbiswa, kureva kuti, kuyedza kwakawanda kunodiwa kuti tione kana chiratidzo chekupatsanurana kwemaonero kwatinoona, sezvinotaurwa nevamwe [65, 66, 67], chiri otomatiki. Maitiro aya zvakare anomiririra zviratidzo zvinodzika zvichidzokera ku cortex yemanzwiro kubva kunzvimbo dzakakwirira 68, 69, 70 (Mufananidzo 8). Mishumo yehuwandu hwakakura hwemasero anosarudza mapatani muMSTd71, chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zveMT, inoratidza kuti kuwedzera kuedza uku kuti kusanganisire kurekodha kweMT neMSTd panguva imwe chete kwaizova danho rekutanga rakanaka rekunzwisisa zvakanyanya mashandiro etsinga dzeuropi.
Muenzaniso wezvikamu zviviri wekusarudza kwechikamu uye modhi uye mhedzisiro inogona kuitika kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi pane sarudzo-yakabatana nebasa mukushandura kwemuchina. Pano, kusarudza kwenzira yemodhi (PDS - "P") mudanho reMT kunogadzirwa ne (i) muenzaniso mukuru wedata rekusarudza nzira rinoenderana nemafambiro chaiwo emodhi, uye (ii) kudzvanywa kwakasimba kwekugadzirisa. Chikamu chekusarudza zvakananga (CDS) chedanho reMT ("C") chine huwandu hwakamanikana hwesampuro munzira yekuisa uye hachina kudzvanywa kwakawanda kwekugadzirisa. Kudzivirira kusina kuchinjika kunopa kutonga pamusoro pemapoka ese ari maviri. Miseve ine mavara inoratidza kutungamirirwa kwemudziyo waunoda. Kuti zvive pachena, chikamu chidiki chete chekubatanidza kweV1-MT uye imwe modhi yechikamu uye bhokisi rekusarudza orientation zvinoratidzwa. Muchirevo chekududzira mhedzisiro yedu yefeed-forward (FF), kugadzika kwakafara kwekupinda uye kudziviswa kwakasimba kwekugadzirisa (kwakaratidzwa mutsvuku) mumasero ePDS kwakakonzera misiyano mikuru mukuita mukupindura kune akawanda maitiro ekufamba. Mudambudziko redu rekuparadzanisa, boka iri rinotyaira cheni dzesarudzo uye rinokanganisa maonero. Kusiyana neizvi, kana paine mhinduro (FB), sarudzo dzekunzwisisa dzinogadzirwa mumasekete ekumusoro nedata repfungwa uye kusarurana kwepfungwa, uye mhedzisiro yakakura yeFB iri pasi pamasero ePDS (mitsara yakakora) inogadzira zviratidzo zvekusarudza. b Kumiririrwa kwemaitiro emamwe mamodheru eCDS nePDS zvishandiso. Pano zviratidzo zvePDS muMT zvinogadzirwa kwete chete nekupinda zvakananga kweV1, asiwo nekupinda zvisina kunanga kwenzira yeV1-V2-MT. Nzira dzisina kunanga dzemuenzaniso dzinogadziriswa kuti dzipe sarudzo kumiganhu yemagadzirirwo (nzvimbo dzinopindirana negridi). MT layer CDS module inoita huwandu hwakareruka hwekupinda zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga uye inotumira zvinobuda kuPDS module. PDS inodzorwa nekudzivisa makwikwi. Zvakare, izvo chete zvinobatanidzwa zvinoratidzwa zvinodiwa kuti zvidhirowe dhizaini yekutanga yemuenzaniso. Pano, nzira yakasiyana yeFF pane yakataurwa mu a inogona kutungamira mukusiyana kukuru mukupindura kwemasero ePDS, zvakare zvichitungamira kukusarudza maitiro. Neimwe nzira, CP yakakura mumasero ePDS inogona kunge ichiri mhedzisiro yekusarura musimba kana kushanda kweFB kunamatira kumasero ePDS. Humbowo hunotsigira mamodheru eMT PDS ane matanho maviri nematatu uye dudziro dzeCP FF neFB.
Macaque maviri evakuru (macaca mulatta), rimwe gono nerimwe gadzi (ane makore manomwe ne mashanu zvichiteerana), airema kubva pa4.5 kusvika 9.0 kg, aishandiswa sezvinhu zvekudzidza. Pamberi pekuyedza kwese kwekuvhiya kusina utachiona, mhuka dzaiiswa kamuri yekurekodha yakagadzirwa nemaoko yemaerekitironi akamira anosvika panzvimbo yeMT, chigadziko chesimbi chisina tsvina (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD), uye nzvimbo yemaziso ine scleral search coil yakayerwa. (Cooner Wire, San Diego, California). Mitemo yese inoenderana nemitemo yeUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) uye National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guidelines for the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals uye yakatenderwa neUniversity of Chicago Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IAUKC).
Zvese zvinoonekwa zvinoratidzwa muburi rakatenderera zvichipesana neruvara rutema kana grey. Panguva yekurekodha, nzvimbo nedhayamita yeburi iri zvakagadziriswa zvichienderana nenzvimbo yekugamuchira ye neurons pamucheto we electrode. Takashandisa mapoka maviri makuru ezvinoonekwa zvinokurudzira: zvinokurudzira zve psychometric uye zvinokurudzira zve tuning.
Chinosimudzira pfungwa imhando ye "grating pattern" (20 cd/m2, 50% contrast, 50% duty cycle, 5 degrees/sec) yakagadzirwa nekuisa ma "rectangular gratings" maviri achitenderera akananga kwaakananga (Mufananidzo 1b). Zvakamboratidzwa kuti vanhu vanoona ma "grid patterns" aya vanoona ma "bistable stimuli", dzimwe nguva se "pattern" imwe chete inofamba nenzira imwe chete (coherent movement) uye dzimwe nguva se "transparent surfaces" mbiri dzakasiyana dzinofamba nenzira dzakasiyana (transparent movement). Zvikamu zve "lattice pattern", zvakatarisa zvakaenzana - kona iri pakati pe "lattices" iri kubva pa95° kusvika pa130° (yakatorwa kubva pa "set": 95°, 100°, 105°, 115°, 120°, 125°, 130° °, mukati mechikamu chose. Ma "Isolation angle neurons" pa115° haana kuchengetedzwa, asi tinosanganisira data re psychophysical pano) - inenge 90° kana 270° (pattern orientation). Muchikamu chimwe nechimwe, kona imwe chete ye interlattice lattice yakashandiswa; panguva yechikamu chimwe nechimwe, nzira yekutarisa patani yekuedza kwega kwega yakasarudzwa zvisina kurongeka kubva pane zvingangoitika zviviri.
Kuti tisiyanise maonero egrid uye tipe hwaro hwemhedzisiro yemubairo wekuita, tinoisa ma point textures asina kurongeka muchikamu che light bar 72 chechikamu chega chega chegrid. Izvi zvinoitwa nekuwedzera kana kuderedza (nehuwandu hwakatarwa) kupenya kwechikamu chema pixels akasarudzwa zvisina kurongeka (Mufananidzo 1c). Kutungamira kwekufamba kwe texture kunopa chiratidzo chakasimba chinoshandura maonero emucherechedzi kuenda ku coherent kana transparent movement (Mufananidzo 1c). Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akabatana, ma textures ese, zvisinei nekuti ndechipi chikamu che texture lattice covers, anoshandurwa nenzira ye pattern (Mufananidzo 1c, coherent). Mu transparent state, texture inofamba yakatarisana ne direction ye grating yainofukidza (Mufananidzo 1c, transparent) (Supplementary Movie 1). Kuti tidzore kuoma kwebasa, muzvikamu zvakawanda Michelson contrast (Lmax-Lmin/Lmax+Lmin) yeiyi texture mark yakasiyana kubva pa seti ye (-80, -40, -20, -10, -5, 0, 5). , 10, 20, 40, 80). Kusiyana kunotsanangurwa sekupenya kweraster (saka kukosha kwekusiyana kwe80% kwaizoguma nekuumbwa kwe36 kana 6 cd/m2). Kwezvikamu zvitanhatu mutsoko N uye zvikamu zvishanu mutsoko S, takashandisa nzvimbo dzakatetepa dzekuenzanisa textural (-30, -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30), uko hunhu hwepfungwa hunotevera maitiro akafanana nekuenzanisa kwakazara, asi pasina saturation.
Zvinokurudzira kugadzirisa zvinhu i sinusoidal grids (kusiyana kwe50%, 1 cycle/degree, 5 degrees/sec) ichifamba mune imwe yenzira gumi nematanhatu dzakafanana, kana sinusoidal grids ichifamba munzira idzi (dzine ma angle maviri akatarisana e135° superimposed sinusoidal gratings pamusoro peimwe neimwe) munzira imwe chete ye pateni.