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Ko te tirohanga teitei e hiahiatia ana he tauira retina pai me te whakaurunga hei hanga anō i ngā āhuatanga o te mea. He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te whakaranu i ngā tauira ā-rohe mai i ngā mea rerekē, ka ngaro te tika. Nō reira, ko te wehewehenga, te whakarōpū i ngā wāhi o te ahua mō te tukatuka motuhake, he mea nui ki te tirohanga. I roto i ngā mahi o mua, i whakamahia ngā hanganga whatunga bistabil, ka taea te whakaaro he mata neke kotahi, neke atu rānei, hei ako i tēnei tukanga. I konei, ka ripoatahia e mātou te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mahi me ngā whakatau wehewehenga i ngā rohe waenga o te ara tirohanga primate. Ina koa, i kitea e mātou he tairongo ngā neurons wā waenga e aro ana ki ngā tohu kakano i whakamahia hei whakapohehe i te tirohanga o ngā whariki bistabil, ā, i whakaatuhia he hononga nui i waenga i ngā whakamātautau me te tirohanga whaiaro o ngā whakaohooho pumau. He nui ake tēnei hononga i roto i ngā waeine e tohu ana i te nekehanga ao i roto i ngā tauira me ngā ahunga rohe maha. Nō reira, ka whakatau mātou kei roto i te rohe wā waenga ngā tohu e whakamahia ana hei wehewehe i ngā tirohanga uaua ki ngā mea me ngā mata wāhanga.
Ehara i te mea ko te tirohanga anake e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wehewehe tika i ngā āhuatanga taketake o te ahua pēnei i te aronga o te taha me te tere, engari ko te mea nui ake ko te whakaurunga tika o ēnei āhuatanga hei tatau i ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te āhua o te mea me te ara1. Heoi, ka puta ngā raruraru ina tautokohia e ngā whakaahua retina ētahi rōpū āhuatanga ōrite 2, 3, 4 (Pikitia 1a). Hei tauira, ina tata rawa ngā huinga tohu tere e rua, ka taea te whakamārama he mea neke kotahi, he mea neke rānei (Pikitia 1b). E whakaatu ana tēnei i te āhua whaiaro o te wehewehenga, arā, ehara i te āhuatanga pumau o te ahua, engari he tukanga whakamaoritanga. Ahakoa tōna hiranga mō te tirohanga noa, kāore anō kia oti te māramatanga o tō tātou māramatanga ki te pūtake io o te wehewehenga tirohanga.
He whakaahua pakiwaituhi mō tētahi raruraru wehewehe tirohanga. Ko te tirohanga a te kaimātakitaki ki te hohonutanga i roto i tētahi poraka Necker (maui) e taupatupatu ana i waenga i ngā whakamārama e rua pea (matau). Nā te mea kāore he tohu i roto i te ahua e āhei ai te roro ki te whakatau motuhake i te aronga 3D o te ahua (e whakaratohia ana e te tohu aukati monocular i te taha matau). b Ina whakaatuhia ngā tohu nekehanga maha i roto i te tata ā-wāhi, me whakatau e te pūnaha tirohanga mēnā nō tētahi, neke atu rānei ngā mea ngā tauira ā-rohe. Ko te koretake o ngā tohu nekehanga ā-rohe, arā, he raupapa o ngā nekehanga mea ka taea te whakaputa i te nekehanga ā-rohe kotahi, ka hua ake he maha ngā whakamaoritanga ōrite o te whakaurunga tirohanga, arā, ko ngā mara whārite i konei ka puta mai i te nekehanga ōrite o tētahi mata kotahi, i te nekehanga mārama rānei o ngā mata e taupatupatu ana. c (maui) He tauira o tā tātou whakaoho whatunga kakano. Ko ngā whatu tapawhā e rere poutū ana ki tō rātou ahunga ("ngā ahunga wāhanga" - ngā pere mā) e taupatupatu ana tetahi ki tetahi hei hanga i tētahi tauira whatu. Ka taea te kite i te whatu hei nekehanga kotahi, auau, hono o ngā ahunga (ngā pere whero) he nekehanga mārama rānei o ngā ahunga whakakotahi. Ka whakapōturitia te tirohanga o te whatunga mā te tāpiri i ngā tohu kakano pūwāhi matapōkere. (Waenganui) Ka whakawhanuitia te rohe kua tohua ki te kōwhai, ā, ka whakaaturia hei raupapa anga mō ngā tohu ōrite me te mārama. Ko te nekehanga o te ira i ia take ka tohuhia e ngā pere matomato me te whero. (Matau) Kauwhata o te tūranga (x, y) o te pūwāhi whiriwhiri me te maha o ngā anga. I roto i te take ōrite, ka neke ngā kakano katoa i te ahunga kotahi. I roto i te take mārama, ka neke te kakano i te ahunga o te wāhanga. d He whakaahua pakiwaituhi o tā mātou mahi wehewehe nekehanga. I tīmata ngā makimaki i ia whakamātautau mā te whakatika i tētahi ira iti. Whai muri i te whakaroa poto, ka puta he momo tauira kupenga (taurite/mārama) me te rahi tohu kakano (hei tauira, te rerekētanga) i te wāhi o te MT RF. I roto i ia whakamātautau, ka neke pea te kupenga i tētahi o ngā ahunga e rua o te tauira. Whai muri i te tangohanga whakaohooho, ka puta ngā ūnga kōwhiringa i runga ake, i raro hoki i te MT RF. Me tohu e ngā makimaki tā rātou tirohanga o te whatunga i roto i ngā saccades ki te ūnga kōwhiringa tika.
He pai te whakaahuatanga o te tukatuka i ngā nekehanga tirohanga, ā, he tauira pai rawa atu tēnei mō te ako i ngā ara iahiko io o te wehewehenga tirohanga. He maha ngā rangahau rorohiko kua kite i te whai huatanga o ngā tauira tukatuka nekehanga e rua-wāhanga, e whai ana i te aromatawai tuatahi taumira teitei me te whakauru whiriwhiri o ngā tauira ā-rohe hei tango i te haruru me te whakahoki mai i te tere o te mea7,8. He mea nui kia mōhio me āta whakaaro ngā pūnaha tirohanga ki te whakawhāiti i tēnei huinga ki ngā tauira ā-rohe anake mai i ngā mea noa. Kua whakaahuahia e ngā rangahau hinengaro-tinana ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana e pā ana ki te wehewehenga o ngā tohu nekehanga ā-rohe, engari kei te pātai tonu te āhua o ngā ara anatomical me ngā waehere io. He maha ngā pūrongo e kī ana ko ngā pūtau whiriwhiri-whakaaro i te rohe wā (MT) o te cortex primate he kaitono mō ngā substrates io.
He mea nui, i roto i ēnei whakamātautau o mua, i hono ngā huringa o te mahi io ki ngā huringa ā-tinana o ngā whakaoho tirohanga. Heoi, e ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, ko te wehewehenga he tukanga tirohanga. Nō reira, ko te ako i tōna pūtake io me hono i ngā huringa o te mahi io ki ngā huringa o te tirohanga o ngā whakaoho pumau. Nō reira, i whakangungua e mātou ētahi makimaki e rua ki te ripoata mēnā ko te tauira kupenga bistabil i kitea i hangaia e ngā kupenga tapawhā e rere ana he mata kotahi, he mata motuhake rānei e rua. Hei ako i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mahi io me ngā whakatau wehewehenga, i tuhia e mātou tētahi mahi kotahi i roto i te MT i te wā i mahi ai ngā makimaki i tēnei mahi.
I kitea e mātou he hononga nui i waenga i te rangahau i te ngohe MT me te tirohanga. I mau tonu tēnei hononga ahakoa he tohu wehewehenga mārama kei roto i ngā whakaohooho. Hei tāpiri, ko te kaha o tēnei pānga e pā ana ki te aro ki ngā tohu wehewehenga, tae atu ki te taupū tauira. Ko te mea whakamutunga e ine ana i te nui o te horapa o te waeine puta noa i te ao, kaua ki te nekehanga ā-rohe i roto i ngā tauira uaua. Ahakoa kua roa te mōhiotia ko te whiriwhiri mō te ahunga ahua he āhuatanga tautuhi o te MT, ā, e whakaatu ana ngā pūtau whiriwhiri-ahu i te aro ki ngā whakaohooho uaua e rite ana ki te tirohanga a te tangata ki aua whakaohooho, ki tā mātou mōhio pai rawa atu, koinei te taunakitanga tuatahi mō te hononga i waenga i ngā tauira. taupū me te wehenga tirohanga.
I whakangungua e mātou ētahi makimaki e rua ki te whakaatu i tā rātou tirohanga ki ngā whakaoho whatunga e rere ana (ngā nekehanga ōrite, mārama rānei). Ko te tikanga, ka kitea ēnei whakaoho e ngā kaimātakitaki tangata he nekehanga ōrite, mārama rānei, he tata rite te auau. Hei hoatu i te whakautu tika i roto i tēnei whakamātautau, me te whakatakoto i te pūtake mō te utu o te ope, i hangaia e mātou ngā tohu wehewehe mā te whakahāngai i te rārangi o te wāhanga e hanga ana i te whatunga (Pikitia 1c, d). I raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, ka neke ngā kakano katoa i te ahunga o te tauira (Pikitia 1c, "kōtahi"). I te āhua mārama, ka neke te kakano poutū ki te ahunga o te kupenga e taupatupatuhia ana (Pikitia 1c, "mārama"). Ka whakahaerehia e mātou te uauatanga o te mahi mā te whakarerekē i te rerekētanga o tēnei tapanga kakano. I roto i ngā whakamātautau tohu, i whakawhiwhia ngā makimaki mō ngā whakautu e rite ana ki ngā tohu kakano, ā, i tukuna matapōkeretia ngā utu (50/50 ōwehenga) i roto i ngā whakamātautau kei roto ngā tauira kāore he tohu kakano (āhua rerekētanga kakano kore).
Kei te Pikitia 2a ngā raraunga whanonga mai i ngā whakamātautau e rua, ā, kua tuhia ngā urupare hei ōwehenga o ngā whakatau o te ōritetanga me te rerekētanga o ngā tohu kakano (e kiia ana he kino te rerekētanga māramatanga e ai ki te whakamāramatanga) mō ngā tauira e neke ana ki runga, ki raro rānei. I te nuinga o te wā, i pāngia te tirohanga a ngā makimaki ki te ōritetanga/māramatanga e te tohu (mārama, ōrite) me te kaha (rerekētanga) o te tohu kakano (ANOVA; makimaki N: ahunga – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, tohu – F = 1248, p < 10−10, rerekētanga – F = 22.63, p < 10;−10 makimaki S: ahunga – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, tohu – F = 2876.7, p < 10−10, rerekētanga – F = 36.5, p < 10−10). I te nuinga o te wā, i pāngia te tirohanga a ngā makimaki ki te ōritetanga/māramatanga e te tohu (mārama, ōrite) me te kaha (rerekētanga) o te tohu kakano (ANOVA; makimaki N: ahunga – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, tohu – F = 1248, p < 10−10, rerekētanga – F = 22.63, p < 10; −10 makimaki S: ahunga – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, tohu – F = 2876.7, p < 10−10, rerekētanga – F = 36.5, p < 10−10). В целом на восприятие обезьянами когерентности/прозрачности достоверно влияли как знак (прозрачность, когерентаность ), (контрастность) текстурного признака (ANOVA; обезьяна N: направление — F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак — F = 1248, p <10−10, p <10−10, –6; −10 обезьяна S: направление – F = 0,41, p = 0,52, признак – F = 2876,7, p <10−10, контраст – F = 36,5, р <10-10). I te nuinga o te wā, i pāngia te tirohanga a ngā makimaki ki te ōritetanga/māramatanga e te tohu (māramatanga, ōritetanga) me te kaha (rerekētanga) o te āhuatanga kakano (ANOVA; makimaki N: ahunga — F = 0.58, p = 0.45, tohu — F = 1248, p < 10−10, rerekētanga – F = 22.63, p < 10; -10 makimaki S: ahunga – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, tohu – F = 2876.7, p < 10 −10, rerekētanga – F = 36.5, p < 10-10).总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明、连贯）和强度（对比度）的可靠影响；猴子N：方向- F = 0.58，p = 0.45，符号- F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 22.63, p <10;−10 猴子S: 方向– F = 0.41 0.52, 符号– F = 2876.7, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 36.5，p <10-10）。总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明、连贯）和强度（对比度）的可靠影响；猴子N：方向- F = 0.58，p = 0.45，符号- F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 22.63, p <10;−10 36.5，p <10-10）.I te nuinga o te wā, i tino pāngia te tirohanga o te ōritetanga/māramatanga o te makimaki e te tohu (māramatanga, ōritetanga) me te kaha (rerekētanga) o ngā tohu kakano (ANOVA);обезьяна N: ориентация – F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак – F = 1248, p <10−10, Контрастность — F = 22,63, p <10; makimaki N: te aronga – F = 0.58, p = 0.45, tohu – F = 1248, p < 10−10, Rerekētanga – F = 22.63, p < 10; −10 Обезьяна S: Ориентация — F = 0,41, p = 0,52, Знак — F = 2876,7, p <10−10, Контрастность — F = 36,5, p <10). −10 Makimaki S: Te Aronga – F = 0.41, p = 0.52, Tohu – F = 2876.7, p < 10-10, Rerekētanga – F = 36.5, p < 10-10).I whakauruhia ngā mahi whakaemi Gaussian ki ngā raraunga mai i ia wāhanga hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga hinengaro-tinana o ngā makimaki. I te pikitia 2b e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha o te whakaaetanga mō ēnei tauira puta noa i ngā wāhanga katoa mō ngā makimaki e rua. I te nuinga, i oti tika, i rite tonu hoki te mahi a ngā makimaki, ā, i whakakahoretia e mātou i raro i te 13% o ngā wāhanga e rua-makimaki nā te kore e pai te uru ki te tauira Gaussian whakaemi.
a Ngā tauira whanonga o ngā makimaki i roto i ngā wātū māngai (n ≥ 20 whakamātautau mō ia āhuatanga whakaohooho). I ngā panera maui (matau), ka tuhia ngā raraunga mai i tētahi wātū makimaki N(S) hei kaute kōwhiringa ōrite (whakarite) me te rerekētanga tohu o ngā tohu kakano (abscissa). I konei ka whakaarohia he uara kino (pai) ngā kakano mārama (whakarite). I hangaia motuhake ngā urupare i runga i te ahunga nekehanga o te tauira (ki runga (90°) ki raro rānei (270°)) i roto i te whakamātautau. Mō ngā kararehe e rua, ko te mahi, ahakoa ka wehea te urupare e te rerekētanga 50/50 (PSE - pere totoka) te nui rānei o te rerekētanga kakano e hiahiatia ana hei tautoko i tētahi taumata mahi (paepae - pere tuwhera), kei roto i ēnei ahunga nekeneke. b Te histogram kua whakauruhia o ngā uara R2 o te mahi whakaemi Gaussian. Ka whakaaturia ngā raraunga makimaki S(N) ki te taha maui (matau). c (Runga) Ko te PSE i inehia mō te whatunga i nekehia ki raro (ordinate) ki te PSE i nekehia ki runga i te whatunga (abcissa) kua tuhia, me ngā taha e tohu ana i te tohatoha PSE mō ia āhuatanga me ngā pere e tohu ana i te toharite mō ia āhuatanga. Ko ngā raraunga mō ngā wāhanga makimaki N(S) katoa kua hoatu ki te pou maui (matau). (Raro) He rite tonu te tikanga mō ngā raraunga PSE, engari mō ngā paepae āhuatanga kua whakauruhia. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i ngā paepae PSE, i ngā au ahua rānei (tirohia te tuhinga). Ko te d PSE me te pari (ordinate) kua tuhia i runga i te aronga raster kua whakaritea o te wāhanga wehenga koki ("koki whatu whakauru" - abscissa). Ko ngā porowhita tuwhera ko ngā toharite, ko te rārangi totoka te tauira whakatauira pai rawa atu, ā, ko te rārangi iraira ko te wā whakawhirinaki 95% mō te tauira whakatauira. He hononga nui kei waenganui i te PSE me te koki whakauru kua whakaritea, engari ehara i te pari me te koki whakauru kua whakaritea, e kī ana ka neke te mahi hinengaro i te mea ka wehe te koki i ngā whatunga wāhanga, engari ehara i te mea ka whakakoi, ka papatahi rānei. (Makimaki N, n = 32 wāhanga; Makimaki S, n = 43 wāhanga). I ngā panera katoa, ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i te hapa paerewa o te toharite. Haha. Te ōritetanga, te kaute ōritetanga whaiaro PSE, te paerewa. Te whakapūmautanga.
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, i rerekē te rerekētanga o ngā tohu kakano me te ahunga nekehanga o te tauira puta noa i ngā whakamātautau, me ngā whakaohooho e rere ana ki runga, ki raro rānei i roto i tētahi whakamātautau. Ka mahia tēnei hei whakaiti i ngā pānga urutau hinengaro-tinana11 me te io28. Te aronga tauira me te whakaaro pākiki (te pūwāhi ōritetanga whaiaro, te PSE rānei) (whakamātautau tapeke tūranga Wilcoxon; makimaki N: z = 0.25, p = 0.8; makimaki S: z = 0.86, p = 0.39) te paepae mahi kua taunga rānei (te tapeke o ngā tūranga Wilcoxon; makimaki N: z = 0.14, p = 0.89, makimaki S: z = 0.49, p = 0.62) (Pikitia 2c). Hei tāpiritanga, kāore he rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā makimaki i roto i te nui o te rerekētanga kakano e hiahiatia ana hei pupuri i ngā taumata paepae mahi (N makimaki = 24.5% ± 3.9%, S makimaki = 18.9% ± 1.9%; Wilcoxon rank sum , z = 1.01, p = 0.31).
I ia wāhanga, i whakarerekētia e mātou te koki whakawhiti-whakawhiti hei wehe i ngā whakatakotoranga o ngā whatunga wāhanga. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau hinengaro-tinana he nui ake te tūponotanga o te tangata ki te kite i te pūtau 10 he mea hono ina iti ake tēnei koki. Mena i ripoata pono ngā makimaki i tā rātou tirohanga mō te ōritetanga/māramatanga, kāti i runga i ēnei kitenga, ka tumanakohia te PSE, te rerekētanga kakano e rite ana ki te wehenga ōrite i waenga i ngā kōwhiringa ōritetanga me te māramatanga, ka piki ake i te taunekeneke. Koinei tonu te āhua (Pikitia 2d; te hinganga puta noa i ngā ahunga tauira, Kruskal–Wallis; makimaki N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10−3; makimaki S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10−3; te hononga i waenga i te koki whakawhiti-whakapūmau me te PSE – makimaki N: r = 0.67, p < 10−9; makimaki S: r = 0.76, p < 10−13). Koinei tonu te āhua (Pikitia 2d; te hinganga puta noa i ngā ahunga tauira, Kruskal–Wallis; makimaki N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10−3; makimaki S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10−3; te hononga i waenga i te koki whakauru kua whakatauritea me te PSE – makimaki N: r = 0.67, p < 10−9; makimaki S: r = 0.76, p < 10−13). Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; коллапс поперек направления паттерна, Крускал-Уоллис; обезьяна N: χ02 = 2; обезьяна S: χ2 = 22,22, p < 10–3; 0,76, p <10-13). I tino puta tēnei (Pikitia 2d; hinganga puta noa i te ahunga o te tauira, Kruskal-Wallis; makimaki N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10–3; makimaki S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10–3; hononga i waenga i te koki whatunga kua whakaritea me te PSE – makimaki N: r = 0.67, p < 10-9, makimaki S: r = 0.76, p < 10-13).情况确实如此（图2d；跨模式方向折叠，Kruskal-Wallis；猴子N：χ2 = 23.06，p < 10-3； 2猴子 = 2. 10-3；标准化间光栅角和PSE – 猴子N：r = 0.67，p <10-9；猴子S：r = 0.76，p <10-13）.情况 确实 如此 （图 图 2D ； 方向 折叠 ， kruskal-wallis ； n ： ：2 = 23.06 ， p <10-3 ； 猴子 ， 2:2 = ： ： 2:2 = ： ； 间 光栅角 和 pse-猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子N：r = 0.67，p <10-9；猴子 猴子 猴子N：r = 0.67，p <10-9；猴，子10-13） Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; кратность по оси моды, Крускал-Уоллис; обезьяна N: χ2 = 23,06-3; χ2 = 23,06-3; χ2 = χ2 = 23,06-3; χ2 = χ2 = χ2 = χ2: χ2 = χ2 = χ2: 22,22, p < 10-3 нормализованный межрешеточный угол). Koinei tonu te āhua (Pikitia 2d; whakapikohia i te tuaka aratau, Kruskal-Wallis; makimaki N: χ2 = 23.06, p < 10-3; makimaki S: χ2 = 22.22, p < 10-3; kokonga whakawhiti-whakarewa kua whakatauritea). PSE-обезьяна N: r = 0,67, p <10–9, обезьяна S: r = 0,76, p <10-13). (Ngā makimaki PSE: r = 0.67, p < 10–9, makimaki S: r = 0.76, p < 10–13).He rerekē, kāore he pānga nui o te whakarerekētanga o te koki whakawhiti-whakawhiti ki te pari o te mahi hinengaro-ine (Pikitia 2d; kopa aronga whakawhiti-momo, Kruskal-Wallis; makimaki N: χ2 = 8.09, p = 0.23; makimaki S χ2 = 3.18, p = 0.67, hononga i waenga i te koki whakawhiti-whakawhiti kua whakatauritea me te pari – makimaki N: r = -0.4, p = 0.2, makimaki S: r = 0.03, p = 0.76). Nō reira, e ai ki ngā raraunga hinengaro-tinana o te tangata, ko te pānga toharite o te whakarerekētanga o te koki i waenga i ngā whariki he nekehanga i roto i ngā pūwāhi nekehanga, ehara i te pikinga, te hekenga rānei o te aro ki ngā tohu wehewehe.
Hei whakamutunga, ka tohaina matapōkeretia ngā utu me te tūponotanga o te 0.5 i roto i ngā whakamātautau me te kore rerekētanga kakano. Mēnā i mōhio ngā makimaki katoa ki tēnei tūponotanga ahurei, ā, i taea e rātou te wehewehe i waenga i te kore rerekētanga kakano me te whakaoho tohu, ka taea e rātou te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki rerekē mō ngā momo whakamātautau e rua. E rua ngā kitenga e whakaatu kaha ana kāore tēnei i te pērā. Tuatahi, he rite tonu ngā pānga o te whakarerekētanga o te koki whariki ki ngā kaute rerekētanga tohu me te kore (Pikitia 2d me te Pikitia Tāpiri 1). Tuarua, mō ngā makimaki e rua, kāore pea te kōwhiringa whakamātautau bistabile e rite ki te kōwhiringa utu hou (o mua) (whakamātautau binomial, N makimaki: 0.52, z = 0.74, p = 0.22; S makimaki: 0.51, r = 0.9, p = 0.18).
Hei whakamutunga, ko te whanonga o ngā makimaki i roto i tā mātou mahi wehewehe i raro i te mana whakaohooho pai. Ko te whakawhirinakitanga o ngā whakatau tirohanga ki te tohu me te rahi o ngā tohu kakano, me ngā huringa o te PSE me te koki kume, e tohu ana i kōrero ngā makimaki i tā rātou tirohanga whaiaro mō te ōritetanga/māramatanga o te nekehanga. Hei whakamutunga, ko ngā urupare a ngā makimaki i roto i ngā whakamātautau rerekētanga kakano kore i pāngia e te hītori utu o ngā whakamātautau o mua, ā, i tino pāngia e ngā huringa koki i waenga i ngā raster. E kī ana tēnei kei te haere tonu ngā makimaki ki te kōrero i tā rātou tirohanga whaiaro mō te whirihoranga mata whatu i raro i tēnei āhuatanga nui.
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, ko te whakawhiti o te rerekētanga kakano mai i te kino ki te pai he rite ki te whakawhiti tirohanga o ngā whakaohooho mai i te mārama ki te ōrite. I te nuinga o te wā, mō tētahi pūtau, ka piki ake, ka heke rānei te urupare MT i te mea ka huri te rerekētanga kakano mai i te kino ki te pai, ā, ko te ahunga o tēnei pānga ka whakawhirinaki ki te ahunga o te nekehanga o te tauira/wāhanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā ānau whakatikatika ahunga o ngā pūtau MT e rua e whakaatuhia ana i te Pikitia 3 me ngā urupare a ēnei pūtau ki ngā whata kei roto ngā tohu kakano ōrite, mārama rānei, he iti, he teitei rānei te rerekētanga. Kua ngana mātou i ētahi huarahi ki te ine pai ake i ēnei urupare whatunga, e pā ana pea ki te mahi hinengaro-tinana o ā mātou makimaki.
Kauwhata porowhita o te kōpiko whakahāngai ahunga o te pūtau MT makimaki māngai S hei whakautu ki tētahi huinga sinusoidal kotahi. Ko te koki e tohu ana i te ahunga o te nekehanga o te whatanga, ko te rahi e tohu ana i te tukunga, ā, ko te ahunga pūtau pai e taupatupatu ana mā te 90° (ki runga) me te ahunga o tētahi o ngā wāhanga i te ahunga o te tauira whatanga. b Ko te histogram wā-whakaoho ā-wiki (PSTH) o te whatunga urupare, kua nekehia i te ahunga tauira mā te 90° (e whakaaturia ana i te kauwhata i te taha maui) mō te pūtau e whakaaturia ana i roto i te a. Ka whakarōpūhia ngā urupare e te momo tohu kakano (piripiri/mārama – papa waenga/matau) me te rerekētanga Michelson (tohu tae PSTH). Ko ngā nganatanga tika anake e whakaaturia ana mō ia momo tohu kakano iti-rerekētanga me te rerekētanga-teitei. He pai ake te urupare a ngā pūtau ki ngā tauira whatanga nekeneke ki runga me ngā tohu kakano mārama, ā, ka piki ake te urupare ki ēnei tauira me te piki haere o te rerekētanga kakano. Ko c, d ngā tikanga ōrite ki a me b, engari mō ngā pūtau MT ehara i te makimaki S, tata taupatupatu tō rātou aronga pai ki te whatunga nekeneke ki raro. He pai ake ki te waeine ngā whariki heke iho me ngā tohu kakano ōrite, ā, ka piki ake te urupare ki ēnei tauira me te piki haere o te rerekētanga kakano. I ngā panera katoa, ko te wāhi kua whakamarumaruhia te tohu o te hapa paerewa o te toharite. Ngā tīti. Ngā titi, hēkona. hēkona.
Hei tūhura i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whirihoranga mata whatunga (honohono, mārama rānei) e whakaaturia ana e ā mātou tohu kakano me te ngohe MT, i whakamuri tuatahi mātou i te hononga i waenga i ngā pūtau mō te nekehanga honohono (pikinga pai) te nekehanga mārama rānei (pikinga kino) mā te whakamuri. i hoatu hei whakarōpū i ngā pūtau mā te tere urupare tohu i whakaritea ki te rerekētanga (motuhake mō ia ahunga aratau). Ko ngā tauira o ēnei pihi whakahāngai whatunga mai i te pūtau tauira kotahi i te Pikitia 3 e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4a. Whai muri i te whakarōpūtanga, i whakamahia e mātou te tātari mahi kaiwhiwhi (ROC) hei ine i te aro o ia pūtau ki te whakarerekētanga o ngā tohu kakano (tirohia ngā Tikanga). Ka taea te whakataurite tika i ngā mahi neurometric i whiwhihia i tēnei ara ki ngā āhuatanga hinengaro-tinana o ngā makimaki i te wā kotahi kia taea ai te whakataurite tika i te aro hinengaro-tinana o ngā neuron ki ngā kakano whatunga. I whakahaerehia e mātou e rua ngā tātari kitenga tohu mō ngā waeine katoa i roto i te tauira, me te tatau i ngā āhuatanga neurometric motuhake mō ia ahunga o te tauira (anō, ki runga, ki raro rānei). He mea nui kia mōhio, mō tēnei tātari, i whakaurua noa e mātou ngā whakamātautau i (i) kei roto i ngā whakaoho he tohu kakano, ā, (ii) i whakautu ngā makimaki i runga anō i taua tohu (arā, ngā whakamātautau "tika").
Ka tuhia ngā reiti ahi ki te rerekētanga tohu kakano, ia, mō ngā whatanga e neke ana ki runga (maui) ki raro rānei (matau), ko te rārangi totoka e tohu ana i te tauhohenga raina pai rawa atu, ā, ko ngā raraunga i te rarangi o runga (raro) ka tangohia mai i ngā mea e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia . Rice. 3a Pūtau, b (Pikitia 3c, d). I whakamahia ngā āhuatanga pikinga tauhohenga hei tohu i ngā tohu kakano pai (honohono/mārama) ki ia huinga whakatakotoranga pūtau/whakakī (n ≥ 20 whakamātautau mō ia āhuatanga whakaohooho). Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i te paerewa rerekētanga o te toharite. Ko ngā mahi neurometric o ngā waeine e whakaaturia ana i roto i te ba ka whakaahuahia ngātahi me ngā mahi psychometric i kohia i te wā kotahi. Ināianei, mō ia āhuatanga, ka tuhia e mātou te kōwhiringa pito taputapu pai (ordinate) (tirohia te tuhinga) hei ōrau o te rerekētanga tohu o te kakano (abscissa). Kua whakarerekētia te rerekētanga kakano kia pai ai ngā pito taputapu pai, ā, kia kino ai ngā pito taputapu kau. Ko ngā raraunga mai i ngā whatunga nekeneke whakarunga (whakararo) e whakaaturia ana i ngā panera maui (matau), i ngā rarangi o runga (raro) – ko ngā raraunga mai i ngā pūtau e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3a,b (Pikitia 3c,d). Ko ngā ōwehenga o te paepae neurometric me te psychometric (N/P) e whakaaturia ana i ia panera. Ngā tītaha. Ngā titi, ngā hēkona. te hēkona, te whaiaronga. te ahunga, te porowini e hiahiatia ana, te psi. Te Psychometry, te Neurology.
Ko ngā ānau whakahāngai whatanga me ngā mahi neurometric o ngā pūtau MT e rua me ā rātou mahi psychometric e pā ana, i whakakotahihia me ēnei urupare, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā panera o runga me raro o te Pikitia 4a,b. E whakaatu ana ēnei pūtau i te pikinga, te hekenga rānei o te āhua hoha i te mea ka huri te tohu o te kakano mai i te mārama ki te ōrite. Hei tāpiri, ko te ahunga me te kaha o tēnei hononga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ahunga o te nekehanga whatanga. Hei whakamutunga, ko ngā mahi neurometric i tatauhia mai i ngā urupare o ēnei pūtau i tata noa (engari kāore i rite ki) ngā āhuatanga hinengaro-tinana o te nekehanga whatunga kotahi-aronga. I whakarapopototia ngā mahi neurometric me te psychometric me ngā paepae, arā, e rite ana ki te 84% o te rerekētanga i whiriwhiria tika (e rite ana ki te toharite + 1 sd o te mahi Gaussian whakaemi kua whakauruhia). I roto i te tauira katoa, ko te ōwehenga N/P, te ōwehenga o te paepae neurometric ki te paepae psychometric, he toharite 12.4 ± 1.2 i roto i te makimaki N me te 15.9 ± 1.8 i roto i te makimaki S, ā, mō te neke o te whatunga i te iti rawa i te kotahi te ahunga, i te ~16% (18). %) anake ngā waeine mai i te makimaki N (makimaki S) (Pikitia 5a). Mai i te tauira pūtau e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia. E kitea ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 3 me te 4, ka pāngia te aro o ngā neuron e te whanaungatanga i waenga i te aronga pai o te pūtau me te ahunga o te nekehanga whatunga i whakamahia i roto i ngā whakamātautau. Ina koa, ko ngā ānau whakatikatika aronga i roto i te Pikitia 3a,c e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tautuhinga aronga neuron o tētahi huinga sinusoidal kotahi me tōna aro ki te nekehanga mārama/taurite i roto i tā mātou huinga kakano. Koinei te āhua mō ngā makimaki e rua (ANOVA; ngā ahunga pai e pai ana ki te taha o te 10°; makimaki N: F = 2.12, p < 0.01; makimaki S: F = 2.01, p < 0.01). Koinei te āhua mō ngā makimaki e rua (ANOVA; ngā ahunga pai e pai ana ki te taha o te 10°; makimaki N: F = 2.12, p < 0.01; makimaki S: F = 2.01, p < 0.01). Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; относительные предпочтительные направления объединены в группы1°ени с; N: F = 2,12, p <0,01; Koinei te āhua mō ngā makimaki e rua (ANOVA; ngā ahunga pai e whakarōpūhia ana i te taumira 10°; makimaki N: F=2.12, p<0.01; makimaki S: F=2.01, p<0.01).两只猴子都是这种情况（方差分析；以10° 分辨率合并的相对首选方向；猴 ， F2. 0.01；猴子S：F = 2.01，p <0.01）。两 只 猴子 都 是 这 种 （方差 分析 以 以 10 ° 分辨率 合并 的 相对 方向 ； 向 ； 向 ； 2 ； 向 ； <0.01 ；: : f = 2.01 ， p <0.01。。。。。）））））））））））））））） Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; относительная предпочтительная ориентация объединена при разрешении 10°, F/2°; 10°; <0,01 обезьяна S: F = 2,01, p <0,01). Koinei te āhua mō ngā makimaki e rua (ANOVA; te aronga pai e honoa ana i te taumira 10°; makimaki N: F=2.12, p<0.01; makimaki S: F=2.01, p<0.01).I te mea he nui te rerekētanga o te aro o te neuron (Pikitia 5a), hei whakaatu i te whakawhirinakitanga o te aro o te neuron ki ngā aronga pai, i whakatauritea tuatahitia e mātou te aronga pai o ia pūtau ki te aronga "pai" mō te nekehanga o te tauira whatunga (arā, te ahunga). i reira ko te whatanga te koki iti rawa i waenga i te aronga pūtau pai me te aronga o te tauira whatanga). I kitea e mātou ko ngā paepae whanaunga o ngā neuron (paepae mō te aronga whatunga "kino rawa"/paepae mō te aronga whatunga "pai") i rerekē ki tēnei aronga pai kua whakatauritea, me ngā tihi i roto i tēnei ōwehenga paepae e puta ana i te taha o ngā tauira, i ngā aronga wāhanga rānei (Pikitia 5b). )). Kāore i taea te whakamārama i tēnei pānga mā te pānga o te tohatoha o ngā ahunga pai i roto i ngā waeine o ia tauira ki tētahi o ngā tauira whatu, ngā ahunga wāhanga rānei (Pikitia 5c; Whakamātautau Rayleigh; makimaki N: z = 8.33, p < 10−3, toharite porowhita = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg; makimaki S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) ā, he rite tonu puta noa i ngā koki whatu whatu (Pikitia Tāpiri 2). Kāore i taea te whakamārama i tēnei pānga mā te pānga o te tohatoha o ngā ahunga pai i roto i ngā waeine o ia tauira ki tētahi o ngā tauira whatu, ngā ahunga wāhanga rānei (Pikitia 5c; Whakamātautau Rayleigh; makimaki N: z = 8.33, p < 10−3 , toharite porowhita = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg; makimaki S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) ā, he rite tonu puta noa i ngā koki whatu whatu (Pikitia Tāpiri 2). Этот эффект нельзя было объяснить смещением распределения предпочтительных направлений в единицах в каждой вырдор из клетчатых направлений или направлений компонентов (рис. 5в; критерий Рэлея; обезьяна N: z = 8,33, p <10–3). Kāore i taea te whakamārama i tēnei pānga mā te nekehanga o te tohatoha o ngā ahunga pai i roto i ngā waeine i roto i ia tauira ki tētahi o ngā ahunga tirotiro, ngā ahunga wāhanga rānei (Pikitia 5c; Whakamātautau Rayleigh; makimaki N: z = 8.33, p < 10–3)., te toharite porowhita = 190.13 nekehanga ± 9.83 nekehanga; te makimaki S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) ā, he rite tonu mō ngā kokonga katoa o te whata whakairo (Pikitia Tāpiri 2).这种效应不能通过每个样本中单元中的优选方向分布偏向格子图案或组件方向之一来解释（图5c；瑞利测试；猴子N：z = 8.33，p <10-3 ，圆形平均值= 190.13 度± 9.83 度；猴子S：z = 0.79，p = 0.45）并且在格子间光栅角上是一致的（补充图2）。这 种 效应 不 能 通过 每 样本 中 单元 中 优选 方向 分布 偏向 偏向 图案 图案来 解释 （图 图 图 图 瑞利 测试 ； 猴子 n : z = 8.33 ， p <10-3 ， 平均值 平坆倢形形形圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形z Этот эффект не может быть объяснен тем, что распределение предпочтительных ориентаций в клетках в каждом обмлице сторону структуры решетки, либо в сторону одной из ориентаций компонентов (рис. 5в; критерий Рэлея; обезья N: z = ). Kāore e taea te whakamārama i tēnei pānga mā te mea ko te tohatoha o ngā aronga pai i roto i ngā pūtau i roto i ia tauira e anga ana ki te hanganga whatunga, ki tētahi rānei o ngā aronga wāhanga (Pikitia 5c; Whakamātautau a Rayleigh; makimaki N: z = 8.33, p < 10–3)., toharite porowhita) = 190.13 nekehanga ± 9.83 nekehanga; makimaki S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) ā, he ōrite ngā koki whatu i waenga i ngā whatunga (Pikitia Tāpiri 2).Nō reira, ko te aro o ngā neuron ki ngā whatunga kakano e whakawhirinaki ana, i tētahi wāhanga, ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o te whakahāngai MT.
Kei te taha maui te whakaaturanga o te tohatoha o ngā ōwehenga N/P (paepae neuron/hinengaro-tinana); e rua ngā raraunga e tukuna ana e ia pūtau, kotahi mō ia ahunga e neke ai te tauira. Kei te taha matau te whakaaturanga o ngā paepae hinengaro-tinana (ordinate) me ngā paepae neuronal (abscissa) mō ngā waeine katoa o te tauira. Nō te makimaki N (S) ngā raraunga i te rarangi o runga (raro). b Ka tuhia ngā ōwehenga paepae kua whakaritea ki te rahi o te rerekētanga i waenga i te aronga whatunga tino pai me te aronga pūtau pai. Ko te ahunga "pai" ka tautuhia ko te ahunga o te hanganga kupenga (ka inehia ki te kupenga sinusoidal kotahi) e tata ana ki te ahunga pūtau pai. I tuatahitia ngā raraunga mā te aronga pai kua whakaritea (ngā ipu 10°), kātahi ka whakatauritea ngā ōwehenga paepae ki te uara mōrahi, ā, ka toharitehia i roto i ia ipu. Ko ngā pūtau he aronga pai ake he nui ake, he iti iho rānei i te aronga o ngā wāhanga kupenga i whai i te rerekētanga nui rawa atu o te aro ki te aronga o te tauira kupenga. c Ko te histogram māwhero o te tohatoha aronga pai o ngā waeine MT katoa i tuhia i roto i ia makimaki.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te urupare a te MT ka whakarerekētia e te ahunga o te nekehanga whatu me ngā taipitopito o ā mātou tohu wehewehe (kano). Ko te whakataurite i te aro o ngā neuron me te hinengaro-tinana i whakaatu, i te nuinga o te wā, he iti ake te aro o ngā waeine MT ki ngā tohu kakano rerekē i ngā makimaki. Heoi, i rerekē te aro o te neuron i runga i te rerekētanga i waenga i te aronga pai o te waeine me te ahunga o te nekehanga whatunga. Ko ngā pūtau tino aro he maha ngā manakohanga aronga e tata ana ki te kapi i te tauira whatunga, i tētahi rānei o ngā aronga wāhanga, ā, he iti noa iho o ā mātou tauira he rite te aro, he nui ake rānei te aro o te tirohanga a ngā makimaki ki ngā rerekētanga rerekē. Hei whakatau mena he tata ake te hononga o ngā tohu mai i ēnei waeine tino aro ki te tirohanga i roto i ngā makimaki, i tirotirohia e mātou te hononga i waenga i te tirohanga me ngā urupare neuron.
Ko tētahi taahiraa nui ki te whakatū hononga i waenga i te mahi io me te whanonga ko te whakatū hononga i waenga i ngā neuron me ngā urupare whanonga ki ngā whakaohooho pumau. Hei hono i ngā urupare io ki ngā whakatau wehewehe, he mea nui kia waihangahia he whakaohooho, ahakoa he rite tonu, ka kitea rerekē i roto i ngā whakamātautau rerekē. I roto i tēnei rangahau, e whakaatuhia ana tēnei e te whatanga rerekētanga kakano kore. Ahakoa e whakanui ana mātou, i runga i ngā mahi hinengaro o ngā kararehe, ko ngā whatanga he iti noa te rerekētanga kakano (iti iho i te ~20%) ka kiia he ōrite, he mārama rānei.
Hei ine i te whānuitanga o te hononga o ngā urupare MT ki ngā pūrongo tirohanga, i whakahaerehia e mātou he tātaritanga tūponotanga kōwhiringa (CP) o ā mātou raraunga whatunga (tirohia 3). I roto i te poto, ko te CP he inenga kore-taurite, kore-paerewa e ine ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā urupare pī me ngā whakatau tirohanga30. I te whakawhāiti i te tātaritanga ki ngā whakamātautau e whakamahi ana i ngā whatunga me te kore rerekētanga kakano me ngā wā i whiriwhiria ai e ngā makimaki kia rima pea ngā kōwhiringa mō ia momo o ēnei whakamātautau, i tatauhia e mātou te SR motuhake mō ia ahunga o te nekehanga whatunga. Mō ngā makimaki, i kitea e mātou he uara CP toharite he nui ake i tā mātou i tumanako ai mā te tūponotanga (Pikitia 6a, d; makimaki N: CP toharite: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), whakamātautau-t taha-rua ki te kore o CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10−9; makimaki S: CP toharite: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), whakamātautau-t taha-rua, t = 9.4, p < 10−13). Mō ngā makimaki, i kitea e mātou he uara CP toharite he nui ake i tā mātou i tumanako ai mā te tūponotanga (Pikitia 6a, d; makimaki N: CP toharite: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), whakamātautau-t taha-rua ki te kore o CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10−9; makimaki S: CP toharite: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), whakamātautau-t taha-rua, t = 9.4, p < 10−13).I roto i ngā makimaki, i kitea e mātou he CP toharite teitei ake i te mea i whakaarohia matapōkeretia (Pikitia 6a, d; makimaki N: CP toharite: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), whakamātautau-t rua-hiku vs. uara kore).CP = 0,5, t = 6,7, p <10–9; CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10–9; обезьяна S: среднее CP: 0,55, 95% ДИ: (0,54, 0,57), двусторонний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p <10–13) . makimaki S: toharite CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), whakamātautau-t hiku-rua, t = 9.4, p < 10–13).在猴子中，我们观察到平均CP 值显着大于我们偶然预期的值（图6a，d；猴子子N：年子54N：年子54 CI：（0.53，0.56），针对空值的双边t 检验CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9;猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95%, CI: 0.55, 95%, CI:检验, t = 9.4, p < 10−13).在 猴子 中 ， 我们 观察 平均 平均 值 显着 大于 我们 偶然 的 值： （图 图 ， d6 图平均 ： 0.54，95% Ci ： 0.53，0.56） ， 空值 检验 CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9; 猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边t检验, t=9.4, p <10−13) У обезьян мы наблюдали средние значения CP, значительно превышающие то, что мы могли бы ожидать случайно: случайно: ис. среднее CP: 0,54, 95% ДИ: (0,53, 0,56), двусторонний t- тест CP против нуля = 0,5, t = 6,7, p < 10-9, обезнее: 5,5% S: CP5сьдна S: D: (0,54, 0,57), двусторонний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p < 10- 13) . I roto i ngā makimaki, i kitea e mātou ngā uara CP toharite i runga ake i tā mātou e tumanako ai mā te tūpono (Pikitia 6a, d; makimaki N: CP toharite: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), whakamātautau-t rua-hiku CP vs. kore = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < 10-9, makimaki S: CP toharite: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), paearu-t rua-hiku, t = 9.4, p < 10-13).Nō reira, he kaha ake te mura o ngā neuron MT ahakoa te kore o ngā tohu wehewehe e kitea whānuitia ana, ina ōrite te tirohanga a te kararehe ki te nekehanga whatunga ki ngā hiahia o te pūtau.
a Te tohatoha tūponotanga kōwhiringa mō ngā whatunga kāore he tohu kakano mō ngā tauira i tuhia mai i te makimaki N. Ka taea e ia pūtau te whakauru atu ki te rua ngā tohu raraunga (kotahi mō ia ahunga o te nekehanga whatunga). Ko te uara CP toharite i runga ake i te matapōkere (ngā pere mā) e tohu ana he whanaungatanga nui kei waenganui i te mahi MT me te tirohanga. b Hei tirotiro i te pānga o tētahi whakaaro kōwhiringa pea, i tatauhia e mātou te CP motuhake mō tētahi whakaohooho i mahia ai e ngā makimaki te iti rawa i te kotahi hapa. Ka tuhia ngā tūponotanga kōwhiringa hei mahi a te ōwehenga kōwhiringa (pref/null) mō ngā whakaohooho katoa (maui) me ngā uara tino o te rerekētanga tohu kakano (matau, raraunga mai i te 120 pūtau takitahi). Ko te rārangi totoka me te rohe atarangi i te papa maui e tohu ana i te toharite ± sem o te toharite nekehanga 20-ira. Ko ngā tūponotanga kōwhiringa i tatauhia mō ngā whakaohooho me ngā ōwehenga kōwhiringa kore taurite, pērā i ngā whatunga me te rerekētanga tohu teitei, he rerekē ake, ā, i whakarōpūhia ki ngā mea ka taea. Ko te rohe atarangi-hina i te papa matau e whakanui ana i te rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga kei roto i te tatau i te tūponotanga kōwhiringa teitei. c Ko te tūponotanga o tētahi kōwhiringa nui (ordinate) ka tuhia ki te paepae o te neuron (abscissa). He hononga kino nui te tūponotanga o te kōwhiringa ki te paepae. He rite tonu te tikanga df ki te ac engari e pā ana ki te 157 raraunga takitahi mai i te makimaki S mēnā kāore i te kīia tētahi atu mea. g Ko te tūponotanga kōwhiringa teitei rawa (ordinate) ka tuhia ki te ahunga pai kua whakaritea (abscissa) mō ia o ngā makimaki e rua. E rua ngā tohu raraunga i whakawhiwhia e ia pūtau MT (kotahi mō ia ahunga o te hanganga whatunga). h Ngā kauwhata pouaka nui o te tūponotanga kōwhiringa mō ia koki inter-raster. Ko te rārangi totoka e tohu ana i te waenga, ko ngā taha o raro me o runga o te pouaka e tohu ana i te 25 me te 75 ōrau, ka whakawhānuihia ngā ūkui ki te 1.5 ngā wā o te awhe interquartile, ā, ka tuhia ngā mea kei waho atu i tēnei rohe. Ko ngā raraunga i roto i ngā panera maui (matau) nō te 120 (157) pūtau makimaki takitahi N(S). i Ko te tūponotanga kōwhiringa teitei rawa (ordinate) ka tuhia ki te wā i tīmata ai te whakaohooho (abscissa). I tatauhia te CP nui i roto i ngā tapawhā pahekeheke (whānui 100 ms, taahiraa 10 ms) puta noa i te whakamātautau, kātahi ka toharitehia ki ngā waeine.
Kua pūrongohia e ētahi rangahau o mua ko te CP e whakawhirinaki ana ki te maha o ngā whakamātautau i roto i te tohatoha reiti turanga, ko te tikanga he iti ake te pono o tēnei ine mō ngā whakaohooho e puta ai ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te ōwehenga o ia kōwhiringa. Hei whakamātautau i tēnei pānga i roto i ā mātou raraunga, i tatauhia e mātou te CP motuhake mō ngā whakaohooho katoa, ahakoa te rerekētanga o te kakano tohu, ā, i whakahaerehia e ngā makimaki te iti rawa i te kotahi whakamātautau teka. Ka tuhia te CP ki te ōwehenga kōwhiringa (pref/null) mō ia kararehe i roto i te Pikitia 6b me te e (pane maui), ia. Ki te titiro ki ngā toharite neke, he mārama kei runga ake te CP i te tūponotanga i runga i te whānuitanga o ngā tūponotanga kōwhiringa, ka heke noa iho ina heke (piki) ngā tūponotanga i raro (i runga ake) i te 0.2 (0.8). I runga i ngā āhuatanga hinengaro-ine o ngā kararehe, e tumanakohia ana ka pā noa ngā tauwehenga kōwhiringa o tēnei rahi ki ngā whakaohooho me ngā tohu kakano teitei-rerekētanga (kōtahi, mārama rānei) (tirohia ngā tauira o ngā āhuatanga hinengaro-ine i roto i te Pikitia 2a, b). Hei whakatau mēnā koinei te āhua, ā, mēnā i mau tonu te PC nui ahakoa ngā whakaohooho me ngā tohu wehewehe mārama, i tirohia e mātou te pānga o ngā uara rerekētanga kakano tino ki te PC (Pikitia 6b, e-matau). E ai ki te whakaaro, he nui ake te CP i te tūponotanga mō ngā whakaohooho kei roto ngā tohu wehewehenga tae atu ki te āhua waenga (~20% rerekētanga, iti iho rānei).
I roto i ngā mahi whakarite, tere, me te mōhio ki ngā taupatupatu, ko te MT CP te mea tino teitei i roto i ngā neuron tairongo rawa atu, nā te mea pea kei roto i ēnei neuron ngā tohu mōhiohio tino nui30,32,33,34.E ai ki ēnei kitenga i kitea e mātou he hononga iti engari he nui i waenga i te CP nui, i tatauhia mai i ngā reiti pupuhi kua tohua e te z puta noa i ngā rerekētanga tohu kakano e whakaatuhia ana i te papa taha matau o te Pikitia.6b, e, me te paepae io (Pikitia 6c, f; taunga toharite āhuahanga; makimaki N: r = −0.12, p = 0.07 makimaki S: r = −0.18, p < 10−3). 6b, e, me te paepae io (Pikitia 6c, f; taunga toharite āhuahanga; makimaki N: r = −0.12, p = 0.07 makimaki S: r = −0.18, p < 10−3).E rite ana ki ēnei kitenga, i kitea e mātou he hononga iti engari he nui i waenga i te CP nui i tatauhia mai i te auau whakaoho z-score mai i ngā rerekētanga tohu kakano i whakaatuhia i te taha matau o te Pikitia 6b, e, me te paepae neuronal (Pikitia 6c, f; āhuahanga). te whakatauranga toharite āhuahanga;обезьяна N: r = -0,12, p = 0,07 обезьяна S: r = -0,18, p <10-3). (Māki N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 māki S: r = -0.18, p < 10-3).与这些发现一致，我们观察到大CP 之间存在适度但显着的相关性，这是根捀图和神经元阈值（图6c、f；几何平均回归；猴子N：r = -0.12，p = 0.07 猴子S：r = -0.18，p <0.18，p与 这些 发现 一致 ， 我们 到 大 大 之间 存在 适度 但 显着 的 相关性 这 更性和 元 阈值 （图 图 6c 、 f ； 回归 ； 猴子 n ： r = -0.12 ， p = 0.07 猴子S：r = -0.18，p <10.E ai ki ēnei kitenga, i kitea e mātou he hononga iti engari he nui i waenga i ngā CV nui e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 6b,e me ngā paepae neuron (Pikitia 6c,f; taunga toharite āhuahanga; makimaki N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07).Обезьяна S: г = -0,18, р < 10-3). Makimaki S: r = -0.18, p < 10-3).Nō reira, ko ngā tohu mai i ngā waeine tino whai kōrero i whakaatu i te nui ake o te taupatupatu me ngā whakatau wehewehenga whaiaro i roto i ngā makimaki, he mea nui tēnei ahakoa ngā tohu kakano i tāpirihia ki te whakaaro ā-tirohanga.
I te mea kua whakatūria e mātou i mua he hononga i waenga i te aro ki ngā tohu kakano whatunga me te aronga neuronal pai, i whakaaro mātou mēnā he hononga rite i waenga i te CP me te aronga pai (Pikitia 6g). He iti noa te hiranga o tēnei hononga i roto i te makimaki S (ANOVA; makimaki N: 1.03, p=0.46; makimaki S: F=1.73, p=0.04). Kāore mātou i kite i tētahi rerekētanga i roto i te CP mō ngā koki whatunga i waenga i ngā whatunga i roto i tētahi kararehe (Pikitia 6h; ANOVA; makimaki N: F = 1.8, p = 0.11; makimaki S: F = 0.32, p = 0.9).
Hei whakamutunga, kua whakaatuhia e ngā mahi o mua ka huri te CP puta noa i te whakamātautau. Kua pūrongo ētahi rangahau i tētahi pikinga koi, ā, whai muri iho ka puta he pānga kōwhiringa maeneene,30 ko ētahi kua pūrongo i tētahi pikinga pumau o te tohu kōwhiringa i te roanga o te whakamātautau31. Mō ia makimaki, i tatauhia e mātou te CP o ia waeine i roto i ngā whakamātautau me te kore rerekētanga kakano (ia, e ai ki te aronga tauira) i roto i ngā pūtau 100 ms e takahi ana i ia 20 ms mai i te tīmatanga o mua i te whakaohooho ki te toharite i muri i te whakakorenga o mua i te whakaohooho. Ko te toharite o ngā nekehanga CP mō ngā makimaki e rua e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 6i. I ngā take e rua, i noho tonu te CP i tētahi taumata matapōkere, i tētahi taumata tata rawa rānei ki taua taumata tae noa ki te tata ki te 500 ms i muri i te tīmatanga o te whakaohooho, ā, i muri iho ka piki tere te CP.
Haunga te rerekētanga o te aro, kua whakaatuhia hoki te pānga o ētahi āhuatanga o te whakatikatika pūtau ki te CP. Hei tauira, i kitea e Uka rāua ko DeAngelis34 ko te CP i roto i te mahi tautuhi i te kore ōrite o te karu kanohi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ōritetanga o te pihi whakatikatika i te kore ōrite o te karu kanohi o te taputapu. I tēnei take, ko tētahi pātai e pā ana ko te mea he aro ake ngā pūtau whiriwhiri ahunga tauira (PDS) i ngā pūtau whiriwhiri ahunga wāhanga (CDS). Ka whakakōwaea e ngā pūtau PDS te aronga whānui o ngā tauira kei roto ngā aronga rohe maha, ko ngā pūtau CDS ia ka aro ki te nekehanga o ngā wāhanga tauira aronga (Pikitia 7a).
he whakaaturanga kauwhata o te whakaohooho whakahāngai wāhanga aratau me te kōhatu whakapae (maui) me ngā ānau whakahāngai aronga kōhatu (matau) (tirohia ngā Rauemi me ngā Tikanga). I roto i te poto, ki te whakauru tetahi pūtau puta noa i ngā wāhanga whatunga ki te nekehanga tauira tohu, ka tumanakohia ngā ānau whakahāngai ōrite mō ngā whakaoho whatunga me ngā whatunga takitahi (pou whakamutunga, ānau totoka). I tetahi atu taha, ki te kore te pūtau e whakauru i ngā ahunga o ngā wāhanga ki roto i te nekehanga o te tauira tohu, ka tumanakohia he ānau whakahāngai wāhanga-rua me te tihi i ia ahunga o te nekehanga kōhatu e whakamaori ana i tētahi wāhanga ki te ahunga pai o te pūtau (pou whakamutunga, ānau pītiti). . b (maui) ngā ānau mō te whakatikatika i te aronga o te rarangi sinusoidal mō ngā pūtau e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 1 me te 2. 3 me te 4 (rārangi o runga – ngā pūtau i roto i ngā Pikitia 3a,b me te 4a,b (runga); te papa raro – ngā pūtau o te Pikitia 3c, d me te 4a, b (raro)). (Waenganui) Ngā matapae tauira me te wāhanga i tatauhia mai i ngā kōtaha whakahāngai whatunga. (Matau) Te whakatikatika i te whatunga o ēnei pūtau. Ko ngā pūtau o te panera o runga (raro) kua whakarōpūtia hei pūtau tauira (wāhanga). Kia mōhio koe kāore he hononga takitahi i waenga i ngā whakarōpūtanga o ngā wāhanga tauira me ngā manakohanga mō te nekehanga pūtau ōrite/mārama (tirohia ngā urupare whatunga kakano mō ēnei pūtau i te Pikitia 4a). c Te tauwehenga o te hononga ā-wāhanga o te aratau kaute-z (ordinate) kua tuhia ki te tauwehenga hononga ā-wāhanga o te wāhanga kaute-z (abscissa) mō ngā pūtau katoa i tuhia ki ngā makimaki N (maui) me S (matau). Ko ngā rārangi matotoru e tohu ana i ngā paearu hiranga e whakamahia ana hei whakarōpū i ngā pūtau. d Kauwhata o te tūponotanga kōwhiringa teitei (ordinate) me te taupū aratau (Zp – Zc) (abscissa). Ko ngā raraunga i ngā panera maui (matau) e pā ana ki te makimaki N(S). Ko ngā porowhita pango e tohu ana i ngā raraunga i roto i ngā waeine tata. I roto i ngā kararehe e rua, he hononga nui i waenga i te tūponotanga kōwhiringa teitei me te taupū tauira, e kī ana he hononga tirohanga nui ake mō ngā pūtau me te aronga tauira tohu i roto i ngā whakaohooho me te aronga wāhanga maha.
Nō reira, i roto i tētahi huinga whakamātautau motuhake, i ine mātou i ngā urupare ki ngā whatunga sinusoidal me ngā whatunga hei whakarōpū i ngā neuron i roto i ā mātou tauira hei PDS, hei CDS rānei (tirohia ngā Tikanga). Ko ngā ānau whakahāngai whatunga, ngā matapae wāhanga tauira i hangaia mai i ēnei raraunga whakahāngai, me ngā ānau whakahāngai whatunga mō ngā pūtau e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 1 me te 3. Ko ngā Pikitia 3 me te 4 me te Pikitia Tāpiri 3 e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Pikitia 7b. Ko te tohatoha tauira me te whiriwhiri wāhanga, me te whakatakotoranga pūtau pai i roto i ia kāwai, e whakaaturia ana mō ia makimaki i roto i te Pikitia 7c me te pikitia tāpiri 4.
Hei aromatawai i te whakawhirinakitanga o te CP ki te whakatikatika o ngā wāhanga tauira, i tatau tuatahi mātou i te taupū tauira 35 (PI), ko ngā uara nui ake (iti ake) e tohu ana i te whanonga rite o te PDS (CDS) nui ake. I runga i te whakaaturanga i runga ake nei: (i) ka rerekē te aro o ngā neuron me te rerekētanga i waenga i te aronga pūtau pai me te ahunga o te nekehanga whakaohooho, me te (ii) he hononga nui i waenga i te aro o ngā neuron me te tūponotanga kōwhiringa i roto i tā mātou tauira, i kitea e mātou he whanaungatanga i waenga i te PI me te CP katoa i akohia mō te ahunga "pai" o te nekehanga o ia pūtau (tirohia i runga ake nei). I kitea e mātou he hononga nui te CP ki te PI (Pikitia 7d; tauhohenga toharite āhuahanga; makimaki CP nui N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; makimaki CP bi-pūmau N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; makimaki CP nui S: r = 0.30, p < 10−4; makimaki CP bi-pūmau S: r = 0.29, p < 10−3), e tohu ana ko ngā pūtau i whakarōpūtia hei PDS i whakaatu i te mahi whiriwhiri nui atu i te CDS me ngā pūtau kāore i whakarōpūtia. I kitea e mātou he hononga nui te CP ki te PI (Pikitia 7d; tauhohenga toharite āhuahanga; makimaki CP nui N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; makimaki CP bi-pūmau N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; makimaki CP nui S: r = 0.30, p < 10−4; makimaki CP bi-pūmau S: r = 0.29, p < 10−3), e tohu ana ko ngā pūtau i whakarōpūtia hei PDS i whakaatu i te mahi whiriwhiri nui atu i te CDS me ngā pūtau kāore i whakarōpūtia. Мы обнаружили, что CP значительно коррелирует с PI (рис. 7d; регрессия среднего геометрического; большая обна CP2: r, r = p. <0,01 ; 10-3), что указывает на то, что клетки, классифицированные как PDS, проявляли большую активность, связанную с выбором, чем CDS и неклассифелцики. I kitea e mātou he hononga nui te CP ki te PI (Pikitia 7d; te whakatauranga toharite āhuahanga; te makimaki nui CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; te makimaki bistabil CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; te makimaki nui CP S: r = 0.30, p < 10-4; te makimaki S bistabil CP: r = 0.29, p < 10-3), e tohu ana ko ngā pūtau kua whakarōpūtia hei PDS i whakaatu i te nui ake o te mahi, e pā ana ki te kōwhiringa i ngā CDS me ngā pūtau kāore i whakarōpūtia.我们发现CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d；几何平均回归；大CP 猴N：r = 0.23，p < 0.01；双 = 0.01；双 ， CP = 1. 0.013；大CP 猴S： r = 0.30，p < 10-4；双稳态CP 猴S：r = 0.29，p < 10-3），表明分类为PDS 的细胞 和未分类的细胞表现出更大的选择相关活性。 CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d；几何平均回归；大CP猴N：r = 0.23，p <0.01；双稳态CP 猴 = 0.2N r = . 0.0 Мы обнаружили, что CP был значительно связан с PI (рис. 7d; регрессия среднего геометрического; большая обна CP2:3, r. <0,01 ; I kitea e mātou he hononga nui te CP ki te PI (Pikitia 7d; te whakatauira toharite ā-ira; te makimaki nui CP N: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; te makimaki bistabil CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; te makimaki nui CP S: r = 0.013) 0.30, p < 10-4; бистабильный CP обезьяны S: r = 0,29, p <10-3), что указывает на то, что клетки, классифицированные как PDS, проявльлиш селекционную активность, чем клетки, классифицированные как CDS и неклассифицированные. te makimaki S bistable CP: r = 0.29, p < 10-3), e tohu ana ko ngā pūtau kua whakarōpūtia hei PDS i whakaatu i te mahi kōwhiri nui ake i ngā pūtau kua whakarōpūtia hei CDS me te kore i whakarōpūtia.Nā te mea he hononga i waenganui i te PI me te aro o te neuron ki te CP, i whakahaerehia e mātou he tātaritanga whakatauira maha (me te aro o te PI me te neuron hei taurangi motuhake, me te CP nui hei taurangi whakawhirinaki) hei whakakore i te hononga i waenganui i ngā mehua e rua e ārahi ana ki te tūponotanga o tētahi pānga. He mea nui ngā tauwehenga taunga ā-wāhanga e rua (makimaki N: paepae vs. CP: r = −0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; makimaki S: paepae vs. CP: r = −0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10−3), e kī ana ka piki ake te CP me te aro, ā, ka piki ake anō hoki me te PI i tētahi ara motuhake. He mea nui ngā tauwehenga taunga ā-wāhanga e rua (makimaki N: paepae vs. CP: r = −0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p < 0.01; makimaki S: paepae vs. CP: r = −0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10−3), e kī ana ka piki ake te CP me te aro, ā, ka piki ake anō hoki me te PI i tētahi ara motuhake. Оба частных коэффициента корреляции были значимыми (обезьяна N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, PI против 0,2, r = pротив 0,2, r = . обезьяна S: порог против CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03, PI vs CP: 0,29, p <10-3), предполагая, что CP увеличивается с чувствистителмься образом увеличивается с PI. He mea nui ngā tauwehenga taunga ā-wāhanga e rua (makimaki N: paepae vs. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; makimaki S: paepae vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10-3), e kī ana ka piki ake te CP me te aro, ka piki ake hoki i runga i te PI.两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP：r = -0.13，p = 0.04，PI 与CP：r = 0.23，p <0.01；猴：阈值与-0.16， p = 0.03，PI vs CP：0.29，p <10-3），表明CP 随灵敏度增加而增加，并且以独立方式随PI 。两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP：r = -0.13，p = 0.04，PI = 0.03，PI vs CP：0.29，p <10-3明 Оба частных коэффициента корреляции были значимыми (обезьяна N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, PI против 0,2, r = pротив 0,2, r = . обезьяна S: порог против CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03 , PI против CP: 0,29, p < 10-3), что указывает на то, что CP увеличивалсьстить стел. увеличивалась с PI независимым образом. He mea nui ngā tauwehenga taunga ā-wāhanga e rua (makimaki N: paepae vs. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; makimaki S: paepae vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, PI vs CP: 0.29, p < 10-3), e tohu ana i piki ake te CP me te aro, ā, i piki ake me te PI i runga i te huarahi motuhake.
I tuhia e mātou tētahi mahi kotahi i te rohe MT, ā, i kōrero ngā makimaki i tā rātou tirohanga ki ngā tauira ka puta mai he nekehanga ōrite, he nekehanga mārama rānei. He rerekē te aro o ngā neuron ki ngā tohu wehewehe i tāpirihia ki ngā tirohanga whakahāwea, ā, ka whakatauhia, i tētahi wāhanga, e te whanaungatanga i waenga i te aronga pai o te wae me te ahunga o te nekehanga whakaohooho. I roto i te taupori katoa, he iti ake te aro o ngā neuron i te aro hinengaro-tinana, ahakoa ko ngā wae tino aro i ōrite, i hipa rānei i te aro whanonga ki ngā tohu wehewehe. Hei tāpiri, he rerekētanga nui i waenga i te auau pupuhi me te tirohanga, e kī ana he mahi tā te tohu MT i roto i te wehewehe. I arotauhia e ngā pūtau he aronga pai tō rātou aro ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā tohu wehewehe whatunga, ā, i aro ki te tohu i te nekehanga ā-ao i roto i ngā whakaohooho me ngā aronga ā-rohe maha, e whakaatu ana i te hononga tirohanga teitei rawa atu. I konei ka whakaarohia e mātou ētahi raruraru pea i mua i te whakataurite i ēnei hua ki ngā mahi o mua.
Ko tētahi raruraru nui o te rangahau e whakamahi ana i ngā whakaohooho bistabil i roto i ngā tauira kararehe, ko te kore pea o ngā urupare whanonga e ahu mai i te taha o te hiahia. Hei tauira, ka taea e ā mātou makimaki te ripoata i tā rātou tirohanga ki te whakatakotoranga kakano, ahakoa te tirohanga ki te hononga whatunga. E rua ngā āhuatanga o ngā raraunga e kī ana ehara tēnei i te mea pono. Tuatahi, e ai ki ngā pūrongo o mua, ko te whakarerekē i te koki whakatakotoranga whanaunga o ngā wāhanga wehewehe i whakarerekē i te tūponotanga o te tirohanga honohono. Tuarua, i te toharite, he rite tonu te pānga mō ngā tauira kei roto, kāore rānei he tohu kakano. Ina huihuia, e kī ana ēnei kitenga ko ngā urupare makimaki e whakaata tonu ana i tā rātou tirohanga ki te hononga/māramatanga.
Ko tētahi atu raruraru pea ko te korenga o te arotau i ngā tawhā nekehanga whatu mō te āhuatanga motuhake. I roto i ngā mahi maha o mua e whakataurite ana i te aro o ngā neuron me te hinengaro-tinana, i tīpakohia ngā whakaohooho takitahi mō ia wae kua rēhitatia [31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. I konei kua whakamahia e mātou ngā ahunga nekehanga e rua o te tauira whatu ahakoa te whakarerekētanga o te aronga o ia pūtau. Nā tēnei hoahoa i taea ai e mātou te ako i te rerekētanga o te aro me te taupatupatu i waenga i te nekehanga whatu me te aronga pai, heoi, kāore i whakaratohia he pūtake a priori mō te whakatau mena he pai ake ki ngā pūtau ngā whatu honohono, mārama rānei. Nō reira, ka whakawhirinaki mātou ki ngā paearu empirical, mā te whakamahi i te urupare a ia pūtau ki te whatu kakano, hei tohu i te manakohanga me te kore tapanga ki ia kāwai o te nekehanga whatu. Ahakoa kāore pea, ka taea e tēnei te whakapēhi i ngā hua o tā mātou tātari aro me te kitenga tohu CP, ka nui rawa te whakatau i tētahi ine. Heoi, he maha ngā āhuatanga o te tātari me ngā raraunga kua kōrerohia i raro nei e kī ana ehara tēnei i te mea pono.
Tuatahi, ko te tuku ingoa pai (kore) ki ngā whakaohooho i whakaoho ake i te mahi nui (iti iho) kāore i pā ki te wehewehenga o ēnei tohatoha urupare. Engari, ka whakarite noa kia rite te tohu o ngā mahi neurometric me te psychometric, kia taea ai te whakataurite tika. Tuarua, ko ngā urupare i whakamahia hei tatau i te CP (ngā whakamātautau "hē" mō ngā whatu kakano me ngā whakamātautau katoa mō ngā whatu kāore he rerekētanga kakano) kāore i whakaurua ki te tātari whakatauira i whakatau ai mēnā "e pai ake" ana ia pūtau ki ngā hākinakina hono, mārama rānei. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia kore ngā pānga kōwhiringa e aro ki ngā tohu pai/koretake, ka hua ake he tūponotanga kōwhiringa nui.
Ko ngā rangahau a Newsom me āna hoa mahi [36, 39, 46, 47] ngā mea tuatahi i whakatau i te tūranga o te MT i roto i te whakatau tata i te ahunga o te nekehanga. Kua kohia e ngā pūrongo i muri mai ngā raraunga mō te whai wāhi a MT ki te hohonu34,44,48,49,50,51 me te tere32,52, te aronga pai33 me te tirohanga o te hanganga 3D mai i te nekehanga31,53,54 (ngā ngahere tauwhiro 3D). ki te ture). Ka whakawhānuihia e mātou ēnei hua i roto i ngā huarahi nui e rua. Tuatahi, ka whakaratohia e mātou he taunakitanga e whai wāhi ana ngā urupare MT ki te wehewehenga tirohanga o ngā tohu tirohanga. Tuarua, i kitea e mātou he whanaungatanga i waenga i te whiriwhiringa aronga aratau MT me tēnei tohu kōwhiringa.
I roto i te ariā, ko ngā hua o nāianei he tino ōrite ki te mahi i runga i te 3-D SFM, nā te mea he tirohanga uaua e rua e uru ana ki te nekehanga me te raupapa hohonu. I kitea e Dodd et al.31 he tūponotanga kōwhiringa nui (0.67) i roto i te mahi makimaki e pūrongo ana i te aronga hurihuri o te rango 3D SFM bistabil. I kitea e mātou he pānga kōwhiringa iti ake mō ngā whakaoho whatunga bistabil (tata ki te 0.55 mō ngā makimaki e rua). I te mea ko te aromatawai o te CP e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tauwehenga kōwhiringa, he uaua ki te whakamārama i te CP i whiwhihia i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē i roto i ngā mahi rerekē. Heoi, ko te nui o te pānga kōwhiringa i kitea e mātou he rite tonu mō ngā whariki rerekētanga kakano kore me te iti, me te wā hoki i whakakotahi ai mātou i ngā whakaoho rerekētanga kakano iti/kore hei whakanui ake i te mana. Nō reira, ko tēnei rerekētanga i roto i te CP kāore pea i te puta mai i ngā rerekētanga o ngā reiti kōwhiringa i waenga i ngā huinga raraunga.
Ko ngā panonitanga iti o te tere pupuhi MT e haere tahi ana me te tirohanga i roto i te take whakamutunga he mea whakamīharo ki te whakataurite ki ngā āhua tirohanga kaha me te rerekētanga kounga i puta mai i te whakaohooho SFM 3-D me ngā hanganga whatunga bistabil. Ko tētahi pea ko tā mātou whakaiti i te pānga kōwhiringa mā te tatau i te tere pupuhi puta noa i te roanga katoa o te whakaohooho. He rerekē ki te take o te 31 3-D SFM, i reira i whanake ai ngā rerekētanga o te ngohe MT i te 250 ms i roto i ngā whakamātautau, kātahi ka piki haere tonu puta noa i ngā whakamātautau, ko tā mātou tātaritanga o ngā hihiri wā o ngā tohu kōwhiringa (tirohia te 500 ms i muri i te tīmatanga o te whakaohooho i roto i ngā makimaki e rua. Hei tāpiri, i muri i te pikinga koi i roto i tēnei wā, i kite mātou i ngā rerekētanga o te CP i te toenga o te whakamātautau. E ai ki a Hupe rāua ko Rubin55 he maha ngā huringa o te tirohanga a te tangata ki ngā rarangi tapawhā bistabil i roto i ngā whakamātautau roa. Ahakoa i whakaatuhia ā mātou whakaohooho mō te 1.5 hēkona noa iho, ka rerekē pea te tirohanga a ā mātou makimaki mai i te ōritetanga ki te māramatanga i roto i te whakamātautau (i whakaatahia ā rātou urupare i tā rātou tirohanga whakamutunga i te kōwhiringa tohu.) Nō reira, ko te putanga wā urupare o tā mātou mahi, te mahere rānei e taea ai e ngā makimaki te ripoata tonu i tā rātou tirohanga, e tumanakohia ana he pānga kōwhiringa nui ake. Ko te mea pea whakamutunga ko te pānui rerekē o te tohu MT i roto i ngā mahi e rua. Ahakoa kua roa te whakaaro ko ngā tohu CPU ka puta mai i te wetewete i ngā kare ā-roto me te haruru e hono ana,56 i kitea e Gu mā me āna hoa mahi57 i roto i ngā tauira rorohiko, ko ngā rautaki whakakotahi rerekē, kaua ki ngā taumata o te rerekētanga e hono ana, ka taea te whakamārama pai ake. PTM i roto i ngā neurons temporal dorsal media-superior. mahi mōhiotanga aronga huringa rau (MSTd). Ko te pānga kōwhiringa iti ake i kitea e mātou i roto i te MT e whakaata ana pea i te whakakotahitanga whānui o ngā neurons iti-whakamōhio hei waihanga i ngā tirohanga o te ōritetanga, te māramatanga rānei. Ahakoa te wā e whakarōpūhia ai ngā tohu nekehanga ā-rohe ki roto i te kotahi, e rua rānei ngā mea (ngā whariki bistable) ngā mata motuhake rānei o ngā mea noa (3-D SFM), he taunakitanga motuhake e hono nui ana ngā urupare MT ki ngā whakatau tirohanga, he kaha ngā urupare MT. e whakaarohia ana kia whai wāhi ki te wehewehe i ngā whakaahua uaua ki roto i ngā whakaaturanga maha-mea mā te whakamahi i ngā mōhiohio nekehanga tirohanga.
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, ko mātou te tuatahi ki te ripoata i te hononga i waenga i te mahi pūtau tauira MT me te tirohanga. E ai ki te tauira taketake e rua-wāhanga nā Movshon mā, ko te wae aratau te wāhanga putanga o te MT. Heoi, kua whakaatuhia e ngā mahi hou ko ngā pūtau aratau me ngā pūtau wāhanga e tohu ana i ngā pito rerekē o te haere tonu, ā, ko ngā rerekētanga tawhā i roto i te hanganga o te mara tango te kawenga mō te whānuitanga whakahāngai o ngā wāhanga aratau. Nō reira, i kitea e mātou he hononga nui i waenga i te CP me te PI, he rite ki te hononga i waenga i te ōritetanga whakatikatika karu-rua me te CP i roto i te mahi tautuhi hohonu, i te whirihoranga tautuhinga aronga rānei i roto i te mahi wehewehe aronga pai. Ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tuhinga me te CP 33. I tātarihia e Wang rāua ko Movshon62 he maha o ngā pūtau me te whiriwhiringa aronga MT, ā, i kitea, i te toharite, i hono te taupū aratau ki te maha o ngā āhuatanga whakahāngai, e kī ana kei roto te whiriwhiringa aratau i roto i te maha atu o ngā momo tohu ka taea te pānui mai i te taupori MT. Nō reira, mō ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei mō te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ngohe MT me te tirohanga whaiaro, he mea nui kia whakatauhia mēnā he rite te hononga o te taupū tauira ki ētahi atu tohu kōwhiringa mahi me te whakaohooho, mēnā rānei he hononga motuhake tēnei ki te take o te wehewehenga tirohanga.
Waihoki, i kitea e Nienborg rāua ko Cumming 42 ahakoa he rite te aro o ngā pūtau tata me ngā pūtau tawhiti ki te whiriwhiri i te kore ōrite o te karu kanohi i roto i te V2 i roto i te mahi wehewehe hohonu, ko te taupori pūtau tata-pai anake i whakaatu i te CP nui. Heoi, ko te whakangungu anō i ngā makimaki ki te taumaha i ngā rerekētanga tawhiti i hua ake ai he CP nui i roto i ngā whare herehere pai ake. Kua pūrongohia hoki e ētahi atu rangahau ko te hītori whakangungu e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hononga tirohanga34,40,63, ki te whanaungatanga take rānei i waenga i te mahi MT me te wehewehe rerekētanga48. Ko te whanaungatanga i kitea e mātou i waenga i te CP me te whiriwhiringa ahunga regimen e whakaata ana i te rautaki motuhake i whakamahia e ngā makimaki hei whakaoti rapanga, kaua ki te tūranga motuhake o ngā tohu kōwhiringa aratau i roto i te tirohanga tirohanga-nekehanga. I roto i ngā mahi a meake nei, he mea nui kia whakatauhia mēnā he pānga nui te hītori ako ki te whakatau ko ēhea tohu MT kua taumahahia kia pai ake, kia ngāwari hoki hei whakatau i ngā whakatau wehewehe.
Ko Stoner mā me āna hoa mahi14,23 te hunga tuatahi ki te pūrongo ko te whakarerekētanga o te kanapa o ngā rohe whatunga taupatupatu i pā ki te ōritetanga me te māramatanga o ngā pūrongo tirotiro tangata me ngā whakarerekētanga ahunga i roto i ngā neuron MT macaque. I kitea e ngā kaituhi i te wā i ōrite ai te kanapa o ngā rohe taupatupatu ki te māramatanga, i pūrongohia e ngā kaitirotiro he mārama ake te tirohanga, i te mea ko ngā neuron MT he tohu i te nekehanga o ngā wāhanga raster. I tetahi atu taha, ina he kore hototahi te kanapa taupatupatu me te taupatupatu mārama, ka kite te kaitirotiro i te nekehanga ōrite, ā, ka tohu ngā neuron MT i te nekehanga ā-ao o te tauira. Nō reira, e whakaatu ana ēnei rangahau ko ngā huringa ā-tinana o ngā whakaoho tirohanga e awe pono ana i ngā pūrongo wehewehe ka puta hoki ngā huringa matapae i roto i te whakaoho MT. Kua tūhuratia e ngā mahi tata nei i tēnei wāhanga ko ēhea tohu MT e whai ana i te āhua tirohanga o ngā whakaoho uaua18,24,64. Hei tauira, kua whakaaturia he huinga iti o ngā neuron MT e whakaatu ana i te whakatikatika bimodal ki tētahi mahere nekehanga pūwāhi matapōkere (RDK) me ngā ahunga e rua he iti ake te tawhiti atu i tētahi RDK kotahi-ara. Te whānui o te whakatikatika pūtau 19, 25. E kite tonu ana ngā kaimātakitaki i te tauira tuatahi he nekehanga mārama, ahakoa he maha ngā neuron MT e whakaatu ana i ngā urutaunga kore-whakaaro hei whakautu ki ēnei whakaohooho, ā, mā te toharite noa o ngā pūtau MT katoa ka puta he urupare taupori kore-whakaaro. Nō reira, ko tētahi huinga pūtau e whakaatu ana i te whakatikatika bimodal ka hanga pea i te papa io mō tēnei tirohanga. He mea whakamīharo, i roto i ngā marmoset, i ōrite tēnei taupori ki ngā pūtau PDS i te wā i whakamatautauria ai mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaoho whatunga me te whatunga tikanga.
He nui ake te haere o ā mātou hua i ngā mea o runga ake nei, he mea nui ki te whakatū i te tūranga o te MT i roto i te wehewehenga tirohanga. Inaa, he āhuatanga whaiaro te wehewehenga. He maha ngā whakaaturanga tirohanga polystable e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te pūnaha tirohanga ki te whakarite me te whakamārama i ngā whakaohooho pumau i roto i ngā huarahi maha. Mā te kohikohi i ngā urupare io me ngā pūrongo tirohanga i roto i tā mātou rangahau i te wā kotahi i taea ai e mātou te tūhura i te rerekētanga i waenga i te tere pupuhi MT me ngā whakamārama tirohanga o te whakaohooho tonu. I te whakaatu i tēnei whanaungatanga, e whakaae ana mātou kāore anō kia whakatūria te ahunga o te take, arā, me whai whakamātautau anō hei whakatau mena he aunoa te tohu o te wehewehenga tirohanga i kitea e mātou, e ai ki ētahi [65, 66, 67]. Ko te tukanga anō e tohu ana i ngā tohu heke e hoki mai ana ki te cortex sensory mai i ngā wāhi teitei ake 68, 69, 70 (Pikitia 8). Ko ngā pūrongo mō te nui ake o te ōwehenga o ngā pūtau whiriwhiri-tauira i roto i te MSTd71, tētahi o ngā whāinga cortical matua o te MT, e kī ana ko te whakawhānui i ēnei whakamātautau ki te whakauru i ngā rekoatatanga o te MT me te MSTd i te wā kotahi he taahiraa tuatahi pai ki te mārama ake ki ngā tikanga io o te tirohanga. te wehewehenga.
He tauira e rua ngā wāhanga o te whiriwhiringa o te aronga o te wāhanga me te aratau me te pānga pea o te urupare mai i runga ki raro ki te mahi e pā ana ki te kōwhiringa i roto i te whakamāoritanga mīhini. I konei, ka hangaia te whiriwhiringa o te aronga aratau (PDS – “P”) i roto i te taahiraa MT mā te (i) he tauira nui o ngā raraunga whakauru whiriwhiringa ahunga e rite ana ki ngā tere aratau motuhake, me te (ii) te pehi kaha o te whakatikatika. He whāiti te whānuitanga tauira o te wāhanga whiriwhiringa ahunga (CDS) o te wāhanga MT (“C”) i roto i te ahunga whakauru, ā, kāore i te nui te pehi whakatikatika. Mā te aukati kore-whakatikatika ka tukuna te mana whakahaere ki ngā taupori e rua. Ko ngā pere tae e tohu ana i te aronga taputapu pai. Hei mārama, ko te wāhanga iti noa iho o ngā hononga V1-MT me te pouaka kōwhiringa aratau me te aronga wāhanga kotahi e whakaaturia ana. I roto i te horopaki o te whakamaoritanga o ā mātou hua whāngai-whakamua (FF), ko te tautuhinga whakauru whānui me te aukati whakatikatika kaha (kua tohua ki te whero) i roto i ngā pūtau PDS i puta ai ngā rerekētanga nui o te mahi hei whakautu ki ngā tauira nekehanga maha. I roto i tā mātou raruraru wehewehe, ka akiakihia e tēnei rōpū ngā mekameka whakatau me te whakapēhi i te tirohanga. He rerekē, i roto i te take o te urupare (FB), ka puta ngā whakataunga tirohanga i roto i ngā ara iahiko whakarunga e ngā raraunga pūoro me ngā whakaaro hinengaro, ā, ko te pānga nui ake o te FB whakararo ki ngā pūtau PDS (ngā rārangi matotoru) ka puta ngā tohu kōwhiringa. b Te whakaaturanga hoahoa o ngā tauira rerekē o ngā taputapu CDS me te PDS. I konei, ko ngā tohu PDS i roto i te MT ka puta ehara i te mea mā te whakaurunga tika o V1 anake, engari mā te whakaurunga ā-korekore o te ara V1-V2-MT anō hoki. Ka whakatikatikaina ngā ara ā-korekore o te tauira kia pai ai te whiriwhiri i ngā rohe kakano (ngā wāhi e taupatupatu ana i te whatunga). Ka mahi te kōwae CDS paparanga MT i te tapeke taumaha o ngā whakaurunga tika me te ā-korekore, ā, ka tukuna te putanga ki te kōwae PDS. Ka whakahaerehia te PDS e te aukati whakataetae. Anō, ko ngā hononga anake e whakaaturia ana e tika ana hei tuhi i te hoahoa taketake o te tauira. I konei, ko tētahi tikanga FF rerekē i tērā i whakaarohia i roto i te a ka arahi pea ki te rerekētanga nui ake o te urupare whatunga pūtau ki te PDS, ka arahi anō ki ngā whakaaro i roto i ngā tauira whakatau. Anō hoki, ko te CP nui ake i roto i ngā pūtau PDS ka noho tonu pea hei hua o te whakaaro i roto i te kaha, i te whai huatanga rānei o te piri FB ki ngā pūtau PDS. E tautoko ana ngā taunakitanga i ngā tauira MT PDS e rua-wāhanga me te toru-wāhanga, me ngā whakamaoritanga CP FF me FB.
E rua ngā macaque pakeke (macaca mulatta), tētahi tāne, tētahi uha (7 me te 5 tau te pakeke), mai i te 4.5 ki te 9.0 kg te taumaha, i whakamahia hei kaupapa rangahau. I mua i ngā whakamātautau pokanga parakore katoa, i whakatōkia ki ngā kararehe he rūma tuhi ritenga mō ngā irahiko poutū e whakatata atu ana ki te rohe MT, he tūnga pane rino kore waikura (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD), me te tūnga kanohi me te koiri rapu scleral ine. (Cooner Wire, San Diego, California). E tutuki ana ngā tikanga katoa i ngā ture a te Tari Ahuwhenua o te Hononga o Amerika (USDA) me ngā Aratohu a te National Institutes of Health (NIH) mō te Manaaki Tangata me te Whakamahinga o ngā Kararehe Taiwhanga, ā, kua whakaaetia e te Komiti Manaaki me te Whakamahinga Kararehe o te Whare Wānanga o Chicago (IAUKC).
I whakaatuhia ngā whakaoho tirohanga katoa i roto i tētahi kōhao porowhita ki te papamuri pango, hina rānei. I te wā e hopu ana i te oro, i whakatikatikaina te tūranga me te whānui o tēnei kōhao kia rite ki te mara aro o ngā neuron i te pito hiko. E rua ngā momo whakaoho tirohanga i whakamahia e mātou: ko ngā whakaoho hinengaro me ngā whakaoho whakahāngai.
Ko te whakaoho hinengaro-ine he tauira whatanga (20 cd/m2, 50% rerekētanga, 50% huringa mahi, 5 nekehanga/hēkona) i hangaia mā te whakatakoto i ngā whatanga tapawhā e rua e rere ana i te ahunga poutū ki tō rātou ahunga (Pikitia 1b). Kua whakaaturia i mua ko ngā kaimātakitaki tangata e kite ana i ēnei tauira whatanga he whakaoho bistabil, i ētahi wā he tauira kotahi e neke ana i te ahunga kotahi (nekehanga ōrite) ā, i ētahi wā he mata motuhake e rua e neke ana i ngā ahunga rerekē (nekehanga mārama). ngā wāhanga o te tauira whatanga, e hāngai ana te āhua ōrite – ko te koki i waenganui i ngā whatanga mai i te 95° ki te 130° (i tangohia mai i te huinga: 95°, 100°, 105°, 115°, 120°, 125°, 130°°, puta noa i te wātū Kāore i tiakina ngā neuron koki wehe i te 115°, engari kei roto i a mātou ngā raraunga hinengaro-tinana ki konei) – tata ki te 90°, 270° rānei (te aronga tauira). I ia wāhanga, kotahi anake te kokonga o te whatu whakawhiti i whakamahia; i ia wāhanga, i tīpakohia matapōkeretia te takotoranga o te tauira mō ia whakamātautau mai i ngā mea e rua ka taea.
Hei whakamārama i te tirohanga o te whatunga me te whakarato i tētahi pūtake wheako mō te utu mō te mahi, ka whakauruhia e mātou ngā kakano pūwāhi matapōkere ki te taahiraa pae mārama 72 o ia wāhanga whatunga. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakanui ake, te whakaiti rānei (mā te nui pumau) i te kanapa o tētahi huinga pika kua tīpakohia matapōkeretia (Pikitia 1c). Ko te ahunga o te nekehanga kakano ka hoatu he tohu kaha e neke ana i te tirohanga a te kaimātakitaki ki te nekehanga ōrite, mārama rānei (Pikitia 1c). I raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, ko ngā kakano katoa, ahakoa ko tēhea wāhanga o ngā hipoki whatunga kakano, ka whakawhitia ki te ahunga o te tauira (Pikitia 1c, ōrite). I te āhua mārama, ka neke te kakano poutū ki te ahunga o te kupenga e hipokina ana e ia (Pikitia 1c, mārama) (Kiriata Tāpiri 1). Hei whakahaere i te uaua o te mahi, i te nuinga o ngā wā, i rerekē te rerekētanga Michelson (Lmax-Lmin/Lmax+Lmin) mō tēnei tohu kakano mai i te huinga o (-80, -40, -20, -10, -5, 0, 5). , 10, 20, 40, 80). Ko te rerekētanga te whakamāramatanga ko te kanapa whanaunga o te raster (nō reira, ko te uara rerekētanga o te 80% ka hua ake he kakano o te 36, 6 rānei cd/m2). Mō ngā wāhanga e 6 i roto i te makimaki N me ngā wāhanga e 5 i roto i te makimaki S, i whakamahia e mātou ngā awhe rerekētanga kakano whaiti ake (-30, -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30), e whai ana ngā āhuatanga hinengaro-tinana i te tauira kotahi me te rerekētanga whānuitanga-katoa, engari kāore he mākū.
Ko ngā whakaoho whakahāngai he whatunga sinusoidal (rerekētanga 50%, 1 huringa/tohu, 5 nekehanga/hēkona) e neke ana i tētahi o ngā ahunga 16 e ōrite ana te mokowā, he whatunga sinusoidal rānei e neke ana i ēnei ahunga (e rua ngā whatunga sinusoidal e honoa ana ki runga i a rātou anō, he koki 135° te rerekē). i te ahunga kotahi o te tauira.