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Igiciro kiri hejuru cya bateri za redox zose zigenda zinyura mu mazi (VRFBs) kigabanya ikoreshwa ryazo rikwirakwira. Kunoza uburyo amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi birakenewe kugira ngo hongerwe ingufu n'ubushobozi bw'ingufu bya VRFB, bityo bigabanye ikiguzi cya kWh cya VRFB. Muri iki gikorwa, uduce duto twa tungsten oxide (HWO) twakozwe mu buryo bw'amazi, C76 na C76/HWO, twashyizwe ku byuma bya karuboni bikoreshwa mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi kandi twageragejwe nk'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi bya VO2+/VO2+. Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yo gupima imyuka yo mu murima (FESEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yo gutwara ibintu mu buryo bw'ikirere (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared Fourier transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) n'ibipimo by'inguni yo guhuza. Byagaragaye ko kongeramo C76 fullerenes kuri HWO bishobora kunoza uburyo electrode ikora binyuze mu kongera amashanyarazi no gutanga amatsinda y’imikorere ya oxidized ku buso bwayo, bityo bigatera imbere VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction. HWO/C76 composite (50 wt% C76) yagaragaye ko ari yo mahitamo meza kuri VO2+/VO2+ reaction hamwe na ΔEp ya 176 mV, mu gihe umwenda wa karuboni utavuwe (UCC) wari 365 mV. Byongeye kandi, HWO/C76 composite yagaragaje ingaruka zikomeye ku ihindagurika rya chlorine bitewe n’itsinda ry’imikorere rya W-OH.
Ibikorwa bikomeye by’abantu n’impinduramatwara yihuse mu nganda byatumye amashanyarazi akenerwa cyane, bikiyongeraho hafi 3% ku mwaka1. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, ikoreshwa rya peteroli nk'isoko y'ingufu ryatumye habaho ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bigira uruhare mu gushyuha kw'isi, kwanduza amazi n'ikirere, bibangamira urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kwinjira kw'ingufu z'umuyaga n'izuba biteganijwe ko bizagera kuri 75% by'amashanyarazi yose mu 20501. Ariko, iyo amashanyarazi aturuka ku masoko ashobora kongera gukoreshwa arenze 20% by'amashanyarazi yose akoreshwa, amashanyarazi ahinduka adakora neza.
Muri sisitemu zose zo kubika ingufu nka bateri ya vanadium redox flow battery2, bateri ya all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) yateye imbere vuba cyane kubera ibyiza byayo byinshi kandi ifatwa nk'igisubizo cyiza cyo kubika ingufu igihe kirekire (imyaka igera kuri 30).) Amahitamo ahujwe n'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa4. Ibi biterwa no gutandukanya ingufu n'ubucucike bw'ingufu, igisubizo cyihuse, igihe kirekire cyo gukora, n'igiciro gito cya buri mwaka cya $65/kWh ugereranije na $93-140/kWh kuri bateri za Li-ion na aside lead na $279-420 kuri kWh. bateri 4.
Ariko, ubucuruzi bwazo bunini buracyari mu mbogamizi kubera ikiguzi cyazo kinini cy’imari, ahanini bitewe n’uturemangingo 4,5. Bityo, kunoza imikorere ya za stack binyuze mu kongera kinetics y’ibice bibiri bya essence bishobora kugabanya ingano ya stack bityo bigabanyiriza ikiguzi. Kubwibyo, kwimura electron vuba ku buso bwa electrode ni ngombwa, biterwa n’igishushanyo, imiterere n’imiterere ya electrode kandi bisaba gutunganya neza6. Nubwo electrode za karuboni zihamye kandi zifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi, kinetics zazo zidatunganywa ziragabanuka bitewe no kutagira amatsinda y’imikorere ya ogisijeni n’amazi meza7,8. Kubwibyo, electrocatalysts zitandukanye zihuzwa na electrode zishingiye kuri karuboni, cyane cyane imiterere ya karuboni na okiside z’icyuma, kugira ngo zinoze kinetics za electrode zombi, bityo zikongera kinetics ya electrode ya VRFB.
Uretse akazi twakoze mbere kuri C76, twabanje gutangaza imikorere myiza ya electrocatalytic y'iyi fullerene kuri VO2+/VO2+, charge transfer, ugereranije n'imyenda ya karuboni yavuwe ubushyuhe n'itavuwe. Ubudahangarwa bugabanukaho 99.5% na 97%. Imikorere ya catalytic y'ibikoresho bya karuboni kuri reaction ya VO2+/VO2+ ugereranije na C76 igaragara muri Table S1. Ku rundi ruhande, oxyde nyinshi z'icyuma nka CeO225, ZrO226, MoO327, NiO28, SnO229, Cr2O330 na WO331, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 zakoreshejwe kubera ko zirushaho kumena amazi kandi zigatuma umwuka wa ogisijeni mwinshi. , 38. imikorere ya catalytic y'izi oxyde z'icyuma muri reaction ya VO2+/VO2+ igaragazwa muri Table S2. WO3 yakoreshejwe mu mirimo myinshi kubera igiciro cyayo gito, ihamye cyane mu byuma bicukura aside, ndetse n’imikorere yayo ikomeye ya catalytic31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38. Ariko, iterambere rya cathodic kinetics riterwa na WO3 ntabwo ari ingenzi cyane. Kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere ya WO3, ingaruka zo gukoresha tungsten oxide (W18O49) ku bikorwa bya cathodic zageragejwe38. Tungsten oxide (HWO) ifite amazi (HWO) ntiyigeze igeragezwa mu bikorwa bya VRFB, nubwo igaragaza imikorere myinshi mu bikorwa bya supercapacitor bitewe no gukwirakwira kwihuse kwa cation ugereranije na WOx39,40 idafite amazi. Bateri ya vanadium redox yo mu gisekuru cya gatatu ikoresha electrolyte ivanze ya aside igizwe na HCl na H2SO4 kugira ngo inoze imikorere ya bateri kandi inoze gushonga no kudahungabana kwa vanadium ions muri electrolyte. Ariko, uburyo bwo guhindagurika kwa chlorine mu miterere y’ibinyabuzima byabaye kimwe mu bibi by’ikinyejana cya gatatu, bityo gushakisha uburyo bwo gukumira uburyo bwo gusuzuma chlorine byabaye ikintu cy’ingenzi mu matsinda menshi y’ubushakashatsi.
Aha, ibizamini bya VO2+/VO2+ byakorewe kuri HWO/C76 composites zashyizwe kuri electrodes za karuboni kugira ngo haboneke uburinganire hagati y’amashanyarazi y’ibice bivanze n’uburyo redox kinetics y’ubuso bwa electrode mu gihe hagabanywa igisubizo cya parasite chlorine. (CER). Uduce duto twa tungsten oxide (HWO) twakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gushyuha. Igerageza ryakozwe muri electrolyte ivanze ya aside (H2SO4/HCl) kugira ngo bigane VRFB (G3) yo mu gisekuru cya gatatu kugira ngo hamenyekane akamaro no gusuzuma ingaruka za HWO ku gikorwa cya parasite chlorine.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, imyuka ya Vanadium (IV) sulfate hydrate (VOSO4, 99.9%, Alfa-Aeser), aside sulfurike (H2SO4), aside hydrochloric (HCl), dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma-Aldrich), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Sigma)-Aldrich), sodium Tungsten oxide dihydrate (Na2WO4, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) na hydrophilic carbon cloth ELAT (Fuel Cell Store) ni byo byakoreshejwe.
Oxyde ya tungsten (HWO) yakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushyushya amazi 43 aho garama 2 z'umunyu wa Na2WO4 zashongeshejwe muri mililitiro 12 za H2O kugira ngo habeho umuti udafite ibara, hanyuma mililitiro 12 za HCl 2 M zongewemo amazi kugira ngo habeho umuhondo werurutse. Uduce twashyizwe mu cyuma gitwikiriwe na Teflon gitwikiriwe na autoclave maze tubika mu itanura kuri 180°C. mu gihe cy'amasaha 3 kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo gushyushya amazi. Ibisigazwa byakusanyijwe binyuze mu kuyungurura, byozwa inshuro 3 na ethanol n'amazi, byumishwa mu itanura kuri 70°C mu gihe cy'amasaha agera kuri 3, hanyuma bigashyirwamo amavuta kugira ngo habeho ifu y'ubururu-imvi ya HWO.
Electrode za karuboni (CCT) zabonetse (zitaravurwa) zakoreshejwe uko zimeze cyangwa zishyushye mu itanura ry’umuyoboro kuri 450°C mu kirere hamwe n’igipimo cyo gushyushya cya 15 ºC/iminota mu gihe cy’amasaha 10 kugira ngo haboneke CC zavuwe (TCC). Nk’uko byasobanuwe mu ngingo ibanziriza iyi. UCC na TCC byaciwemo electrode zifite ubugari bwa cm 1.5 na cm 7. Ibikoresho byo gusunika bya C76, HWO, HWO-10% C76, HWO-30% C76 na HWO-50% C76 byateguwe hongerwamo 20 mg .% (~2.22 mg) ya PVDF binder kuri ~1 ml DMF hanyuma bishyirwa mu cyuma mu gihe cy’isaha imwe kugira ngo birusheho kuba byiza. 2 mg ya C76, HWO na HWO-C76 composites yashyizwe ku gice cya electrode gikora cya UCC kingana na cm2 1.5. Katalori zose zashyizwe kuri electrode za UCC kandi TCC yakoreshejwe mu kugereranya gusa, kuko akazi kacu ka mbere kagaragaje ko ubushyuhe budakenewe24. Gushyiramo impression byagezweho hakoreshejwe koza µl 100 z'umushongi (umushongi wa 2 mg) kugira ngo birusheho kuba byiza. Hanyuma electrode zose zarumishwaga mu ifuru kuri dogere selisiyusi 60. ijoro ryose. Electrode zipimwa imbere n'inyuma kugira ngo zirebe neza ko stock ipakiye neza. Kugira ngo habeho agace runaka k'ubuso (~1.5 cm2) kandi hirindwe ko electrode ya vanadium izamuka kuri electrode bitewe n'ingaruka za capillary, hashyizweho urwego ruto rwa parafini ku bikoresho bikora.
Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yo gupima imyuka yo mu murima (FESEM, Zeiss SEM Ultra 60, 5 kV) yakoreshejwe mu kureba imiterere y'ubuso bwa HWO. Spektrometeri ya X-ray ikwirakwiza ingufu ifite Feii8SEM (EDX, Zeiss Inc.) yakoreshejwe mu gushushanya ibintu bya HWO-50%C76 kuri electrodes za UCC. Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yo kohereza ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru (HR-TEM, JOEL JEM-2100) ikora ku muvuduko wihuta wa kV 200 yakoreshejwe mu gushushanya ibice bya HWO bifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru n'impeta zo gukwirakwiza. Porogaramu ya Crystallography Toolbox (CrysTBox) ikoresha imikorere ya ringGUI kugira ngo isesengure imiterere ya HWO ring diffraction no kugereranya ibisubizo n'imiterere ya XRD. Imiterere n'isesengura rya UCC na TCC byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe X-ray diffraction (XRD) ku gipimo cya scan cya 2.4°/min kuva kuri 5° kugeza kuri 70° hamwe na Cu Kα (λ = 1.54060 Å) hakoreshejwe Panalytical X-ray diffractometer (Model 3600). XRD yagaragaje imiterere ya kristalo n'icyiciro cya HWO. Porogaramu ya PANalytical X'Pert HighScore yakoreshejwe kugira ngo ihuze peaks za HWO n'amakarita ya tungsten oxide aboneka muri database45. Ibisubizo bya HWO byagereranyijwe n'ibyavuye muri TEM. Imiterere y'imiti n'imiterere y'ibipimo bya HWO byagenwe hakoreshejwe X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, ThermoScientific). Porogaramu ya CASA-XPS (v 2.3.15) yakoreshejwe mu gukuraho peak convolution no gusesengura amakuru. Kugira ngo hamenyekane amatsinda y’imikorere y’ubuso bwa HWO na HWO-50%C76, ibipimo byakozwe hakoreshejwe spectroscopy ya Fourier transform infrared (FTIR, Perkin Elmer spectrometer, hakoreshejwe KBr FTIR). Ibisubizo byagereranyijwe n’ibyavuye muri XPS. Ibipimo by’inguni yo mu gice cyo hagati (KRUSS DSA25) nabyo byakoreshejwe mu kugaragaza ubushobozi bwo kumena bwa electrodes.
Ku bipimo byose bya elegitoroniki, hakoreshejwe ikigo cya Biologic SP 300. Uburyo bwa cyclic voltammetry (CV) na electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) byakoreshejwe mu kwiga kinetics ya electrode ya reaction ya VO2+/VO2+ redox n'ingaruka za reagent diffusion (VOSO4 (VO2+)) ku gipimo cy'irangizwa. Ubwo buryo bwombi bwakoresheje akaremangingo ka electrode eshatu gafite electrolyte concentration ya 0.1 M VOSO4 (V4+) muri 1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl (uruvange rwa aside). Amakuru yose ya elegitoroniki yatanzwe arakosorwa. Electrode ya calomel yuzuye (SCE) na platinum (Pt) coil byakoreshejwe nk'igikoresho cyo kwifashisha no guhangana na electrode, uko bikurikirana. Kuri CV, igipimo cya scan (ν) cya 5, 20, na 50 mV/s cyashyizwe ku idirishya rya VO2+/VO2+ rishobora kuba (0–1) V ugereranyije na SCE, hanyuma gihindurwa kugira ngo SHE ikoreshwe mu buryo bwa sheti (VSCE = 0.242 V ugereranyije na HSE). Kugira ngo higwe uburyo electrode igumana, CV zisubirwamo zakozwe kuri ν 5 mV/s kuri UCC, TCC, UCC-C76, UCC-HWO, na UCC-HWO-50% C76. Ku bipimo bya EIS, ingano ya VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction yari 0.01-105 Hz, naho voltage perturbation kuri voltage ya open-circuit (OCV) yari 10 mV. Buri gerageza ryasubiwemo inshuro 2-3 kugira ngo harebwe ko ibisubizo bihuye. Ibipimo bitandukanye by'igipimo (k0) byabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Nicholson46,47.
Oxyde ya tungsten ifite amazi (HVO) yakozwe neza hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa hydrothermal. Ishusho ya SEM iri ku ishusho ya 1a igaragaza ko HWO yashyizwemo igizwe n'amatsinda y'uduce duto dufite ingano iri hagati ya 25-50 nm.
Imiterere ya X-ray diffraction ya HWO igaragaza imisozi miremire (001) na (002) kuri ~23.5° na ~47.5°, uko bikurikirana, ibi bikaba ari ibintu biranga WO2.63 idapima ubushyuhe (W32O84) (PDF 077–0810, a = 21.4 Å, b = 17.8 Å, c = 3.8 Å, α = β = γ = 90°), ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibara ryabyo ry'ubururu busobanutse neza (Ishusho ya 1b) 48.49. Izindi misongero iri hafi 20.5°, 27.1°, 28.1°, 30.8°, 35.7°, 36.7° na 52.7° zashyizwe kuri (140), (620), (350), (720), (740), (560°). ) ) na (970) imiterere y'urusobe rw'amazi igana kuri WO2.63, uko bikurikirana. Uburyo bumwe bwo gukora bwakoreshejwe na Songara et al. 43 kugira ngo babone umusaruro wera, byatewe no kuba hariho WO3 (H2O) 0.333. Ariko, muri ubu bushakashatsi, bitewe n'imiterere itandukanye, habonetse umusaruro w'ubururu-imvi, bigaragaza ko WO3 (H2O) 0.333 (PDF 087-1203, a = 7.3 Å, b = 12.5 Å, c = 7 .7 Å, α = β = γ = 90°) hamwe n'imiterere ya okiside ya tungsten yagabanutse. Isesengura rya semiquantitative hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya X'Pert HighScore ryagaragaje 26% WO3 (H2O) 0.333:74% W32O84. Kubera ko W32O84 igizwe na W6+ na W4+ (1.67: 1 W6+: W4+), ingano ya W6+ na W4+ igera kuri 72% W6+ na 28% W4+, uko bikurikirana. Amashusho ya SEM, spectra ya XPS y'isegonda 1 ku rwego rwa nucleus, amashusho ya TEM, spectra ya FTIR, na spectra ya Raman y'uduce twa C76 byagaragajwe mu nkuru yacu ibanza. Dukurikije Kawada et al., 50,51 diffraction ya X-ray ya C76 nyuma yo gukuraho toluene yagaragaje imiterere ya monoclinic ya FCC.
Amashusho ya SEM ari ku ishusho ya 2a na b agaragaza ko HWO na HWO-50%C76 byashyizwe neza kuri no hagati y’imigozi ya karuboni ya electrode ya UCC. Amakarita ya EDX y’ibintu bya tungsten, karuboni, na ogisijeni ku mashusho ya SEM ari ku ishusho ya 2c agaragara ku ishusho ya 2d-f agaragaza ko tungsten na karuboni bivanze neza (bigaragaza ko bisa) ku buso bwose bwa electrode kandi ko imvange idashyizwe hamwe bitewe n’imiterere y’uburyo bwo kuyishyiramo.
Amashusho ya SEM y'uduce twa HWO twabitswe (a) na HWO-C76 (b). Ikarita ya EDX kuri HWO-C76 yashyizwe kuri UCC ikoresheje agace kari ku ishusho (c) igaragaza uko tungsten (d), karuboni (e), na ogisijeni (f) ikwirakwizwa mu gipimo.
HR-TEM yakoreshejwe mu gushushanya ubwinshi bw'amashusho n'amakuru ya kristalo (Ishusho ya 3). HWO yerekana imiterere ya nanocube nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3a kandi bisobanutse neza ku Ishusho ya 3b. Mu gukuza nanocube kugira ngo habeho gukwirakwira kw'uduce twatoranijwe, umuntu ashobora kubona imiterere ya grating n'imirongo ya diffraction byujuje itegeko rya Bragg, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3c, byemeza imiterere ya crystalline y'ibikoresho. Mu gice cyo ku Ishusho ya 3c hagaragara intera d 3.3 Å ijyanye n'imirongo ya diffraction (022) na (620) iboneka mu byiciro bya WO3 (H2O) 0.333 na W32O84, uko bikurikirana43,44,49. Ibi bihuye n'isesengura rya XRD ryavuzwe haruguru (Ishusho ya 1b) kuko intera ya grating plane d yabonetse (Ishusho ya 3c) ihuye n'agasongero ka XRD gakomeye mu rugero rwa HWO. Impeta z'icyitegererezo nazo zigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3d, aho buri mpeta ihuye n'umurongo utandukanye. Imirongo ya WO3 (H2O) 0.333 na W32O84 ifite ibara ry'umweru n'ubururu, uko bikurikirana, kandi imitwe ya XRD ijyanye nayo igaragara ku Ishusho ya 1b. Impeta ya mbere igaragara ku gishushanyo cy'impeta ihuye n'umusozo wa mbere wagaragajwe mu ishusho ya x-ray y'umurongo wa (022) cyangwa (620). Kuva ku mpeta za (022) kugeza kuri (402), agaciro ka d-spacing ni 3.30, 3.17, 2.38, 1.93, na 1.69 Å, bihuye n'agaciro ka XRD ka 3.30, 3.17, 2, 45, 1.93. na 1.66 Å, bingana na 44, 45, uko bikurikirana.
(a) Ishusho ya HR-TEM ya HWO, (b) igaragaza ishusho yagutse. Amashusho y'imirongo iteranyije agaragara muri (c), ishusho y'imbere (c) igaragaza ishusho yagutse y'imirongo n'uburebure bwa d bwa 0.33 nm bujyanye n'imirongo ya (002) na (620). (d) Imiterere ya HWO yerekana imirongo ifitanye isano na WO3 (H2O) 0.333 (umweru) na W32O84 (ubururu).
Isesengura rya XPS ryakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane imiterere y’ubuso n’imiterere ya okiside ya tungsten (Ishusho S1 na 4). Uburyo bwagutse bwo gupima XPS bwa HWO yakozwe bugaragara ku Ishusho S1, bigaragaza ko tungsten ihari. Spectra ya XPS yo gupima narrow-scan y’urwego rw’ibanze rwa W 4f na O 1s igaragara ku Ishusho ya 4a na b, uko bikurikirana. Spectra ya W 4f igabanyijemo doublets ebyiri za spin-orbit zijyanye n’ingufu zo gufatana za W oxidation state. naho W 4f7/2 kuri 36.6 na 34.9 eV ni zo ziranga W4+ ya 40, uko bikurikirana. )0.333. Amakuru yashyizwemo agaragaza ko ijanisha rya atome rya W6+ na W4+ ari 85% na 15%, uko bikurikirana, hafi y’agaciro kagereranyijwe mu makuru ya XRD ukurikije itandukaniro riri hagati y’uburyo bubiri. Ubwo buryo bwombi butanga amakuru y’imibare afite ubuziranenge buke, cyane cyane XRD. Nanone, ubu buryo bubiri busesengura ibice bitandukanye by'ibikoresho kuko XRD ari uburyo bwo gukoresha ubunini mu gihe XPS ari uburyo bwo gukoresha ubuso bwegera gusa nanometero nke. Umuvuduko wa O 1s ugabanyijemo imisozi ibiri kuri 533 (22.2%) na 530.4 eV (77.8%). Iya mbere ihuye na OH, naho iya kabiri ihura na ogisijeni mu migozi muri WO. Kuba hariho amatsinda imikorere ya OH bihuye n'imiterere y'amazi ya HWO.
Isesengura rya FTIR ryakozwe kandi kuri izi ngero ebyiri kugira ngo harebwe niba hari amatsinda mato mato n’amazi ahuza imiterere ya HWO ifite amazi. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko icyitegererezo cya HWO-50% C76 n’ibisubizo bya HWO FT-IR bisa bitewe n’uko HWO ihari, ariko ubukana bw’imisokoro buratandukanye bitewe n’ingano itandukanye y’icyitegererezo cyakoreshejwe mu gutegura isesengura (Ishusho ya 5a). ) HWO-50% C76 igaragaza ko imisokoro yose, uretse insokoro ya okiside ya tungsten, ifitanye isano na fullerene 24. Incamake iri ku ishusho ya 5a igaragaza ko ingero zombi zigaragaza umugozi munini ukomeye cyane kuri ~ 710/cm uterwa no guhindagurika kwa OWO mu miterere ya lattice ya HWO, hamwe n’urutugu rukomeye kuri ~ 840/cm ruterwa na WO. Ku guhindagurika kwa stretching, umugozi ukarishye kuri 1610/cm uterwa no guhindagurika kwa OH, mu gihe umugozi munini wo kwinjiza kuri 3400/cm uterwa no guhindagurika kwa OH mu matsinda ya hydroxyl43. Ibi bisubizo bihuye na XPS spectra iri ku ishusho ya 4b, aho amatsinda y’imikorere ya WO ashobora gutanga ahantu hakora ho gukora reaction ya VO2+/VO2+.
Isesengura rya FTIR rya HWO na HWO-50% C76 (a), ryagaragaje amatsinda y'imikorere n'ibipimo by'inguni yo guhuza (b, c).
Itsinda rya OH rishobora kandi gukurura VO2+/VO2+, mu gihe ryongera ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira kw'amazi muri electrode, bityo bigateza imbere umuvuduko wo gukwirakwira no kohereza electron. Nkuko byagaragajwe, icyitegererezo cya HWO-50% C76 kigaragaza uburebure bw'inyongera bwa C76. Imisozo iri kuri ~2905, 2375, 1705, 1607, na 1445 cm3 ishobora gushyirwa kuri CH, O=C=O, C=O, C=C, na CO2, uko bikurikirana. Birazwi neza ko amatsinda y'imikorere ya ogisijeni C=O na CO ashobora gukora nk'ahantu bikora ku buryo vanadium ikora. Kugira ngo hagenzurwe kandi hagereranywe ubushobozi bwo gutoserwa n'amazi bwa electrode ebyiri, hafashwe ibipimo by'inguni yo guhuza nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5b, c. Electrode ya HWO yahise ifata ibitonyanga by'amazi, bigaragaza ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira cyane bitewe n'amatsinda y'imikorere ya OH aboneka. HWO-50% C76 ikunda gukwirakwira cyane, ifite inguni yo guhuza ya 135° nyuma y'amasegonda 10. Ariko, mu bipimo bya elegitoroniki, electrode ya HWO-50%C76 yatose burundu mu gihe kitarenze umunota umwe. Ibipimo byo gupima ubushuhe bihuye n'ibyavuye muri XPS na FTIR, bigaragaza ko amatsinda menshi ya OH ku buso bwa HWO atuma irushaho kuba hydrophilic.
Uburyo bwo gukora VO2+/VO2+ bwa HWO na HWO-C76 nanocomposites bwageragejwe kandi byari byitezwe ko HWO izahagarika ubwiyongere bwa chlorine muri VO2+/VO2+ muri aside ivanze, kandi C76 yakongera gushishikariza uburyo bwo gukora VO2+/VO2+ redox bwifuzwa. %, 30%, na 50% C76 muri HWO suspensions na CCC byashyizwe kuri electrodes hamwe n'umutwaro wose wa 2 mg/cm2.
Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 6, kinetics y’ihinduka rya VO2+/VO2+ ku buso bwa electrode yagenzuwe na CV muri electrolyte ivanze ya aside. Imiyoboro y’amazi igaragazwa nka I/Ipa kugira ngo byoroshye kugereranya ΔEp na Ipa/Ipc ku bitera imbaraga bitandukanye ku gishushanyo. Amakuru y’ubuso bw’ahantu agaragara ku ishusho ya 2S. Ku ishusho ya 6a yerekana ko HWO yongera gato igipimo cyo guhererekanya electron cya VO2+/VO2+ redox ku buso bwa electrode kandi igahagarika ihinduka rya chlorine. Ariko, C76 yongera cyane igipimo cyo guhererekanya electron kandi igatera imbaraga ihinduka rya chlorine. Kubwibyo, imvange ya HWO na C76 yakozwe neza yitezweho kugira imikorere myiza n’ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukumira ihinduka rya chlorine. Byagaragaye ko nyuma yo kongera ingano ya C76, imikorere ya electrochemical ya electrodes yarushijeho kuba myiza, nk'uko bigaragazwa no kugabanuka kwa ΔEp no kwiyongera k'igipimo cya Ipa/Ipc (Imbonerahamwe ya S3). Ibi kandi byemejwe n'agaciro ka RCT kakuwe mu gishushanyo cya Nyquist mu ishusho ya 6d (Imbonerahamwe ya S3), byagaragaye ko bigabanuka uko C76 yiyongera. Ibi bisubizo kandi bihuye n'ubushakashatsi bwa Li, aho kongeramo karubone ihinduka muri WO3 ihinduka byagaragaje ko ikinyabutabire cyo kohereza ingufu cyazamutse kuri VO2+/VO2+35. Ibi bigaragaza ko reaction itaziguye ishobora gushingira cyane ku buryo electrode conductivity (C=C bond) 18, 24, 35, 36, 37. Ibi bishobora kandi guterwa n'impinduka mu mibanire hagati ya [VO(H2O)5]2+ na [VO2(H2O)4]+, C76 igabanya voltage ikabije y'irangizwa binyuze mu kugabanya ingufu z'imitsi. Ariko, ibi bishobora kudashoboka hamwe na electrodes za HWO.
(a) Imyitwarire ya voltammetric ya Cyclic (ν = 5 mV/s) y'uburyo VO2+/VO2+ ikorwamo UCC na HWO-C76 composites zifite HWO:C76 ratios zitandukanye muri 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte. (b) Randles-Sevchik na (c) Nicholson VO2+/VO2+ uburyo bwo gusuzuma imikorere y'ikwirakwizwa no kubona agaciro ka k0(d).
HWO-50% C76 ntabwo yagaragaje gusa imikorere imwe ya electrocatalytic nka C76 kuri reaction ya VO2+/VO2+, ahubwo, igishimishije kurushaho, yanabujije iterambere rya chlorine ugereranije na C76, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6a, kandi igaragaza Semicircle Ntoya ku ishusho ya 6d (RCT yo hasi). C76 yagaragaje Ipa/Ipc igaragara cyane kurusha HWO-50% C76 (Imbonerahamwe ya S3), atari ukubera ko reaction reversible yarushijeho kuba nziza, ahubwo ni ukubera ubwinshi bw'ingaruka za chlorine reduction na SHE kuri 1.2 V. Imikorere myiza ya HWO- 50% C76 iterwa n'ingaruka za synergistic hagati ya C76 ifite amashanyarazi menshi kandi idafite ingufu nyinshi hamwe n'ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukamura W-OH kuri HWO. Ibyuka bike bya chlorine bizongera ubushobozi bwo gusharija bw'ingirabuzima fatizo zose, mu gihe kinetics nziza zizongera ubushobozi bwa voltage yuzuye y'ingirabuzima fatizo.
Dukurikije ikigereranyo S1, ku gikorwa gishobora kugaruka burundu (guhindura electron buhoro) kigenzurwa no gukwirakwiza, umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi (IP) uterwa n'umubare wa electron (n), agace ka electrode (A), coefficient yo gukwirakwiza (D), umubare wa coefficient yo gukwirakwiza electron (α) n'umuvuduko wo gushakisha (ν). Kugira ngo higwe imyitwarire igenzurwa no gukwirakwiza y'ibikoresho byageragejwe, isano iri hagati ya IP na ν1/2 yashushanyijwe kandi igaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 6b. Kubera ko ibikoresho byose bigaragaza isano iri ku murongo, reaction igenzurwa no gukwirakwiza. Kubera ko reaction ya VO2+/VO2+ ishobora gusubizwa inyuma, uburebure bw'umurongo buterwa na coefficient yo gukwirakwiza n'agaciro ka α (equation S1). Kubera ko igipimo cyo gukwirakwira kw'amashanyarazi kidahinduka (≈ 4 × 10–6 cm2/s)52, itandukaniro riri mu ruhande rw'umurongo rigaragaza neza agaciro gatandukanye ka α, bityo n'igipimo cyo kohereza electron ku buso bwa electrode, kigaragazwa kuri C76 na HWO -50% C76 ahantu hatembera cyane (igipimo cyo kohereza electron kiri hejuru cyane).
Imiterere ya Warburg (W) yabazwe hakurikijwe imirongo mito igaragara muri Table S3 (Ishusho ya 6d) ifite agaciro kari hafi ya 1 ku bikoresho byose, bigaragaza ikwirakwizwa ryuzuye ry’ubwoko bwa redox kandi byemeza imyitwarire ya IP ugereranije na ν1/2. CV ipimwa. Kuri HWO-50% C76, imiterere ya Warburg iva kuri 1 ikagera kuri 1.32, bigaragaza ko ikwirakwizwa ry’ibice bito gusa bya reagent (VO2+), ahubwo ko n’uruhare rushoboka rw’imyitwarire y’urwego ruto mu ikwirakwizwa ry’ibice bitewe n’ubushyuhe bwa electrode.
Kugira ngo harusheho gusesengura uburyo bwo gusubira inyuma (igipimo cyo kohereza electron) cya VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction, uburyo bwa Nicholson quasi-reversible reaction bwakoreshejwe mu kugena igipimo gisanzwe cya k041.42. Ibi bikorwa hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo cya S2 kugira ngo hubakwe parameter ya kinetic idafite dimension Ψ, ari yo function ya ΔEp, nk'imikorere ya ν-1/2. Imbonerahamwe ya S4 igaragaza agaciro ka Ψ kabonetse kuri buri gikoresho cya electrode. Ibisubizo (Ishusho ya 6c) byashushanyijwe kugira ngo haboneke k0 × 104 cm/s uhereye ku ruhande rwa buri plot hakoreshejwe Equation S3 (yanditswe iruhande rwa buri murongo kandi igaragazwa muri Table S4). HWO-50% C76 byagaragaye ko ifite slope iri hejuru cyane (Ishusho ya 6c), bityo agaciro ntarengwa ka k0 ni 2.47 × 10–4 cm/s. Ibi bivuze ko iyi electrode igera ku buryo bwihuse bwo gukora kinetiki, bujyanye n'ibyavuye muri CV na EIS ku ishusho ya 6a na d no ku mbonerahamwe ya S3. Byongeye kandi, agaciro ka k0 kabonetse no ku gishushanyo cya Nyquist (Ishusho ya 6d) cya Equation S4 hakoreshejwe agaciro ka RCT (Imbonerahamwe ya S3). Ibi bisubizo bya k0 bya EIS bikubiye muri mbonerahamwe ya S4 kandi bigaragaza ko HWO-50% C76 igaragaza igipimo cyo kohereza electron kinini cyane bitewe n'ingaruka za synergistic. Nubwo agaciro ka k0 gatandukanye bitewe n'inkomoko zitandukanye za buri buryo, biracyagaragaza urwego rumwe rw'ubunini kandi bigaragaza ubwumvikane.
Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza uburyo ibintu byakozwe neza, ni ngombwa kugereranya ibikoresho bya electrode byiza cyane na electrode za UCC na TCC zitarapfukwa. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo ibintu byakozwe neza, HWO-C76 ntiyagaragaje gusa ΔEp iri hasi cyane no kuba yakongera guhinduka neza, ahubwo yanahagaritse cyane uburyo ibintu byakozwe neza bya chlorine ugereranije na TCC, nk'uko byapimwe n'umuyoboro wa 1.45 V ugereranije na SHE (Ishusho ya 7a). Ku bijyanye n'uburyo ibintu byahagaze neza, twatekereje ko HWO-50% C76 yari ihagaze neza kuko catalyst yavanze na PVDF binder hanyuma ishyirwa kuri electrode za karuboni. HWO-50% C76 yagaragaje impinduka nini ya 44 mV (igipimo cyo kwangirika ni 0.29 mV/cycle) nyuma y'amasaha 150 ugereranije na 50 mV kuri UCC (Ishusho ya 7b). Ibi bishobora kuba atari itandukaniro rinini, ariko uburyo ibintu byakozwe neza bya electrode za UCC biratinda cyane kandi birangirika iyo umuntu azunguruka, cyane cyane iyo azunguruka inyuma. Nubwo gusubizwa inyuma kwa TCC ari byiza cyane kurusha UCC, byagaragaye ko TCC ifite ihinduka rikomeye rya 73 mV nyuma y’amasaha 150, bishobora guterwa n’ingano nini ya chlorine yakozwe ku buso bwayo. Ku buryo catalyst ifata neza ubuso bwa electrode. Nkuko bigaragara kuri electrode zose zageragejwe, ndetse na electrode zidafite catalysts zishyigikiwe zagaragaje urwego rutandukanye rwo kudahindagurika kw’izunguruka, bigaragaza ko impinduka mu gutandukana kw’izunguruka mu gihe cyo gusiganwa kw’izunguruka biterwa no guhagarika gukora kw’ibintu biterwa n’impinduka za shimi aho kuba gutandukana kwa catalysts. Byongeye kandi, iyo ingano nini y’uduce twa catalysts twatandukanywaga n’ubuso bwa electrode, ibi byatera kwiyongera gukomeye mu gutandukana kw’izunguruka (si 44 mV gusa), kubera ko substrate (UCC) idakora cyane kuri VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction.
Kugereranya CV y'ibikoresho byiza bya electrode ugereranije na UCC (a) n'uburyo VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction ihagaze neza (b). ν = 5 mV/s kuri CV zose muri 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte.
Kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rya VRFB ryongere ubukungu, kwagura no gusobanukirwa uburyo ibintu bihinduka mu buryo bwa vanadium redox ari ngombwa kugira ngo habeho ingufu nyinshi. Hateguwe HWO-C76 igizwe n'ibice bya HWO-C76 kandi ingaruka zabyo ku buryo bwa electrocatalytic kuri VO2+/VO2+ reaction zakozweho ubushakashatsi. HWO yagaragaje ko ibintu byinshi bihinduka mu buryo bwa kinetic muri electrolytes zivanze ariko byagabanyije cyane imihindagurikire ya chlorine. Ibipimo bitandukanye bya HWO:C76 byakoreshejwe kugira ngo harusheho kunozwa uburyo ibintu bihinduka muri electrodes zishingiye kuri HWO. Kongera C76 kuri HWO binoza uburyo ibintu bihinduka muri electron reaction ya VO2+/VO2+ kuri electrode yahinduwe, aho HWO-50% C76 ari yo ikoreshwa neza kuko igabanya ubushobozi bwo kohereza charge kandi ikagabanya chlorine ugereranije na C76 na TCC deposit. Ibi biterwa n'ingaruka zihuza hagati y'amatsinda ya C=C sp2 hybridization, OH na W-OH. Igipimo cyo kwangirika nyuma yo gusubiramo HWO-50% C76 byagaragaye ko ari 0.29 mV/cycle, mu gihe igipimo cyo kwangirika kwa UCC na TCC ari 0.33 mV/cycle na 0.49 mV/cycle, uko bikurikirana, bituma ihora ihamye cyane. muri electrolytes zivanze za aside. Ibisubizo byatanzwe byagaragaje neza ibikoresho bya electrode ifite imikorere myiza cyane kugira ngo VO2+/VO2+ ikoreshwe mu buryo bwihuse kandi buhamye. Ibi bizongera ingufu zisohoka, bityo byongera ingufu za VRFB, bityo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo kuyicuruza mu gihe kizaza.
Amakuru yakoreshejwe cyangwa yasesenguwe muri ubu bushakashatsi araboneka ku banditsi babishinzwe mu gihe babisabye mu buryo bwumvikana.
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