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ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā pila redox kahe-ma o ka vanadium āpau (VRFBs) e kaupalena ana i ko lākou hoʻohana ākea. Pono ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kinetics o nā hopena electrochemical e hoʻonui i ka mana kikoʻī a me ka pono o ka ikehu o ka VRFB, no laila e hōʻemi ana i ke kumukūʻai o kWh o ka VRFB. Ma kēia hana, ua waiho ʻia nā nanoparticles hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) i synthesized hydrothermally, C76 a me C76/HWO, ma nā electrodes lole kalapona a hoʻāʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he electrocatalysts no ka hopena redox VO2+/VO2+. ʻO ka microscopy electron scanning field emission (FESEM), ka spectroscopy X-ray dispersive ikehu (EDX), ka microscopy electron transmission kiʻekiʻe-resolution (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared Fourier transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) a me nā ana ʻana o ke kihi pili. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o C76 fullerenes iā HWO hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kinetics electrode ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka conductivity uila a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hui hana oxidized ma luna o kona ʻili, no laila e hoʻolaha ana i ka hopena redox VO2+/VO2+. ʻO ka hui HWO/C76 (50 wt% C76) i hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ia ke koho maikaʻi loa no ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ me ΔEp o 176 mV, ʻoiai ʻo ka lole kalapona i mālama ʻole ʻia (UCC) he 365 mV. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka hui HWO/C76 i kahi hopena inhibitory koʻikoʻi i ka hopena evolution chlorine parasitic ma muli o ka hui hana W-OH.
ʻO ka hana nui a ke kanaka a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻoihana ua alakaʻi i kahi koi nui no ka uila, kahi e piʻi nei ma kahi o 3% i kēlā me kēia makahiki1. No nā makahiki he ʻumi, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā wahie fossil ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu ua alakaʻi i nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e kōkua ana i ka hoʻomehana honua, ka haumia o ka wai a me ka ea, e hoʻoweliweli ana i nā kaiaolaola holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka komo ʻana o ka makani maʻemaʻe a me ka ikehu hou a me ka ikehu lā e manaʻo ʻia e hiki i ka 75% o ka uila holoʻokoʻa ma ka makahiki 20501. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e ʻoi aku ai ka mahele o ka uila mai nā kumu hou ma mua o 20% o ka huina o ka hana uila, lilo ka pūnaewele i mea paʻa ʻole.
Ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu āpau e like me ka pākahiko kahe vanadium redox hybrid2, ʻo ka pākahiko kahe vanadium redox āpau (VRFB) ka mea i hoʻomohala wikiwiki loa ma muli o kona mau pono he nui a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hopena maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ikehu lōʻihi (ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki). ) Nā koho i hui pū ʻia me ka ikehu hou4. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka mana a me ka nui o ka ikehu, ka pane wikiwiki, ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi, a me ke kumukūʻai makahiki haʻahaʻa o $65/kWh i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me $93-140/kWh no nā pākahiko Li-ion a me ke alakaʻi-acid a me 279-420 US kālā no kWh. pākahiko 4.
Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia kā lākou kālepa nui ʻana e kā lākou kumukūʻai kapikala ʻōnaehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o nā stacks cell4,5. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana stack ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka kinetics o nā hopena hapalua-element ʻelua e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ka stack a pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ke kumukūʻai. No laila, pono ka hoʻoili wikiwiki ʻana o ka electrod i ka ʻili electrode, kahi e hilinaʻi ʻia ai i ka hoʻolālā, ka haku mele ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka electrode a koi aku i ka optimization akahele6. ʻOiai ke kūpaʻa kemika a me ka electrochemical maikaʻi a me ka conductivity uila maikaʻi o nā electrodes carbon, ua lohi kā lākou kinetics i mālama ʻole ʻia ma muli o ka nele o nā hui hana oxygen a me ka hydrophilicity7,8. No laila, ua hui pū ʻia nā electrocatalysts like ʻole me nā electrodes carbon-based, ʻoiai nā nanostructures carbon a me nā oxides metala, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kinetics o nā electrodes ʻelua, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka kinetics o ka electrode VRFB.
Ma waho aʻe o kā mākou hana ma mua ma C76, ua hōʻike mua mākou i ka hana electrocatalytic maikaʻi loa o kēia fullerene no VO2+/VO2+, ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka uku, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka lole kalapona i mālama ʻia me ka wela a me ka mālama ʻole ʻia. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana e 99.5% a me 97%. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana catalytic o nā mea kalapona no ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me C76 ma ka Papa S1. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā oxides metala he nui e like me CeO225, ZrO226, MoO327, NiO28, SnO229, Cr2O330 a me WO331, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 ma muli o ko lākou hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka wettability a me ka hana oxygen nui. , 38. hui. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana catalytic o kēia mau oxides metala i ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ ma ka Papa S2. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo WO3 i kahi helu nui o nā hana ma muli o kona kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i nā media acidic, a me ka hana catalytic kiʻekiʻe31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nui ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kinetics cathodic ma muli o WO3. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka conductivity o WO3, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tungsten oxide i hoʻemi ʻia (W18O49) ma ka hana cathodic38. ʻAʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) i nā noi VRFB, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hana i nā noi supercapacitor ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka diffusion cation i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka anhydrous WOx39,40. Hoʻohana ka pākahiko kahe vanadium redox hanauna ʻekolu i kahi electrolyte acid i hui pū ʻia me HCl a me H2SO4 e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pākahiko a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka solubility a me ke kūpaʻa o nā ion vanadium i loko o ka electrolyte. Eia nō naʻe, ua lilo ka hopena hoʻomohala chlorine parasitic i hoʻokahi o nā hemahema o ka hanauna ʻekolu, no laila ua lilo ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ala e kāohi ai i ka hopena loiloi chlorine i mea nui o kekahi mau hui noiʻi.
Maanei, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻāʻo hopena VO2+/VO2+ ma nā composites HWO/C76 i waiho ʻia ma nā electrodes lole kalapona i mea e ʻike ai i kahi kaulike ma waena o ka conductivity uila o nā composites a me nā redox kinetics o ka ʻili electrode me ke kāohi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka parasitic chlorine. pane (CER). Ua synthesized ʻia nā nanoparticles tungsten oxide (HWO) e kahi ʻano hydrothermal maʻalahi. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma kahi electrolyte waikawa i hui ʻia (H2SO4/HCl) e hoʻohālike i ke kolu o ka hanauna VRFB (G3) no ka pono a e noiʻi i ka hopena o HWO ma ka hopena evolution parasitic chlorine.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Vanadium(IV) sulfate hydrate (VOSO4, 99.9%, Alfa-Aeser), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma-Aldrich), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Sigma)-Aldrich), sodium Tungsten oxide dihydrate (Na2WO4, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) a me ka lole kalapona hydrophilic ELAT (Fuel Cell Store) i loko o kēia haʻawina.
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka tungsten oxide hydrated (HWO) ma o ka hopena hydrothermal 43 kahi i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai 2 g o ka paʻakai Na2WO4 i loko o 12 ml o H2O e hāʻawi i kahi hopena kala ʻole, a laila ua hoʻohui ʻia he 12 ml o 2 M HCl i kulu ʻia e hāʻawi i kahi wai melemele palupalu. Ua kau ʻia ka slurry i loko o kahi autoclave kila kila i uhi ʻia me Teflon a mālama ʻia i loko o ka umu ma 180° C. no 3 mau hola no ka hopena hydrothermal. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke koena ma o ka kānana ʻana, holoi ʻia i 3 mau manawa me ka ethanol a me ka wai, hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i loko o ka umu ma 70°C no ~3 mau hola, a laila triturated e hāʻawi i kahi pauka HWO polū-hina.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā electrodes lole kalapona i loaʻa (ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia) (CCT) e like me ia a i ʻole i mālama ʻia i ka wela i loko o ka umu paipu ma 450°C i ka lewa me ka helu hoʻomehana o 15 ºC/min no 10 mau hola e loaʻa ai nā CC i mālama ʻia (TCC). e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma ka ʻatikala ma mua 24. Ua ʻoki ʻia ʻo UCC a me TCC i loko o nā electrodes ma kahi o 1.5 cm ka laulā a me 7 cm ka lōʻihi. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā suspensions o C76, HWO, HWO-10% C76, HWO-30% C76 a me HWO-50% C76 ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i 20 mg .% (~2.22 mg) o ka mea hoʻopaʻa PVDF i ~1 ml DMF a ua sonicated no 1 hola e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka like ʻana. Ua hoʻopili ʻia he 2 mg o C76, HWO a me HWO-C76 composites i kahi ʻāpana electrode hana UCC o kahi o 1.5 cm2. Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā mea hoʻouluulu āpau ma luna o nā electrodes UCC a ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TCC no nā kumu hoʻohālikelike wale nō, e like me kā mākou hana ma mua i hōʻike ai ʻaʻole pono ka mālama wela24. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka manaʻo ma ka palaki ʻana i 100 µl o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia (hoʻouka 2 mg) no ka hopena like. A laila ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā electrodes āpau i loko o ka umu ma 60° C. i ka pō. Ana ʻia nā electrodes i mua a i hope e hōʻoia i ka hoʻouka pololei ʻana o ka waihona. I mea e loaʻa ai kahi ʻāpana geometric (~1.5 cm2) a pale i ka piʻi ʻana o ka electrolyte vanadium i ka electrode ma muli o ka hopena capillary, ua kau ʻia kahi papa lahilahi o ka paraffin ma luna o ka mea hana.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka microscopy electron scanning emission emission (FESEM, Zeiss SEM Ultra 60, 5 kV) e nānā i ke ʻano o ka ʻili HWO. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi spectrometer X-ray dispersive ikehu i lako me Feii8SEM (EDX, Zeiss Inc.) e palapala i nā mea HWO-50%C76 ma nā electrodes UCC. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi microscope electron transmission hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (HR-TEM, JOEL JEM-2100) e hana ana ma kahi voltage wikiwiki o 200 kV e kiʻi i nā ʻāpana HWO hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe a me nā apo diffraction. Hoʻohana ka polokalamu Crystallography Toolbox (CrysTBox) i ka hana ringGUI e kālailai i ke ʻano diffraction apo HWO a hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena me ke ʻano XRD. Ua kālailai ʻia ke ʻano a me ke kiʻi ʻana o UCC a me TCC e ka X-ray diffraction (XRD) ma ka wikiwiki scan o 2.4°/min mai 5° a 70° me Cu Kα (λ = 1.54060 Å) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Panalytical X-ray diffractometer (Model 3600). Ua hōʻike ʻo XRD i ke ʻano kristal a me ka pae o HWO. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu PANalytical X'Pert HighScore e hoʻohālikelike i nā piko HWO i nā palapala ʻāina tungsten oxide i loaʻa ma ka waihona ʻikepili45. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena HWO me nā hopena TEM. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka haku mele kemika a me ke kūlana o nā laʻana HWO e ka X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, ThermoScientific). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu CASA-XPS (v 2.3.15) no ka deconvolution piko a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hui hana o ka ʻili o HWO a me HWO-50%C76, ua hana ʻia nā ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectroscopy infrared Fourier transform (FTIR, Perkin Elmer spectrometer, me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā KBr FTIR). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena me nā hopena XPS. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia nā ana kihi hoʻopili (KRUSS DSA25) e wehewehe i ka wettability o nā electrodes.
No nā ana electrochemical āpau, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi kahua hana Biologic SP 300. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Cyclic voltammetry (CV) a me ka electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) e aʻo i ke kinetics electrode o ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ redox a me ka hopena o ka reagent diffusion (VOSO4(VO2+)) ma ka wikiwiki o ka hopena. Ua hoʻohana nā ʻano ʻelua i kahi cell ʻekolu-electrode me kahi electrolyte concentration o 0.1 M VOSO4 (V4+) i loko o 1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl (hui ʻana o nā waikawa). Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili electrochemical āpau i hōʻike ʻia e IR. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi electrode calomel saturated (SCE) a me kahi platinum (Pt) coil ma ke ʻano he electrode kuhikuhi a me counter. No CV, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā helu scan (ν) o 5, 20, a me 50 mV/s i ka puka makani VO2+/VO2+ no (0–1) V vs. SCE, a laila hoʻoponopono ʻia no SHE e hoʻolālā (VSCE = 0.242 V vs. HSE). No ke aʻo ʻana i ka paʻa ʻana o ka hana electrode, ua hana ʻia nā CV cyclic i hana hou ʻia ma ν 5 mV/s no UCC, TCC, UCC-C76, UCC-HWO, a me UCC-HWO-50% C76. No nā ana ʻana o EIS, ʻo ka laulā alapine o ka hopena redox VO2+/VO2+ he 0.01-105 Hz, a ʻo ka hoʻololi voltage ma ka voltage open-circuit (OCV) he 10 mV. Ua hana hou ʻia kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua i 2-3 mau manawa e hōʻoia i ke kūlike o nā hopena. Ua loaʻa nā constants rate heterogeneous (k0) e ke ʻano Nicholson46,47.
Ua hoʻohui pono ʻia ka tungsten oxide hydrated (HVO) e ke ʻano hydrothermal. Hōʻike ke kiʻi SEM ma ke kiʻi 1a i ka HWO i waiho ʻia he mau hui o nā nanoparticles me nā nui ma ka laulā o 25-50 nm.
Hōʻike ke ʻano diffraction X-ray o HWO i nā piko (001) a me (002) ma ~23.5° a me ~47.5°, kēlā me kēia, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hiʻohiʻona o ka nonstoichiometric WO2.63 (W32O84) (PDF 077–0810, a = 21.4 Å, b = 17.8 Å, c = 3.8 Å, α = β = γ = 90°), e kūlike ana me ko lākou kala polū maopopo (Kiʻi 1b) 48.49. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā piko ʻē aʻe ma kahi o 20.5°, 27.1°, 28.1°, 30.8°, 35.7°, 36.7° a me 52.7° i (140), (620), (350), (720), (740), (560°). ) ) a me (970) nā mokulele diffraction orthogonal iā WO2.63, kēlā me kēia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hana synthetic like e Songara et al. 43 e loaʻa ai kahi huahana keʻokeʻo, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i ke alo o WO3(H2O)0.333. Eia nō naʻe, ma kēia hana, ma muli o nā kūlana like ʻole, ua loaʻa kahi huahana polū-hina, e hōʻike ana ʻo WO3(H2O)0.333 (PDF 087-1203, a = 7.3 Å, b = 12.5 Å, c = 7 .7 Å, α = β = γ = 90°) a me ke ʻano i hoʻemi ʻia o ka tungsten oxide. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi Semiquantitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu X'Pert HighScore i 26% WO3(H2O)0.333:74% W32O84. ʻOiai ʻo W32O84 ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo W6+ a me W4+ (1.67:1 W6+:W4+), ʻo ka nui o W6+ a me W4+ i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o 72% W6+ a me 28% W4+, kēlā me kēia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi SEM, nā spectra XPS 1-kekona ma ka pae nucleus, nā kiʻi TEM, nā spectra FTIR, a me nā spectra Raman o nā ʻāpana C76 i kā mākou ʻatikala ma mua. Wahi a Kawada et al.,50,51 ua hōʻike ʻia ka diffraction X-ray o C76 ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o ka toluene i ke ʻano monoclinic o FCC.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi SEM ma ke kiʻi 2a a me b ua waiho pono ʻia ʻo HWO a me HWO-50%C76 ma luna a ma waena o nā olonā kalapona o ka electrode UCC. Hōʻike ʻia nā palapala ʻāina element EDX o ka tungsten, kalapona, a me ka oxygen ma nā kiʻi SEM ma ke kiʻi 2c ma ke kiʻi 2d-f e hōʻike ana ua hui like ʻia ka tungsten a me ke kalapona (e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻolaha like) ma luna o ka ʻili electrode holoʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole i waiho like ʻia ka composite ma muli o ke ʻano o ke ʻano waiho ʻana.
Nā kiʻi SEM o nā ʻāpana HWO i waiho ʻia (a) a me nā ʻāpana HWO-C76 (b). Hōʻike ka palapala ʻāina EDX ma HWO-C76 i hoʻouka ʻia ma UCC me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana ma ke kiʻi (c) i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka tungsten (d), ke kalapona (e), a me ka oxygen (f) i loko o ka hāpana.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo HR-TEM no ke kiʻi hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻike crystallographic (Kiʻi 3). Hōʻike ʻo HWO i ke ʻano nanocube e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3a a ʻoi aku ka maopopo ma ke Kiʻi 3b. Ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nanocube no ka diffraction o nā wahi i koho ʻia, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i ke ʻano grating a me nā mokulele diffraction e hoʻokō ana i ke kānāwai Bragg, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3c, kahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka crystallinity o ka mea. Ma ka inset i ke Kiʻi 3c e hōʻike ana i ka mamao d 3.3 Å e pili ana i nā mokulele diffraction (022) a me (620) i loaʻa i nā pae WO3(H2O)0.333 a me W32O84, kēlā me kēia 43,44,49. He kūlike kēia me ka loiloi XRD i wehewehe ʻia ma luna (Kiʻi 1b) ʻoiai ʻo ka mamao o ka mokulele grating i ʻike ʻia d (Kiʻi 3c) e pili ana i ka piko XRD ikaika loa i ka laʻana HWO. Hōʻike pū ʻia nā apo laʻana ma ke kiʻi 3d, kahi e pili ai kēlā me kēia apo i kahi mokulele kaʻawale. He keʻokeʻo a he uliuli nā kala o nā mokulele WO3(H2O)0.333 a me W32O84, a ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi ko lākou mau piko XRD pili i ke Kiʻi 1b. ʻO ke apo mua i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻikuhi apo e pili ana i ka piko mua i hōʻailona ʻia ma ke ʻano x-ray o ka mokulele diffraction (022) a i ʻole (620). Mai nā apo (022) a i (402), ʻo nā waiwai d-spacing he 3.30, 3.17, 2.38, 1.93, a me 1.69 Å, e kūlike ana me nā waiwai XRD o 3.30, 3.17, 2, 45, 1.93. a me 1.66 Å, ʻo ia hoʻi he 44, 45, kēlā me kēia.
(a) Kiʻi HR-TEM o HWO, (b) hōʻike i kahi kiʻi i hoʻonui ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi o nā mokulele grating ma (c), hōʻike ka inset (c) i kahi kiʻi i hoʻonui ʻia o nā mokulele a me kahi pitch d o 0.33 nm e pili ana i nā mokulele (002) a me (620). (d) ʻAno apo HWO e hōʻike ana i nā mokulele e pili ana me WO3(H2O)0.333 (keʻokeʻo) a me W32O84 (polū).
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi XPS e hoʻoholo ai i ke kemika ʻili a me ke kūlana oxidation o ka tungsten (Nā Kiʻi S1 a me 4). Hōʻike ʻia ka laulā ākea o ka XPS scan spectrum o ka HWO i synthesized ʻia ma ke Kiʻi S1, e hōʻike ana i ke alo o ka tungsten. Hōʻike ʻia nā spectra XPS narrow-scan o nā pae kumu W 4f a me O 1s ma nā Kiʻi 4a a me b, kēlā me kēia. Māhele ʻia ka spectrum W 4f i ʻelua mau pālua spin-orbit e pili ana i nā ikehu hoʻopaʻa o ka mokuʻāina oxidation W. a ʻo W 4f7/2 ma 36.6 a me 34.9 eV he ʻano o ka mokuʻāina W4+ o 40, kēlā me kēia. )0.333. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i hoʻopili ʻia ʻo nā pakeneka atomika o W6+ a me W4+ he 85% a me 15%, kēlā me kēia, kokoke i nā waiwai i manaʻo ʻia mai ka ʻikepili XRD e noʻonoʻo ana i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano ʻelua. Hāʻawi nā ʻano ʻelua i ka ʻike quantitative me ka pololei haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo XRD. Eia kekahi, ke kālailai nei kēia mau ʻano ʻelua i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka mea no ka mea he ʻano hana nui ʻo XRD ʻoiai ʻo XPS kahi ʻano hana ʻili e hoʻokokoke wale ana i kekahi mau nanometer. Ua māhele ʻia ka spectrum O 1s i ʻelua mau piko ma 533 (22.2%) a me 530.4 eV (77.8%). Pili ka mua iā OH, a ʻo ka lua i nā pilina oxygen i loko o ka lattice ma WO. ʻO ke alo o nā hui hana OH e kūlike me nā waiwai hydration o HWO.
Ua hana ʻia kekahi loiloi FTIR ma luna o kēia mau laʻana ʻelua e nānā i ke alo o nā hui hana a me nā molekala wai hoʻohui i loko o ka ʻōnaehana HWO hydrated. Hōʻike nā hopena ua like ke ʻano o ka laʻana HWO-50% C76 a me nā hopena FT-IR HWO ma muli o ke alo o HWO, akā ʻokoʻa ka ikaika o nā piko ma muli o ka nui o ka laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka nānā ʻana (Kiʻi 5a). ) Hōʻike ʻo HWO-50% C76 e pili ana nā piko āpau, koe wale nō ka piko o ka tungsten oxide, i ka fullerene 24. Hōʻike kikoʻī ʻia ma ke kiʻi 5a e hōʻike ana nā laʻana ʻelua i kahi kaula ākea ikaika loa ma ~710/cm i hāʻawi ʻia i nā oscillations hoʻolōʻihi OWO i loko o ka ʻōnaehana lattice HWO, me kahi poʻohiwi ikaika ma ~840/cm i hāʻawi ʻia i ka WO. No nā haʻalulu hoʻolōʻihi, ʻo kahi kaula ʻoi ma kahi o 1610/cm i hāʻawi ʻia i nā haʻalulu kūlou o OH, ʻoiai ʻo kahi kaula absorption ākea ma kahi o 3400/cm i hāʻawi ʻia i nā haʻalulu hoʻolōʻihi o OH i nā hui hydroxyl43. Ua kūlike kēia mau hopena me nā spectra XPS ma nā Kiʻi 4b, kahi e hiki ai i nā hui hana WO ke hāʻawi i nā wahi hana no ka hopena VO2+/VO2+.
ʻO ka loiloi FTIR o HWO a me HWO-50% C76 (a), i hōʻike ʻia nā hui hana a me nā ana kihi pili (b, c).
Hiki i ka hui OH ke hoʻoulu i ka hopena VO2+/VO2+, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hydrophilicity o ka electrode, no laila e hoʻolaha ana i ka wikiwiki o ka diffusion a me ka hoʻoili electron. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, hōʻike ka laʻana HWO-50% C76 i kahi piko hou no C76. Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā piko ma ~2905, 2375, 1705, 1607, a me 1445 cm3 i nā haʻalulu CH, O=C=O, C=O, C=C, a me CO. Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia hiki i nā hui hana oxygen C=O a me CO ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kikowaena hana no nā hopena redox o vanadium. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka wettability o nā electrodes ʻelua, ua lawe ʻia nā ana kihi hoʻopili e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5b,c. Ua omo koke ka electrode HWO i nā kulu wai, e hōʻike ana i ka superhydrophilicity ma muli o nā hui hana OH i loaʻa. ʻOi aku ka hydrophobic o HWO-50% C76, me kahi kihi hoʻopili ma kahi o 135° ma hope o 10 kekona. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ana electrochemical, ua pulu loa ka electrode HWO-50%C76 i loko o hoʻokahi minuke. Kūlike nā ana wettability me nā hopena XPS a me FTIR, e hōʻike ana he nui nā hui OH ma ka ʻili HWO e ʻoi aku ka hydrophilic.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hopena VO2+/VO2+ o HWO a me HWO-C76 nanocomposites a ua manaʻo ʻia e kāohi ʻo HWO i ka ulu ʻana o ka chlorine i ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ i loko o ka waikawa i hui ʻia, a e hoʻoulu hou ʻo C76 i ka hopena redox VO2+/VO2+ i makemake ʻia. %, 30%, a me 50% C76 i loko o nā hoʻokuʻu HWO a me CCC i waiho ʻia ma nā electrodes me ka huina ukana o kahi 2 mg/cm2.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 6, ua nānā ʻia ke kinetics o ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ ma ka ʻili electrode e CV i loko o kahi electrolyte acidic i hui ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia nā au e like me I/Ipa no ka hoʻohālikelike maʻalahi o ΔEp a me Ipa/Ipc no nā mea hoʻouluulu like ʻole ma ka pakuhi. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili o ka ʻāpana wahi o kēia manawa ma ke Kiʻi 2S. Ma ke kiʻi 6a, hōʻike ʻo HWO i ka hoʻonui iki ʻana o ka HWO i ka wikiwiki hoʻoili electron o ka hopena redox VO2+/VO2+ ma ka ʻili electrode a kāohi i ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o ka chlorine parasitic. Eia naʻe, hoʻonui nui ʻo C76 i ka wikiwiki hoʻoili electron a hoʻoulu i ka hopena ulu ʻana o ka chlorine. No laila, manaʻo ʻia kahi hui kūpono o HWO a me C76 e loaʻa ka hana maikaʻi loa a me ka hiki ke kāohi i ka hopena ulu ʻana o ka chlorine. Ua ʻike ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o C76, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana electrochemical o nā electrodes, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ka emi ʻana o ΔEp a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka lakio Ipa/Ipc (Papa S3). Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia kēia e nā waiwai RCT i unuhi ʻia mai ka Nyquist plot ma ke Kiʻi 6d (Papa S3), kahi i ʻike ʻia e emi ana me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o C76. Kūlike pū kēia mau hopena me ke aʻo ʻana a Li, kahi i hōʻike ai ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kalapona mesoporous i ka mesoporous WO3 i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kinetics hoʻoili uku ma VO2+/VO2+35. Hōʻike kēia e hilinaʻi nui paha ka hopena pololei i ka conductivity electrode (C=C bond) 18, 24, 35, 36, 37. Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ka loli o ke geometry coordination ma waena o [VO(H2O)5]2+ a me [VO2(H2O)4]+, hoʻemi ʻo C76 i ka overvoltage reaction ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ikehu o nā ʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia kēia me nā electrodes HWO.
(a) Ke ʻano voltammetric cyclic (ν = 5 mV/s) o ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ o nā hui UCC a me HWO-C76 me nā lakio HWO:C76 like ʻole ma ka electrolyte 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl. (b) Randles-Sevchik a me (c) ke ʻano hana Nicholson VO2+/VO2+ e loiloi i ka pono o ka hoʻolaha ʻana a loaʻa nā waiwai k0(d).
ʻAʻole wale ʻo HWO-50% C76 e hōʻike ana i ka hana electrocatalytic like me C76 no ka hopena VO2+/VO2+, akā, ʻoi aku ka hoihoi, ua kāohi pū ia i ka ulu ʻana o ka chlorine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me C76, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6a, a hōʻike pū i ka Smaller Semicircle ma ke kiʻi 6d (RCT haʻahaʻa). Ua hōʻike ʻo C76 i kahi Ipa/Ipc ʻike ʻia kiʻekiʻe ma mua o HWO-50% C76 (Papa S3), ʻaʻole ma muli o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka hopena, akā ma muli o ka overlap kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena hōʻemi chlorine me SHE ma 1.2 V. ʻO ka hana maikaʻi loa o HWO- ʻO ka 50% C76 ua pili i ka hopena synergistic ma waena o ka C76 conductive kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia a me ka wettability kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana catalytic W-OH ma HWO. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka chlorine e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ke kelepona piha, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kinetics e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka volta o ke kelepona piha.
Wahi a ka hoʻohālikelike S1, no kahi hopena quasi-reversible (hoʻoili uila lohi) i kāohi ʻia e ka diffusion, hilinaʻi ke au kiʻekiʻe (IP) i ka helu o nā electrons (n), ka ʻāpana electrode (A), ka coefficient diffusion (D), ka helu o ka coefficient hoʻoili electrons (α) a me ka wikiwiki scanning (ν). I mea e aʻo ai i ke ʻano i kāohi ʻia e ka diffusion o nā mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka pilina ma waena o IP a me ν1/2 a hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6b. ʻOiai ʻo nā mea āpau e hōʻike ana i kahi pilina linear, ua kāohi ʻia ka hopena e ka diffusion. ʻOiai ʻo ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ he quasi-reversible, hilinaʻi ka pali o ka laina i ka coefficient diffusion a me ka waiwai o α (equation S1). ʻOiai he mau ka coefficient diffusion (≈ 4 × 10–6 cm2/s)52, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma ka pali o ka laina e hōʻike pololei ana i nā waiwai like ʻole o α, a no laila ka helu hoʻoili uila ma ka ʻili electrode, i hōʻike ʻia no C76 a me HWO -50% C76 Piʻi kiʻekiʻe loa (ka helu hoʻoili uila kiʻekiʻe loa).
ʻO nā pali Warburg (W) i helu ʻia no nā alapine haʻahaʻa i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa S3 (Kiʻi 6d) he mau waiwai kokoke i 1 no nā mea āpau, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻolaha kūpono o nā ʻano redox a e hōʻoia ana i ke ʻano linear o IP i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ν1/2. Ua ana ʻia ʻo CV. No HWO-50% C76, ʻokoʻa ka pali Warburg mai 1 a 1.32, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole wale i ka hoʻolaha semi-infinite o ka reagent (VO2+), akā he hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia o ke ʻano lahilahi i ke ʻano hoʻolaha ma muli o ka porosity electrode.
No ka hoʻopili hou ʻana i ka reversibility (electron transfer rate) o ka VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction, ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ke ʻano hana quasi-reversible Nicholson e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano maʻamau o ka helu k041.42. Hana ʻia kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike S2 ​​e kūkulu i ka dimensionless kinetic parameter Ψ, ʻo ia ka hana o ΔEp, ma ke ʻano he hana o ν-1/2. Hōʻike ka Papa S4 i nā waiwai Ψ i loaʻa no kēlā me kēia mea electrode. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā hopena (Kiʻi 6c) e loaʻa iā k0 × 104 cm/s mai ka pali o kēlā me kēia kiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Equation S3 (i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o kēlā me kēia lālani a hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa S4). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo HWO-50% C76 ka pali kiʻekiʻe loa (Kiʻi 6c), no laila ʻo ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa o k0 he 2.47 × 10–4 cm/s. ʻO ke ʻano kēia ua hoʻokō kēia electrode i ka kinetics wikiwiki loa, kahi e kūlike me nā hopena CV a me EIS ma ke Kiʻi 6a a me d a ma ka Papa S3. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa pū ka waiwai o k0 mai ka palapala Nyquist (Kiʻi 6d) o ka Equation S4 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai RCT (Papa S3). Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kēia mau hopena k0 mai EIS ma ka Papa S4 a hōʻike pū ʻia e hōʻike ana ʻo HWO-50% C76 i ka helu hoʻoili uila kiʻekiʻe loa ma muli o ka hopena synergistic. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa nā waiwai k0 ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole o kēlā me kēia ʻano hana, hōʻike mau lākou i ke ʻano like o ka nui a hōʻike i ke kūlike.
No ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i nā kinetics maikaʻi loa i loaʻa, he mea nui e hoʻohālikelike i nā mea electrode kūpono me nā electrodes UCC a me TCC i uhi ʻole ʻia. No ka hopena VO2+/VO2+, ʻaʻole wale ʻo HWO-C76 i hōʻike i ka ΔEp haʻahaʻa loa a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana maikaʻi, akā ua kāohi nui hoʻi i ka hopena hoʻomohala chlorine parasitic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me TCC, e like me ke ana ʻia e ke au ma 1.45 V e pili ana iā SHE (Kiʻi 7a). Ma ke ʻano o ke kūpaʻa, ua manaʻo mākou he paʻa kino ʻo HWO-50% C76 no ka mea ua hui pū ʻia ka mea hoʻoulu me kahi mea hoʻopaʻa PVDF a laila hoʻopili ʻia i nā electrodes lole kalapona. Ua hōʻike ʻo HWO-50% C76 i kahi neʻe kiʻekiʻe o 44 mV (ka helu degradation 0.29 mV/cycle) ma hope o 150 mau pōʻaiapuni i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 50 mV no UCC (Kiʻi 7b). ʻAʻole paha he ʻokoʻa nui kēia, akā lohi loa ka kinetics o nā electrodes UCC a hōʻino ʻia me ka cycling, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā hopena hoʻohuli. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o TCC ma mua o UCC, ua ʻike ʻia he neʻe nui ko TCC he 73 mV ma hope o 150 mau pōʻaiapuni, ma muli paha o ka nui o ka chlorine i hana ʻia ma luna o kona ʻili. i pili pono ai ka mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili electrode. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai nā electrodes āpau i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻoiai nā electrodes me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i kākoʻo ʻole ʻia ua hōʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka paʻa ʻole o ka cycling, e hōʻike ana ʻo ka loli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka piko i ka wā o ka cycling ma muli o ka deactivation o ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā loli kemika ma mua o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka mea hoʻonāukiuki. Eia kekahi, inā e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nui o nā ʻāpana catalyst mai ka ʻili electrode, e hopena kēia i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka piko (ʻaʻole wale nō 44 mV), ʻoiai ʻaʻole hana nui ka substrate (UCC) no ka hopena redox VO2+/VO2+.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka CV o ka mea electrode maikaʻi loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me UCC (a) a me ke kūpaʻa o ka hopena redox VO2+/VO2+ (b). ν = 5 mV/s no nā CV āpau ma 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte.
No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoihoi waiwai o ka ʻenehana VRFB, he mea nui ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kinetics o nā hopena vanadium redox e hoʻokō ai i ka pono ikehu kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā Composites HWO-C76 a ua aʻo ʻia ko lākou hopena electrocatalytic ma ka hopena VO2+/VO2+. Ua hōʻike ʻo HWO i ka hoʻonui kinetic liʻiliʻi i nā electrolytes acidic i hui ʻia akā ua kāohi nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka chlorine. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lakio like ʻole o HWO:C76 e hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i ka kinetics o nā electrodes e pili ana iā HWO. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana iā C76 i HWO e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kinetics hoʻoili electron o ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ ma ka electrode i hoʻololi ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo HWO-50% C76 ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka mea e hōʻemi ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka uku a kāohi hou i ka chlorine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me C76 a me ka waiho ʻana o TCC. . ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hopena synergistic ma waena o ka hybridization C=C sp2, OH a me nā hui hana W-OH. Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka hōʻino ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻopili hou ʻana o HWO-50% C76 he 0.29 mV/pōʻaiapuni, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ka hōʻino ʻana o UCC a me TCC he 0.33 mV/pōʻaiapuni a me 0.49 mV/pōʻaiapuni, kēlā me kēia, e hoʻolilo ana iā ia i mea paʻa loa. i loko o nā electrolytes waikawa i hui ʻia. Ua ʻike pono nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea electrode hana kiʻekiʻe no ka hopena VO2+/VO2+ me nā kinetics wikiwiki a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe. E hoʻonui kēia i ka voltage output, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka pono o ka ikehu o ka VRFB, no laila e hōʻemi ana i ke kumukūʻai o kona kūʻai ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Loaʻa nā ʻikepili i hoʻohana ʻia a/a i ʻole i kālailai ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa mai nā mea kākau like ʻole ma ke noi kūpono.
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ʻO Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM Ke ana ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hiki ke in situ a me ke kumu hoʻohālike i hōʻoia ʻia no ka pila kahe redox vanadium āpau. ʻO Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM Ke ana ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hiki ke in situ a me ke kumu hoʻohālike i hōʻoia ʻia no ka pila kahe redox vanadium āpau.ʻO Gandomi, Yu. A., Aaron, DS, Zavodzinski, TA a me Mench, MM Ke ana ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hiki ke in-situ a me ke kumu hoʻohālike i hōʻoia ʻia no ka hiki ke redox o ka pila kahe vanadium āpau. Gandomi, YA, Aarona, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM 全钒氧化还原液流电池的原位电位分布测量和验证模型。 Gandomi, YA, Aarona, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM. Ke ana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka 全vanadium oxidase redox液流液的原位 ka māhele hiki.ʻO Gandomi, Yu. A., Aaron, DS, Zavodzinski, TA lāua ʻo Mench, MM Ke ana ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hiki ke in-situ no nā pila redox kahe vanadium āpau.J. Kemika Uila. ʻAoʻao Kaiapili. 163(1), A5188-A5201. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0211601jes (2016).
ʻO Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka hoʻohālike ʻana o ka pila kahe vanadium redox me ke kahua kahe interdigitated no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻolālā electrode. ʻO Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka hoʻohālike ʻana o ka pila kahe vanadium redox me ke kahua kahe interdigitated no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻolālā electrode.ʻO Tsushima, S. lāua ʻo Suzuki, T. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka hoʻohālike ʻana o kahi pākaukau vanadium redox kahe-ma o me ke kahe counter-polarized no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻolālā electrode. Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. 具有叉指流场的钒氧化还原液流电池的建模和仿真，用于优化电极结是。 Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. 叉指流场的叉指流场的Vanadium Oxide Reduction Liquid Stream Battery的Modeling and Simulation for Optimizing Electrode Structure.ʻO Tsushima, S. lāua ʻo Suzuki, T. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka hoʻohālike ʻana o nā pila kahe vanadium redox me nā kahua kahe counter-pin no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho electrode.J. Electrochemistry. ʻAoʻao Socialist. 167(2), 020553. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6dd0 (2020).
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ʻO Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. Ka holomua ʻana ma nā mea electrode i nā pila kahe vanadium (VFB) me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mana. ʻO Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. Ka holomua ʻana ma nā mea electrode i nā pila kahe vanadium (VFB) me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mana.ʻO Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. a me Chen, J. Holomua i nā mea electrode i nā pila kahe vanadium (VFB) me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mana o ka mana. Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. 提高功率密度的钒液流电池(VFB) 电极材料的进展。 Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J.ʻO Liu, T., Li, S., Zhang, H. lāua ʻo Chen, J. Nā Holomua i nā Mea Electrode no nā Pākuhi Vanadium Redox Flow (VFB) me ka Hoʻonui ʻia o ka Mana Density.J. Kemika Ikehu. 27(5), 1292-1303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.07.003 (2018).
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Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Hopena o ka bismuth sulfate i uhi ʻia ma ka CNT acidified ma ka hana o ka pila kahe vanadium redox. Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Hopena o ka bismuth sulfate i uhi ʻia ma ka CNT acidified ma ka hana o ka pila kahe vanadium redox.Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chang, Y. a me Kwon, Y. Ka hopena o ka bismuth sulfate i waiho ʻia ma nā CNT oxidized ma nā ʻano o kahi pila vanadium redox kahe. Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. 涂在酸化CNT 上的硫酸铋对钒氧化还原液流电池性能的影响。 Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Hopena o ka bismuth sulfate ma ka CNT oxidation ma ka hana o ka pila vanadium oxidation reduction liquid flow battery.Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chang, Y. a me Kwon, Y. Ka hopena o ka bismuth sulfate i waiho ʻia ma nā CNT oxidized ma nā ʻano o nā pila vanadium redox kahe-ma o.J. Kemika Uila. ʻAoʻao Kaiapili. 166(12), A2602. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1181912jes (2019).
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ʻO Khan, P. et al. Hana nā nanosheets oxide graphene ma ke ʻano he mau mea electrochemically maikaʻi loa no nā hui redox VO2+/ a me V2+/V3+ i nā pila kahe vanadium redox. Carbon 49(2), 693–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.022 (2011).
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ʻO González, Z., Vizireanu, S., Dinescu, G., Blanco, C. & Santamaría, R. Nā ʻiliʻili lahilahi o nā paia nano kalapona e like me nā mea electrode nanostructured i loko o nā pila kahe vanadium redox. ʻO González, Z., Vizireanu, S., Dinescu, G., Blanco, C. & Santamaría, R. Nā ʻiliʻili lahilahi o nā paia nano kalapona e like me nā mea electrode nanostructured i loko o nā pila kahe vanadium redox.ʻO González Z., Vizirianu S., Dinescu G., Blanco C. lāua ʻo Santamaria R. Nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi o nā nanowalls kalapona e like me nā mea electrode nanostructured i loko o nā pila kahe vanadium redox.ʻO González Z., ʻo Vizirianu S., ʻo Dinescu G., ʻo Blanco S. lāua ʻo Santamaria R. Nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni nanowall kalapona e like me nā mea electrode nanostructured i loko o nā pila kahe vanadium redox. Nano Energy 1(6), 833–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.07.003 (2012).
ʻO Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. ʻO ka ʻaila kalapona i hoʻololi ʻia me ka graphene mesoporous ʻekolu-dimensional no nā pila kahe vanadium redox hana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. ʻO ka ʻaila kalapona i hoʻololi ʻia me ka graphene mesoporous ʻekolu-dimensional no nā pila kahe vanadium redox hana kiʻekiʻe.ʻO Opar DO, Nankya R., Lee J., a me Yung H. ʻO ke kalapona mesoporous i hoʻololi ʻia i ka graphene ʻekolu-dimensional no nā pila kahe vanadium redox kiʻekiʻe. Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. 用于高性能钒氧化还原液流电池的三维介孔石墨烯改性碳毯。 Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H.ʻO Opar DO, Nankya R., Lee J., a me Yung H. ʻO ke kalapona mesoporous i hoʻololi ʻia i ka graphene ʻekolu-dimensional no nā pila kahe vanadium redox kiʻekiʻe.Electrochem. Kānāwai 330, 135276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135276 (2020).