Zikomo pochezera Nature.com. Mtundu wa msakatuli womwe mukugwiritsa ntchito uli ndi chithandizo chochepa cha CSS. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mugwiritse ntchito msakatuli wosinthidwa (kapena kuletsa Compatibility Mode mu Internet Explorer). Pakadali pano, kuti tipitirize kukuthandizani, tidzapanga tsamba lino lopanda masitayelo ndi JavaScript.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa chomwe chikuwonetsa masilaidi atatu nthawi imodzi. Gwiritsani ntchito mabatani a Yapitayi ndi Yotsatira kuti mudutse masilaidi atatu nthawi imodzi, kapena gwiritsani ntchito mabatani otsetsereka kumapeto kuti mudutse masilaidi atatu nthawi imodzi.
Mtengo wokwera wa mabatire a all-vanadium flow-through redox (VRFBs) umachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo konsekonse. Kuwongolera kinetics ya ma electrochemical reactions ndikofunikira kuti kuwonjezere mphamvu yeniyeni ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa VRFB, motero kuchepetsa mtengo wa kWh wa VRFB. Mu ntchitoyi, ma nanoparticles a tungsten oxide (HWO) opangidwa ndi hydrothermally synthesized, C76 ndi C76/HWO, adayikidwa pa ma electrode a carbon cloth ndipo adayesedwa ngati ma electrocatalysts a VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared Fourier transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) ndi miyeso ya contact angle. Zapezeka kuti kuwonjezera ma C76 fullerenes ku HWO kungathandize kusintha ma electrode kinetics mwa kuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi ndikupereka magulu ogwira ntchito oxidized pamwamba pake, motero kulimbikitsa VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction. HWO/C76 composite (50 wt% C76) yakhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri cha VO2+/VO2+ reaction ndi ΔEp ya 176 mV, pomwe nsalu ya carbon yosakonzedwa (UCC) inali 365 mV. Kuphatikiza apo, HWO/C76 composite inawonetsa mphamvu yayikulu yoletsa kusintha kwa chlorine chifukwa cha gulu la W-OH functional.
Ntchito zambiri za anthu komanso kusintha kwa mafakitale mwachangu kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwakukulu kwa magetsi, komwe kukuwonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 3% pachaka. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ofunikira ngati gwero la mphamvu kwapangitsa kuti mpweya woipa utuluke womwe umathandizira kutentha kwa dziko, kuipitsa madzi ndi mpweya, zomwe zikuopseza chilengedwe chonse. Zotsatira zake, kulowa kwa mphamvu ya mphepo yoyera komanso yongowonjezedwanso ndi dzuwa kukuyembekezeka kufika pa 75% ya magetsi onse pofika chaka cha 20501. Komabe, pamene gawo la magetsi ochokera kuzinthu zongowonjezedwanso lipitirira 20% ya magetsi onse, gridi yamagetsi imakhala yosakhazikika.
Pakati pa machitidwe onse osungira mphamvu monga batire ya hybrid vanadium redox flow2, batire ya all-vanadium redox flow (VRFB) yakula mwachangu kwambiri chifukwa cha zabwino zake zambiri ndipo imaonedwa kuti ndi yankho labwino kwambiri pakusungira mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali (pafupifupi zaka 30). ) Zosankha zophatikizana ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa4. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kulekanitsidwa kwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, kuyankha mwachangu, moyo wautali wautumiki, komanso mtengo wotsika pachaka wa $65/kWh poyerekeza ndi $93-140/kWh ya mabatire a Li-ion ndi lead-acid ndi madola 279-420 aku US pa kWh. batire motsatana 4.
Komabe, malonda awo akuluakulu akulepheretsedwabe ndi ndalama zawo zapamwamba za dongosolo, makamaka chifukwa cha ma cell stacks4,5. Chifukwa chake, kukonza magwiridwe antchito a stack powonjezera kinetics ya ma half-element reactions awiriwa kungachepetse kukula kwa stack motero kuchepetsa mtengo. Chifukwa chake, kusamutsa ma electron mwachangu kupita pamwamba pa electrode ndikofunikira, zomwe zimatengera kapangidwe, kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka electrode ndipo zimafuna kukonza mosamala6. Ngakhale kuti pali kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi electrochemical komanso kuyendetsa bwino magetsi kwa ma carbon electrodes, kinetics yawo yosachiritsidwa imachepa chifukwa chosowa magulu ogwira ntchito a oxygen ndi hydrophilicity7,8. Chifukwa chake, ma electrocatalysts osiyanasiyana amaphatikizidwa ndi ma electrode okhala ndi carbon, makamaka ma carbon nanostructures ndi ma metal oxides, kuti akonze kinetics ya ma electrode onse awiri, potero kuwonjezera kinetics ya VRFB electrode.
Kuwonjezera pa ntchito yathu yakale pa C76, choyamba tinanena za ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya electrocatalytic ya fullerene iyi ya VO2+/VO2+, kusuntha kwa mphamvu, poyerekeza ndi nsalu ya kaboni yotenthedwa ndi kutentha komanso yosakonzedwa. Kukana kumachepetsedwa ndi 99.5% ndi 97%. Kugwira ntchito kwa catalytic kwa zinthu za kaboni pa VO2+/VO2+ reaction poyerekeza ndi C76 kwawonetsedwa mu Table S1. Kumbali ina, ma oxide ambiri achitsulo monga CeO225, ZrO226, MoO327, NiO28, SnO229, Cr2O330 ndi WO331, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 agwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo konyowa komanso kugwira ntchito kwa okosijeni wambiri. , 38. gulu. Ntchito ya catalytic ya ma oxide achitsulo awa mu VO2+/VO2+ reaction yawonetsedwa mu Table S2. WO3 yagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika, kukhazikika kwakukulu mu acidic media, komanso ntchito yayikulu yothandiza 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38. Komabe, kusintha kwa cathodic kinetics chifukwa cha WO3 n'kochepa. Kuti WO3 ipitirire bwino, zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito tungsten oxide yochepetsedwa (W18O49) pa ntchito ya cathodic zinayesedwa38. Hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) sinayesedwepo mu ntchito za VRFB, ngakhale ikuwonetsa ntchito yowonjezereka mu ntchito za supercapacitor chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa cation mwachangu poyerekeza ndi anhydrous WOx39,40. Batri ya vanadium redox ya m'badwo wachitatu imagwiritsa ntchito electrolyte yosakanikirana ya asidi yopangidwa ndi HCl ndi H2SO4 kuti ipitirire bwino magwiridwe antchito a batri ndikuwonjezera kusungunuka ndi kukhazikika kwa ma ioni a vanadium mu electrolyte. Komabe, kusintha kwa chlorine kuchokera ku parasitic kwakhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimachitika m'badwo wachitatu, kotero kufunafuna njira zoletsera kuwunika kwa chlorine kwakhala nkhani yaikulu m'magulu angapo ofufuza.
Apa, mayeso a VO2+/VO2+ reaction adachitika pa ma composites a HWO/C76 omwe adayikidwa pa ma electrodes a kaboni kuti apeze mgwirizano pakati pa kuyendetsa magetsi kwa ma composites ndi redox kinetics ya pamwamba pa electrode pamene akuletsa yankho la parasitic chlorine evolution. (CER). Ma nanoparticles a tungsten oxide (HWO) opangidwa ndi hydrated adapangidwa ndi njira yosavuta ya hydrothermal. Mayeso adachitika mu mixed acid electrolyte (H2SO4/HCl) kuti ayerekezere m'badwo wachitatu wa VRFB (G3) kuti agwire ntchito bwino komanso kufufuza momwe HWO imakhudzira pa parasitic chlorine evolution reaction.
Vanadium(IV) sulfate hydrate (VOSO4, 99.9%, Alfa-Aeser), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma-Aldrich), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Sigma)-Aldrich), sodium Tungsten oxide dihydrate (Na2WO4, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) ndi hydrophilic carbon cloth ELAT (Fuel Cell Store) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu.
Hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) inakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito hydrothermal reaction 43 momwe 2 g ya mchere wa Na2WO4 inasungunuka mu 12 ml ya H2O kuti ipereke yankho lopanda mtundu, kenako 12 ml ya 2 M HCl inawonjezedwa pang'onopang'ono kuti ipereke suspension yachikasu yopepuka. Dothilo linayikidwa mu autoclave yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri yokutidwa ndi Teflon ndikusungidwa mu uvuni pa 180°C. kwa maola atatu kuti ipereke hydrothermal reaction. Zotsalirazo zinasonkhanitsidwa mwa kusefa, kutsukidwa katatu ndi ethanol ndi madzi, kuumitsidwa mu uvuni pa 70°C kwa maola pafupifupi atatu, kenako kuphwanyidwa kuti kupereke ufa wa HWO wabuluu-imvi.
Ma electrode a nsalu ya kaboni (CCT) omwe adapezeka (osakonzedwa) adagwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe alili kapena kutenthedwa mu uvuni wa chubu pa 450°C mumlengalenga ndi kutentha kwa 15 ºC/min kwa maola 10 kuti apeze ma CC okonzedwa (TCC). Monga tafotokozera m'nkhani yapitayi. UCC ndi TCC zidadulidwa kukhala ma electrode pafupifupi 1.5 cm mulifupi ndi 7 cm kutalika. Zoyimitsidwa za C76, HWO, HWO-10% C76, HWO-30% C76 ndi HWO-50% C76 zidakonzedwa powonjezera 20 mg .% (~2.22 mg) ya PVDF binder ku ~1 ml DMF ndikuyiyika kwa ola limodzi kuti igwirizane. 2 mg ya ma composites a C76, HWO ndi HWO-C76 adagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana kudera la electrode yogwira ntchito ya UCC pafupifupi 1.5 cm2. Ma catalyst onse anaikidwa pa ma electrode a UCC ndipo TCC inagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza kokha, chifukwa ntchito yathu yapitayi inasonyeza kuti kutentha sikunali kofunikira24. Kukhazikika kwa chizindikiro kunatheka mwa kutsuka 100 µl ya suspension (load 2 mg) kuti ikhale yofanana. Kenako ma electrode onse anaumitsidwa mu uvuni pa 60° C. usiku wonse. Ma electrode amayesedwa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kuti atsimikizire kuti katunduyo wasungidwa molondola. Kuti akhale ndi malo enaake (~1.5 cm2) ndikuletsa kukwera kwa vanadium electrolyte kupita ku electrode chifukwa cha capillary effect, gawo lochepa la paraffin linayikidwa pa chinthu chogwira ntchito.
Microscopy ya ma elekitironi yowunikira mpweya wotuluka m'munda (FESEM, Zeiss SEM Ultra 60, 5 kV) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwona mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa HWO. Spektrometer ya X-ray yogawa mphamvu yokhala ndi Feii8SEM (EDX, Zeiss Inc.) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula zinthu za HWO-50%C76 pa ma electrode a UCC. Maikrosikopu ya ma elekitironi yotumizira yotsika kwambiri (HR-TEM, JOEL JEM-2100) yomwe imagwira ntchito pamagetsi othamanga a 200 kV idagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula tinthu ta HWO totsika kwambiri komanso mphete za diffraction. Pulogalamu ya Crystallography Toolbox (CrysTBox) imagwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya ringGUI kuti iwunikenso mawonekedwe a diffraction ya mphete ya HWO ndikuyerekeza zotsatira zake ndi mawonekedwe a XRD. Kapangidwe ndi graphitization ya UCC ndi TCC zinasanthulidwa ndi X-ray diffraction (XRD) pamlingo wa scan wa 2.4°/min kuchokera pa 5° mpaka 70° ndi Cu Kα (λ = 1.54060 Å) pogwiritsa ntchito Panalytical X-ray diffractometer (Model 3600). XRD inawonetsa kapangidwe ka kristalo ndi gawo la HWO. Pulogalamu ya PANalytical X'Pert HighScore idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti igwirizane ndi ma HWO peaks ndi mamapu a tungsten oxide omwe amapezeka mu database45. Zotsatira za HWO zinayerekezeredwa ndi zotsatira za TEM. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi momwe zitsanzo za HWO zilili zinatsimikiziridwa ndi X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, ThermoScientific). Pulogalamu ya CASA-XPS (v 2.3.15) idagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndi kusanthula deta. Kuti mudziwe magulu ogwira ntchito pamwamba pa HWO ndi HWO-50%C76, kuyeza kunapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer spectrometer, pogwiritsa ntchito KBr FTIR). Zotsatirazo zinayerekezeredwa ndi zotsatira za XPS. Kuyeza kwa ngodya yolumikizana (KRUSS DSA25) kunagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofotokoza kunyowa kwa ma electrode.
Pa kuyeza konse kwa electrochemical, workstation ya Biologic SP 300 idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) ndi electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira kinetics ya electrode ya VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction ndi zotsatira za reagent diffusion (VOSO4(VO2+)) pa reaction rate. Njira zonsezi zidagwiritsa ntchito selo la ma electrode atatu lomwe lili ndi electrolyte concentration ya 0.1 M VOSO4 (V4+) mu 1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl (kusakaniza kwa ma acid). Deta yonse ya electrochemical yomwe yaperekedwa imakonzedwa ndi IR. Electrode ya calomel yokhutitsidwa (SCE) ndi platinum (Pt) coil zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati reference ndi counter electrode, motsatana. Pa CV, ma scan rate (ν) a 5, 20, ndi 50 mV/s adagwiritsidwa ntchito pa VO2+/VO2+ potential window ya (0–1) V vs. SCE, kenako adasinthidwa kuti SHE ipange (VSCE = 0.242 V vs. HSE). Kuti aphunzire za kusunga kwa ntchito ya electrode, ma CV obwerezabwereza adachitika pa ν 5 mV/s ya UCC, TCC, UCC-C76, UCC-HWO, ndi UCC-HWO-50% C76. Pakuyeza kwa EIS, kuchuluka kwa ma frequency a VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction kunali 0.01-105 Hz, ndipo voltage perturbation pa open-circuit voltage (OCV) inali 10 mV. Kuyesera kulikonse kunabwerezedwanso nthawi 2-3 kuti zitsimikizire kusinthasintha kwa zotsatira. Ma heterogeneous rate constants (k0) adapezeka ndi njira ya Nicholson46,47.
Hydrated tungsten oxide (HVO) yapangidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya hydrothermal. Chithunzi cha SEM pachithunzi 1a chikuwonetsa kuti HWO yosungidwayo ili ndi magulu a tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi kukula kwa 25-50 nm.
Kapangidwe ka X-ray diffraction ka HWO kamasonyeza ma peak (001) ndi (002) pa ~23.5° ndi ~47.5°, motsatana, zomwe ndi zizindikiro za nonstoichiometric WO2.63 (W32O84) (PDF 077–0810, a = 21.4 Å, b = 17.8 Å, c = 3.8 Å, α = β = γ = 90°), zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mtundu wawo wabuluu wowonekera bwino (Chithunzi 1b) 48.49. Ma peak ena pa pafupifupi 20.5°, 27.1°, 28.1°, 30.8°, 35.7°, 36.7° ndi 52.7° adapatsidwa kwa (140), (620), (350), (720), (740), (560°). ) ) ndi (970) ma diffraction amayenderana ndi WO2.63, motsatana. Njira yofanana yopangira idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Songara et al. 43 kuti apeze chinthu choyera, chomwe chidachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa WO3(H2O)0.333. Komabe, mu ntchitoyi, chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, chinthu chabuluu-imvi chidapezeka, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti WO3(H2O)0.333 (PDF 087-1203, a = 7.3 Å, b = 12.5 Å, c = 7 .7 Å, α = β = γ = 90°) ndi mawonekedwe ochepetsedwa a tungsten oxide. Kusanthula kwa semiquantitative pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya X'Pert HighScore kunawonetsa 26% WO3(H2O)0.333:74% W32O84. Popeza W32O84 ili ndi W6+ ndi W4+ (1.67:1 W6+:W4+), kuchuluka kwa W6+ ndi W4+ kuli pafupifupi 72% W6+ ndi 28% W4+, motsatana. Zithunzi za SEM, ma spectra a XPS a masekondi 1 pamlingo wa nucleus, zithunzi za TEM, ma spectra a FTIR, ndi ma spectra a Raman a tinthu ta C76 zidaperekedwa m'nkhani yathu yapitayi. Malinga ndi Kawada et al., 50,51 X-ray diffraction ya C76 itachotsedwa toluene idawonetsa kapangidwe ka monoclinic ka FCC.
Zithunzi za SEM zomwe zili mu chithunzi 2a ndi b zikuwonetsa kuti HWO ndi HWO-50%C76 zinayikidwa bwino pa ulusi wa kaboni wa elekitirodi ya UCC. Mapu a EDX a tungsten, kaboni, ndi okosijeni pazithunzi za SEM zomwe zili mu chithunzi 2c akuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi 2d-f kusonyeza kuti tungsten ndi kaboni zimasakanikirana mofanana (kusonyeza kufalikira kofanana) pamwamba pa elekitirodi yonse ndipo chophatikizacho sichinaikidwe mofanana chifukwa cha mtundu wa njira yoyika.
Zithunzi za SEM za tinthu ta HWO tomwe taikidwa (a) ndi tinthu ta HWO-C76 (b). Mapu a EDX pa HWO-C76 yoyikidwa pa UCC pogwiritsa ntchito malo omwe ali pachithunzichi (c) akuwonetsa kufalikira kwa tungsten (d), kaboni (e), ndi mpweya (f) mu chitsanzocho.
HR-TEM idagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zithunzi zazikulu komanso chidziwitso cha kristalo (Chithunzi 3). HWO ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a nanocube monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3a komanso momveka bwino pa Chithunzi 3b. Mwa kukulitsa nanocube kuti iwonetse kufalikira kwa madera osankhidwa, munthu amatha kuwona kapangidwe ka grating ndi ma diffraction planes omwe amakwaniritsa lamulo la Bragg, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3c, zomwe zimatsimikizira kupangika kwa kristalo kwa zinthuzo. Mu chithunzi cha Chithunzi 3c chikuwonetsa mtunda d 3.3 Å wofanana ndi ma diffraction planes (022) ndi (620) omwe amapezeka mu magawo a WO3(H2O)0.333 ndi W32O84, motsatana43,44,49. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kusanthula kwa XRD komwe kwafotokozedwa pamwambapa (Chithunzi 1b) popeza mtunda wa grating plane d (Chithunzi 3c) ukugwirizana ndi nsonga yamphamvu kwambiri ya XRD mu chitsanzo cha HWO. Mphete zachitsanzo zikuwonetsedwanso pa chithunzi 3d, pomwe mphete iliyonse ikugwirizana ndi ndege yosiyana. Ma WO3(H2O)0.333 ndi W32O84 ali ndi utoto woyera ndi wabuluu, motsatana, ndipo nsonga zawo za XRD zofanana nazo zikuwonetsedwanso mu Chithunzi 1b. Mphete yoyamba yomwe yawonetsedwa mu chithunzi cha mphete ikugwirizana ndi nsonga yoyamba yolembedwa mu x-ray pattern ya (022) kapena (620) diffraction plane. Kuchokera ku mphete za (022) mpaka (402), ma d-spacing values ​​​​ndi 3.30, 3.17, 2.38, 1.93, ndi 1.69 Å, mogwirizana ndi ma XRD values ​​​​a 3.30, 3.17, 2, 45, 1.93. ndi 1.66 Å, omwe ndi ofanana ndi 44, 45, motsatana.
(a) Chithunzi cha HR-TEM cha HWO, (b) chikuwonetsa chithunzi chokulitsidwa. Zithunzi za mizere yolumikizira zikuwonetsedwa mu (c), chithunzi chamkati (c) chikuwonetsa chithunzi chokulitsidwa cha mizere ndi pitch d ya 0.33 nm yofanana ndi mizere ya (002) ndi (620). (d) Kapangidwe ka mphete ya HWO kosonyeza mizere yolumikizidwa ndi WO3(H2O)0.333 (yoyera) ndi W32O84 (buluu).
Kusanthula kwa XPS kunachitika kuti adziwe momwe zinthu zilili pamwamba pa thupi komanso momwe zinthu zilili mu tungsten (Zithunzi S1 ndi 4). Mtundu wosiyanasiyana wa XPS scan spectrum wa HWO wopangidwa ukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi S1, kusonyeza kupezeka kwa tungsten. Ma XPS narrow-scan spectra a W 4f ndi O 1s core levels akuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 4a ndi b, motsatana. W 4f spectrum imagawika m'magawo awiri a spin-orbit doublets ofanana ndi mphamvu zomangira za W oxidation state. ndipo W 4f7/2 pa 36.6 ndi 34.9 eV ndi chizindikiro cha W4+ state ya 40, motsatana. )0.333. Deta yolumikizidwa ikuwonetsa kuti maperesenti a atomiki a W6+ ndi W4+ ndi 85% ndi 15%, motsatana, omwe ali pafupi ndi ma values ​​​​omwe ayerekezeredwa kuchokera ku data ya XRD poganizira kusiyana pakati pa njira ziwirizi. Njira zonsezi zimapereka chidziwitso chochuluka molondola kwambiri, makamaka XRD. Komanso, njira ziwirizi zimasanthula magawo osiyanasiyana a chinthucho chifukwa XRD ndi njira yochuluka pomwe XPS ndi njira yokwera pamwamba yomwe imayandikira ma nanometer ochepa okha. Sipekitiramu ya O1s imagawidwa m'magawo awiri pa 533 (22.2%) ndi 530.4 eV (77.8%). Yoyamba ikugwirizana ndi OH, ndipo yachiwiri ikugwirizana ndi ma bond a okosijeni mu lattice mu WO. Kupezeka kwa magulu ogwira ntchito a OH kumagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya hydration ya HWO.
Kusanthula kwa FTIR kunachitikanso pa zitsanzo ziwirizi kuti aone ngati pali magulu ogwira ntchito komanso mamolekyu amadzi ogwirizana mu kapangidwe ka HWO kokhala ndi madzi. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti zitsanzo za HWO-50% C76 ndi zotsatira za FT-IR HWO zikuwoneka zofanana chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa HWO, koma mphamvu ya nsongazo imasiyana chifukwa cha kuchuluka kosiyana kwa zitsanzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera kusanthula (Chithunzi 5a). ) HWO-50% C76 ikuwonetsa kuti nsonga zonse, kupatula nsonga ya tungsten oxide, zimagwirizana ndi fullerene 24. Tsatanetsatane mu chithunzi 5a ukuwonetsa kuti zitsanzo zonse ziwiri zikuwonetsa gulu lalikulu kwambiri pa ~710/cm lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwa kutambasula kwa OWO mu kapangidwe ka lattice ka HWO, ndi phewa lolimba pa ~840/cm lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi WO. Pa kugwedezeka kotambasula, gulu lakuthwa pa pafupifupi 1610/cm limayambitsidwa ndi kugwedezeka kopindika kwa OH, pomwe gulu loyamwa lalikulu pa pafupifupi 3400/cm limayambitsidwa ndi kugwedezeka kotambasula kwa OH m'magulu a hydroxyl43. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi ma XPS spectra mu Zithunzi 4b, komwe magulu ogwira ntchito a WO angapereke malo ogwirira ntchito a VO2+/VO2+.
Kusanthula kwa FTIR kwa HWO ndi HWO-50% C76 (a), kunasonyeza magulu ogwira ntchito ndi miyeso ya ngodya yolumikizirana (b, c).
Gulu la OH lingathenso kuyambitsa reaction ya VO2+/VO2+, pomwe likuwonjezera hydrophilicity ya electrode, motero kulimbikitsa liwiro la kufalikira ndi kusamutsa ma electron. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera, chitsanzo cha HWO-50% C76 chikuwonetsa peak yowonjezera ya C76. Ma peaks pa ~2905, 2375, 1705, 1607, ndi 1445 cm3 akhoza kuperekedwa ku CH, O=C=O, C=O, C=C, ndi CO kutambasula kugwedezeka, motsatana. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti magulu ogwira ntchito ya okosijeni C=O ndi CO amatha kukhala malo ogwirira ntchito a redox reactions ya vanadium. Kuti ayesere ndikuyerekeza kunyowa kwa ma electrode awiriwa, kuyeza kwa ngodya yolumikizana kunatengedwa monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 5b,c. Electrode ya HWO nthawi yomweyo inatenga madontho amadzi, kusonyeza superhydrophilicity chifukwa cha magulu ogwira ntchito a OH omwe alipo. HWO-50% C76 ndi yoopsa kwambiri hydrophobic, yokhala ndi ngodya yolumikizana ya pafupifupi 135° pambuyo pa masekondi 10. Komabe, poyesa zamagetsi, ma electrode a HWO-50%C76 adanyowa kwathunthu pasanathe mphindi imodzi. Kuyesa kwa kunyowa kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira za XPS ndi FTIR, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti magulu ambiri a OH pamwamba pa HWO amapangitsa kuti ikhale yosangalatsa kwambiri.
Mayankho a VO2+/VO2+ a HWO ndi HWO-C76 nanocomposites adayesedwa ndipo zinkayembekezeredwa kuti HWO iletsa kusintha kwa chlorine mu VO2+/VO2+ reaction mu mixed acid, ndipo C76 idzapangitsanso VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction yomwe ikufunika. %, 30%, ndi 50% C76 mu HWO suspensions ndi CCC zomwe zimayikidwa pa ma electrodes okhala ndi katundu wokwanira wa pafupifupi 2 mg/cm2.
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzi 6, kinetics ya reaction ya VO2+/VO2+ pamwamba pa electrode idawunikidwa ndi CV mu electrolyte yosakanikirana ya acidic. Mafunde akuwonetsedwa ngati I/Ipa kuti kufananiza kosavuta kwa ΔEp ndi Ipa/Ipc kwa ma catalysts osiyanasiyana mwachindunji pa graph. Deta ya dera lomwe lilipo likuwonetsedwa pachithunzi 2S. Pachithunzi 6a ikuwonetsa kuti HWO imawonjezera pang'ono kuchuluka kwa ma electron transfer rate a VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction pamwamba pa electrode ndikuletsa reaction ya parasitic chlorine evolution. Komabe, C76 imawonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma electron transfer ndikuyambitsa reaction ya chlorine evolution. Chifukwa chake, composite yopangidwa bwino ya HWO ndi C76 ikuyembekezeka kukhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri komanso kuthekera kwakukulu koletsa reaction ya chlorine evolution. Zinapezeka kuti pambuyo powonjezera kuchuluka kwa C76, ntchito ya electrochemical ya ma electrode idakula, monga momwe zikuwonekera ndi kuchepa kwa ΔEp ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha Ipa/Ipc (Table S3). Izi zatsimikiziridwanso ndi ma RCT values ​​​​omwe adatengedwa kuchokera ku Nyquist plot mu Chithunzi 6d (Table S3), omwe adapezeka kuti akuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa C76. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizananso ndi kafukufuku wa Li, momwe kuwonjezera kwa mesoporous carbon ku mesoporous WO3 kunawonetsa kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka charge pa VO2+/VO2+35. Izi zikusonyeza kuti reaction yolunjika ingadalire kwambiri pa electrode conductivity (C=C bond) 18, 24, 35, 36, 37. Izi zitha kukhalanso chifukwa cha kusintha kwa coordination geometry pakati pa [VO(H2O)5]2+ ndi [VO2(H2O)4]+, C76 imachepetsa reaction overvoltage pochepetsa mphamvu ya minofu. Komabe, izi sizingatheke ndi ma HWO electrodes.
(a) Kachitidwe ka cyclic voltammetric (ν = 5 mV/s) ka VO2+/VO2+ reaction ya UCC ndi HWO-C76 composites yokhala ndi ma HWO:C76 ratios osiyanasiyana mu 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte. (b) Randles-Sevchik ndi (c) njira ya Nicholson VO2+/VO2+ yowunikira momwe kufalikira kumagwirira ntchito ndikupeza ma k0(d) values.
Sikuti HWO-50% C76 inali ndi mphamvu yofanana ya electrocatalytic monga C76 pa VO2+/VO2+ reaction, komanso, chosangalatsa kwambiri, inaletsanso kusintha kwa chlorine poyerekeza ndi C76, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 6a, komanso ikuwonetsa Smaller Semicircle mu chithunzi 6d (lower RCT). C76 inawonetsa Ipa/Ipc yowoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa HWO-50% C76 (Table S3), osati chifukwa cha kusintha kwa reaction, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chlorine reduction reaction ndi SHE pa 1.2 V. Kuchita bwino kwa HWO- 50% C76 kumayambitsidwa ndi mphamvu yogwirizana pakati pa C76 yoyendetsedwa bwino kwambiri komanso kunyowa kwambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito a W-OH catalytic pa HWO. Kuchepa kwa chlorine kungathandize kuti cell yonse iyambe kugwira ntchito bwino, pomwe kinetics yabwino idzathandiza kuti cell yonse igwire ntchito bwino.
Malinga ndi equation S1, pa reaction yosinthika pang'ono (kusuntha kwa ma elekitironi pang'onopang'ono) yolamulidwa ndi kufalikira, peak current (IP) imadalira kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi (n), malo a electrode (A), diffusion coefficient (D), chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi transfer coefficient (α) ndi liwiro la scanning (ν). Pofuna kuphunzira momwe zinthu zoyesedwa zimayenderana ndi kufalikira, ubale pakati pa IP ndi ν1/2 unajambulidwa ndipo unawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 6b. Popeza zinthu zonse zimasonyeza ubale wolunjika, reaction imayendetsedwa ndi kufalikira. Popeza VO2+/VO2+ reaction ndi quasi-reversible, slope ya mzere imadalira diffusion coefficient ndi mtengo wa α (equation S1). Popeza coefficient ya kufalikira ndi yosasintha (≈ 4 × 10–6 cm2/s)52, kusiyana kwa mzerewo kumasonyeza mwachindunji ma values ​​​​osiyana a α, motero kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi pa malo a elekitirodi, komwe kumawonetsedwa pa C76 ndi HWO -50% C76 Steepest slope (kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi).
Malo otsetsereka a Warburg (W) omwe adawerengedwa pamafupipafupi otsika omwe awonetsedwa mu Table S3 (Chithunzi 6d) ali ndi ma values ​​​​pafupi ndi 1 pazinthu zonse, kusonyeza kufalikira kwabwino kwa mitundu ya redox ndikutsimikizira khalidwe la IP poyerekeza ndi ν1/2. CV imayesedwa. Pa HWO-50% C76, malo otsetsereka a Warburg amapatuka kuchoka pa 1 mpaka 1.32, kusonyeza osati kufalikira kwa theka-losatha kwa reagent (VO2+), komanso kuthandizira kwa khalidwe lochepa pa khalidwe lofalikira chifukwa cha electrode porosity.
Kuti tipitirize kusanthula kusinthika (kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi) kwa VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction, njira ya Nicholson quasi-reversible reaction idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kudziwa standard rate constant k041.42. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito S2 equation kuti apange dimensionless kinetic parameter Ψ, yomwe ndi ntchito ya ΔEp, ngati ntchito ya ν-1/2. Table S4 ikuwonetsa ma Ψ values ​​​​omwe adapezeka pa chinthu chilichonse cha electrode. Zotsatira zake (Chithunzi 6c) zidajambulidwa kuti zipeze k0 × 104 cm/s kuchokera ku slope ya plot iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito Equation S3 (yolembedwa pafupi ndi mzere uliwonse ndipo yaperekedwa mu Table S4). HWO-50% C76 idapezeka kuti ili ndi slope yapamwamba kwambiri (Chithunzi 6c), motero mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa k0 ndi 2.47 × 10–4 cm/s. Izi zikutanthauza kuti electrode iyi imakwaniritsa kinetics yachangu kwambiri, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zotsatira za CV ndi EIS mu Chithunzi 6a ndi d komanso mu Table S3. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wa k0 unapezekanso kuchokera ku Nyquist plot (Chithunzi 6d) cha Equation S4 pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa RCT (Table S3). Zotsatira za k0 izi kuchokera ku EIS zafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Table S4 ndipo zikuwonetsanso kuti HWO-50% C76 ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma electron chifukwa cha synergistic effect. Ngakhale kuti ma values ​​a k0 amasiyana chifukwa cha magwero osiyanasiyana a njira iliyonse, amawonetsabe dongosolo lomwelo la kukula ndikuwonetsa kusinthasintha.
Kuti timvetse bwino momwe zinthu zilili bwino, ndikofunikira kuyerekeza zinthu zabwino kwambiri za electrode ndi ma electrode a UCC ndi TCC osaphimbidwa. Pa reaction ya VO2+/VO2+, HWO-C76 sinangowonetsa ΔEp yotsika kwambiri komanso kusinthika bwino, komanso inachepetsa kwambiri reaction ya parasitic chlorine evolution poyerekeza ndi TCC, monga momwe imayesedwera ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pa 1.45 V poyerekeza ndi SHE (Chithunzi 7a). Ponena za kukhazikika, tinaganiza kuti HWO-50% C76 inali yokhazikika chifukwa chothandizira chinasakanizidwa ndi cholumikizira cha PVDF kenako n’kuyikidwa pa ma electrode a nsalu ya carbon. HWO-50% C76 inawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa 44 mV (chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka 0.29 mV/cycle) pambuyo pa ma cycle 150 poyerekeza ndi 50 mV ya UCC (Chithunzi 7b). Izi sizingakhale kusiyana kwakukulu, koma kinetics ya ma electrode a UCC ndi yocheperako kwambiri ndipo imawonongeka ndi cycling, makamaka pa reverse reactions. Ngakhale kuti kusinthika kwa TCC kuli bwino kwambiri kuposa kwa UCC, TCC idapezeka kuti ili ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa peak shift ya 73 mV pambuyo pa ma cycle 150, zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chlorine komwe kumapangidwa pamwamba pake. kotero kuti catalyst imamatira bwino pamwamba pa electrode. Monga momwe tingawonere kuchokera ku ma electrode onse omwe adayesedwa, ngakhale ma electrode opanda ma catalyst othandizira adawonetsa kusakhazikika kosiyanasiyana kwa cycling, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa kulekanitsidwa kwa peak panthawi yozungulira kumachitika chifukwa cha kuzimitsa kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala m'malo mwa kulekanitsidwa kwa catalyst. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta catalyst kukalekanitsidwa ndi pamwamba pa electrode, izi zingapangitse kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kulekanitsidwa kwa peak (osati 44 mV yokha), popeza substrate (UCC) sigwira ntchito mokwanira pa VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction.
Kuyerekeza kwa CV ya zinthu zabwino kwambiri za electrode poyerekeza ndi UCC (a) ndi kukhazikika kwa VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction (b). ν = 5 mV/s pa ma CV onse mu 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte.
Kuti kukhale kokongola kwachuma kwa ukadaulo wa VRFB, kukulitsa ndi kumvetsetsa kinetics ya vanadium redox reactions ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mphamvu zambiri. Ma composite HWO-C76 adakonzedwa ndipo mphamvu yawo ya electrocatalytic pa VO2+/VO2+ reaction idaphunziridwa. HWO sinawonetse kukulitsa pang'ono kwa kinetic mu ma electrolyte osakanikirana a acidic koma idachepetsa kwambiri kusintha kwa chlorine. Ma ratio osiyanasiyana a HWO:C76 adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo kinetics ya ma electrode ozikidwa pa HWO. Kuonjezera C76 ku HWO kumawongolera kinetics ya electrode ya VO2+/VO2+ reaction pa electrode yosinthidwa, yomwe HWO-50% C76 ndiye chinthu chabwino kwambiri chifukwa imachepetsa kukana kwa charge transfer ndikuchepetsa chlorine poyerekeza ndi C76 ndi TCC deposit. . Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa magulu ogwira ntchito a C=C sp2 hybridization, OH ndi W-OH. Chiŵerengero cha kuwonongeka pambuyo pobwerezabwereza kwa HWO-50% C76 chinapezeka kuti chinali 0.29 mV/cycle, pomwe chiŵerengero cha kuwonongeka kwa UCC ndi TCC ndi 0.33 mV/cycle ndi 0.49 mV/cycle, motsatana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yokhazikika kwambiri. mu ma electrolyte osakaniza acid. Zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwazo zapeza bwino zida zamagetsi zogwira ntchito bwino za VO2+/VO2+ reaction ndi kinetics yachangu komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu. Izi zidzawonjezera mphamvu yotulutsa, motero kuwonjezera mphamvu ya VRFB, motero kuchepetsa mtengo wa malonda ake amtsogolo.
Ma data omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi/kapena omwe afufuzidwa mu kafukufukuyu akupezeka kwa olemba omwewo ngati atapemphedwa moyenera.
Luderer G. ndi ena. Kuyerekeza Mphamvu ya Mphepo ndi Dzuwa mu Zochitika Zamphamvu Zochepa za Mpweya Padziko Lonse: Chiyambi. Kusunga Mphamvu. 64, 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.027 (2017).
Lee, HJ, Park, S. & Kim, H. Kusanthula momwe mvula ya MnO2 imakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a batri ya vanadium/manganese redox. Lee, HJ, Park, S. & Kim, H. Kusanthula momwe mvula ya MnO2 imakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a batri ya vanadium/manganese redox.Lee, HJ, Park, S. ndi Kim, H. Kusanthula kwa momwe MnO2 imagwirira ntchito pa ntchito ya batri ya vanadium manganese redox flow. Lee, HJ, Park, S. & Kim, H. MnO2 沉淀对钒/锰氧化还原液流电池性能影响的分析. Lee, HJ, Park, S. & Kim, H. MnO2Lee, HJ, Park, S. ndi Kim, H. Kusanthula kwa momwe MnO2 imagwirira ntchito pa mabatire oyenda a vanadium manganese redox.J. Electrochemistry. Chipani cha Socialist. 165(5), A952-A956. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0881805jes (2018).
Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC Chitsanzo cha mayunitsi amagetsi cha batri ya all-vanadium flow. Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC Chitsanzo cha mayunitsi amagetsi cha batri ya all-vanadium flow.Shah AA, Tangirala R, Singh R, Wills RG. ndi Walsh FK Chitsanzo chosinthika cha selo loyambira la batri yoyendera madzi ya anadium yonse. Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC 全钒液流电池的动态单元电池模型. Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC.Shah AA, Tangirala R, Singh R, Wills RG. ndi Walsh FK Model dynamic cell ya batri ya all-vanadium redox flow.J. Electrochemistry. Chipani cha Socialist. 158(6), A671. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3561426 (2011).
Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM Muyeso wa kugawa komwe kulipo komanso chitsanzo chovomerezeka cha batri yoyendera ya all-vanadium redox. Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM Muyeso wa kugawa komwe kulipo komanso chitsanzo chovomerezeka cha batri yoyendera ya all-vanadium redox.Gandomi, Yu. A., Aaron, DS, Zavodzinski, TA ndi Mench, MM Muyeso wa kugawa kwa mphamvu ya malo okhala ndi chitsanzo chovomerezeka cha mphamvu ya redox ya batri yonse ya vanadium. Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM 全钒氧化还原液流电池的原位电位分布测量和验证模型. Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM. Muyezo ndi kutsimikizira mtundu wa 全vanadium oxidase redox液流液的原位 kuthekera kogawa.Gandomi, Yu. A., Aaron, DS, Zavodzinski, TA ndi Mench, MM Kuyeza kwa chitsanzo ndi kutsimikizira kufalikira kwa mphamvu ya mabatire a redox a all-vanadium flow.J. Electrochemistry. Chipani cha Socialist. 163(1), A5188-A5201. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0211601jes (2016).
Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. Kupanga chitsanzo ndi kuyerekezera batire ya vanadium redox flow yokhala ndi interdigitated flow field kuti ikwaniritse bwino kapangidwe ka ma electrode. Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. Kupanga chitsanzo ndi kuyerekezera batire ya vanadium redox flow yokhala ndi interdigitated flow field kuti ikwaniritse bwino kapangidwe ka ma electrode.Tsushima, S. ndi Suzuki, T. Kupanga chitsanzo ndi kuyerekezera batire ya vanadium redox yoyenda kudzera mu flow-through yokhala ndi counter-polarized flow kuti ikwaniritse bwino kapangidwe ka electrode. Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T.Tsushima, S. ndi Suzuki, T. Kupanga chitsanzo ndi kuyerekezera mabatire oyendera madzi a vanadium redox okhala ndi minda yoyendera madzi yotsutsana ndi pini kuti akwaniritse bwino kapangidwe ka ma electrode.J. Electrochemistry. Chipani cha Socialist. 167(2), 020553. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6dd0 (2020).
Sun, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Kusintha kwa zipangizo za graphite electrode kuti batire ya vanadium redox igwiritsidwe ntchito—I. Sun, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Kusintha kwa zipangizo za graphite electrode kuti batire ya vanadium redox igwiritsidwe ntchito—I.Sun, B. ndi Scyllas-Kazakos, M. Kusintha kwa zipangizo za graphite electrode za mabatire a vanadium redox - I. Sun, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. 石墨电极材料在钒氧化还原液流电池应用中的改性——I. Sun, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Kusintha kwa zipangizo za electrode za 石墨 mu batire yamadzimadzi yochepetsera oxidation ya vanadium——I.Sun, B. ndi Scyllas-Kazakos, M. Kusintha kwa zipangizo za graphite electrode kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mu mabatire a vanadium redox - I.mankhwala otentha Electrochem. Acta 37(7), 1253-1260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(92)85064-R (1992).
Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. Kupita patsogolo pa zipangizo zama electrode ku mabatire a vanadium flow (VFBs) okhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka. Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. Kupita patsogolo pa zipangizo zama electrode ku mabatire a vanadium flow (VFBs) okhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka.Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. ndi Chen, J. Kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo zama electrode ku mabatire a vanadium flow (VFB) okhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka. Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. 提高功率密度的钒液流电池(VFB) 电极材料的进展. Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J.Liu, T., Li, S., Zhang, H. ndi Chen, J. Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zipangizo za Ma Electrode a Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VFB) ndi Mphamvu Yowonjezereka.J. Chemistry ya Mphamvu. 27(5), 1292-1303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.07.003 (2018).
Liu, QH ndi ena. Selo yoyenda bwino ya vanadium redox yokhala ndi makonzedwe abwino a electrode ndi kusankha kwa membrane. J. Electrochemistry. Chipani cha Socialist. 159(8), A1246-A1252. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.051208jes (2012).
Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. Ma carbon nanotubes othandizira kaboni ama catalysts composite electrode yogwiritsira ntchito batire ya vanadium redox flow. Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. Ma carbon nanotubes othandizira kaboni ama catalysts composite electrode yogwiritsira ntchito batire ya vanadium redox flow.Wei, G., Jia, Q., Liu, J. ndi Yang, K. Ma catalyst a electrode opangidwa kuchokera ku ma nanotubes a kaboni okhala ndi substrate ya carbon felt yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu batri ya vanadium redox. Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. 用于钒氧化还原液流电池应用的碳毡负载碳纳米管催化剂复。 Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. Ma electrode opangidwa ndi kaboni okhala ndi felt-loaded carbon nanotube catalyst composite electrode yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa batire ya vanadium oxidation reduction liquid flow.Wei, G., Jia, Q., Liu, J. ndi Yang, K. Electrode yophatikizana ya chothandizira cha nanotube ya kaboni yokhala ndi gawo lofewa la kaboni kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabatire a vanadium redox.J. Power. 220, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.081 (2012).
Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Zotsatira za bismuth sulfate yokutidwa ndi acidified CNT pa magwiridwe antchito a vanadium redox flow battery. Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Zotsatira za bismuth sulfate yokutidwa ndi acidified CNT pa magwiridwe antchito a vanadium redox flow battery.Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chang, Y. ndi Kwon, Y. Mphamvu ya bismuth sulfate yomwe imayikidwa pa CNTs zosungunuka pa makhalidwe a batri ya vanadium redox yomwe imadutsa mumlengalenga. Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. 涂在酸化CNT 上的硫酸铋对钒氧化还原液流电池性能的影响. Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Zotsatira za bismuth sulfate pa CNT oxidation pa vanadium oxidation reduction liquid flow battery performance.Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chang, Y. ndi Kwon, Y. Mphamvu ya bismuth sulfate yomwe imayikidwa pa ma CNT osungunuka pa makhalidwe a mabatire a vanadium redox oyenda kudzera mu madzi.J. Electrochemistry. Chipani cha Socialist. 166(12), A2602. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1181912jes (2019).
Huang R.-H. Pt/Multilayer Carbon Nanotube Modified Active Electrodes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. J. Electrochemistry. Socialist Party. 159(10), A1579. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.003210jes (2012).
Kahn, S. ndi ena. Mabatire a Vanadium redox amagwiritsa ntchito ma electrocatalyst okongoletsedwa ndi ma nanotubes a carbon okhala ndi nayitrogeni ochokera ku ma scaffolds a organometallic. J. Electrochemistry. Socialist Party. 165(7), A1388. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0621807jes (2018).
Khan, P. ndi ena. Ma nanosheets a Graphene oxide amagwira ntchito ngati zipangizo zabwino kwambiri zamagetsi zogwiritsira ntchito ma VO2+/ ndi ma V2+/V3+ redox couples m'mabatire a vanadium redox flow. Carbon 49(2), 693–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.022 (2011).
Gonzalez Z. ndi ena. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa graphite yosinthidwa ya graphene pa ntchito za batri ya vanadium redox. J. Power. 338, 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.069 (2017).
González, Z., Vizireanu, S., Dinescu, G., Blanco, C. & Santamaría, R. Ma nanowalls a kaboni amaonda mafilimu ngati zipangizo za electrode zopangidwa ndi nanostructured mu mabatire a vanadium redox flow. González, Z., Vizireanu, S., Dinescu, G., Blanco, C. & Santamaría, R. Ma nanowalls a kaboni amaonda mafilimu ngati zipangizo za electrode zopangidwa ndi nanostructured mu mabatire a vanadium redox flow.González Z., Vizirianu S., Dinescu G., Blanco C. ndi Santamaria R. Mafilimu opyapyala a ma nanowall a kaboni ngati zinthu zopangidwa ndi ma electrode a nanostructured mu mabatire a vanadium redox flow.González Z., Vizirianu S., Dinescu G., Blanco S. ndi Santamaria R. Mafilimu a nanowall a kaboni ngati zipangizo zama electrode zopangidwa ndi nanostructured mu mabatire a vanadium redox flow. Nano Energy 1(6), 833–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.07.003 (2012).
Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. Kaboni wopangidwa ndi graphene wosinthidwa mbali zitatu wokhala ndi ma graphene okwana ma divi atatu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mabatire oyenda bwino a vanadium redox. Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. Kaboni wopangidwa ndi graphene wosinthidwa mbali zitatu wokhala ndi ma graphene okwana ma divi atatu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mabatire oyenda bwino a vanadium redox.Opar DO, Nankya R., Lee J., ndi Yung H. Chovala cha mesoporous carbon chosinthidwa ndi graphene chokhala ndi magawo atatu cha mabatire oyenda bwino a vanadium redox. Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. 用于高性能钒氧化还原液流电池的三维介孔石墨烯改性碳池。 Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H.Opar DO, Nankya R., Lee J., ndi Yung H. Chovala cha mesoporous carbon chosinthidwa ndi graphene chokhala ndi magawo atatu cha mabatire oyenda bwino a vanadium redox.Electrochem. Act 330, 135276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135276 (2020).