Besebenzisa amathuluzi esofthiwe ye-3D Spark, ithimba lihlaziye izici ezahlukahlukene ezithinta izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ezinye zazo ziqondene nezingxenye ezithile, kanti ezinye ziqondene nezinqubo ezithile. Isibonelo, qondisa izingxenye ukuze unciphise izisekelo futhi wandise izindawo ezakhiwe.
Ngokulingisa amandla ahambisanayo, la mathuluzi angasusa izinto ezingenawo umphumela omkhulu. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni isisindo ngo-35%. Izinto ezincane zisho nezikhathi zokuphrinta ezisheshayo, okunciphisa izindleko kakhulu.
Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, lokho abakwenzayo akufanele kube yinto entsha kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekunyatheliseni nge-3D. Kunengqondo ukuhlela ingxenye ngendlela efanele. Sibonile izinto ezilahliwe zisuswa ekunyatheliseni nge-3D nasekukhiqizeni kwendabuko. Into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukusebenzisa amathuluzi asiza ukwenza lokhu kube ngcono ngokuzenzakalela. Asazi ukuthi isofthiwe izobiza malini, futhi sicabanga ukuthi ayihloselwe imakethe yokunyathelisa nge-3D yabantu abathanda izinto zokuzilibazisa. Kodwa sizibuza ukuthi yini engenziwa, sisola ukuthi ngokugcoba amadolo kanye nokwenza amamodeli kusofthiwe etholakalayo, ungathola imiphumela efanayo.
Ngokwethiyori, noma yiliphi ithuluzi elingenza ukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezilinganiselwe kufanele likwazi ukunquma ukuthi yini okufanele isuswe. Siphawulile ukuthi abenzi bezimoto basebenzisa ukuphrinta kwe-3D.
"Ngokulingisa amandla angaphansi, la mathuluzi angasusa izinto ezingenawo umthelela omkhulu. Angisiye unjiniyela, kodwa ngifunde lokhu futhi ngacabanga nge-Finite Element Analysis. Ngabe sengikubona emshweni wokugcina. Ngikushilo .Yebo abenzi bezimoto sebevele bakwenza lokho. Ingabe siqhathanisa ukuthi kanjani? Ingabe lo modeli unikeza amandla ezimweni eziphuthumayo kanye nasekusetshenzisweni okuvamile?
Yonke imiphetho, isigodi kanye ne-fillet kudinga isikhathi somshini kanye nokuguga kwamathuluzi. Kungadingeka ezinye izinguquko zamathuluzi ezengeziwe, futhi uma kusetshenzwa endaweni ehlukile, izingxenye zingadinga ukwenziwa ngomshini futhi zinamathiselwe kabusha ukuze zilethwe endaweni engenza amaphakethe amaningi - uma zingaba nethuluzi elifanele nxazonke.
Ngicabanga ukuthi ungasebenzisa umshini onenkululeko eyengeziwe ukuze uphendule ingxenye iye ekhoneni elifanele kakhulu... Kodwa kubiza malini?
Ukuphrinta kwe-3D ngokuvamile akunazo imikhawulo enjalo, okwenza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe lula njengezilula.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inzuzo yomshini wokusika ojwayelekile ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zivame ukuba yi-isotropic, ziqine ngokulinganayo kunoma iyiphi indlela, futhi ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphansi zangaphakathi, akudingeki ukhathazeke ngokubopha okubi ngenxa yokonakala okubi. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi udlule emshinini wokugoqa (isinyathelo esingabizi) ukuze unikeze isakhiwo esihle sokusanhlamvu.
Zonke izindlela zokuphrinta ze-3D zinemikhawulo yesimo. Ngisho nezingxenye ze-SLM. Njengoba ungase ucabange, uhlobo lwe-SLM oluyi-isotropic alunandaba ngempela. Imishini nezinqubo ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke zinikeza imiphumela ehambisanayo kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, amanani ngokwawo angenye into eyisilo. Embonini yezindiza, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kunzima ukuncintisana ngempela.
Ngingathi imboni yezindiza ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa lapho izindleko zokuphrinta kwensimbi kwe-3D zingathethelelwa khona. Izindleko zokuqala zokukhiqiza zincane kakhulu kunezindleko zomkhiqizo wezindiza, futhi isisindo sibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi kulula ukuthola ukusetshenziswa kwaso. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko eziphezulu kakhulu zokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi yezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe, inqubo yokuphrinta enekhono kanye nokuhlolwa kobukhulu obubucayi kunganikeza ukonga kwezindleko kwangempela kanye nomoya omusha.
Isibonelo esisobala kakhulu yikho konke okuphrintwa ezinjinini zamarokhethi namuhla. Ungasusa amaphuzu amaningi ekhwalithi engagculisi emipayipini eyinkimbinkimbi ngenkathi unciphisa ukulahlekelwa yimigqa yokubuya kanye nesisindo. Ngicabanga ukuthi amanye ama-nozzle enjini aphrintiwe nge-3D (mhlawumbe i-superdraco?). Ngikhumbula kancane izindaba zohlobo oluthile lwe-bracket yensimbi ephrintiwe ezindizeni zezindiza zeBoeing.
Imikhiqizo efana nama-jammer amasha e-Navy kanye nezinye izinto ezintsha ezingaba nama-bracket amaningi aphrintiwe nge-3D. Inzuzo yezingxenye ezilungiselelwe i-topology ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwamandla kuhlanganiswe nenqubo yokuklama futhi ukuhlaziywa kokukhathala kuhlobene ngqo nayo.
Kodwa-ke, kuzothatha isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba izinto ezifana ne-DMLS zibonakale ngempela ezimotweni nasekukhiqizweni. Isisindo asibalulekile kangako.
Enye indlela esebenza kahle ngayo itholakala kuma-manifold e-hydraulic/pneumatic. Amandla okwenza iziteshi ezigobile kanye nemigodi yokugoqa okuncishisiwe awusizo kakhulu. Futhi, ngezinhloso zokuqinisekisa, kusadingeka wenze isivivinyo sokucindezeleka esingu-100%, ngakho awudingi isici esikhulu sokuphepha (ukucindezeleka kuphakeme kakhulu noma kunjalo).
Inkinga ukuthi izinkampani eziningi ziqhosha ngokuba nephrinta ye-SLM, kodwa bambalwa abaziyo ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Lawa maphrinta asetshenziselwa kuphela ukwenza ama-prototyping ngokushesha futhi awasebenzi isikhathi esiningi. Njengoba lokhu kusabhekwa njengendawo entsha, amaphrinta kulindeleke ukuthi anciphe njengobisi futhi kufanele alahlwe zingakapheli iminyaka emi-5. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yize izindleko zangempela zingase zibe ziphansi kakhulu, ukuthola intengo enhle yomsebenzi wokukhiqiza kunzima kakhulu.
Futhi, ikhwalithi yokuphrinta incike ekuqhutshweni kokushisa kwezinto, okusho ukuthi i-aluminium ivame ukudala ubulukhuni bomphezulu obungaholela ekusebenzeni kokukhathala okucasulayo (hhayi ukuthi i-manifold iyayidinga uma uyiklamela lokho). Futhi, ngenkathi i-TiAlV6 iphrinta kahle kakhulu futhi inezakhiwo zamandla ezingcono kunebanga lesisekelo lesi-5, i-aluminium itholakala kakhulu njenge-AlSi10Mg, okungeyona i-alloy enamandla kakhulu. I-T6, yize ifanelekela ukuthungwa kwezinto ezifanayo, ayifanele izingxenye ze-SLM. I-Scalmaloy inhle futhi kodwa kunzima ukuyivumela, bambalwa abayinikezayo, ungasebenzisa ne-Ti enezindonga ezincane.
Izinkampani eziningi zidinga nengalo nomlenze, amasampula angu-20, kanye nengane yakho yokuqala ukucubungula ingxenye ephrintiwe. Nakuba ngokusebenza kwayo kufana kakhulu nokufakwa kwemishini okwathatha izimbongolo namasenti ukwenza iminyaka, bacabanga ukuthi izingxenye eziphrintiwe ziwumlingo futhi amakhasimende acabanga ukuthi anezikhwama ezijulile. Futhi, izinkampani eziqinisekiswe yi-AS9100 ngokuvamile aziswele imisebenzi futhi ziyakujabulela ukwenza lokho ebezikwenza isikhathi eside futhi ziyazi ukuthi zingenza imali ngakho futhi zingakwenza ngaphandle kokusolwa ngokuphahlazeka kwendiza.
Ngakho yebo: imboni yezindiza ingazuza ezingxenyeni ze-SLM, futhi ezinye zazo ziyazuza, kodwa imikhuba ehlukile yemboni kanye nezinkampani ezihlinzeka ngale nsizakalo zibambeke ngawo-70s, okwenza izinto zibe nzima kancane. Okuwukuphela kwentuthuko yangempela yinjini, lapho ama-injector kaphethiloli aphrintiwe abe yinto evamile. Kithina mathupha, umzabalazo wokutholakala kwe-ASML uyimpi enzima.
Ipayipi lokukhipha umoya lokuphrinta kwe-3D ngensimbi engagqwali P-51D. https://www.3dmpmag.com/article/?/powder-bed-systems/laser/a-role-in-military-fleet-readiness
Ezinye izici ezihambisana nezindleko zomshini ukuphathwa kokulahlekelwa yi-coolant ngenxa yokuqhekeka kanye nokuhwamuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chip kumele acutshungulwe. Noma yikuphi ukwehla kwama-chip ekukhiqizweni kwesisindo kungabangela ukonga okukhulu.
Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukwakheka kwe-topology, futhi njengoba ungase uqagele, kungenye izinga lokuhlaziya ngaphezu kwe-FEA. Kuvele kwaqondakala eminyakeni embalwa edlule njengoba amathuluzi eba lula ukuwathola.
Noma nini lapho ubona igama elithi Fraunhofer, linelungelo lobunikazi futhi umphakathi wabenzi bazovinjelwa ukulisebenzisa isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Ngamanye amazwi: sisungule indlela entsha yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imoto yakho uyayishintsha ngokushesha nje lapho iwaranti yakho isiphelile.
Angiboni ukuhlobana phakathi kwezihibe zeminyango ezilula kanye nozungu olubi olukwenza ulahle yonke imoto yakho emgqonyeni kadoti?
Ukuhlaziywa kwempilo yokukhathala kuyinto eyodwa; uma wenza ngcono amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela, uzogcina unengxenye engeke isebenze.
Ngisho noma ngabe bayiklame ngamabomu yaba buthaka kangaka, ngeke ikhathale ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela kwewaranti, imane nje iyisihibe, kodwa intsha, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzodingeka ulahle yonke imoto ... kuzoba nemoto entsha ngesikhathi imoto isaphila, ngoba ngokuvamile isalungile, kodwa leyo ngxenye entsha eshibhile/elula isigugile - akukho okusha ngalokho ...
Empeleni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha njll., cishe isakhiwe kabusha kakhulu, njengeziningi zezinhlaka/imizimba/izihlalo zezimoto, ngenxa yokucindezeleka ezobhekana nakho ekusetshenzisweni okuvamile. . indawo yokuthengisa, ngaphandle uma kudingwa ngumthetho endaweni yakini.
“Kumane nje kuyi-hinge” kodwa futhi kuyisibonelo sokuklama ingxenye ethile yokuphila okuthile. Uma isetshenziswa kuyo yonke imoto yakho, imoto yakho izophenduka i-clunker ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Lesi sihlava siwumphumela wokuvikelwa kwabo njalo kwelungelo lobunikazi (MP3, ngiyabona!).
Umnotho wonke wase-US wakhelwe phezu "kwe-chip" enjalo. Ngokwezindinganiso ezithile uyasebenza :-/.
UFraunhofer wenza isayensi eningi. Akagcinanga nje ngokufaka isicelo, kodwa futhi nocwaningo oluyisisekelo. Konke kubiza imali. Uma ufuna ukukwenza ngaphandle kwamalungelo obunikazi namalayisense, udinga ukubanika uxhaso olwengeziwe lukahulumeni. Ngamalayisense namalayisense, abantu bakwamanye amazwe nabo bathwala ezinye zezindleko ngoba nabo bayazuza kubuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke lezi zifundo zibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukuncintisana kwemboni.
Ngokusho kwewebhusayithi yabo, ingxenye yentela yakho icishe ibe ngu-30% (Grundfinanzierung), okunye kuvela emithonjeni etholakala kwezinye izinkampani. Imali engenayo ye-patent cishe iyingxenye yaleyo 70%, ngakho-ke uma ungakunaki lokho, kuzoba nentuthuko encane noma intela eyengeziwe.
Ngesizathu esingaziwa, insimbi engagqwali ayivunyelwe futhi ayithandwa yizingxenye zomzimba, injini, i-transmission kanye ne-suspension. Insimbi engagqwali ingatholakala kuphela kumapayipi okukhipha amanzi abizayo, izoba yinto engcolile njenge-martensitic AISI 410, uma ufuna i-exhaust enhle nehlala isikhathi eside kuzodingeka usebenzise i-AISI 304/316 ngokwakho ukuze wenze into efana naleyo.
Ngakho-ke zonke izimbobo ezingxenyeni ezinjalo zizogcina zivaliwe ngomhlaba omanzi futhi izingxenye zizoqala ukugqwala ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yenzelwe isisindo esiphansi kakhulu, noma yikuphi ukugqwala kuzoyenza ibe buthaka kakhulu emsebenzini ngokushesha. Ubungaba nenhlanhla ukube leyo ngxenye ibiyi-hinge nje yomnyango, noma i-brace yangaphakathi noma i-lever engabalulekile. Uma unezingxenye zokumiswa, izingxenye zokudlulisela noma into efana naleyo, usenkingeni enkulu.
PS: Ukhona yini owaziyo ngemoto yensimbi engagqwali evezwe umswakama, ukususwa kweqhwa kanye nokungcola kuyo yonke indawo kanye nomsebenzi wayo omningi? Zonke izingalo zokumiswa, izindlu ze-radiator fan, njll. zingathengwa nganoma iyiphi intengo. Ngiyazi nge-DeLorean, kodwa ngeshwa inamaphaneli angaphandle ensimbi engagqwali kuphela hhayi isakhiwo somzimba wonke kanye neminye imininingwane ebalulekile.
Ngingakhokhela imali eningi ngemoto enomzimba/uhlaka/ukumiswa/uhlelo lokukhipha umoya lwensimbi engagqwali, kodwa lokho kusho ukungabi namanani. Izinto zokwakha azibizi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi kunzima ukuzibumba nokushisela. Ngingabaza ukuthi amabhlogo nezinhloko zenjini zensimbi engagqwali kunengqondo.
Kunzima kakhulu futhi. Ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla zokonga uphethiloli, akukho nzuzo ngensimbi engagqwali. Kuzothatha amashumi eminyaka ukukhokha izindleko zekhabhoni zemoto eyenziwe kakhulu ngensimbi engagqwali ukuze kutholakale izinzuzo zokuqina kwento.
Kungani ucabanga kanjalo? Insimbi engagqwali inobukhulu obufanayo kodwa inamandla kancane. (AISI 304 – 8000 kg/m^3 kanye ne-500 MPa, 945 – 7900-8100 kg/m^3 kanye ne-450 MPa). Ngobukhulu obufanayo beshidi, umzimba wensimbi engagqwali unesisindo esifanayo nomzimba wensimbi ojwayelekile. Futhi awudingi ukuwapenda, ngakho-ke akukho primer/upende/i-varnish eyengeziwe.
Yebo, ezinye izimoto zenziwe nge-aluminium noma ngisho ne-titanium, ngakho-ke zilula, kodwa ikakhulukazi zisesigabeni semakethe esisezingeni eliphezulu futhi abathengi abanankinga yokuthenga izimoto ezintsha minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminium nayo iyagqwala, kwezinye izimo ishesha kakhulu kunensimbi.
Insimbi engagqwali ayinzima neze ukuyibumba nokuyishibiliza. Ingenye yezinto ezilula kakhulu ukuyishibiliza, futhi ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuphezulu kunensimbi evamile, ingabunjwa ibe yizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Qaphela amabhodwe, amasinki, nezinye izitembu zensimbi engagqwali ezitholakala kabanzi. Isinki enkulu yensimbi engagqwali ye-AISI 304 ibiza kancane kakhulu futhi inomumo oyinkimbinkimbi kunanoma iyiphi i-fender yangaphambili egxivizwe kuleyo foil yensimbi empofu. Ungakha kalula izingxenye zomzimba usebenzisa insimbi engagqwali esezingeni eliphezulu ezikhumbeni ezivamile futhi izikhumbeni zizohlala isikhathi eside. ESoviet Union, abanye abantu abasebenza emafektri ezimoto ngezinye izikhathi benza izingxenye zomzimba zensimbi engagqwali emishinini yefektri ukuze bathathe indawo yezimoto zabo. Usengathola iVolga endala (GAZ-24) enephansi, isiqu noma amaphiko enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali. Kodwa lokhu kwaba yinto engenakwenzeka ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. Angazi ukuthi kungani futhi kanjani, futhi manje akekho ozovuma ukukwenzela imali. Angikaze ngizwe ngezingxenye zomzimba zensimbi engagqwali ezenziwa emafektri asentshonalanga noma emhlabeni wesithathu. Engakuthola nje kwakuyi-jeep yensimbi engagqwali, kodwa NGIYABONA, amaphaneli ensimbi engagqwali akhiqizwa ngesandla, hhayi efektri. Kukhona nendaba yabalandeli be-WV Golf Mk2 abazama uku-oda iqembu lama-fender ensimbi engagqwali kubakhiqizi be-aftermarket abanjengoKlokkerholm, abavame ukubenza ngensimbi engagqwali. Bonke laba bakhiqizi banqamula ngokushesha nangokudelela noma yikuphi ukukhuluma ngalesi sihloko, bengakhulumi ngisho nangentengo. Ngakho awukwazi ngisho noku-oda noma yini ngemali kule ndawo, ngisho nangobuningi.
Ngiyavuma, yingakho ngingakhulumanga ngenjini ohlwini. Ukugqwala akuyona neze inkinga enkulu yenjini.
Insimbi engagqwali ibiza kakhulu, yebo, kodwa ikesi lensimbi engagqwali akudingeki lipendwe nhlobo. Izindleko zengxenye yomzimba ependiwe ziphakeme kakhulu kunengxenye ngokwayo. Ngakho-ke, ikesi lensimbi engagqwali lingaba lishibhile kuneligqwalile. futhi lizohlala cishe kuze kube phakade. Mane nje ufake ama-bushings enjoloba agugile emotweni yakho futhi ngeke kudingeke uthenge imoto entsha. Uma kunengqondo, ungayifaka esikhundleni semoto ngento esebenza kahle kakhulu noma kagesi. Akukho ukuchitha, akukho ukuphazamiseka kwemvelo okungadingekile lapho wakha izimoto ezintsha noma usebenzisa ezindala. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, le ndlela enobungani nemvelo ayikho nhlobo ohlwini lwezazi zemvelo nabakhiqizi.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, izingcweti ePhilippines zakha izingxenye zomzimba ezintsha zensimbi engagqwali zeJeepneys. Ekuqaleni zazakhiwe ngama-jeep asele eMpini Yezwe II kanye neMpi yaseKorea, kodwa cishe ngo-1978 zonke zanqanyulwa ngoba zazikwazi ukwelula ingemuva ukuze zikwazi ukwamukela abagibeli abaningi. Ngakho kwadingeka bakhe ezintsha kusukela ekuqaleni futhi basebenzise insimbi engagqwali ukuvimbela umzimba ukuthi ungagqwali. Esiqhingini esizungezwe amanzi anosawoti, lokhu kuhle.
Ishidi lensimbi engagqwali alinazo izinto ezilingana nensimbi ye-HiTen. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuphepheni, khumbula ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-euroNCAP ezimotweni zaseShayina ezazingasebenzisi lolu hlobo lwensimbi ekhethekile. Ezingxenyeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, akukho okudlula insimbi ephonswe nge-GS: engabizi, enezakhiwo eziphezulu zokukhipha kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Isipikili sokugcina ebhokisini yintengo. Insimbi engagqwali ibiza kakhulu. Basebenzisa isibonelo semoto yezemidlalo ngesizathu esihle lapho izindleko zingabalulekile, kodwa nge-VW nhlobo.
Ngokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi yethu kanye nezinsizakalo zethu, uyavuma ngokusobala ukuthi amakhukhi ethu okusebenza, ukusebenza kanye nokukhangisa abekwe. Funda kabanzi