Lisebenzisa izixhobo zesoftware ye-3D Spark, iqela lihlalutye izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela iindleko zemveliso. Ezinye zazo zijoliswe kwiindawo ezithile, ngelixa ezinye zijoliswe kwiinkqubo ezithile. Umzekelo, jonga iindawo ukuze unciphise inkxaso kwaye wandise iindawo ezinokwakhiwa.
Ngokulinganisa amandla kwi-hinge, ezi zixhobo zinokususa izinto ezingenampembelelo ingako. Oku kubangela ukwehla kobunzima ngama-35%. Izinto ezincinci zikwathetha amaxesha okuprinta akhawulezileyo, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko ngakumbi.
Inyaniso kukuba, oko bakwenzayo akufanele kube yinto entsha kuye nabani na obandakanyeka kushicilelo lwe-3D. Kunengqondo ukuyicwangcisa le nxalenye ngendlela efanelekileyo. Sibone izinto ezilahliweyo zisuswa kushicilelo lwe-3D nakwimveliso yendabuko. Eyona nto inomdla kukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinceda ekuzenzekeleni olu phuculo. Asazi ukuba isoftware iya kubiza malini, kwaye sicinga ukuba ayijoliswanga kwimarike yokuprinta ye-3D yabantu abathanda izinto abazithandayo. Kodwa sizibuza ukuba yintoni enokwenziwa, sicinga ukuba ngokuthambisa amadolo kunye nokwenza imodeli kwisoftware ekhoyo, unokufumana iziphumo ezifanayo.
Ngokwethiyori, nasiphi na isixhobo esinokwenza uhlalutyo lwezinto ezilinganiselweyo kufuneka sikwazi ukumisela izinto eziza kususwa. Siqaphele ukuba abenzi beemoto basebenzisa ushicilelo lwe-3D.
"Ngokulinganisa amandla akwi-hinge, ezi zixhobo zinokususa izinto ezingenampembelelo ingako. Andingonjineli, kodwa ndifunde oku ndaza ndacinga nge-Finite Element Analysis. Emva koko ndakubona kwisivakalisi esingaphambi kokugqibela. Ndikhankanyile. Ewe abenzi beemoto sele besenza njalo. Ngaba siyathelekisa indlela? Ngaba le modeli inika amandla kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo?
Yonke imiphetho, intlambo kunye ne-fillet zifuna ixesha lomatshini kunye nokuguga kwezixhobo. Kunokufuneka utshintsho olongezelelweyo lwezixhobo, kwaye xa usebenza kumphezulu owahlukileyo, iindawo zinokufuna ukwenziwa ngomatshini kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe kwakhona ukuze zibekwe kwindawo enokwenza iipokotho ezininzi - ukuba zinokuba nesixhobo esifanelekileyo kuyo yonke indawo.
Ndicinga ukuba ungasebenzisa umatshini onenkululeko engaphezulu ukujika inxalenye iye kwikona elungileyo... Kodwa ngexabiso elingakanani?
Ukuprinta kwe-3D kudla ngokungabi namiqathango enjalo, nto leyo eyenza iindawo ezintsonkothileyo zibe lula njengezilula.
Kwelinye icala, inzuzo yomatshini wokucoca oqhelekileyo kukuba izinto ezisetyenziswayo zihlala zi-isotropic, zinamandla ngokulinganayo nakweyiphi na indlela, kwaye ngaphandle kwe-flats yangaphakathi, akufuneki ukhathazeke ngokubopha okubi ngenxa yokonakala okubi. Kunokwenzeka nokuba udlule kwi-rolling mill (inyathelo elingabizi kakhulu) ukuze ube nesakhiwo esihle sengqolowa.
Zonke iindlela zokuprinta ze-3D zinemida yokuma. Kwaneenxalenye ze-SLM. Njengoko unokucinga, indalo ye-SLM ye-isotropic ayibalulekanga kangako. Oomatshini kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa imihla ngemihla zinika iziphumo ezihambelanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, amaxabiso ngokwawo ayinto eyahlukileyo. Kwishishini leenqwelo-moya, ukuprinta nge-3D kunzima ukukhuphisana ngokwenene.
Ndingathi ishishini leenqwelo moya liphakathi kweendawo ezimbalwa apho iindleko zokuprinta ngesinyithi ze-3D zinokuthethelelwa khona. Iindleko zokuqala zokuvelisa zincinci kakhulu kunexabiso lemveliso yeenqwelo moya, kwaye ubunzima bubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba kulula ukufumana indlela yokuyisebenzisa. Xa kuthelekiswa neendleko eziphezulu kakhulu zokuqinisekisa umgangatho wezinto ezidityanisiweyo, inkqubo yokuprinta enobuchule kunye nokuhlolwa kobukhulu obubalulekileyo kunokubonelela ngokonga iindleko zokwenyani kunye nomoya omtsha.
Umzekelo ocacileyo yiyo yonke into eprintwa kwiinjini zerokhethi namhlanje. Ungasusa amanqaku amaninzi angonelisiyo kwimibhobho enzima ngelixa unciphisa ukulahleka kwemigca yokubuya kunye nobunzima. Ndicinga ukuba ezinye ii-nozzles zenjini ziprintwe nge-3D (mhlawumbi i-superdraco?). Ndikhumbula kancinci iindaba zohlobo oluthile lwebracket yesinyithi eprintiweyo kwiinqwelo moya zeBoeing.
Iimveliso ezifana nee-jammers ezintsha zeNavy kunye nezinye izinto ezintsha ezisandul’ ukuveliswa zinokuba neebrakethi ezininzi eziprintiweyo ze-3D. Inzuzo yeendawo ezilungiselelwe i-topology kukuba uhlalutyo lwamandla luhlanganiswe kwinkqubo yoyilo kwaye uhlalutyo lokudinwa luqhagamshelwe ngqo kuyo.
Nangona kunjalo, kuza kuthatha ixesha ngaphambi kokuba izinto ezifana ne-DMLS zifikeleleke ngokwenene kwiimoto nakwimveliso. Ubunzima abubalulekanga kangako.
Enye indlela esebenza ngayo isebenza kakuhle kwii-hydraulic/pneumatic manifolds. Amandla okwenza iitshaneli ezigobileyo kunye nemingxuma yokusonga okuncinci kuluncedo kakhulu. Kwakhona, ngeenjongo zokuqinisekisa, kusafuneka wenze uvavanyo loxinzelelo oluyi-100%, ukuze ungadingi nto ibalulekileyo yokhuseleko (uxinzelelo luphezulu kakhulu nangona kunjalo).
Ingxaki kukuba iinkampani ezininzi ziqhayisa ngokuba neprinta ye-SLM, kodwa bambalwa abaziyo indlela yokuyisebenzisa. Ezi printa zisetyenziselwa kuphela ukwenza iiprototypes ngokukhawuleza kwaye zihlala zingasebenzi ixesha elininzi. Njengoko oku kusathathwa njengendawo entsha, kulindeleke ukuba iiprinta zinciphe njengobisi kwaye kufuneka zilahlwe kwisithuba seminyaka emi-5. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona ixabiso lokwenyani linokuba liphantsi kakhulu, ukufumana ixabiso elifanelekileyo lomsebenzi wokuvelisa kunzima kakhulu.
Kwakhona, umgangatho wokuprinta uxhomekeke ekuhanjisweni kobushushu bezinto, oko kuthetha ukuba i-aluminium idla ngokwenza uburhabaxa bomphezulu obunokukhokelela ekusebenzeni okukhathazayo kokudinwa (hayi ukuba i-manifold iyayifuna ukuba uyila loo nto). Kwakhona, nangona i-TiAlV6 iprinta kakuhle kwaye ineempawu zokuqina ezingcono kune-base grade 5, i-aluminium ifumaneka kakhulu njenge-AlSi10Mg, engeyiyo i-alloy enamandla. I-T6, nangona ifanelekile kwii-castings zezinto ezifanayo, ayifanelekanga kwiindawo ze-SLM. I-Scalmaloy ilungile kwakhona kodwa kunzima ukuyivumela, bambalwa abayinikezelayo, ungasebenzisa ne-Ti eneendonga ezincinci.
Uninzi lweenkampani zikwafuna ingalo nomlenze, iisampulu ezingama-20, kunye nomntwana wakho wokuqala ukucubungula inxalenye eprintiweyo. Nangona ngokusebenza kwayo kufana kakhulu nee-castings ezenziwe ngomatshini ezithathe iidonki kunye neepeni iminyaka ukwenza, bacinga ukuba iindawo eziprintiweyo zingumlingo kwaye abathengi bacinga ukuba banemali eninzi. Kwakhona, iinkampani eziqinisekisiweyo ze-AS9100 ngokubanzi azinamisebenzi ininzi kwaye ziyakonwabela ukwenza oko bezikwenza ixesha elide kwaye ziyazi ukuba zingenza imali ngayo kwaye zingakwenza ngaphandle kokutyholwa ngengozi yenqwelomoya.
Ewe ke: ishishini leenqwelo moya lingazuza kwiinxalenye ze-SLM, kwaye ezinye zazo ziyazuza, kodwa iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga zeshishini kunye neenkampani ezibonelela ngenkonzo zibambeke kwiminyaka yoo-70, nto leyo eyenza izinto zibe nzima ngakumbi. Uphuhliso lokwenyani kuphela yinjini, apho ii-injectors eziprintiweyo ziye zaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Kuthi ngokobuqu, umzabalazo wokubonelela nge-ASML ngumlo onzima.
Umbhobho wokukhupha umoya wokuprinta we-3D ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo i-P-51D. https://www.3dmpmag.com/article/?/powder-bed-systems/laser/a-role-in-military-fleet-readiness
Ezinye izinto ezinxulumene neendleko zoomatshini kukulawulwa kokulahleka kwe-coolant ngenxa yokuchitheka kunye nokuphuma komphunga. Ukongeza, iitships kufuneka zicutshungulwe. Nakuphi na ukunciphisa iitships kwimveliso yobuninzi kunokubangela ukonga okukhulu.
Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-topology design, kwaye njengoko unokuqikelela, lelinye inqanaba lohlalutyo ngaphezu kwe-FEA. Kuye kwaqondakala kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo njengoko izixhobo zifikeleleka lula.
Nanini na xa ubona igama elithi Fraunhofer, linelungelo lobunikazi kwaye uluntu lwabenzi balo luya kuthintelwa ukulisebenzisa ixesha elide.
Ngamanye amazwi: sivelise indlela entsha yokuqinisekisa ukuba imoto yakho uyayitshintsha ngokukhawuleza xa iwaranti yakho iphelile.
Andiboni unxibelelwano phakathi kweehinji zomnyango ezikhaphukhaphu kunye neqhinga elibi elikwenza ulahle yonke imoto yakho emgqomeni?
Uhlalutyo lobomi bokudinwa yinto enye; ukuba uphucula amandla ezinto eziphathekayo kuphela, uya kugqibela unenxalenye engasebenziyo.
Nokuba bayiyile ngabom, ayizukudinwa emva nje kokuphela kwewaranti, yintsimbi nje, kodwa intsha, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ulahle yonke imoto ... kuya kubakho imoto entsha ngexesha lokuphila kwemoto, kuba ngokubanzi isalungile, kodwa loo ndawo itshiphu/elula yokutshintshwa igugile - akukho nto intsha ngaloo nto ...
Enyanisweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko njl.njl., kusenokwenzeka ukuba isalungiswa ngokutsha kakhulu, njengezinye iifreyimu/ii-body/izihlalo zeemoto, ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluya kuba nalo xa isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. indawo yokuthengisa, ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ufuna njalo kwindawo okuyo.
“Yinto nje exhomekeke kwisixhobo” kodwa ikwangumzekelo wokuyila inxalenye ethile yobomi obuthile. Xa isetyenziswa kwinxalenye eseleyo yemoto yakho, imoto yakho iya kuba yingxaki ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Esi sihlazo sisiphumo sokukhuselwa kwabo rhoqo (ndiyabona, MP3!).
Lonke uqoqosho lwaseMelika lwakhiwe phezu "kwesi sixhobo" sinjalo. Ngokwemigangatho ethile luyasebenza :-/.
UFraunhofer wenze isayensi eninzi. Akazange asebenzise kuphela, kodwa nophando olusisiseko. Konke kubiza imali. Ukuba ufuna ukukwenza ngaphandle kwamalungelo obunikazi kunye neelayisenisi, kufuneka ubanike inkxaso-mali engaphezulu kurhulumente. Ngeelayisenisi kunye namalungelo obunikazi, abantu bakwamanye amazwe nabo bathwala ezinye zeendleko kuba nabo bayazuza kubuchwepheshe. Ukongeza, zonke ezi zifundo zibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ukhuphiswano lweshishini.
Ngokwewebhusayithi yabo, inxalenye yerhafu yakho imalunga ne-30% (Grundfinanzierung), enye ikwavela kwimithombo ekhoyo kwezinye iinkampani. Ingeniso yepatenti mhlawumbi iyinxalenye yaloo 70%, ngoko ke ukuba awuyithatheli ngqalelo loo nto, kuya kubakho uphuhliso oluncinci okanye irhafu eninzi.
Ngesizathu esingaziwayo, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ayivumelekanga kwaye ayithandwa kakhulu kwizixhobo zomzimba, iinjini, iitransmission kunye neesuspension. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo inokufumaneka kuphela kwimibhobho ebiza kakhulu yokukhupha umoya, iya kuba yinto engcolileyo njenge-martensitic AISI 410, ukuba ufuna i-exhaust elungileyo nehlala ixesha elide kuya kufuneka usebenzise i-AISI 304/316 ngokwakho ukuze wenze into efana naleyo.
Ngoko ke yonke imingxunya kwiindawo ezinjalo ekugqibeleni iya kuvalwa ngumhlaba omanzi kwaye iindawo ziya kuqala ukugqwala ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yokuba le nxalenye yenzelwe ubunzima obuphantsi kangangoko, nayiphi na igqwala iya kuyenza ibe buthathaka kakhulu ngoko nangoko emsebenzini. Ubuya kuba nethamsanqa ukuba loo nxalenye ibiyihinji nje yocango, okanye i-brace yangaphakathi engabalulekanga kangako okanye i-lever. Ukuba uneendawo zokumiswa, iindawo zokuhambisa okanye into efana naleyo, usengxakini enkulu.
PS: Ngaba kukho umntu owaziyo ngemoto yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ethe yachatshazelwa kukufuma, ukubola kunye nokungcola kuyo yonke indawo kunye nobuninzi bezinto zayo zomzimba? Zonke iingalo zokumiswa, izindlu zefeni zeradiyetha, njl. zingathengwa nangaliphi na ixabiso. Ndiyazi ngeDeLorean, kodwa ngelishwa ineephaneli zangaphandle zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kuphela kwaye ayizizo zonke izakhiwo zomzimba kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo.
Ndingahlawula ngaphezulu ngemoto enomzimba/isakhelo/ukumiswa/inkqubo yokukhupha umoya yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kodwa oko kuthetha ukuba ixabiso liphantsi. Le nto ayibizi nje kuphela, kodwa kunzima ukuyibumba nokuyidibanisa. Ndingathandabuzi ukuba iibhloko zeenjini zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye neentloko ziyavakala.
Kunzima kakhulu. Ngokwemigangatho yanamhlanje yoqoqosho lwepetroli, akukho nzuzo kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo. Kuya kuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukuhlawula iindleko zekhabhoni zemoto eyenziwe kakhulu ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuze kuphinde kubekho izibonelelo zokuqina kwento leyo.
Kutheni ucinga njalo? Intsimbi engatyiwayo inobunzima obufanayo kodwa inamandla kancinci. (AISI 304 – 8000 kg/m^3 kunye ne-500 MPa, 945 – 7900-8100 kg/m^3 kunye ne-450 MPa). Ngobukhulu obufanayo beshiti, umzimba wentsimbi engatyiwayo unobunzima obufanayo nomzimba wentsimbi eqhelekileyo. Kwaye akufuneki uzipeyinte, ngoko akukho primer/peyinti/varnish eyongezelelweyo.
Ewe, ezinye iimoto zenziwe nge-aluminium okanye i-titanium, ngoko ke zikhaphukhaphu, kodwa uninzi lwazo zikwicandelo lemarike ephezulu kwaye abathengi abanangxaki yokuthenga iimoto ezintsha minyaka le. Ukongeza, i-aluminium nayo iyagqwala, kwezinye iimeko ikhawuleza ngakumbi kunentsimbi.
Akukho ndlela intsimbi engagqwaliyo enzima ngayo ukuyibumba nokuyihlanganisa. Yenye yezona zinto zilula ukuyihlanganisa, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ilula kakhulu kunentsimbi eqhelekileyo, inokubunjwa ibe ziimo ezintsonkothileyo. Khangela iimbiza, izinki, kunye nezinye izitampu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezifumaneka ngokubanzi. Isinki enkulu yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-AISI 304 ibiza kancinci kakhulu kwaye inobume obuntsonkothileyo kunayo nayiphi na ifenda yangaphambili egxinyiweyo kwifoyile yentsimbi embi. Ungakha ngokulula amalungu omzimba usebenzisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo esemgangathweni ophezulu kwiimold eziqhelekileyo kwaye iimold ziya kuhlala ixesha elide. KwiSoviet Union, abanye abantu abasebenza kwiifektri zeemoto ngamanye amaxesha benza amalungu omzimba entsimbi engagqwaliyo kwizixhobo zefektri ukuze bathathe indawo yeemoto zabo. Usenokufumana iVolga endala (GAZ-24) enezantsi, isiqu okanye amaphiko enziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Kodwa oku kwaba yinto engenakwenzeka emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. Andazi ukuba kutheni kwaye njani, kwaye ngoku akukho mntu uya kuvuma ukukwenzela imali. Andikaze ndive ngamalungu omzimba entsimbi engagqwaliyo enziwa kwiifektri zaseNtshona okanye zehlabathi lesithathu. Ekuphela kwento endiyifumeneyo yayiyijeep yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kodwa AKUKHO ngxaki, iiphaneli zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zenziwe ngesandla, kungekhona ifektri. Kukwakho nebali labalandeli beWV Golf Mk2 abazama uku-odola iqela leefender zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kubavelisi abakwimarike efana neKlokkerholm, abadla ngokuzenza ngentsimbi eqhelekileyo. Bonke aba bavelisi banqumla ngoko nangoko nangokurhabaxa nayiphi na intetho ngalo mba, bengathethi nangexabiso. Ngoko ke awunakuodola nantoni na ngemali kule ndawo, nokuba ininzi.
Ndiyavuma, yiyo loo nto ndingakhange ndikhankanye injini kuludwe. Ngokuqinisekileyo umhlwa awuyongxaki iphambili yenjini.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ibiza kakhulu, ewe, kodwa ityesi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo akufuneki ipeyintwe kwaphela. Ixabiso lelungu lomzimba elipeyintweyo liphezulu kakhulu kunelo lilodwa. Ngoko ke, ityesi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo inokuba nexabiso eliphantsi kunelenomhlwa. kwaye iya kuhlala phantse ngonaphakade. Tshintsha nje iibhushi zerabha ezigugileyo kunye namalungu kwisithuthi sakho kwaye akuyi kufuneka uthenge imoto entsha. Xa kunengqiqo, ungatshintsha injini ngento esebenza ngakumbi okanye nokuba yeyombane. Akukho nkcitho, akukho kuphazamiseka okungenamsebenzi kokusingqongileyo xa usakha iimoto ezintsha okanye usebenzisa ezindala. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, le ndlela inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ayikho konke konke kuluhlu lweengcali zendalo kunye nabavelisi.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, iingcali zasePhilippines zenzela iinxalenye zomzimba ezintsha zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zeJeepneys. Ekuqaleni zazakhiwe ngeejeep ezasala kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kunye neMfazwe yaseKorea, kodwa malunga nowe-1978 zonke zanqunyulwa kuba zazinokolula umva ukuze zikwazi ukuhlalisa abakhweli abaninzi. Ngoko ke kwafuneka bakhe ezintsha ukususela ekuqaleni kwaye basebenzise intsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuthintela umzimba ukuba ungagqwali. Kwisiqithi esijikelezwe ngamanzi anetyuwa, oku kulungile.
Ishiti yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ayinazo izinto ezilingana nentsimbi yeHiTen. Oku kubalulekile kukhuseleko, khumbula uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-euroNCAP kwiimoto zaseTshayina ezingazange zisebenzise olu hlobo lwentsimbi ekhethekileyo. Kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo, akukho nto idlula i-GS cast iron: ayibizi kakhulu, ineempawu eziphezulu zokuyila kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ixabiso lokugqibela lixabiso. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ibiza kakhulu. Basebenzisa umzekelo wemoto yezemidlalo ngesizathu esihle apho ixabiso lingabalulekanga, kodwa kwi-VW akukho nto.
Ngokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi kunye neenkonzo zethu, uyavuma ngokucacileyo ukuba iikuki zethu zokusebenza, ukusebenza kunye neentengiso zibekwe. Funda ngakumbi