Kuyaqabula futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi ababhali begalari uJames Payne noJoan Sherwell bakhethe ukumela abaculi abathathu baseNew York ochungechungeni lwabo lwe-Great Cities of Art Explained.
Laba bafana babeyoba yisinqumo esisobala, yize oyedwa kuphela kulaba abathathu, uBasquiat, owayengowokuzalwa eNew York.
Abantu abathathu abakhuluma izinto ezingabonakali baseNew York – uLee Krasner, u-Elaine de Kooning noHelen Frankenthaler.
Umnikelo walaba besifazane kule nhlangano wawumkhulu kakhulu, kodwa uKrasner no-de Kooning bachitha iningi lomsebenzi wabo bengaphansi kwesithunzi sabayeni babo abadumile, abantu abakhuluma izinto ezingaqondakali uJackson Pollock noWillem de Kooning.
I-New York Abstract Expressionism yanqoba iParis njengesikhungo somhlaba wobuciko futhi yaba yinhlangano yabesilisa kakhulu. UKrasner, uFrankenthaler no-Elaine de Kooning bavame ukuzwa umsebenzi wabo ubizwa ngokuthi “owesifazane”, “ongamazwi” noma “ongacacile”, okusho ukuthi baphansi kancane.
UHans Hofmann ungumuntu othanda ukukhuluma izinto ngendlela engaqondakali ophethe isitudiyo sikaKrasner ku-8th Street, lapho afunda khona ngemuva kokufunda eCooper Union, kwi-Art Students League kanye ne-National Academy of Design futhi wasebenzela i-WPA Federal Art Project. Wake wancoma omunye wemidwebo yakhe, wathi, “Kuhle kakhulu ukuthi ngeke ukholwe ukuthi kwenziwe ngowesifazane.”
UPenn noShowell bachaza ngendlela uKrasner ophumayo, osevele esunguliwe ezweni lobuciko laseNew York, abelana ngayo ngokuxhumana okubalulekile noPollock emsebenzini wabo, okuboniswa kanye noPicasso, uMatisse noGeorges Braque. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, waqala ukuthandana noPollock. Embukisweni obalulekile wango-1942 wemidwebo yaseFrance neyaseMelika eMacmillan Gallery.
Bashada base bethuthela eLong Island, kodwa bahluleka ukugxila eKibosh ekuphuzeni kwabo nasemisebenzini yangaphandle kwesikole. Wacela isibaya phansi ukuze sakhe ishabhu, futhi uKibosh wakwazi ukuthola igumbi lokulala.
Ngesikhathi uPollock edume ngokufutha amakhanvasi amakhulu alele phansi esibayeni, uKrasner wadala uchungechunge lwezithombe ezincane etafuleni, ngezinye izikhathi esebenzisa upende ngqo kusuka epayipini.
UKrasner uqhathanisa izinhlamvu nohlamvu lwesiHebheru, azifunda esemncane kodwa manje akakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Kunoma ikuphi, ngokusho kwakhe, unesithakazelo sokudala ulimi lwakhe olungokomfanekiso olungavezi incazelo ethile.
Ngemva kokuba uPollock eshone engozini yokushayela ephuzile – inkosikazi yakhe yasinda – uKrasner uthe indawo yokufundela ebharini yayingeyenkampani yakhe.
Lesi yisinyathelo esiguqulayo. Umsebenzi wakhe awuzange nje ube mkhulu, kodwa futhi wathonywa ukunyakaza komzimba wonke enkambisweni yokudala.
Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, waba nombukiso wakhe wokuqala eyedwa eNew York, kwathi ngo-1984, ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, i-MoMA yayinombono wakhe wangaphambilini.
Engxoxweni ethokozisayo kakhulu ne-Inside New York's Art World ngo-1978, uKrasner wakhumbula ukuthi ezinsukwini zokuqala, ubulili bakhe abuzange buthinte indlela umsebenzi wakhe owawubhekwa ngayo.
Ngaya esikoleni samabanga aphezulu ngabaculi besifazane kuphela, bonke abesifazane. Ngabe sengifunda eCooper Union, isikole sobuciko samantombazane, bonke abaculi besifazane, futhi ngisho nalapho sengifunda eWPA kamuva, uyazi, akuyona into engavamile ukuba ngowesifazane nokuba ngumculi. Konke lokhu kwaqala ukwenzeka sekwephuzile, ikakhulukazi lapho izindawo zisuka enkabeni yeParis ziya eNew York, ngicabanga ukuthi lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi i-abstract expressionism, futhi manje sinemibukiso, amanani, imali, ukunakwa. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kwakuyindawo ethule impela. Yilapho-ke ngaqala khona ukuqaphela ukuthi ngingowesifazane, futhi nganginesimo "esimweni".
U-Elaine de Kooning wayengumdwebi wezithombe ezingabonakali, umgxeki wezobuciko, isishoshovu sezombusazwe, uthisha, kanye "nomdwebi oshesha kakhulu edolobheni", kodwa lezi mpumelelo zivame ukuba ngaphansi kwalezo zikaNkk. Willem de Kooning, ombhangqwana wakhe "oyi-Abstract Expressionism". Ingxenye yombhangqwana.
Incazelo yedolobha elikhulu lezobuciko yembula ukuthi iminyaka yakhe engamashumi amabili yokuhlukana noWilliam—babuyisana lapho eseneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu—kwakuyisikhathi sokukhula komuntu siqu nobuciko. Ethola ugqozi ekulweni nezinkunzi ayezibonile ohambweni lwakhe, waphendukela emadodeni amehlo akhe anamandla abesifazane futhi wathunywa ukuba adwebe isithombe esisemthethweni sikaMongameli uKennedy:
Yonke imidwebo yempilo yakhe kwakudingeka yenziwe ngokushesha okukhulu, ebamba izici nezimpawu zomzimba, ingxenye yayo injengokukhumbula, ngisho nangombono wami, njengoba engakaze ahlale phansi. Esikhundleni sokubukeka edidekile, wahlala njengomdlali noma umfundi wasekolishi, egxumagxuma esihlalweni sakhe. Ekuqaleni, lo mbono wobusha waphazamisa, ngoba akazange ahlale phansi.
NjengoKrasner no-Elaine de Kooning, uHelen Frankenthaler wayeyingxenye yalaba bantu ababili abakhuluma izinto ezingaqondakali, kodwa wayengahlosiwe ukudlala i-fiddle yesibili kude nomyeni wakhe, uRobert Motherwell.
Lokhu ngokuqinisekile kungenxa yentuthuko yakhe yokuqala yendlela "yokupenda ngokucwilisa", lapho ethela khona upende wamafutha oxutshwe ne-turpentine ngqo endwangu engakafakwanga i-primer elele phansi.
Bevakashela isitudiyo sikaFrankenthaler, lapho babona khona izintaba zakhe ezidumile kanye nolwandle ngaphezulu, abadwebi abangabonakali uKenneth Nolan noMaurice Lewis nabo basebenzise le ndlela, kanye nombono wakhe womdwebo obanzi, onombala oyisicaba, kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi umdwebo we-gamut.
NjengoPollock, uFrankenthaler uvele kumagazini i-LIFE, yize njengoba u-Art She Says esho, akuwona wonke amaphrofayili abaculi be-LIFE afanayo:
Ingxoxo phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili zokudlulisela ibonakala iyindaba yamandla obudoda anqunyelwe emphakathini kanye nokuzithiba kwabesifazane. Ngenkathi ukuma kukaPollock okubusayo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomkhuba wakhe wobuciko, inkinga akukhona ukuthi umi, uhleli. Kunalokho, kungoPollock lapho singabheka khona uhlangothi oluseduze lomkhuba wakhe obuhlungu nowokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uFrankenthaler Parks uqinisa umbono wethu ngabaculi besifazane abaklanywe ngokucophelela, abaqoshwe kahle abaphelele njengemisebenzi yobuciko abayidalayo. Ngisho noma izingcezu zibonakala zingabonakali futhi zibonakala ziqinile, ukushaya ngakunye kubhekwa njengokumelela umzuzu obaliwe, ongenaphutha wokukhanyiselwa okubonakalayo.
Kunezihloko ezintathu engingazithandi ukuxoxa ngazo: imishado yami yangaphambilini, abaculi kanye nemibono yami ngabantu besikhathi sami.
Kulabo abafuna ukufunda kabanzi ngalaba baculi abathathu abangabonakali, uPenn noSchuwell banikeza izincomo zezincwadi ezilandelayo:
Abesifazane Base-Ninth Street: ULee Krasner, u-Elaine de Kooning, uGrace Hartigan, uJoan Mitchell, noHelen Frankenthaler: Abaculi Abahlanu kanye Nokunyakaza Okwashintsha Ubuciko Besimanje nguMary Gabriel
Abaculi abathathu besifazane: u-Amy von Lintel, uBonnie Roos nabanye bandisa i-Abstract Expressionism eNtshonalanga yaseMelika.
Abesifazane Abaqalayo be-Bauhaus Art Movement: Ukutholakala kukaGertrud Arndt, uMarianne Brandt, u-Anna Albers kanye nabanye abasunguli abakhohliwe
Uhambo olufushane lwemizuzu eyisithupha lobuciko besimanje: indlela yokuhamba kusukela ku-Manet's 1862 Lunch on the Grass kuya ku-Jackson Pollock's drip painting yama-1950
Intukuthelo yamaNazi engcolile ngokumelene nobuciko obungabonakali kanye "noMbukiso Wobuciko Obuwohlokile" ka-1937.
— U-Ayun Holliday ungusosayensi oholayo wezinto eziphilayo kumagazini i-East Village Inky futhi muva nje ungumbhali we-Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto. Mlandele @AyunHalliday.
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U-Alma W. Thomas ongekho ungowesifazane omnyama okhuluma nge-Abstract Expressionist owayengowesifazane omnyama wokuqala ukujoyina "isikole" semibono (iWashington School of Color) kanye nowokuqala eWhitby. Owesifazane omnyama onombukiso wedwa eNi, umculi wesifazane wokuqala omsebenzi wakhe omnyama wathengwa yiWhite House - kuyahlekisa futhi kuyadabukisa, kuyinto evamile kakhulu ukuthi abaculi abamnyama bakhohlwa kangaki. Umsebenzi wakhe manje usuqedela ukubuka emuva eminyuziyamu yedolobha engu-4, futhi ifilimu emfushane mayelana nempilo yakhe nomsebenzi wakhe iboniswe emikhosini engaphezu kuka-38 ngonyaka odlule. https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
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