He mea hou, he mea miharo hoki te whiriwhiringa a James Payne rāua ko Joan Sherwell, he kaihanga toi, hei māngai mō ētahi kaitoi tokotoru nō Niu Ioka i roto i tā rāua raupapa Great Cities of Art Explained.
Ko ēnei rangatira te mea tino pai, ahakoa ko tētahi anake o te tokotoru, ko Basquiat, nō Niu Ioka.
Tokotoru ngā tohunga whakaputa whakaaro auaha nō Niu Ioka – ko Lee Krasner, ko Elaine de Kooning, me Helen Frankenthaler.
He nui te takoha a ēnei wāhine ki te kaupapa, engari i noho te nuinga o ā rāua mahi ki te atarangi o ā rāua tāne rongonui, arā, ko ngā tohunga whakaputa whakaaro auaha a Jackson Pollock rāua ko Willem de Kooning.
I hurihia e te New York Abstract Expressionism a Parī hei pokapū o te ao toi, ā, koia te kaupapa tino tāne. He maha ngā wā ka rongo a Krasner, a Frankenthaler, me Elaine de Kooning i ā rātou mahi e kiia ana he "wahine", he "waiata", he "ngawari" rānei, arā, he iti iho rātou.
He tohunga whakaahua ā-pūāhua a Hans Hofmann, e whakahaere ana i te whare toi o Krasner i te 8th Street, i reira ia i ako ai i muri i tana ako i te Cooper Union, i te Art Students League me te National Academy of Design, ā, i mahi hoki mā te WPA Federal Art Project. I whakanuia e ia tētahi o āna peita, me te kī, "He tino pai, e kore koe e whakapono nā te wahine i hanga."
E whakamārama ana a Penn rāua ko Showell i te āhua o te hononga nui a Krasner, kua roa nei e tū ana i te ao toi o Niu Ioka, ki a Pollock i roto i ā rāua mahi toi, e whakaatuhia ana i te taha o ngā mahi toi a Picasso, Matisse, me Georges Braque. I muri tata mai, ka piri aroha rāua ko Pollock. I tētahi whakaaturanga nui i te tau 1942 o ngā peita Wīwī me Amerika i te Macmillan Gallery.
I moe rāua, ā, ka neke ki Long Island, engari kāore i angitu te arotahi a Kibosh ki tā rāua inu me ngā mahi i waho o te kura. I tono ia i tētahi whare witi i runga i te whenua mō tana awheawhe, ā, i noho ia ki tētahi rūma moe.
I a Pollock e rongonui ana mō tana rehu i ngā kānawehi nunui e takoto ana i runga i te papa o te whare witi, i hangaia e Krasner he raupapa o ngā whakaahua iti i runga i te tēpu, i ētahi wā ka pania te peita tika mai i te ngongo.
Ka whakaritea e Krasner ngā pūāhua ki te arapū Hiperu, i akohia e ia i a ia e tamariki ana, engari kāore e taea e ia te pānui, te tuhituhi rānei. Ahakoa pēhea, e ai ki a ia, kei te hiahia ia ki te waihanga i tētahi reo tohu whaiaro kāore e whakaatu i tētahi tikanga motuhake.
I muri i te matenga o Pollock i tētahi aituā taraiwa haurangi – i ora tana ipo – i kī a Krasner ko te whare mahi toi o te whare witi mōna ake mahi.
He taahiraa whakarerekētanga tēnei. Kāore i te nui haere noa iho āna mahi, engari i awehia hoki ia e ngā nekehanga o te tinana katoa i roto i te tukanga auaha.
Tekau tau i muri mai, i tū tana whakaaturanga takitahi tuatahi ki New York, ā, i te tau 1984, e ono marama i mua i tōna matenga, i whakahaere a MoMA i tētahi whakaaturanga whakamuri mōna.
I roto i tētahi uiuinga tino whakamere ki te Inside New York's Art World i te tau 1978, i mahara a Krasner i ngā rā tōmua, kāore tōna ira tangata i pā ki te tirohanga a te iwi ki āna mahi.
I haere ahau ki te kura tuarua me ngā kaitoi wahine anake, he wāhine katoa. Ā, i muri mai ka noho ahau ki Cooper Union, he kura toi mō ngā kōtiro, he kaitoi wahine katoa, ā, ahakoa i muri mai i taku noho ki te WPA, e mōhio ana koe, ehara i te mea rerekē te noho hei wahine me te noho hei kaitoi. I tīmata katoa ēnei mea i te mutunga o te wā, inā koa i te nekehanga o ngā wāhi mai i waenganui o Parī ki New York, ki taku whakaaro ko tēnei wā e kiia ana ko te whakapuakanga ā-pūtake, ā, kei a tātou ngā taiwhanga toi, ngā utu, te moni, te aro. Tae noa ki taua wā, he āhua marino. I taua wā ka mōhio tuatahi ahau he wahine ahau, ā, he "āhuatanga" tōku.
He kaipeita whakaahua āhua-pōturi a Elaine de Kooning, he kairīti toi, he kaiwhakahau tōrangapū, he kaiako, me "te kaipeita tere rawa atu o te tāone", engari he maha ngā wā he iti iho ēnei whakatutukitanga i ngā mahi a Mrs. Willem de Kooning, ko tana tokorua he "Abstract Expressionism".
E whakaatu ana te whakamārama o te tāone nui o ngā toi, ko tana wehenga i a William i ngā tau e rua tekau—i houhia rāua i a ia e rima tekau tau—he wā tipu whaiaro me te toi. I te tango i te hihiri mai i ngā whawhai puru i kite ia i a ia e haereere ana, ka tahuri tana titiro wahine hihiri ki ngā tāne, ā, i tukuna ki a ia te mahi peita i te whakaahua mana o te Perehitini Kennedy:
Me tere tonu te tuhi i ana tuhinga katoa mō tōna oranga, me te hopu i ngā āhuatanga me ngā nekehanga, he haurua noa iho te maumahara, ahakoa ki taku whakaaro, nā te mea kāore ia i noho marino. Engari i te āhua pōrearea, i noho ia pērā i te kaitākaro, i te tauira kāreti rānei, e pekepeke ana i runga i tōna tūru. I te tīmatanga, i whakararuraru tēnei whakaaro o te taitamarikitanga, nā te mea kāore ia i noho marino.
Pērā i a Krasner rāua ko Elaine de Kooning, i uru atu a Helen Frankenthaler ki te tokorua koura o ngā kaiwhakaahua auaha, engari kāore ia i te rite ki te tuarua o tana tāne, ki a Robert Motherwell.
Nāna i whakawhanake tuatahi te tikanga "peita-tō", arā, ka ringihia e ia te peita hinu kua whakaranua ki te tāpenetini ki runga i tētahi kānawehi kāore anō kia pania ki te peita pango e takoto papatahi ana.
I a rāua e toro atu ana ki te whare toi o Frankenthaler, i reira ka kite rāua i ana maunga rongonui me ngā moana i runga ake, i whakamahia anō hoki e ngā kaipeita whakaahua a Kenneth Nolan rāua ko Maurice Lewis tēnei tikanga, me tana tirohanga anō hoki mō te peita whānui, papatahi-tae, i muri mai ka mōhiotia ko te peita gamut.
Pērā i a Pollock, kua whakaatuhia a Frankenthaler i roto i te maheni LIFE, engari e ai ki a Art She Says, ehara i te mea he rite katoa ngā kōtaha o ngā kaitoi LIFE:
Ko te kōrero i waenganui i ēnei tuku e rua te āhua nei he kōrero mō te kaha tāne kua whakatauria e te hapori me te mana whakahaere wahine. Ahakoa he wāhanga nui o tana mahi toi te tū rangatira o Pollock, ehara i te mea kei te tū ia, engari kei te noho te wahine. Engari, mā Pollock ka taea e tātou te titiro ki te taha piripono o tana mahi mamae me te auaha. He rerekē, ka whakakaha a Frankenthaler Parks i tō tātou whakaaro mō ngā kaitoi wahine he hunga āta hanga, he hunga whakairo, he tino tika pērā i ngā mahi toi i hangaia e rātou. Ahakoa te āhua tino koretake me te ngākau o ngā mahi toi, e kiia ana ia whiunga he tohu mō tētahi wā kua tatauhia, he kore he hapa o te māramatanga tirohanga.
E toru ngā kaupapa kāore au e pai ki te kōrero: ko aku marena o mua, ngā kaitoi me ōku tirohanga ki ngā kaitoi o tēnei wā.
Mō te hunga e hiahia ana ki te ako atu mō ēnei kaitoi toi āhuahanga e toru, ka tukuna e Penn rāua ko Schuwell ēnei tūtohutanga pukapuka e whai ake nei:
Ngā Wāhine o Ninth Street: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, me Helen Frankenthaler: Tokorima Ngā Toi me te Kaupapa i Huri i te Toi Hou nā Mary Gabriel
Tokotoru ngā kaitoi wahine: a Amy von Lintel, a Bonnie Roos me ētahi atu i whakawhānui i te ariā o te Whakaaturanga Tuhituhi ki te Hauāuru o Amerika.
Ngā Paionia Wahine o te Bauhaus Art Movement: Te Kitenga o Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Anna Albers me Ētahi Atu Kaihanga Auaha kua Warewaretia
He haerenga poto e ono meneti te roa ki ngā toi o nāianei: me pēhea te neke atu i te Tina i runga i te Tarutaru a Manet i te tau 1862 ki te peita maturuturu a Jackson Pollock i te tekau tau 1950
Te riri whakarihariha a ngā Nazi ki ngā toi āhuahanga me te "Whakaaturanga Toi Kino" o te tau 1937.
— Ko Ayun Holliday te tohunga matua mō ngā kararehe o te maheni East Village Inky, ā, nō nā tata nei ko ia te kaituhi o te pukapuka Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto. Whāia ia @AyunHalliday.
E hiahia ana mātou ki te whakawhirinaki ki ā mātou kaipānui pono, kaua ki ngā pānuitanga hurihuri. Hei tautoko i te kaupapa mātauranga o te Ahurea Tuwhera, whakaarohia te tuku koha. Ka whakaaetia e mātou a PayPal, Venmo (@openculture), Patreon me Crypto! Kimihia ngā kōwhiringa katoa i konei. Ngā mihi nui ki a koe!
Ko te mea ngaro ko Alma W. Thomas he wahine pango Abstract Expressionist, ko ia te wahine pango tuatahi ki te uru atu ki te "kura" o ngā whakaaro (Washington School of Color) me te tuatahi ki Whitby. He wahine pango me tana whakaaturanga takitahi i Ni, ko ia te kaitoi wahine tuatahi i hokona e te Whare White āna mahi pango - he katakata, he pouri hoki, he tino tohu o te maha o ngā kaitoi pango e warewarehia ana. Kei te whakaotihia e ia tana mahi he tirohanga whakamuri ki ngā whare taonga o te tāone e 4, ā, kua whakaaturia he kiriata poto mō tōna oranga me āna mahi i roto i te neke atu i te 38 ngā hakari i te tau kua hipa. https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
Tikina ngā rauemi ahurea me ngā rauemi mātauranga pai rawa atu i runga i te ipurangi, ka īmērahia atu ki a koe i ia rā. Kāore mātou e tuku pāme. Whakakore i te ohaurunga i ngā wā katoa.
E rapu ana a Open Culture i te ipurangi mō ngā pāpāho mātauranga pai rawa atu. Ka kitea e mātou ngā akoranga me ngā pukapuka oro kore utu e hiahiatia ana e koe, ngā akoranga reo me ngā ataata mātauranga e hiahiatia ana e koe, me te nui o ngā whakamārama i waenganui. Ka kitea e mātou ngā akoranga me ngā pukapuka oro kore utu e hiahiatia ana e koe, ngā akoranga reo me ngā ataata mātauranga e hiahiatia ana e koe, me te nui o ngā whakamārama i waenganui.Ka kitea e mātou ngā akoranga me ngā pukapuka oro kore utu e hiahiatia ana e koe, ngā akoranga reo me ngā ataata mātauranga e hiahiatia ana e koe, me te tini o ngā rauemi mātauranga.Ka kitea e mātou ngā akoranga me ngā pukapuka oro kore utu e hiahiatia ana e koe, ngā akoranga reo me ngā ataata mātauranga e hiahiatia ana e koe, me te tini o ngā mea whakaaweawe i waenganui.