Ndizosangalatsa komanso zodabwitsa kuti olemba zithunzi James Payne ndi Joan Sherwell adasankha kuyimira ojambula atatu ochokera ku New York mu mndandanda wawo wa Great Cities of Art Explained.
Abwana awa ndi omwe angakhale chisankho chodziwikiratu, ngakhale kuti m'modzi yekha mwa atatuwa, Basquiat, ndiye anali wobadwira ku New York.
Anthu atatu olankhula zinthu zosamveka bwino ochokera ku New York - Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning ndi Helen Frankenthaler.
Azimayiwa adathandizira kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka gululi, koma Krasner ndi de Kooning adagwira ntchito zawo zambiri motsatira amuna awo otchuka, Jackson Pollock ndi Willem de Kooning omwe anali akatswiri olankhula zinthu mopanda nzeru.
Chidule cha New York Expressionism chinagonjetsa Paris monga likulu la zaluso ndipo chinakhala gulu la amuna kwambiri. Krasner, Frankenthaler ndi Elaine de Kooning nthawi zambiri amamva ntchito zawo zikutchedwa "zachikazi", "zolemba" kapena "zobisika", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi zotsika pang'ono.
Hans Hofmann ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino za zojambulajambula zomwe zimayendetsa studio ya Krasner pa 8th Street, komwe adaphunzira ataphunzira ku Cooper Union, Art Students League ndi National Academy of Design ndipo adagwira ntchito ku WPA Federal Art Project. Nthawi ina adayamika chimodzi mwa zojambula zake, nati, "Ndi zabwino kwambiri moti simudzakhulupirira kuti zidapangidwa ndi mkazi."
Penn ndi Showell akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe Krasner, yemwe anali atakhazikika kale mu dziko la zaluso ku New York, amagawana maubwenzi ofunikira ndi Pollock pantchito zawo, zomwe adawonetsedwa pamodzi ndi Picasso, Matisse ndi Georges Braque. Patapita nthawi yochepa, adayamba chibwenzi ndi Pollock. Pa chiwonetsero chachikulu cha zojambula zaku France ndi America mu 1942 ku Macmillan Gallery.
Anakwatirana ndipo anasamukira ku Long Island, koma Kibosh sanachite bwino pa kumwa mowa ndi zochita zina zakunja kwa sukulu. Iye anapempha khola pansi pa malo ake ogwirira ntchito, ndipo mkaziyo anagula chipinda chogona.
Ngakhale Pollock ankadziwika kuti ankapopera ma canvas akuluakulu omwe anali pansi pa khola, Krasner anapanga zithunzi zingapo zazing'ono patebulo, nthawi zina ankapaka utoto mwachindunji kuchokera mu chubu.
Krasner amayerekezera zilembozo ndi zilembo za Chiheberi, zomwe adaphunzira ali mwana koma tsopano satha kuwerenga kapena kulemba. Mulimonsemo, malinga ndi iye, akufuna kupanga chilankhulo chaumwini chomwe sichipereka tanthauzo lililonse.
Pollock atamwalira pangozi yoyendetsa galimoto ataledzera - mkazi wake wamkazi adapulumuka - Krasner adati malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi m'khola anali akeake.
Iyi ndi sitepe yosintha zinthu. Sikuti ntchito yake inangokulirakulira, komanso inakhudzidwa ndi mayendedwe a thupi lonse mu njira yolenga.
Patatha zaka khumi, adachita chiwonetsero chake choyamba cha payekha ku New York, ndipo mu 1984, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi asanamwalire, MoMA adamuwonetsa zomwe zidamuchitikira.
Mu kuyankhulana kosangalatsa kwambiri ndi Inside New York's Art World mu 1978, Krasner anakumbukira kuti m'masiku oyambirira, jenda lake silinakhudze momwe ntchito yake inkaonedwera.
Ndinapita kusukulu ya sekondale ndi akazi okha, akazi okha. Kenako ndinali ku Cooper Union, sukulu ya zaluso ya atsikana, akazi okha, ndipo ngakhale nditapita ku WPA, mukudziwa, sizachilendo kukhala mkazi ndikukhala wojambula. Zonsezi zinayamba kuchitika mochedwa, makamaka pamene malo anasamuka kuchokera pakati pa Paris kupita ku New York, ndikuganiza kuti nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa abstract expressionism, ndipo tsopano tili ndi malo owonetsera zithunzi, mitengo, ndalama, chidwi. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, chinali chochitika chachete. Pamenepo ndinazindikira koyamba kuti ndinali mkazi, ndipo ndinali ndi "mkhalidwe".
Elaine de Kooning anali wojambula zithunzi zosamveka bwino, wotsutsa zaluso, wolimbikitsa ndale, mphunzitsi, komanso "wojambula wachangu kwambiri mumzinda", koma izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi za a Mrs. Willem de Kooning, omwe awiriwa ndi "Abstract Expressionism". theka la awiriwa.
Kufotokozera kwa mzinda waukulu wa zaluso kukuwonetsa kuti zaka makumi awiri zomwe adasiyanitsidwa ndi William—anagwirizananso ali ndi zaka makumi asanu—inali nthawi yakukula kwaumwini komanso zaluso. Potengera chilimbikitso kuchokera ku ndewu za ng'ombe zomwe adaziwona paulendo wake, adayang'ana amuna mwamphamvu ndipo adapatsidwa ntchito yojambula chithunzi chovomerezeka cha Purezidenti Kennedy:
Zojambula zonse za moyo wake zinayenera kuchitidwa mwachangu kwambiri, kugwira mawonekedwe ndi manja, theka ngati kuloweza, ngakhale m'malingaliro mwanga, popeza sanakhale chete. M'malo mowoneka wosokonezeka, anakhala ngati wothamanga kapena wophunzira waku koleji, akudumphadumpha pampando wake. Poyamba, lingaliro ili la unyamata linasokoneza, chifukwa sanakhale chete.
Monga Krasner ndi Elaine de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler anali m'gulu la anthu awiri okonda kulankhula zinthu mopanda nzeru, koma sanayembekezere kusewera ngati wachiwiri kwa mwamuna wake, Robert Motherwell.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha chitukuko chake choyamba cha njira yojambulira utoto, momwe amathira utoto wamafuta wosungunuka mu turpentine mwachindunji pa nsalu yosadulidwa yomwe ili pansi.
Atapita ku studio ya Frankenthaler, komwe adawona mapiri ake odziwika bwino ndi nyanja pamwamba pake, ojambula zithunzi Kenneth Nolan ndi Maurice Lewis adagwiritsanso ntchito njira imeneyi, pamodzi ndi malingaliro ake a zojambulajambula zazikulu, zamtundu wathyathyathya, zomwe pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti gamut painting.
Monga Pollock, Frankenthaler wakhala akuwonetsedwa mu magazini ya LIFE, ngakhale monga Art She Says akunenera, si mbiri zonse za ojambula a LIFE zomwe zili zofanana:
Kukambirana pakati pa mauthenga awiriwa kumawoneka ngati nkhani ya mphamvu ya amuna yokhazikika pagulu komanso kudziletsa kwa akazi. Ngakhale kuti kaimidwe ka Pollock ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yake ya zaluso, vuto si kuti akuyimirira, koma mkaziyo wakhala. M'malo mwake, ndi kudzera mwa Pollock pomwe tingayang'ane mbali yapafupi ya ntchito yake yopweteka komanso yatsopano. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Frankenthaler Parks akulimbitsa lingaliro lathu la akatswiri ojambula achikazi omwe ali opangidwa mosamala, opangidwa mwaluso komanso angwiro ngati ntchito zaluso zomwe amapanga. Ngakhale kuti zidutswazo zikuwoneka zosamveka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino, kukwapula kulikonse kumaonedwa kuti kukuyimira mphindi yowerengedwa, yopanda chilema yowunikira maso.
Pali mitu itatu yomwe sindimakonda kukambirana: maukwati anga akale, ojambula ndi malingaliro anga pa anthu a m'nthawi yanga.
Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kudziwa zambiri za ojambula atatu awa, Penn ndi Schuwell akupereka malangizo otsatirawa a mabuku:
Akazi a Ninth Street: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, ndi Helen Frankenthaler: Ojambula Asanu ndi Kayendedwe Komwe Kunasintha Zaluso Zamakono lolembedwa ndi Mary Gabriel
Ojambula akazi atatu: Amy von Lintel, Bonnie Roos ndi ena adakulitsa Abstract Expressionism ku America West.
Akazi Oyambitsa Gulu la Zaluso la Bauhaus: Kupezeka kwa Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Anna Albers ndi Ena Opanga Zinthu Zatsopano Oiwalika
Ulendo waufupi wa mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi wa zaluso zamakono: momwe mungayendere kuyambira pa chakudya cha Manet cha 1862 pa Udzu kupita ku chithunzi cha Jackson Pollock cha m'ma 1950
Mkwiyo wankhanza wa Nazi motsutsana ndi zaluso zosamveka bwino ndi "Chiwonetsero cha Zaluso Zosawonongeka" cha 1937.
— Ayun Holliday ndi katswiri wamkulu wa zamoyo ku magazini ya East Village Inky ndipo posachedwapa ndi mlembi wa Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto. Mutsatireni @AyunHalliday.
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Wosowa Alma W. Thomas ndi mkazi wakuda, Abstract Expressionist, yemwe anali mkazi wakuda woyamba kulowa mu "sukulu" ya malingaliro (Washington School of Color) komanso woyamba ku Whitby. Mkazi wakuda yemwe ali ndi chiwonetsero cha payekha ku Ni, wojambula woyamba wamkazi yemwe ntchito yake yakuda idagulidwa ndi White House - zoseketsa komanso zachisoni, zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri ndi momwe ojambula akuda amaiwalidwira. Ntchito yake tsopano ikumaliza kuyang'ana kumbuyo ku nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zinayi zamzinda, ndipo filimu yayifupi yokhudza moyo wake ndi ntchito yake yawonetsedwa pa zikondwerero zoposa 38 chaka chatha. https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
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