Kuyahlaziya kwaye kuyamangalisa ukuba ababhali begalari uJames Payne noJoan Sherwell bakhethe ukumela abaculi abathathu baseNew York kuthotho lwabo lweGreat Cities of Art Explained.
La manenekazi ayeya kuba lukhetho olucacileyo, nangona omnye kuphela kwaba bathathu, uBasquiat, owayengowokuzalwa eNew York.
Abantu abathathu abathetha izinto ezingabonakaliyo baseNew York – uLee Krasner, uElaine de Kooning kunye noHelen Frankenthaler.
Igalelo laba bafazi kule ntshukumo belilikhulu kakhulu, kodwa uKrasner node Kooning bachitha uninzi lomsebenzi wabo bephantsi kwesithunzi samadoda abo adumileyo, abantu abathetha izinto ezingaqhelekanga uJackson Pollock noWillem de Kooning.
I-New York Abstract Expressionism yawubhukuqa uParis njengesikhungo sehlabathi lobugcisa yaza yaba yintshukumo yamadoda kakhulu. UKrasner, uFrankenthaler kunye no-Elaine de Kooning badla ngokuva umsebenzi wabo ubizwa ngokuba “ngowesifazana”, “owengoma” okanye “ongacacanga”, nto leyo ethetha ukuba baphantsi kancinci.
UHans Hofmann ngumntu othanda ukuthetha izinto ngendlela engaqhelekanga ophethe istudiyo sikaKrasner esise-8th Street, apho wafunda khona emva kokufunda kwiCooper Union, kwi-Art Students League nakwi-National Academy of Design waza wasebenzela i-WPA Federal Art Project. Wakha wayincoma enye yemizobo yakhe, esithi, “Intle kakhulu kangangokuba awuyi kukholelwa ukuba yenziwe ngumfazi.”
UPenn noShowell bachaza indlela uKrasner ophumayo, osele ezinzile kwihlabathi lobugcisa laseNew York, abelana ngayo ngonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo noPollock kwimisebenzi yabo, eboniswe kunye noPicasso, uMatisse noGeorges Braque. Kungekudala emva koko, waba nomdla wothando noPollock. Kwimboniso ephambili yemizobo yaseFransi naseMelika ka-1942 kwiMacmillan Gallery.
Batshata baza bafudukela eLong Island, kodwa abazange baphumelele ekugxileni eKibosh kwizinto zabo zokusela utywala kunye nemisebenzi yangaphandle kwesikolo. Wacela ishedi emhlabeni weworkshop yakhe, waza uKibosh wagqiba kwelokuba afumane igumbi lokulala.
Ngelixa uPollock wayedume ngokutshiza iicanvas ezinkulu ezilele phantsi kwendlu yokugcina izilwanyana, uKrasner wenza uthotho lwemifanekiso emincinci etafileni, ngamanye amaxesha efaka ipeyinti ngqo kwityhubhu.
UKrasner uthelekisa oonobumba noonobumba besiHebhere, awabafunda esengumntwana kodwa ngoku akakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Nokuba kunjalo, ngokutsho kwakhe, unomdla wokudala ulwimi lwakhe olufuziselayo olungavezi ntsingiselo ithile.
Emva kokuba uPollock esweleke kwingozi yokuqhuba enxilile – inkosikazi yakhe yasinda – uKrasner uthe i-barn studio yayiyeyeshishini lakhe.
Eli linyathelo elitshintshayo. Umsebenzi wakhe awuzange ukhule nje kuphela, kodwa waphenjelelwa naziintshukumo zomzimba wonke kwinkqubo yokuyila.
Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, waba nomboniso wakhe wokuqala eyedwa eNew York, kwaye ngo-1984, kwiinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba asweleke, iMoMA yayimbonise oko wayekubonile.
Kudliwanondlebe olunomdla kakhulu ne-Inside New York's Art World ngo-1978, uKrasner ukhumbule ukuba kwiintsuku zokuqala, isini sakhe asizange siyichaphazele indlela umsebenzi wakhe owawujongwa ngayo.
Ndaya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ndinabaculi abangamabhinqa kuphela, bonke ngabafazi. Emva koko ndandiseCooper Union, isikolo sobugcisa samantombazana, bonke ngabafazi, kwaye nangona kamva ndandikwiWPA, uyazi, akuqhelekanga ukuba ngumfazi kwaye ndibe ngumculi. Konke oku kwaqala ukwenzeka kade, ingakumbi xa iindawo zazisuka embindini weParis ukuya eNew York, ndicinga ukuba eli xesha libizwa ngokuba yi-abstract expressionism, kwaye ngoku sineegalari, amaxabiso, imali, ingqalelo. Kude kube ngoko, yayiyindawo ezolileyo. Kulapho ndaqala ukuqonda ukuba ndingumfazi, kwaye ndandine "meko".
U-Elaine de Kooning wayengumzobi wemifanekiso engabonakaliyo, umgxeki wezobugcisa, umlweli wezopolitiko, utitshala, kunye "nomzobi okhawulezayo edolophini", kodwa ezi mpumelelo zihlala zingaphantsi kwezo zikaNksk. Willem de Kooning, osibini sakhe "siyi-Abstract Expressionism". Isiqingatha sesibini.
Ingcaciso yesixeko esikhulu sobugcisa ityhila ukuba iminyaka engamashumi amabini yokungavisisani kwakhe noWilliam—baxolelana xa wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu—yayilixesha lokukhula kwakhe ngokobuqu nangobugcisa. Efumana ugqozi kwimfazwe yeenkunzi awayeyibonile ngexesha lohambo lwakhe, wajika amehlo akhe obufazi anamandla wawajonga kumadoda waza wathunywa ukuba apeyinte umfanekiso osemthethweni kaMongameli uKennedy:
Yonke imizobo yobomi bakhe kwakufuneka yenziwe ngokukhawuleza, ebamba iimpawu kunye neempawu zomzimba, inxalenye njengenkumbulo, nangona ndicinga, kuba akazange ahlale phantsi. Endaweni yokubukeka edidekile, wahlala njengomdlali wezemidlalo okanye umfundi wasekholejini, egxumagxuma esitulweni sakhe. Ekuqaleni, olu luvo lobutsha lwaphazamisa, kuba akazange ahlale phantsi.
NjengoKrasner no-Elaine de Kooning, uHelen Frankenthaler wayeyinxalenye yababini begolide abathetha izinto ezingabonakaliyo, kodwa wayengenalo ithuba lokudlala i-fiddle yesibini kumyeni wakhe, uRobert Motherwell.
Oku ngokuqinisekileyo kungenxa yophuhliso lwakhe lokuqala lwendlela "yokupenda ngokudipha", apho athelela khona ipeyinti yeoyile exutywe ne-turpentine ngqo kwi-canvas engafakwanga i-primer elele tyaba.
Betyelele isitudiyo sikaFrankenthaler, apho babona khona iintaba zakhe ezidumileyo kunye neelwandle ngaphezulu, abapeyinti abangabonakaliyo uKenneth Nolan noMaurice Lewis nabo basebenzise le ndlela, kunye nombono wakhe womzobo obanzi, onemibala esicaba, owathi kamva waziwa ngokuba ngumzobo we-gamut.
NjengoPollock, uFrankenthaler ukhe wabonakala kwimagazini i-LIFE, nangona njengoko u-Art She Says esitsho, ayizizo zonke iiprofayili zabaculi be-LIFE ezifanayo:
Incoko phakathi kwezi ntetho zimbini ibonakala ngathi yimbali yamandla obudoda azimisele ngokwentlalo kunye nokuzibamba kwabasetyhini. Nangona ukuma kukaPollock okuphambili kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela yakhe yobugcisa, ingxaki ayikokuba umi, uhleli. Kunoko, kungoPollock apho sinokujonga khona icala elisondeleyo lendlela yakhe yobuchule neyintsha. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uFrankenthaler Parks uqinisa ingcamango yethu yabaculi abangabasetyhini abakhiwe ngononophelo, abanemifanekiso eqingqiweyo egqibeleleyo njengemisebenzi yobugcisa abayidalayo. Nangona iziqwenga zibonakala zingabonakali kwaye zibonakala ngathi zinzulu, isithonga ngasinye sithathwa njengesibonakaliso somzuzu oqikelelweyo, ongenasiphako wokukhanya okubonakalayo.
Kukho izihloko ezintathu endingathandi ukuzixoxa ngazo: imitshato yam yangaphambili, abaculi kunye neembono zam ngabantu bexesha lam.
Kwabo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngaba baculi bathathu abangabonakaliyo, uPenn noSchuwell banikela ngezi ngcebiso zilandelayo zeencwadi:
Abafazi baseNinth Street: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, kunye noHelen Frankenthaler: Amagcisa amahlanu kunye neNtshukumo eyatshintsha ubugcisa banamhlanje nguMary Gabriel
Amagcisa amathathu angamabhinqa: uAmy von Lintel, uBonnie Roos nabanye bandisa i-Abstract Expressionism ukuya eNtshona yaseMelika.
Abafazi Abaqalayo beBauhaus Art Movement: Ukufunyanwa kukaGertrud Arndt, uMarianne Brandt, uAnna Albers kunye nabanye abaQambi Abalibeleyo
Uhambo olufutshane lwemizuzu emithandathu lobugcisa bale mihla: indlela yokutshintsha ukusuka kwisidlo sasemini sikaManet sika-1862 kwiNgca ukuya kumzobo wedriphu kaJackson Pollock weminyaka yoo-1950
Ingqumbo yamaNazi engcolileyo nxamnye nobugcisa obungabonakaliyo kunye "noMboniso woBugcisa obuNgaphucukanga" ka-1937.
— U-Ayun Holliday yingcali ephambili ye-primatologist kwi-East Village Inky magazine kwaye kutshanje ungumbhali we-Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto. Mlandele @AyunHalliday.
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UAlma W. Thomas ongekhoyo ngumntu obhinqileyo omnyama othanda i-Abstract Expressionist owayengumfazi wokuqala omnyama ukujoyina "isikolo" seengcinga (iWashington School of Color) kwaye wayengowokuqala eWhitby. Umfazi omnyama onemboniso yakhe yedwa eNi, umculi wokuqala obhinqileyo omsebenzi wakhe omnyama wathengwa yiWhite House - ehlekisayo nebuhlungu, eqhelekileyo kakhulu yokuba abaculi abamnyama balibaleka kangaphi. Umsebenzi wakhe ngoku ugqibezela ukujonga izinto ezidlulileyo kwiimyuziyam zesixeko ezine, kwaye ifilimu emfutshane malunga nobomi bakhe nomsebenzi wakhe iboniswe kwiminyhadala engaphezu kwama-38 kunyaka ophelileyo. https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
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