Biratangaje kandi biratangaje kuba abahanga mu by'ubugeni James Payne na Joan Sherwell bahisemo guhagararira abahanzi batatu baturutse i New York mu ruhererekane rwabo rwa Great Cities of Art Explained.
Aba bagabo ni bo bari guhitamo neza, nubwo umwe muri batatu, Basquiat, ari we wenyine wavukiye i New York.
Abantu batatu b’abahanga mu kuvuga ibintu mu buryo bufatika baturutse i New York – Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning na Helen Frankenthaler.
Uruhare rw'aba bagore muri uwo muryango rwari runini cyane, ariko Krasner na de Kooning bamaze igihe kinini cy'akazi kabo mu gicucu cy'abagabo babo bazwi cyane, Jackson Pollock na Willem de Kooning b'abahanga mu kuvuga ibintu mu buryo butari bwo.
Ubuhanzi bwa New York Abstract Expressionism bwakuyeho Paris nk'ihuriro ry'isi y'ubuhanzi, buhinduka itsinda ry'abagabo benshi. Krasner, Frankenthaler na Elaine de Kooning bakunze kumva ibihangano byabo byitwa "abagore", "amagambo y'umuziki" cyangwa "ibice bigufi", bivuze ko bari hasi gato.
Hans Hofmann ni umuhanga mu gusobanura ibintu mu buryo bufatika, akaba ayobora studio ya Krasner iri ku muhanda wa 8, aho yize nyuma yo kwiga muri Cooper Union, ishyirahamwe ry’abanyeshuri b’ubugeni n’ishuri ry’igihugu ry’ubugeni, ndetse yanakoreye umushinga w’ubugeni wa WPA. Yigeze gushima kimwe mu bihangano bye, agira ati: “Ni byiza cyane ku buryo utakwemera ko cyakozwe n’umugore.”
Penn na Showell basobanura neza uburyo Krasner ukina mu isi y’ubuhanzi ya New York, asangiye isano rikomeye na Pollock mu bikorwa byabo, byerekanwe hamwe n’ibya Picasso, Matisse na Georges Braque. Nyuma y’igihe gito, yatangiye gukundana na Pollock. Mu imurikagurisha rikomeye ryakozwe mu 1942 ry’amashusho y’Abafaransa n’Abanyamerika muri Macmillan Gallery.
Bashyingiranywe bimukira i Long Island, ariko Kibosh yibanda ku kunywa inzoga no gukora imirimo ijyanye n'amasomo yabo. Yasabye ikiraro kiri hasi kugira ngo agikoreshe mu iduka rye, maze umugore agura icyumba cyo kuraramo.
Mu gihe Pollock yakundaga gutera udutambaro tunini twari hasi mu kiraro, Krasner yakoze amashusho mato ku meza, rimwe na rimwe agasiga irangi riturutse mu muyoboro.
Krasner agereranya inyuguti n'inyuguti z'Igiheburayo, yize akiri umwana ariko ubu akaba atazi gusoma no kwandika. Uko byagenda kose, nk'uko abivuga, ashishikajwe no guhanga ururimi rw'ikigereranyo rudafite ibisobanuro byihariye.
Nyuma y'uko Pollock apfiriye mu mpanuka yo gutwara imodoka yasinze - nyirabuja yararokotse - Krasner yavuze ko studio yo mu kiraro yari iyo gukorera imyitozo ye bwite.
Iyi ni intambwe ihindura ibintu. Ntabwo akazi ke karushijeho kuba kanini gusa, ahubwo yanagizweho ingaruka n'imigendere y'umubiri wose mu buryo bwo guhanga.
Nyuma y'imyaka icumi, yakoze imurikagurisha rye rya mbere ku giti cye i New York, kandi mu 1984, amezi atandatu mbere y'urupfu rwe, MoMA yamukoreye isuzuma ry'ibyabaye.
Mu kiganiro gishimishije cyane yagiranye na Inside New York's Art World mu 1978, Krasner yibukije ko mu minsi ya mbere, igitsina cye kitagize ingaruka ku buryo akazi ke kafatwaga.
Nagiye mu mashuri yisumbuye mfite abahanzi b'abagore gusa, abagore bose. Hanyuma nari muri Cooper Union, ishuri ry'ubuhanzi ry'abakobwa, abahanzi b'abagore bose, ndetse n'igihe naje muri WPA, urabizi, ntabwo bitangaje kuba umugore no kuba umuhanzi. Ibi byose byatangiye kuba bitinze cyane, cyane cyane igihe ahantu himukaga kuva hagati muri Paris kugera muri New York, ndatekereza ko iki gihe cyitwa abstract expressionism, kandi ubu dufite amafoto, ibiciro, amafaranga, kwitabwaho. Kugeza icyo gihe, byari ahantu hatuje cyane. Ni bwo namenye bwa mbere ko ndi umugore, kandi nari mfite "imimerere".
Elaine de Kooning yari umuhanga mu gushushanya amashusho, umusesenguzi w’ubuhanzi, umuharanira politiki, umwarimu, akaba n’ “umushushanyi wihuta cyane mu mujyi”, ariko ibyo bikorwa akenshi biba biri hasi ugereranyije n’ibya Madamu Willem de Kooning, ufite "Ubusobanuro bw’Incamake". Kimwe cya kabiri cy’abantu babiri.
Ibisobanuro by'umujyi ukomeye w'ubuhanzi bigaragaza ko imyaka makumyabiri yamaze adahuje na William—basubiranye ubwo yari afite imyaka mirongo itanu—yari igihe cy'iterambere ry'ubuzima bwe bwite n'ubuhanzi. Yakuyemo ibitekerezo bivuye ku ntambara z'ibimasa yabonye mu ngendo ze, yeretse abagabo isura ye ikomeye y'abagore maze ahabwa inshingano yo gushushanya ishusho yemewe ya Perezida Kennedy:
Ibishushanyo byose by'ubuzima bwe byagombaga gukorwa vuba cyane, afata ibintu n'ibimenyetso, kimwe cya kabiri nk'ibyo gufata mu mutwe, ndetse no mu bitekerezo byanjye, kuko atigeze yicara. Aho kugaragara nk'ufite ubwoba, yicaye nk'umukinnyi cyangwa umunyeshuri wa kaminuza, yihuta cyane mu ntebe ye. Mbere na mbere, iki gitekerezo cy'ubuto cyaramwibagije, kuko atigeze yicara.
Kimwe na Krasner na Elaine de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler yari umwe mu bantu b’abahanga mu kuvuga ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe, ariko ntiyari agenewe gukina nk'umugabo we Robert Motherwell nk'umufasha we.
Ibi rwose biterwa n’iterambere rye rya mbere mu buhanga bwo “gushushanya mu mazi”, aho asuka irangi ry’amavuta yavanze na turpentine ku gitambaro kidapfundikiye kiri hasi.
Basuye studio ya Frankenthaler, aho babonye imisozi n'inyanja bye by'akataraboneka hejuru, abashushanya Kenneth Nolan na Maurice Lewis nabo bakoresheje ubu buryo, hamwe n'icyerekezo cye cyo gushushanya mu buryo bwagutse, bw'amabara arambuye, nyuma buzwi nka gamut painting.
Kimwe na Pollock, Frankenthaler yagaragaye mu kinyamakuru LIFE, nubwo nk'uko Art She Says abivuga, si ko abahanzi bose ba LIFE bameze kimwe:
Ibiganiro hagati y’ibi biganiro bibiri bisa nkaho ari inkuru y’ingufu z’abagabo zishingiye ku mibanire yabo n’uburyo abagore bitwara. Nubwo imiterere y’icyubahiro ya Pollock ari igice cy’ingenzi cy’ubuhanzi bwe, ikibazo si uko ahagaze, ahubwo ni uko yicaye. Ahubwo, binyuze kuri Pollock niho dushobora kureba uruhande rw’ibanga rw’ubuhanga bwe bubabaza kandi buhanga. Mu buryo bunyuranye, Frankenthaler Parks ashimangira igitekerezo cyacu cy’abahanzi b’abagore bakozwe neza, bashushanyije neza nk’ibihangano bakora. Nubwo ibice bisa nkaho ari ibintu bidasanzwe kandi bireba mu maso, buri gice gifatwa nk’aho gihagarariye igihe cyateguwe kandi kitagira inenge cyo kumurikirwa mu buryo bw’amaso.
Hari ingingo eshatu ntakunda kuganiraho: ubukwe bwanjye bwa mbere, abahanzi n'ibitekerezo byanjye ku bantu bo mu gihe kimwe.
Ku bashaka kumenya byinshi kuri aba bahanzi batatu b’inkoranyamagambo, Penn na Schuwell batanga inama zikurikira ku bitabo:
Abagore bo ku muhanda wa Ninth: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, na Helen Frankenthaler: Abahanzi batanu n'umuvuduko wahinduye ubuhanzi bw'ubu na Mary Gabriel
Abahanzi batatu b'abagore: Amy von Lintel, Bonnie Roos n'abandi baguze Abstract Expressionism mu Burengerazuba bwa Amerika.
Abagore batangije ibikorwa by'ubuhanzi bya Bauhaus: kuvumbura Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Anna Albers n'abandi bahanga mu guhanga udushya bibagiwe
Urugendo rw'iminota itandatu rw'ubuhanzi bwa none: uburyo bwo kuva kuri Manet's Lunch on the Grass yo mu 1862 kugeza kuri Jackson Pollock's drip image yo mu myaka ya 1950
Uburakari bw'Abanazi buteye isoni ku buhanzi budasanzwe n'"Imurikagurisha ry'Ubuhanzi Budasaza" ryo mu 1937.
— Ayun Holliday ni umuhanga mu by’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima mu kinyamakuru cya East Village Inky, akaba aherutse no kuba umwanditsi w’igitabo cyitwa Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto. Mukurikire @AyunHalliday.
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