He mea hou a he mea kupanaha hoʻi ke koho ʻana o nā mea hana hale hōʻikeʻike ʻo James Payne lāua ʻo Joan Sherwell e pani i ʻekolu mau mea pena kiʻi mai New York ma kā lāua moʻo ʻo Great Cities of Art Explained.
ʻO kēia mau kāne ke koho maopopo loa, ʻoiai hoʻokahi wale nō o nā mea ʻekolu, ʻo Basquiat, he kamaʻāina no New York.
ʻEkolu mau mea hoʻolaha manaʻo no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā manaʻo mai Nu Ioka mai - ʻo Lee Krasner, ʻo Elaine de Kooning lāua ʻo Helen Frankenthaler.
He nui loa ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia mau wāhine i ka neʻe ʻana, akā ua hoʻohana ʻo Krasner lāua ʻo de Kooning i ka hapa nui o kā lāua ʻoihana ma ke aka o kā lāua mau kāne kaulana, ʻo nā mea hoʻolaha expressionist abstract ʻo Jackson Pollock lāua ʻo Willem de Kooning.
Ua hoʻokahuli ʻo New York Abstract Expressionism iā Palisa ma ke ʻano he kikowaena o ke ao kiʻi a lilo i neʻe kāne loa. Ua lohe pinepine ʻo Krasner, Frankenthaler lāua ʻo Elaine de Kooning i kā lākou hana i kapa ʻia he "wahine", "lyrical" a i ʻole "subtle", ʻo ia hoʻi he haʻahaʻa iki lākou.
He kanaka hoʻokalakupua ʻōlelo abstract ʻo Hans Hofmann nāna e mālama i ke keʻena hana o Krasner ma ke Alanui 8, kahi āna i aʻo ai ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana ma Cooper Union, ka Art Students League a me ka National Academy of Design a ua hana no ka WPA Federal Art Project. I hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau kiʻi pena, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana, "He maikaʻi loa ia, ʻaʻole ʻoe e manaʻoʻiʻo ua hana ʻia e kahi wahine."
Ua hōʻike kikoʻī ʻo Penn lāua ʻo Showell pehea e kaʻana like ai ʻo Krasner i haʻalele ʻia, i hoʻokumu mua ʻia ma ke ao kiʻi o New York, i nā pilina koʻikoʻi me Pollock i kā lāua hana, i hōʻike ʻia me nā mea a Picasso, Matisse lāua ʻo Georges Braque. Ma hope koke iho, ua pili aloha ʻo ia me Pollock. Ma kahi hōʻike koʻikoʻi o 1942 o nā kiʻi pena Farani a me ʻAmelika ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Macmillan.
Ua mare lāua a neʻe akula i Long Island, akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō pono ʻo ia i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana iā Kibosh ma kā lāua inu ʻona a me nā hana ma waho o ke kula. Ua noi ʻo ia i kahi hale papaʻa ma ka honua no kāna hale hana, a ua hana ʻo ia me kahi lumi moe.
ʻOiai ʻo Pollock i pīpī kaulana i nā canvases nui e waiho ana ma ka papahele o ka hale papaʻa, ua hana ʻo Krasner i kahi ʻano o nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi ma ka papaʻaina, i kekahi manawa e hoʻopili pololei ana i ka pena mai ka ʻōmole.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻo Krasner i nā huapalapala i ka pīʻāpā Hebera, āna i aʻo ai i kona wā kamaliʻi akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke heluhelu a kākau paha. I kēlā me kēia hihia, e like me kāna ʻōlelo, makemake ʻo ia e hana i kahi ʻōlelo hōʻailona pilikino ʻaʻole e hōʻike i kekahi manaʻo kikoʻī.
Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Pollock i kahi ulia kaʻa ʻona - ua ola kāna ipo wahine - ua ʻōlelo ʻo Krasner no kāna hana ponoʻī ka hale hana hale ʻaina.
He ʻanuʻu hoʻololi kēia. ʻAʻole wale i nui aʻe kāna hana, akā ua hoʻohuli ʻia hoʻi ʻo ia e nā neʻe ʻana o ke kino holoʻokoʻa i ke kaʻina hana hana.
He ʻumi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hōʻikeʻike hoʻokahi mua ma New York, a i ka makahiki 1984, ʻeono mahina ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua mālama ʻo MoMA i kahi hōʻikeʻike nona.
Ma kahi hālāwai ninaninau hoihoi loa me Inside New York's Art World i ka makahiki 1978, ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Krasner i nā lā mua, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia kona kāne i ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kāna hana.
Ua hele au i ke kula kiʻekiʻe me nā mea pena kiʻi wahine wale nō, nā wahine a pau. A laila aia wau ma Cooper Union, he kula kiʻi no nā kaikamahine, nā mea pena kiʻi wahine a pau, a i koʻu wā ma hope ma WPA, ʻike ʻoe, ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau ke lilo i wahine a lilo i mea pena kiʻi. Ua hoʻomaka kēia mau mea a pau e hana ma hope loa, ʻoiai i ka wā i neʻe ai nā wahi mai waena o Palisa a i New York, manaʻo wau ua kapa ʻia kēia wā he abstract expressionism, a i kēia manawa he mau hale hōʻikeʻike kiʻi, nā kumukūʻai, ke kālā, ka nānā ʻana. A hiki i kēlā manawa, he hiʻohiʻona mālie loa ia. I kēlā manawa ua ʻike mua wau he wahine wau, a he "kūlana" koʻu.
He mea pena kiʻi ʻano abstract ʻo Elaine de Kooning, he mea loiloi kiʻi, he mea hoʻoikaika politika, he kumu, a he "mea pena wikiwiki loa ma ke kūlanakauhale", akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia mau hoʻokō ma mua o kā Mrs. Willem de Kooning, nona ka hui ʻo "Abstract Expressionism". hapalua o kahi pālua.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale nui o nā hana noʻeau e hōʻike ana i kāna mau makahiki he iwakālua o ka noho kaʻawale ʻana mai William—ua hoʻoponopono hou lāua i kona wā he kanalima—he wā ia o ka ulu pilikino a me ke akamai. Ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana mai nā hakakā bipi āna i ʻike ai i kāna mau huakaʻi, ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i kona nānā wahine ikaika i nā kāne a ua kauoha ʻia e pena i ke kiʻi kūhelu o Pelekikena Kennedy:
Pono e hana wikiwiki ʻia kāna mau kiʻi ola a pau, e hopu ana i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā neʻe lima, hapalua o ka hoʻopaʻanaʻau ʻana, ʻoiai i koʻu manaʻo, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia i noho mālie. Ma kahi o ka nānā ʻana i ka hopohopo, ua noho ʻo ia e like me kahi mea pāʻani a i ʻole he haumāna kulanui, e lele ana ma luna o kona noho. I ka wā mua, ua hoʻopilikia kēia manaʻo o ka ʻōpio, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i noho mālie.
E like me Krasner lāua ʻo Elaine de Kooning, ʻo Helen Frankenthaler kekahi o nā mea hoʻopuka manaʻo noʻonoʻo, akā, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i manaʻo ʻia e pāʻani i kahi lua o ka fiddle i kāna kāne, ʻo Robert Motherwell.
ʻOiaʻiʻo nō kēia ma muli o kāna hoʻomohala mua ʻana i ke ʻano hana "dip-painting", kahi āna e ninini ai i ka pena ʻaila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka turpentine ma luna o kahi canvas i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia e moe pālahalaha ana.
I ko lākou kipa ʻana i ke keʻena hana o Frankenthaler, kahi i ʻike ai lākou i kona mau mauna kaulana a me nā kai ma luna, ua hoʻohana pū nā mea pena kiʻi abstract ʻo Kenneth Nolan lāua ʻo Maurice Lewis i kēia ʻano hana, me kāna hihiʻo no ka pena ākea, pālahalaha, i ʻike ʻia ma hope ʻo ka pena gamut.
E like me Pollock, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Frankenthaler ma ka makasina LIFE, ʻoiai e like me ka Art She Says i kuhikuhi ai, ʻaʻole like nā ʻaoʻao āpau o nā mea pena kiʻi LIFE:
ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o kēia mau hoʻoili ʻelua me he moʻolelo lā o ka ikehu kāne i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka nohona a me ke kāohi ponoʻī o ka wahine. ʻOiai ʻo ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o Pollock kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o kāna hana noʻeau, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e kū ana, ʻo ia ke noho nei. Akā, ma o Pollock hiki iā mākou ke nānā aku i ka ʻaoʻao pilikino o kāna hana ʻeha a me ka hana hou. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻoikaika ʻo Frankenthaler Parks i ko mākou manaʻo o nā mea pena kiʻi wahine he mau kiʻi i hana pono ʻia, i kālai ʻia a hemolele e like me nā hana noʻeau a lākou e hana ai. ʻOiai ke ʻano abstract a visceral nā ʻāpana, ua manaʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia hahau e hōʻike ana i kahi manawa i helu ʻia a kīnā ʻole o ka ʻike maka.
ʻEkolu mau kumuhana aʻu e makemake ʻole ai e kūkākūkā: kaʻu mau male ʻana ma mua, nā mea pena kiʻi a me koʻu mau manaʻo i nā poʻe o kēia au.
No ka poʻe e makemake ana e aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia mau mea pena kiʻi ʻekolu, hāʻawi ʻo Penn lāua ʻo Schuwell i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo puke penei:
ʻO nā Wahine o ke Alanui ʻEiwa: ʻO Lee Krasner, ʻo Elaine de Kooning, ʻo Grace Hartigan, ʻo Joan Mitchell, a me Helen Frankenthaler: ʻElima mau mea pena kiʻi a me ka neʻe ʻana i hoʻololi i ke kiʻi o kēia wā na Mary Gabriel
ʻEkolu mau wahine pena kiʻi: ʻo Amy von Lintel, ʻo Bonnie Roos a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻonui i ka Abstract Expressionism i ke Komohana ʻAmelika.
Nā Paionia Wahine o ka Bauhaus Art Movement: ʻIke ʻia ʻo Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Anna Albers a me nā mea hana hou i poina ʻia
He huakaʻi wikiwiki ʻeono minuke o nā kiʻi o kēia wā: pehea e hele ai mai ka ʻaina awakea ma ka mauʻu o Manet i ka makahiki 1862 a i ka pena drip a Jackson Pollock i nā makahiki 1950.
Ka huhū ʻino o ka Nazi kūʻē i nā kiʻi abstract a me ka "Degenerate Art Exhibition" o 1937.
— ʻO Ayun Holliday ke alakaʻi o ka primatologist ma ka makasina East Village Inky a ʻo ka mea hou loa ʻo ia ka mea kākau o Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto. E hahai iā ia ma @AyunHalliday.
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ʻO ka mea i nalowale ʻo Alma W. Thomas he wahine ʻeleʻele Abstract Expressionist ʻo ia ka wahine ʻeleʻele mua i hui pū me ke "kula" o nā manaʻo (Washington School of Color) a ʻo ka mea mua ma Whitby. He wahine ʻeleʻele me kahi hōʻike hoʻokahi ma Ni, ʻo ia ka wahine pena kiʻi mua nona ka hana ʻeleʻele i kūʻai ʻia e ka Hale Paʻa - he mea hoʻomākeʻaka a he mea kaumaha, he ʻano maʻamau loa ia o ka poina pinepine ʻana o nā mea pena kiʻi ʻeleʻele. Ke hoʻopau nei kāna hana i kahi retrospective ma 4 mau hale hōʻikeʻike o ke kūlanakauhale, a ua hōʻike ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pōkole e pili ana i kona ola a me kāna hana ma mua o 38 mau ʻahaʻaina i ka makahiki i hala. https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
E kiʻi i nā kumuwaiwai moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa ma ka pūnaewele, i leka uila ʻia iā ʻoe i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻouna i ka spam. E wehe i ke kau inoa i kēlā me kēia manawa.
Huli ʻo Open Culture i ka pūnaewele no nā pāpaho hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa. Loaʻa iā mākou nā papa manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me ka nui o ka mālamalama ma waena. Loaʻa iā mākou nā papa manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me ka nui o ka mālamalama ma waena.Loaʻa iā mākou nā papa manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me nā mea hoʻonaʻauao he nui.Loaʻa iā mākou nā haʻawina manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me nā nui o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma waena.