Zvinozorodza uye zvinoshamisa kuti vaongorori vemifananidzo James Payne naJoan Sherwell vakasarudza kumiririra vaimbi vatatu vekuNew York munhevedzano yavo yeGreat Cities of Art Explained.
Varume ava ndivo vaizosarudzwa zviri pachena, kunyange hazvo mumwe chete pavatatu ava, Basquiat, aive chizvarwa cheNew York.
Vanhu vatatu vanobva kuNew York vanoti vanhu vanongotaura zvinhu zvisina musoro - Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning naHelen Frankenthaler.
Mupiro wevakadzi ava muboka iri waive mukuru, asi Krasner na de Kooning vakapedza mabasa avo akawanda vari mumumvuri wevarume vavo vane mukurumbira, Jackson Pollock naWillem de Kooning avo vaitaura zvinhu zvisiri zvechokwadi.
New York Abstract Expressionism yakakunda Paris senzvimbo yepakati penyika yeunyanzvi uye yakava sangano revarume zvakanyanya. Krasner, Frankenthaler naElaine de Kooning vanowanzonzwa basa ravo richinzi "rechikadzi", "rinonzwika" kana "rakavanzika", zvichireva kuti vakaderera zvishoma.
Hans Hofmann inyanzvi yekutaura zvinhu zvisina kujairika inotungamira studio yaKrasner iri pa8th Street, kwaakadzidza mushure mekudzidza kuCooper Union, Art Students League neNational Academy of Design uye akashandira WPA Federal Art Project. Akamborumbidza imwe yemifananidzo yake achiti, "Yakanaka zvekuti haungatendi kuti yakagadzirwa nemukadzi."
Penn naShowell vanotsanangura kuti Krasner, uyo akatovepo munyika yeunyanzvi muNew York, ane hukama hwakakosha naPollock mubasa ravo, rakaratidzwa pamwe chete neraPicasso, Matisse naGeorges Braque. Nguva pfupi yadarika, akatanga kudanana naPollock. Pakuratidzwa kukuru kwemifananidzo yeFrance neAmerica muna 1942 paMacmillan Gallery.
Vakaroorana ndokutamira kuLong Island, asi vakatadza kutarisisa Kibosh pazvinwiwa zvavo uye mabasa avo ekunze kwechikoro. Akakumbira dura pasi peimba yake yekushandira, uye musikana wacho akakwanisa kuwana imba yekurara.
Kunyange zvazvo Pollock aizivikanwa nekupfapfaidza machira makuru ari pasi pedura, Krasner akagadzira mifananidzo midiki patafura, dzimwe nguva achiisa pendi zvakananga kubva pachubhu.
Krasner anoenzanisa mavara aya nearufabheti yechiHebheru, yaakadzidza achiri mudiki asi iye zvino haachagoni kuverenga kana kunyora. Chero zvazvingava, maererano naye, anofarira kugadzira mutauro wekufananidzira usingaburitse chero chirevo chaicho.
Mushure mekunge Pollock afa mutsaona yekutyaira akadhakwa - mukadzi waaida akapona - Krasner akati imba yekuchengetera zvinhu yaive yake.
Iri idanho rekuchinja. Basa rake harina kungokura chete, asi akakurudzirwawo nekufamba kwemuviri wake wese mukuita kwekugadzira.
Makore gumi gare gare, akaita kuratidzwa kwake kwekutanga ari ega muNew York, uye muna 1984, mwedzi mitanhatu asati afa, MoMA yakamuratidza zvakaitika kare.
Muhurukuro inonakidza zvikuru neInside New York's Art World muna 1978, Krasner akayeuka kuti pakutanga, hunhu hwake hahuna kukanganisa maonerwo aiitwa basa rake.
Ndakaenda kuchikoro chesekondari nevasikana chete, vakadzi chete. Uye ipapo ndaiva kuCooper Union, chikoro cheunyanzvi chevasikana, vakadzi vese, uye kunyangwe pandakazopinda muWPA, unoziva, hazvishamisi kuva mukadzi uye kuva muimbi. Zvese izvi zvakatanga kuitika kunonoka, kunyanya apo nzvimbo dzacho dzakatama kubva pakati peParis kuenda kuNew York, ndinofunga kuti nguva iyi inonzi abstract expressionism, uye ikozvino tine magallery, mitengo, mari, kutariswa. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, yaive nzvimbo yakanyarara. Ndipo pandakatanga kuziva kuti ndaiva mukadzi, uye ndaiva ne "mamiriro ezvinhu".
Elaine de Kooning aive muvezi wemifananidzo isina kujeka, mutsoropodzi weunyanzvi, murwiri wezvematongerwo enyika, mudzidzisi, uye "muvezi anokurumidza kupfuura vose muguta", asi mabasa aya anowanzova mashoma pane aMai Willem de Kooning, avo vaviri vari "Abstract Expressionism".
Tsananguro yeguta guru rehunyanzvi inoratidza kuti makore makumi maviri ekusiyana kwake naWilliam—vakadzokerana paakanga ava nemakore ekuma50—yaiva nguva yekukura kwake pachake uye kweunyanzvi. Achiwana kurudziro kubva mukurwa kwemombe kwaakaona parwendo rwake, akatendeukira kuvarume vake vane simba uye akapihwa basa rekupenda mufananidzo wepamutemo waMutungamiri Kennedy:
Mifananidzo yake yese yehupenyu hwake yaifanira kuitwa nekukurumidza, achibata zvinhu nemaitiro, hafu semusoro, kunyangwe mumaonero angu, sezvo aisambogara pasi. Pane kutaridzika seanonetseka, akagara semutambi kana mudzidzi wekoreji, achisvetuka-svetuka pachigaro chake. Pakutanga, pfungwa iyi yehudiki yakapindira, nekuti aisambogara pasi.
Kufanana naKrasner naElaine de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler aive mumwe wevanhu vaitaura zvinhu zvisina musoro, asi aisafanira kutamba mutambo wechipiri wemurume wake, Robert Motherwell.
Izvi zviri pachena kuti nekuda kwekuvamba kwake nzira ye "kudhibha-kupenda", maanodurura pendi yemafuta yakasanganiswa neturpentine zvakananga pakanivha isina kupfekwa yakarara pasi.
Vachishanyira studio yaFrankenthaler, kwavakaona makomo ake nemakungwa ake ari pamusoro, vapendi vemifananidzo vasinganzwisisike Kenneth Nolan naMaurice Lewis vakashandisawo nzira iyi, pamwe chete nepfungwa yake yekupenda kwakafara, kwakatsetseka, kwakazozivikanwa sekupenda kwegamut.
Kufanana naPollock, Frankenthaler akaonekwa mumagazini yeLIFE, asi sezvakataurwa naArt She Says, haasi ese ma profiles evaimbi veLIFE akafanana:
Hurukuro pakati penyaya mbiri idzi inoita senyaya yesimba revarume rakasarudzwa nevanhu uye kuzvidzora kwevakadzi. Kunyange hazvo chimiro chaPollock chiri chikamu chakakosha chehunyanzvi hwake, dambudziko harisi rekuti akamira, asi iye akagara. Asi, kuburikidza naPollock ndipo patinogona kutarisa divi repedyo rehunyanzvi hwake hunorwadza uye hutsva. Kusiyana neizvi, Frankenthaler Parks anosimbisa pfungwa yedu yevakadzi vanoita zvemitambo vakanyatsogadzirwa, vakacheneswa vakakwana semabasa ehunyanzvi avanogadzira. Kunyangwe zvidimbu zvacho zvichiita sezvisinganzwisisike uye zvine simba, kurova kwega kwega kunoonekwa sekumiririra nguva yakarongwa, isina chikanganiso yekujekeswa kwekuona.
Pane nyaya nhatu dzandisingade kukurukura: kuroorana kwangu kwekare, vaimbi uye maonero angu pamusoro pevanhu venguva iyoyo.
Kune avo vanoda kudzidza zvakawanda nezvevanyori vatatu ava vemifananidzo isina kujairika, Penn naSchuwell vanopa mazano anotevera emabhuku:
Vakadzi veNinth Street: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, naHelen Frankenthaler: Vanyori Vashanu neBato Rakachinja Unyanzvi Hwemazuva Ano naMary Gabriel
Vaimbi vechikadzi vatatu: Amy von Lintel, Bonnie Roos nevamwe vakaparidzira Abstract Expressionism kuAmerican West.
Vakadzi Vavambi veBauhaus Art Movement: Kuwanikwa kwaGertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Anna Albers nevamwe Vagadziri Vakakanganwika
Rwendo rupfupi rwemaminitsi matanhatu rweunyanzvi hwemazuva ano: nzira yekubva paManet's 1862 Lunch on the Grass kuenda kumufananidzo weJackson Pollock wemakore ekuma1950
Kutsamwira kweNazi kwakashata pamusoro peunyanzvi husina kujairika uye "Degenerate Art Exhibition" ya1937.
— Ayun Holliday ndiye nyanzvi huru yekuongorora zvisikwa zvepakutanga pamagazini yeEast Village Inky uye munguva pfupi yapfuura munyori weCreative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto. Muteverei @AyunHalliday.
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Asipo Alma W. Thomas mukadzi mutema anonyora nezveAbstract Expressionist uyo aive mukadzi mutema wekutanga kupinda mu "chikoro" chepfungwa (Washington School of Color) uye wekutanga muWhitby. Mukadzi mutema ane show yake ega muNi, muimbi wechikadzi wekutanga ane basa revatema rakatengwa neWhite House - zvinonakidza uye zvinosuwisa, zvakajairika kuti vaimbi vatema vanokanganwika kangani. Basa rake rava kupedzisa kuongorora kumashure mumamiziyamu mana emaguta, uye firimu pfupi nezvehupenyu hwake nebasa rake rakaratidzwa pamitambo inopfuura makumi matatu nemasere mugore rapfuura. https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
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