Abantu badla ngokuthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo esele igqityiwe, nto leyo eyongeza ubunzima bezinto ezisetyenziswa ngabaqhubi.
Njengezinye izinto ezininzi, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ineengenelo ezininzi kunye neengxaki. Intsimbi ithathwa njenge "ntsimbi engagqwaliyo" ukuba i-alloy ine-10.5% ye-chromium, eyenza umaleko we-oxide okwenza ukuba ikwazi ukumelana ne-asidi kunye nokugqwala. Olu xhathiso lokugqwala lunokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngokwandisa umxholo we-chromium kunye nokongeza ezinye izongezo ze-alloying.
Iimpawu zezinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, ukugcinwa okuphantsi, ukuqina kwayo kunye nokugqitywa kwayo okuhlukeneyo kwenza ukuba ifaneleke kumashishini afana nokwakha, ifenitshala, ukutya neziselo, ezonyango kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezifuna amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo idla ngokuba nexabiso eliphantsi kunezinye iintsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, inika iingenelo zokuqina ukuya kobunzima ngokuvumela izinto ezincinci kuneemigangatho yesiqhelo, nto leyo enokubangela ukonga imali. Ngenxa yexabiso layo lilonke, iivenkile kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba zisebenzisa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ukunqanda inkunkuma ebiza kakhulu kunye nokuphinda zisetyenziswe ezi zinto.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo idla ngokuthathwa njengenzima ukuyishibiliza kuba isusa ubushushu ngokukhawuleza kwaye ifuna unonophelo olukhulu ngexesha lokugqiba nokupolisha amanyathelo.
Ukusebenza ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kudla ngokufuna umntu onamava ngakumbi ekudibaniseni okanye ekusebenzeni ngentsimbi yekhabhoni, nto leyo edla ngokuzinza ngakumbi. Ububanzi bayo bungancitshiswa ngokufaka iiparameter ezithile, ingakumbi xa kudityaniswa. Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kuyavakala ngakumbi ukuba abantu abanamava ngakumbi bayisebenzise.
“Abantu badla ngokuthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo ngenxa yokugqitywa kwayo,” utshilo uJonathan Douville, umphathi omkhulu wemveliso, i-R&D International, iWalter Surface Technologies, ePointe-Claire, eQue. “Abantu badla ngokuthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo ngenxa yokugqitywa kwayo,” utshilo uJonathan Douville, umphathi omkhulu wemveliso, i-R&D International, iWalter Surface Technologies, ePointe-Claire, eQue. «Люди обычно покупают нержавеющую сталь из-за ее отделки», — сказал Джонатан Доувиль, старший менеджер по продуктам R&D International, Walter Que-Clalogies Surface Technologies, Walter Point. “Abantu badla ngokuthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuze igqitywe,” utshilo uJonathan Douville, uMphathi oyiNtloko weMveliso, i-R&D International, iWalter Surface Technologies, ePointe-Claire, eQue.“Abantu badla ngokuthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuze igqitywe,” utshilo uJonathan Douville, umphathi ophezulu wophando lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nophuhliso kwiWalter Surface Technologies ePointe Claire, eQuebec. “Oku kongeza kwimida ekufuneka abaqhubi bayiqwalasele.”
Nokuba yingubo yokwaleka enobukhulu obu-4 okanye isipili esinobukhulu obu-8, umqhubi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba impahla ithambile kwimpahla kwaye ukuba ingubo ayonakalanga ngexesha lokuphathwa nokucutshungulwa. Inganciphisa neendlela zokulungiselela nokucoca, ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yenxalenye esemgangathweni.
“Xa usebenza ngale nto, into yokuqala ekufuneka uyenze kukuqinisekisa ukuba icocekile, icocekile kwaye icocekile kwakhona,” utshilo uRick Hathelt, uMphathi weNdawo yePFERD eCanada, eOntario, eMississauga, eOntario. “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba unemozulu ecocekileyo (engenakhabhoni) xa ucoca intsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuze ususe ukungcola okunokubangela i-oxidation (ukugqwala) kwaye kuthintele ukuba umaleko wokungaphindi ubuyele esiqhelweni ngokwenza umaleko okhuselayo ukuze kuncitshiswe i-oxidation.”
Xa usebenzisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, izinto kunye nokusingqongileyo kufuneka kucocwe. Ukususa intsalela yeoyile kunye neplastiki kwizinto sisiqalo esihle. Izinto ezingcolisayo kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo zinokubangela i-oxidation, kodwa zinokubangela iingxaki ngexesha lokuwelda kwaye zibangele iziphene. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukucoca umphezulu ngaphambi kokutshixa.
Indawo yokusebenza ayisoloko icocekile kwaye ungcoliseko oludibanisa izinto lunokuba yingxaki xa usebenza ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo nekhabhoni. Rhoqo ivenkile isebenzisa iifeni ezininzi okanye isebenzisa ii-air conditioner ukupholisa abasebenzi, nto leyo enokutyhala ungcoliseko phantsi okanye ibangele ukuvuza okanye ukufuma kwezinto eziluhlaza. Oku kunzima ngakumbi xa amasuntswana entsimbi yekhabhoni evuthelwa kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo. Ukwahlula ezi zinto nokuzigcina kwindawo ecocekileyo kubalulekile xa kufikwa ekudibaniseni okusebenzayo.
Kubalulekile ukususa umbala omdaka ukuze umhlwa ungaqokeleli ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ubuthathaka isakhiwo siphela. Kukwalungile nokususa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze umbala womphezulu ulingane.
EKhanada, ngenxa yemozulu ebanda kakhulu neyobusika, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo. UDouville uchaze ukuba uninzi lweevenkile ekuqaleni zakhetha i-304 ngenxa yexabiso layo. Kodwa ukuba ivenkile ibingasebenzisa le nto ngaphandle, bangacebisa ukuba itshintshele kwi-316 nangona ibiza kabini. I-304 isengozini yokugqwala xa isetyenziswa okanye igcinwe ngaphandle. Nokuba umphezulu ucociwe kwaye kwenziwe umaleko wokugqwala, iimeko zangaphandle zinokusebenza kumphezulu, zitshabalalise umaleko wokugqwala kwaye ekugqibeleni zibangele ukugqwala kwakhona.
“Ukulungiselela ukuwelda kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo,” utshilo uGabi Miholix, iNgcali yoPhuhliso lweZicelo, iCandelo leeNkqubo zeAbrasive, i-3M Canada, eLondon, eOntario. “Ukususa umhlwa, ipeyinti kunye neebevel kubalulekile ukuze kufakwe i-welding efanelekileyo. Umphezulu wokuwelda kufuneka ungabi nazinto zingcolisayo ezinokwenza i-joint ibe buthathaka.”
UHatelt wongeza ngelithi ukucoca indawo kuyimfuneko, kodwa ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kokuwelda kungabandakanya ukutshiza izinto ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuqina kweweld.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, kubalulekile ukukhetha intsimbi yokuzalisa efanelekileyo yodidi olusetyenziswayo. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo inobuthathaka kakhulu kwaye ifuna ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba kukho ii-welds zohlobo olufanayo lwezixhobo. Umzekelo, i-base metal 316 ifuna i-filler metal 316. Aba-welders abanakusebenzisa nje naluphi na uhlobo lwe-filler metal, uhlobo ngalunye lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo lufuna i-filler ethile ukuze idibanise ngokufanelekileyo.
“Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, umthungi kufuneka ajonge ubushushu,” utshilo uMichael Radaelli, umphathi wemveliso waseNorton | Saint-Gobain Abrasives, eWorcester, eMassachusetts. “Kukho izixhobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezinokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubushushu bomthungiyo kunye nenxalenye njengoko umthungi eshushu, kuba ukuba kuvela umngxuma kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, inxalenye iyatshatyalaliswa.”
URadaelli wongeze ngelithi umthungi wentsimbi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba akahlali kwindawo enye ixesha elide. Ukuthungela nge-multi-layer yindlela entle yokugcina i-substrate ingatshisi kakhulu. Ukuthungela nge-base stainless steel ixesha elide kunokubangela ukuba itshise kakhulu kwaye iqhekeke.
“Ukuwelda intsimbi engagqwaliyo kungathatha ixesha elide, kodwa kukwangumsebenzi wobugcisa ofuna izandla ezinobuchule,” utshilo uRadaelli.
Ukulungiswa emva kokuwelda kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimveliso yokugqibela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Kwezinye iimeko, uMiholix ucacisile, ukuwelda akubonakali, ngoko ke kufuneka ukucoca okulinganiselweyo emva kokuwelda, kwaye naluphi na uthuli olubonakalayo lususwa ngokukhawuleza. Okanye ukuwelda kunokufuna ukuba kulinganiswe okanye kucocwe, kodwa akukho lungiselelo lukhethekileyo lomphezulu olufunekayo. Ukuba kufuneka ukugqitywa okucolekileyo okanye kwesipili, amanyathelo okupolisha aphucukileyo anokufuneka. Kuxhomekeke kuphela ekusetyenzisweni.
“Ingxaki ayingombala,” utshilo uMiholic. “Oku kutshintsha kombala womphezulu kubonisa ukuba iimpawu zesinyithi zitshintshile kwaye ngoku zinokunyibilika/zigqwala.”
Ukukhetha isixhobo sokugqiba ngesantya esiguquguqukayo kuya konga ixesha nemali kwaye kuvumele umqhubi ukuba enze ngokwezifiso ukugqiba.
Kubalulekile ukususa umbala omdaka ukuze umhlwa ungaqokeleli ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ubuthathaka isakhiwo siphela. Kukwalungile nokususa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze umbala womphezulu ulingane.
Inkqubo yokucoca inokonakalisa iindawo, ingakumbi xa kusetyenziswa iikhemikhali ezinobungozi. Ukucoca gwenxa kunokuthintela ukwakheka komaleko ongashukumiyo. Yingakho iingcali ezininzi zicebisa ukuba ezi ndawo zitshixiweyo zicocwe ngesandla.
“Xa ucoca ngesandla, ukuba awuvumeli ioksijini ukuba isabelane nomphezulu kangangeeyure ezingama-24 okanye ezingama-48, awunalo ixesha lokwenza umphezulu ongasebenziyo,” utshilo uDouville. Ucacisile ukuba umphezulu udinga ioksijini ukuze usebenze ne-chromium kwi-alloy ukuze wenze umaleko wokungasebenzisi. Kwezinye iivenkile, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukucoca, ukupakisha iindawo, kunye nokuzithumela ngoko nangoko, nto leyo ecothisa inkqubo kwaye yonyusa umngcipheko wokugqwala.
Abavelisi kunye nabaweldayo badla ngokusebenzisa izinto ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunemida ethile. Ukuzinika ixesha lokucoca indawo linyathelo lokuqala elihle, kodwa kulungile kuphela kwimeko-bume ekuyo.
UHatelt uthe uyaqhubeka nokubona imisebenzi engcolisiweyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuphelisa ubukho bekhabhoni kwindawo yokusebenza yentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Akuqhelekanga ukuba iivenkile ezisebenzisa intsimbi zitshintshele kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo ngaphandle kokulungiselela kakuhle indawo yokusebenza yale nto. Le yimpazamo, ingakumbi ukuba azikwazi ukwahlula ezi zinto zimbini okanye ukuthenga iseti yazo yezixhobo.
“Ukuba unebrashi yentsimbi yokugaya okanye yokulungisa intsimbi engatyiwayo kwaye uyisebenzisa kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, awusakwazi ukusebenzisa intsimbi engatyiwayo,” utshilo uRadaelli. “Iibrashi ngoku zingcoliswe yikhabhoni kunye nomhlwa. Ukuba iibrashi zingcoliswe ngokunqamlezayo, azinakucocwa.”
Iivenkile mazisebenzise izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukulungiselela izinto, kodwa mazibhale ezi zixhobo ngokuthi “ziintsimbi ezingasebenziyo kuphela” ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko olungeyomfuneko, utshilo uHatelt.
Iivenkile kufuneka ziqwalasele izinto ezininzi xa zikhetha izixhobo zokulungiselela ukuwelda ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kuquka iindlela zokusasaza ubushushu, uhlobo lweeminerali, isantya, kunye nobukhulu beenkozo.
“Ukukhetha i-abrasive egqunywe ngobushushu yisiqalo esihle,” utshilo uMiholix. “Intsimbi engatyiwayo inzima kakhulu kwaye ivelisa ubushushu obuninzi xa igqunywa kunentsimbi ethambileyo. Ubushushu kufuneka buye ndaweni ithile, ngoko ke kukho i-coating evumela ubushushu ukuba buye emaphethelweni ediski, endaweni yokuhlala kanye apho ugqunywa khona. ngelo xesha yayigqibelele”.
Ukukhetha i-abrasive kuxhomekeke ekubeni isiphelo sisonke sifanele sijongeke njani, wongeza. Ikwiliso lomntu oyibonayo. Iiminerali ze-alumina kwi-abrasives zezona zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswa kumanyathelo okugqiba. Ukuze intsimbi engatyiwayo ibonakale iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumphezulu, kufuneka kusetyenziswe i-silicon carbide yeminerali. Ibukhali kwaye ishiya imicu enzulu ebonakalisa ukukhanya ngendlela eyahlukileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuba umqhubi ufuna isiphelo somphezulu esithile okanye esahlukileyo, kungcono ukuthetha nomthengisi.
“I-RPM yingxaki enkulu,” utshilo uHatelt. “Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zifuna ii-RPM ezahlukeneyo kwaye zihlala zisebenza ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa i-RPM echanekileyo kubonelela ngeziphumo ezilungileyo, zombini malunga nokuba umsebenzi uqhutywa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani na kunye nomgangatho. Fumanisa ukuba ufuna ukugqiba ntoni kwaye ulinganisa njani.”
UDouville wongeze ngelithi ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokugqiba isantya esiguquguqukayo yindlela enye yokusombulula iingxaki zesantya. Abaqhubi abaninzi bazama i-grinder eqhelekileyo yokugqiba, kodwa inesantya esiphezulu sokusika kuphela. Ukugqitywa kwenkqubo kufuna ukucothisa isantya. Ukukhetha isixhobo sokugqiba isantya esiguquguqukayo kuya konga ixesha nemali kwaye kuvumele umqhubi ukuba enze ngokwezifiso ukugqiba.
I-grit ibalulekile xa ukhetha i-abrasive. Umsebenzisi kufuneka aqale nge-grit efanelekileyo yokufaka isicelo.
Ukuqala ngegrit engama-60 okanye engama-80 (ephakathi), umqhubi angatsibela kwigrit eyi-120 (encinci) kunye negrit engama-220 (encinci kakhulu) phantse kwangoko, nto leyo enika intsimbi engagqwaliyo indawo yesi-4.
“Ingathabatha amanyathelo amathathu nje kuphela,” utshilo uRadaelli. “Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umqhubi usebenzisana nee-welds ezinkulu, akanakuqala nge-grit engama-60 okanye engama-80 kwaye angakhetha i-grit engama-24 (eqinileyo kakhulu) okanye engama-36 (eqinileyo). Oku kongeza inyathelo elongezelelweyo kwaye kunokuba nzima. ukususa imikrwelo enzulu kwizinto.”
Kwakhona, ukongeza isitshizi okanye ijeli ethintela ukutshiza kunokuba ngumhlobo osenyongweni womshiseli, kodwa kudla ngokunganakwa xa kutshizwa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, utsho uDouville. Iindawo ezitshiziweyo kufuneka zisuswe, ezinokukrwela umphezulu, zifune amanyathelo ongezelelweyo okugquma kwaye zithathe ixesha elingakumbi. Eli nyathelo linokususwa ngokulula ngenkqubo yokukhusela ukutshiza.
ULindsay Luminoso, umhleli oncedisayo, unegalelo kwiCanadian Metalworking kunye neCanadian Fabricating & Welding. ULindsay Luminoso, umhleli oncedisayo, unegalelo kwiCanadian Metalworking kunye neCanadian Fabricating & Welding. Линдси Луминосо, помощник редактора, вносит свой вклад как в Canadian Metalworking, так и в Canadian Fabricating & Welding. ULindsey Luminoso, uMhleli oNcedisayo, unegalelo kwiCanadian Metalworking kunye neCanadian Fabricating & Welding.ULindsey Luminoso, uMhleli oNcedisayo, unegalelo kwiMetal Fabrication Canada kunye neFabrication and Welding Canada. WayenguMhleli oNcedisayo/uMhleli weWebhu kwiMetal Fabrication Canada ukususela ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2016 kwaye kutshanje unguMhleli oNcedisayo kwiSebe loYilo.
ULuminoso unedigri yeBachelor of Arts kwiYunivesithi yaseCarleton, idigri yeBachelor of Education kwiYunivesithi yaseOttawa, kunye neSatifikethi seGraduate in Books, Magazines, and Digital Publishing evela kwiCentennial College.
Hlala usesikhathini ngeendaba zamva nje, imicimbi kunye netekhnoloji kuzo zonke izinto zentsimbi ezivela kwiincwadana zethu zeendaba ezimbini zenyanga ezibhalelwe abavelisi baseKhanada kuphela!
Ngoku ngokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kwi-Canadian Metalworking digital edition, kulula ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.
Ngoku unokufikelela ngokupheleleyo kwi-Made in Canada kunye ne-Weld kwidijithali, unokufikelela lula kwizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zoshishino.
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