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Ko te momonatanga o ngā manu e whakawhirinaki ana ki tō rātou kaha ki te penapena i te nui o te parāoa ora mō te wā roa i roto i ngā ngongo rokiroki parāoa (SST). Kei te tautohetia tonu te tikanga tika e tomo ai, e noho ai, e puta ai ngā parāoa i te SST. I whakaatuhia e te parāoa o ngā heihei sharkasi te tino hiahia ki te whakakotahi, ka hanga he paihere miro nekeneke kei roto he maha ngā pūtau. Nā te uaua o te tirotiro i te nekehanga me te whanonga o ngā parāoa i roto i te ngongo fallopian mārama, i whakamahia e mātou he taputapu microfluidic me te wāhanga whakawhiti microchannel rite ki te parāoa ki te ako i te whakakotahitanga me te nekehanga o ngā parāoa. E matapakihia ana e tēnei rangahau te āhua o te hanganga o ngā paihere parāoa, te āhua o tā rātou nekehanga, me tā rātou mahi pea ki te whakaroa i te noho o te parāoa i roto i te SST. I tirotirohia e mātou te tere o te parāoa me te whanonga rheological i te wā i puta ai te rere wai i roto i te hongere microfluidic e te pēhanga hydrostatic (tere rere = 33 µm/s). Ka kauhoe ngā parāoa ki te ia (rheology pai) ā, ka tino heke te tere o te paihere parāoa ki te whakataurite ki ngā parāoa takitahi. Kua kitea te neke haere o ngā paihere parāoa i roto i te porowhita, ā, ka roa ake, ka matotoru ake hoki i te mea ka nui ake ngā parāoa takitahi e kohia mai ana. I kitea ngā paihere parāoa e whakatata mai ana, e piri ana ki ngā pakitara taha o ngā awa wai moroiti kia kore ai e kahakina e te tere rere wai > 33 µm/s. I kitea ngā paihere parāoa e whakatata mai ana, e piri ana ki ngā pakitara taha o ngā awa wai moroiti kia kore ai e kahakina e te tere rere wai > 33 µm/s. Было замечено, что пучки сперматозоидов приближаются и прилипают к боковым стенкам микрофлюитодных каблбожв, сметания со скоростью потока жидкости> 33 мкм / с. Kua kitea ngā paihere parāoa e whakatata atu ana, e piri ana ki ngā pakitara taha o ngā awa wai moroiti kia kore ai e kahakina atu i ngā tere rere wai >33 µm/s.观察到精子束接近并粘附在微流体通道的侧壁上，以避免被流体流速> 33 µm/s。33 µm/s 扫过. Было замечено, что пучки сперматозоидов приближаются и прилипают к боковым стенкам микрожидкостногочять кабнала, потоком жидкости со скоростью > 33 мкм/с. Kua kitea ngā paihere parāoa e whakatata atu ana, e piri ana ki ngā pakitara taha o te awa wai iti, kia kore ai e kahakina e te rere o te wai i te >33 µm/s.I whakaatuhia e te karu hiko matawai me te tuku irahiko he nui ngā rauemi matotoru hei tautoko i ngā paihere parāoa. Ko ngā raraunga i riro mai e whakaatu ana i te nekenekehanga ahurei o ngā parāoa heihei Sharkazi, me te kaha hoki o ngā parāoa ki te whakakotahi me te hanga paihere nekeneke, e whai wāhi ana ki te māramatanga pai ake o te rokiroki roa o ngā parāoa i roto i te SMT.
Hei whakatutuki i te whakatōtōtanga i roto i te tangata me te nuinga o ngā kararehe, me tae te parāoa me ngā hua manu ki te wāhi e whakatōtōtia ana i te wā tika. Nō reira, me puta te moepuku i mua atu, i te wā rānei o te whakaputanga hua manu. I tētahi atu taha, ko ētahi o ngā kararehe whakangote, pērā i ngā kurī, me ngā momo ehara i te kararehe whakangote, pērā i ngā pepeke, ngā ika, ngā ngārara, me ngā manu, ka rongoa i te parāoa ki roto i ō rātou whekau whakaputa uri mō te wā roa tae noa ki te rite o ā rātou hua manu mō te whakatōtōtanga (whakatōtōtanga kore-whakapūmau 1). Ka taea e ngā manu te pupuri i te oranga o ngā parāoa whakangote e kaha ana ki te whakatōtō i ngā hua manu mō ngā wiki 2-102.
He āhuatanga ahurei tēnei e wehewehe ana i ngā manu i ētahi atu kararehe, nā te mea he nui te tūponotanga o te whakatōnga i muri i te whakatōnga kotahi mō ētahi wiki, me te kore e moe tahi me te whakaputa uri i te wā kotahi. Ko te okana rokiroki parāoa matua, e kiia nei ko te ngongo rokiroki parāoa (SST), kei roto i ngā kopa mucosal o roto i te hononga uterovaginal. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia tino mārama ngā tikanga e tomo ai, e noho ai, e puta ai hoki te parāoa i te peeke parāoa. I runga i ngā rangahau o mua, he maha ngā whakapae kua whakatakotoria, engari kāore anō kia whakaūtia tētahi o aua whakapae.
I whakapae a Forman4 ka noho tonu ngā parāoa i roto i te kōhao SST mā te nekehanga tonu ki te ahunga o te rere o te wai mā roto i ngā awa pūmua kei runga i ngā pūtau epithelial SST (rheology). Ka pau te ATP nā te mahi tonu o te flagellar e hiahiatia ana hei pupuri i te parāoa i roto i te lumen SST, ā, ka heke te nekenekehanga tae noa ki te kawehia o te parāoa i waho o te peeke parāoa e te rere o te wai, ka tīmata he haerenga hou ki raro i te ngongo fallopian e piki ake ana hei whakamomona i te parāoa. Hua manu (Forman4). Ka tautokona tēnei tauira rokiroki parāoa e te kitenga mā te immunocytochemistry o ngā aquaporins 2, 3 me te 9 kei roto i ngā pūtau epithelial SST. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia kitea ngā rangahau mō te rheology parāoa heihei me tōna tūranga i roto i te rokiroki SST, te kōwhiringa parāoa tara, me te whakataetae parāoa. I roto i ngā heihei, ka uru te parāoa ki te tara i muri i te moepuku tūturu, engari neke atu i te 80% o ngā parāoa ka panaia mai i te tara i muri tata mai i te moepuku. E kī ana tēnei ko te tara te wāhi matua mō te kōwhiringa parāoa i roto i ngā manu. Hei tāpiritanga, kua pūrongohia he iti iho i te 1% o ngā parāoa i whakatōkia ki roto i te tara ka mutu ki ngā SST2. I roto i te whakatōnga horihori o ngā pīpī i roto i te tara, ka piki ake te maha o ngā parāoa e tae atu ana ki te SST i roto i ngā haora 24 i muri i te whakatōnga. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia mārama te tikanga o te whiriwhiri parāoa i roto i tēnei tukanga, ā, tera pea he wāhi nui te nekehanga o te parāoa ki te tango parāoa SST. Nā te matotoru me te mātotoru o ngā pakitara o ngā ngongo fallopian, he uaua ki te aroturuki tika i te nekehanga o te parāoa i roto i ngā ngongo fallopian o ngā manu. Nō reira, kāore i a mātou te mōhiotanga taketake mō te nekehanga o te parāoa ki te SST i muri i te whakatōnga.
Kua kitea tata nei te rheology hei mea nui e whakahaere ana i te kawe parāoa i roto i ngā ira tangata o ngā kararehe whakangote. I runga i te kaha o ngā parāoa nekeneke ki te heke i te wā tika, i whakamahia e Zaferani me ētahi atu he pūnaha corra microfluidic hei wehe i ngā parāoa nekeneke mai i ngā tauira parāoa kua tāpaetia. He mea nui tēnei momo whakarōpū parāoa mō te maimoatanga kore tamariki hauora me te rangahau haumanu, ā, he pai ake i ngā tikanga tuku iho e nui ana te wā me te mahi, ā, ka taea te whakararu i te āhua o te parāoa me te hanganga. Heoi, tae noa ki tēnei rā, kāore anō kia mahia he rangahau mō te pānga o ngā mea huna mai i ngā whekau ira tangata o ngā heihei ki te nekeneke o te parāoa.
Ahakoa te tikanga e pupuri ana i te parāoa i roto i te SST, he maha ngā kairangahau kua kite ka whakakotahi ngā parāoa noho i roto i te SST o ngā heihei 9, 10, koitareke 2, me ngā tāki 11 hei hanga i ngā paihere parāoa kua whakakotahi. E kī ana ngā kaituhi he hononga kei waenganui i tēnei whakakotahitanga me te rokiroki roa o ngā parāoa i roto i te SST.
I kōrero a Tingari rāua ko Lake12 mō tētahi hononga kaha i waenga i ngā parāoa i roto i te repe e whiwhi parāoa ana o te heihei, ā, i pātai rāua mēnā ka rite te whakapūpū o ngā parāoa manu ki ngā parāoa mammal. E whakapono ana rāua ko ngā hononga hohonu i waenga i ngā parāoa i roto i ngā vas deferens pea nā te ahotea i puta mai i te nui o ngā parāoa i roto i tētahi wāhi iti.
I te aromatawai i te whanonga o ngā parāoa i runga i ngā kiriata karāhe hou e iri ana, ka kitea ngā tohu whakapūmau poto, inā koa i ngā taha o ngā pata parāoa. Heoi, he maha ngā wā i whakararuraruhia ai te whakapūmau e te mahi hurihuri e pā ana ki te nekehanga tonu, e whakamārama ana i te āhua poto o tēnei āhuatanga. I kite anō ngā kairangahau i te wā i tāpirihia ai te wai whakamātao ki te parāoa, ka puta mai ngā pūtau "rite ki te miro" e roa ana.
Ko ngā nganatanga tōmua ki te whai i te parāoa i mahia mā te tango i tētahi waea angiangi mai i tētahi maturuturunga iri, ā, i puta mai he pūwero roa rite ki te parāoa i puta mai i te maturuturunga o te parāoa. I tū tonu ngā parāoa i roto i te pūwero, engari i ngaro wawe te wāhanga katoa nā te herenga 3D. Nō reira, hei ako i te whakakotahitanga o ngā parāoa, me tirotiro tonu te nekehanga me te whanonga o ngā parāoa i roto i ngā ngongo rokiroki parāoa motuhake, he mea uaua ki te whakatutuki. Nō reira, me whakawhanake he taputapu e whai ana i ngā parāoa hei tautoko i ngā rangahau mō te nekehanga me te whanonga whakakotahitanga o ngā parāoa. I kōrero a Brillard et al13 ko te roa toharite o ngā ngongo rokiroki parāoa i roto i ngā pīpī pakeke he 400–600 µm, engari ko ētahi SST ka taea te roa ki te 2000 µm. I wehea e Mero rāua ko Ogasawara14 ngā repe seminiferous ki ngā ngongo rokiroki parāoa kua whakanuia, me ngā ngongo rokiroki parāoa kāore i whakanuia, he rite te roa (~500 µm) me te whānui o te kaki (~38 µm), engari ko te diameter lumen toharite o ngā ngongo he 56.6 me te 56.6 µm. . , 11.2 μm ia. I roto i te rangahau o nāianei, i whakamahia e mātou he taputapu microfluidic me te rahi o te awa o te 200 µm × 20 µm (W × H), ko tōna wāhanga whakawhiti he tata ki te SST kua whakanuia. Hei tāpiri, i tirotirohia e mātou te nekehanga o te parāoa me te whanonga agglutination i roto i te wai e rere ana, e rite ana ki te ariā a Foreman ko te wai i hangaia e ngā pūtau epithelial SST ka pupuri i te parāoa i roto i te lumen i roto i te ahunga countercurrent (rheological).
Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakakore i ngā raruraru o te tirotiro i te nekehanga o te parāoa i roto i te ngongo fallopian, me te karo i ngā uauatanga o te ako i te rheology me te whanonga o te parāoa i roto i te taiao hihiri. I whakamahia he taputapu microfluidic e hanga ana i te pēhanga hydrostatic hei whakatauira i te nekehanga o te parāoa i roto i ngā ira tangata o te heihei.
I te wā i utaina ai he pata o te tauira parāoa kua whakakōkīhia (1:40) ki roto i te taputapu microchannel, e rua ngā momo nekehanga parāoa i kitea (parāoa kua wehea me te parāoa kua herea). Hei tāpiri, i te nuinga o te wā ka kauhoe ngā parāoa ki te whakahē i te ia (rheology pai; ataata 1, 2). Ahakoa he iti ake te tere o ngā paihere parāoa i tō te parāoa takitahi (p < 0.001), i whakapiki ake i te ōrau o te parāoa e whakaatu ana i te rheotaxis pai (p < 0.001; Ripanga 2). Ahakoa he iti ake te tere o ngā paihere parāoa i tō te parāoa takitahi (p < 0.001), i whakapiki ake i te ōrau o te parāoa e whakaatu ana i te rheotaxis pai (p < 0.001; Ripanga 2). Хотя пучки сперматозоидов имели более низкую скорость, чем у одиночных сперматозоидов (p < 0,001), оливацулив сперматозоидов, демонстрирующих положительный реотаксис (p <0,001; taблица 2). Ahakoa he iti ake te tere o ngā paihere parāoa i tō te parāoa takitahi (p < 0.001), i whakapiki ake rātou i te ōrau o ngā parāoa e whakaatu ana i te rheotaxis pai (p < 0.001; Ripanga 2).尽管精子束的速度低于孤独精子的速度（p < 0.001），但它们增加了显示阳性流变性的精子百分比（p < 0.001；表2）。尽管 精子束 的 速度 低于 孤独 的 速度 （p <0.001） ， 但 增加 了 显示 阳性 浐倧 流性百分比 （p <0.001 ； 2。。。。。））））） Хотя скорость пучков сперматозоидов была ниже, чем у одиночных сперматозоидов (p < 0,001), они увеличирдали они увеличиват с положительной реологией (p < 0,001; таблица 2). Ahakoa he iti iho te tere o ngā paihere parāoa i tō ngā parāoa takitahi (p < 0.001), i whakapiki ake rātou i te ōrau o ngā parāoa me te rheology pai (p < 0.001; Ripanga 2).E whakatauhia ana te rheology pai mō te parāoa takitahi me ngā pūwero ki te 53% me te 85%, ia.
Kua kitea ko ngā parāoa o ngā heihei sharkasi i muri tonu i te whakaputanga ka hanga he paihere rārangi, he maha ngā momo takitahi. Ka piki ake te roa me te matotoru o ēnei pūtu i roto i te wā, ā, ka noho pea i roto i te vitro mō ētahi haora i mua i te memeha haere (ataata 3). He rite te āhua o ēnei paihere miro ki ngā parāoa echidna e hanga ana i te pito o te epididymis. Kua kitea he nui te āhua o te parāoa heihei Sharkashi ki te whakakotahi me te hanga i tētahi paihere reticulate i roto i te iti iho i te kotahi meneti i muri i te kohikohinga. He hihiri ēnei hihi, ā, ka taea te piri ki ngā pakitara tata, ki ngā mea tūmau rānei. Ahakoa ka whakaitihia e ngā paihere parāoa te tere o ngā pūtau parāoa, he mārama kei te whakanui ake i tō rātou rārangi i te tirohanga whānui. Ka rerekē te roa o ngā paihere i runga i te maha o ngā parāoa i kohia i roto i ngā paihere. E rua ngā wāhanga o te paihere i wehea: te wāhanga tuatahi, tae atu ki te pane kore utu o te parāoa kua whakakotahi, me te wāhanga whakamutunga, tae atu ki te hiku me te pito tawhiti katoa o te parāoa. Mā te whakamahi i tētahi kāmera tere-rahi (950 fps), i kitea ngā pane kore utu o ngā parāoa kua whakapūpūtia i te wāhanga tuatahi o te paihere, koia te take o te nekehanga o te paihere nā tō rātou nekehanga hurihuri, e tōia ana ngā toenga ki roto i te paihere me te nekehanga porowhita (Ataata 4). Heoi, i roto i ngā pūtu roa, kua kitea ko ētahi pane parāoa kore utu e piri ana ki te tinana, ā, ko te wāhanga pito o te pūtu he mahi hei vane hei āwhina i te pana i te pūtu.
I roto i te rere puhoi o te wai, ka neke whakarara ngā paihere parāoa tetahi ki tetahi, heoi, ka tīmata rātou ki te taupatupatu me te piri ki ngā mea katoa e takoto kau ana, kia kore ai e horoia e te rere o te ia i te mea ka piki ake te tere o te rere. Ka puta ngā paihere ina whakatata mai ētahi pūtau parāoa tetahi ki tetahi, ka tīmata rātou ki te neke tahi me te takai tetahi ki tetahi, kātahi ka piri ki tētahi mea piri. E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 1 me te 2 i te whakatata atu o te parāoa tetahi ki tetahi, ka hanga he hononga i te mea ka takai ngā hiku tetahi ki tetahi.
I whakamahia e ngā kairangahau te pēhanga wai hei hanga i te rere o te wai i roto i tētahi hongere iti hei ako i te rheology o te parāoa. I whakamahia he hongere iti he 200 µm × 20 µm (W × H) te rahi, ā, he 3.6 µm te roa. Whakamahia he hongere iti i waenganui i ngā ipu me ngā ngira e mau ana ki ngā pito. I whakamahia he tae kai hei whakanui ake i te kitea o ngā hongere.
Herea ngā taura hononga me ngā taputapu ki te pakitara. I tangohia te ataata mā te whakamahi i tētahi karuārai ā-wāhanga. Mō ia whakaahua, ka whakaaturia ngā karuārai ā-wāhanga me ngā whakaahua mahere. (A) Ka ātete te hononga i waenga i ngā awa e rua i te rere nā te nekehanga porowhita (pere whero). (B) Ko te hononga i waenga i te paihere ngongo me te pakitara awa (pere whero), i te wā kotahi ka honoa ki ētahi atu paihere e rua (pere kōwhai). (C) Ka tīmata ngā paihere parāoa i roto i te awaawa moroiti ki te hono tetahi ki tetahi (pere whero), ka hanga he mata o ngā paihere parāoa. (D) Te hanganga o tētahi whatunga o ngā paihere parāoa.
I te wā i utaina ai he pata parāoa kua whakaranua ki roto i te taputapu moroiti-wai, ā, i hangaia he rere, i kitea te nekehanga o te hihi parāoa ki te taha o te rere. Ka piri pai ngā paihere ki ngā pakitara o ngā awa moroiti, ā, ka piri pai ngā pane kore utu i te wāhanga tuatahi o ngā paihere ki a rātou (ataata 5). Ka piri hoki rātou ki ngā matūriki tūmau i tō rātou ara, pērā i ngā paru, hei ārai i te kahakina e te ia. I roto i te wā, ka huri ēnei pūtu hei miro roa e mau ana i ētahi atu parāoa takitahi me ngā pūtu poto ake (Ataata 6). I te tīmatanga o te puhoi o te rere, ka tīmata ngā rārangi roa o te parāoa ki te hanga i tētahi whatunga o ngā rārangi parāoa (Ataata 7; Pikitia 2).
I te tere rere teitei (V > 33 µm/s), ka nui ake ngā nekehanga porowhita o ngā miro hei ngana ki te hopu i ngā paihere parāoa takitahi kia pai ake ai te ātete i te kaha nekeneke o te rere. I te tere rere teitei (V > 33 µm/s), ka nui ake ngā nekehanga porowhita o ngā miro hei ngana ki te hopu i ngā paihere parāoa takitahi kia pai ake ai te ātete i te kaha nekeneke o te rere. При высокой скорости потока (V > 33 мкм/с) отдельных сперматозоидов, образующих пучки, которые лучше противостоят дрейфующей силе потока. I ngā tere rere teitei (V > 33 µm/s), ka piki ake ngā nekehanga porotaka o ngā miro i a rātou e ngana ana ki te hopu i ngā parāoa takitahi maha e hanga ana i ngā paihere e kaha ake ana ki te ātete i te kaha nekeneke o te rere.在高流速(V > 33 µm/s)时，螺纹的螺旋运动增加，以试图捕捉许多形成束的单个精子，从而更好地抵抗的单个精子，从而更好地抵犗的地抵抗的单个精子。在 高 流速 (v> 33 µm/s) 时 ， 的 螺旋 运动 增加 ， 以 试图 许多 形成 束 单 个 ，地 抵抗 的 漂移力。。。。。。。。 При высоких скоростях потока (V > 33 мкм/с) спиральное движение нитей увеличивается в попытке захватить множествльт сперматозоидов, образующих пучки, чтобы лучше сопротивляться силам дрейфа потока. I ngā tere rere teitei (V > 33 µm/s), ka piki ake te nekehanga porotaka o ngā miro hei hopu i ngā paihere parāoa takitahi kia pai ake ai te ātete i ngā kaha nekeneke o te rere.I ngana anō hoki rātou ki te tāpiri i ngā awa iti ki ngā taha.
I tautuhia ngā paihere parāoa hei tautau o ngā pane parāoa me ngā hiku piko mā te whakamahi i te karuārai mārama (LM). Kua tautuhia hoki ngā paihere parāoa me ngā momo kohikohinga hei pane piko me ngā kohikohinga haki, ngā hiku parāoa maha kua hanumi, ngā pane parāoa e piri ana ki te hiku, me ngā pane parāoa me ngā karihi piko hei karihi maha kua hanumi. Karuārai tuku irahiko (TEM). I whakaatuhia e te karuārai matawai irahiko (SEM) ko ngā paihere parāoa he kohikohinga o ngā pane parāoa kua hipokina, ā, i whakaatuhia e ngā kohikohinga parāoa he whatunga piri o ngā hiku kua takai.
I tirotirohia te āhua me te hanganga whānui o te parāoa, te hanganga o ngā paihere parāoa mā te whakamahi i te karuārai mārama (haurua te wāhanga), te karuārai irahiko matawai (SEM) me te karuārai irahiko tuku (TEM), i pania ngā pani parāoa ki te acridine orange, ā, i tirohia mā te whakamahi i te karuārai epifluorescence.
I whakaatuhia e te paninga parāoa ki te acridine orange (Pikitia 3B) kua piri ngā pane parāoa ki a rātou anō, ā, kua kapihia ki ngā rauemi huna, ā, nā tēnei i hua ake ai he pūtu nui (Pikitia 3D). Ko ngā paihere parāoa he mea hanga mai i ngā kohikohinga parāoa me te whatunga o ngā hiku e piri ana (Pikitia 4A-C). Ko ngā paihere parāoa he mea hanga mai i ngā hiku o ngā parāoa maha e piri ana (Pikitia 4D). I taupokina ngā pane o ngā paihere parāoa e ngā mea ngaro (Pikitia 4E,F).
Te hanganga o te paihere parāoa Mā te whakamahi i te karuārai ā-wāhanga me ngā pani parāoa kua pania ki te acridine karaka, i whakaatuhia ko ngā pane o te parāoa kua piri tahi. (A) Ka tīmata te hanganga o te pūtu parāoa wawe me te parāoa (porowhita mā) me te parāoa e toru (porowhita kōwhai), me te porowhita e tīmata ana i te hiku ka mutu ki te pane. (B) Whakaahua iti o te pani parāoa kua pania ki te acridine karaka e whakaatu ana i ngā pane parāoa piri (ngā pere). Ka kapi te rerenga i te pane/ngā pane. Whakanui × 1000. (C) Te whanaketanga o te hihi nui e haria ana e te rere i roto i te hongere microfluidic (mā te whakamahi i te kāmera tere-teitei i te 950 fps). (D) Whakaahua iti o te pani parāoa kua pania ki te acridine karaka e whakaatu ana i ngā pūtu nui (ngā pere). Whakanui: ×200.
He whakaahua hiko matawai o te hihi parāoa me te pani parāoa kua pania ki te karaka acridine. Ko (A, B, D, E) he whakaahua hiko matawai tae mamati o te parāoa, ā, ko C me F he whakaahua hiko o ngā pani parāoa kua pania ki te karaka acridine e whakaatu ana i te piri o ngā parāoa maha e takai ana i te tukutuku hiku. (AC) E whakaatuhia ana ngā kohikohinga parāoa hei whatunga o ngā hiku e piri ana (ngā pere). (D) Te piri o ētahi parāoa (me te matū piri, te āhua māwhero, te pere) e takai ana i te hiku. (E me F) Ngā kohikohinga pane parāoa (ngā tohu) kua hipokina ki te rauemi piri (ngā tohu). I hanga ngā parāoa i ngā paihere me ētahi hanganga rite ki te awhiowhio (F). (C) ×400 me te (F) ×200 whakanui.
Mā te whakamahi i te karu hiko tuku, i kitea e mātou he hiku piri ngā paihere parāoa (Pikitia 6A, C), he pane piri ki ngā hiku (Pikitia 6B), he pane piri rānei ki ngā hiku (Pikitia 6D). He piko ngā pane o te parāoa i roto i te paihere, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā rohe karihi wāhanga tuarua (Pikitia 6D). I roto i te paihere tapahi, he pane piko te parāoa me ngā rohe karihi e rua me ngā rohe haki maha (Pikitia 5A).
He whakaahua matihiko tae matihiko e whakaatu ana i ngā hiku hono i roto i te paihere parāoa me te rauemi whakakotahi e hono ana i ngā upoko parāoa. (A) Hiku e piri ana o te tini o ngā parāoa. Mātakitakihia te āhua o te hiku i roto i ngā whakaahua poutū (pere) me te whakaahua whenua (pere). (B) Kua honoa te upoko (pere) o te parāoa ki te hiku (pere). (C) He maha ngā hiku parāoa (pere) kua piri. (D) He rauemi whakakotahi (AS, kikorangi) e hono ana i ngā upoko parāoa e whā (papura).
I whakamahia te karu hiko matawai hei kite i ngā pane parāoa i roto i ngā paihere parāoa kua kapihia ki ngā mea huna, ki ngā kiriuhi rānei (Pikitia 6B), e tohu ana i te herenga o ngā paihere parāoa e ngā rauemi o waho o te tinana. I whakaemihia te rauemi kua whakaemihia ki roto i te pane parāoa (he huihuinga rite ki te pane tiēre; Pikitia 5B) ā, i whānui haere ki te taha tawhiti, ka puta he āhua kōwhai kanapa i raro i te karu hiko fluorescence ina pania ki te acridine karaka (Pikitia 6C). Ka kitea mārama tēnei matū i raro i te karu hiko matawai, ā, e kiia ana he mea here. Ko ngā wāhanga angiangi (Pikitia 5C) me ngā pani parāoa i pania ki te acridine karaka i whakaatu i ngā paihere parāoa kei roto ngā pane kua kikī rawa me ngā hiku piko (Pikitia 5D).
Ngā whakaahua iti e whakaatu ana i te whakakotahitanga o ngā pane parāoa me ngā hiku kua whakapikohia mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē. (A) He whakaahua iti matihiko whakawhiti-wāhanga o te paihere parāoa e whakaatu ana i te pane parāoa kua takai me te karihi e rua-wāhanga (kikorangi) me ētahi wāhanga kara (kakariki). (B) He whakaahua iti matihiko matawai tae e whakaatu ana i te rōpū o ngā pane parāoa rite ki te tiēre (ngā pere) e āhua kapi ana. (C) Wāhanga angiangi e whakaatu ana i ngā pane parāoa kua whakakotahitia (ngā pere) me ngā hiku kua piko (ngā pere). (D) He whakaahua iti o te paninga parāoa kua pania ki te karaka acridine e whakaatu ana i ngā whakakotahitanga o ngā pane parāoa (ngā pere) me ngā hiku piri piko (ngā pere). Kia mahara he mea piri (S) e kapi ana i te pane o te parāoa. (D) Whakanui × 1000.
Mā te whakamahi i te karuārai irahiko tuku (Pikitia 7A), i kitea anō he miro ngā pane parāoa, ā, he porowhita te āhua o ngā karihi, e whakaūtia ana e ngā pani parāoa i pania ki te acridine karaka, ā, i tirohia mā te whakamahi i te karuārai fluorescence (Pikitia 7B).
(A) He whakaahua matihiko tuku irahiko tae matihiko me te (B) he paninga parāoa kua pania ki te karaka Acridine e whakaatu ana i ngā pane kua kopikopiko me te piri o ngā pane me ngā hiku parāoa (ngā pere). (B) Whakanuia × 1000.
He mea whakamere te kitenga ko te kohikohinga o te parāoa o Sharkazi hei hanga i ngā paihere miro nekeneke. Mā ngā āhuatanga o ēnei paihere ka taea e tātou te mārama ki tā rātou mahi pea i roto i te mimiti me te penapena o ngā parāoa i roto i te SST.
I muri i te moepuku, ka tomo te parāoa ki te tara, ā, ka pāngia e te tukanga whiriwhiri kaha, ā, he iti noa iho te maha o ngā parāoa e tomo ana ki te SST15,16. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia mārama ngā tikanga e tomo ai, e puta ai hoki ngā parāoa i te SST. I roto i ngā manu, ka rongoatia ngā parāoa ki roto i te SST mō te wā roa, mai i te 2 ki te 10 wiki, i runga i te momo6. Kei te noho tonu te tautohetohe mō te āhua o te parāoa i te wā e rongoatia ana ki roto i te SST. Kei te nekeneke, kei te okioki rānei? Arā, me pēhea te pupuri a ngā pūtau parāoa i tō rātou tūranga i roto i te SST mō te wā roa?
I kī a Forman4 ka taea te whakamārama i te noho me te pana o te SST i runga i te nekehanga o te parāoa. E whakapae ana ngā kaituhi ka mau tonu te parāoa i tōna tūranga mā te kaukau ki te rere o te wai i hangaia e te epithelium SST, ā, ka panaia te parāoa mai i te SST ina heke tō rātou tere ki raro i te wāhi ka tīmata rātou ki te neke whakamuri nā te korenga o te pūngao. I whakaū a Zaniboni5 i te aroaro o ngā aquaporins 2, 3, me te 9 i te wāhanga apical o ngā pūtau epithelial SST, e tautoko ana pea i te tauira rokiroki parāoa a Foreman. I roto i te rangahau o nāianei, i kitea e mātou tata ki te haurua o ngā parāoa a Sharkashi e whakaatu ana i te rheology pai i roto i te wai e rere ana, ā, ko ngā paihere parāoa kua whakaemihia ka whakanui ake i te maha o ngā parāoa e whakaatu ana i te rheology pai, ahakoa ka whakaroa te whakaemi i a rātou. Kāore i te tino mārama te haere o ngā pūtau parāoa ki runga i te ngongo fallopian o te manu ki te wāhi whakatō. I roto i ngā kararehe whakangote, ka kukume te chemoattracts i ngā parāoa. Heoi, e whakaponohia ana ko ngā chemoattractants te arahi i ngā parāoa ki te whakatata atu ki ngā tawhiti roa7. Nō reira, ko ētahi atu tikanga te kawenga mō te kawe parāoa. Ko te kaha o te parāoa ki te anga whakamua me te rere ki te wai o te ngongo fallopian i tukuna i muri i te moepuku kua pūrongohia he mea nui ki te arotahi ki te parāoa i roto i ngā kiore. I kī a Parker 17 ka whiti ngā parāoa i ngā oviducts mā te kaukau ki te ia o te ciliary i roto i ngā manu me ngā ngārara. Ahakoa kāore anō kia whakaaturia i roto i ngā whakamātautau i roto i ngā manu, ko Adolphi18 te tuatahi ki te kite he pai ngā hua o te parāoa manu ina hangaia he paparanga angiangi o te wai i waenga i te uhi me te kiriata me te rīpene pepa tātari. Rheology. I whakanoho a Hino rāua ko Yanagimachi [19] i tētahi matatini ovary-tubal-uterine kiore ki roto i tētahi mowhiti perfusion, ā, i werohia he 1 µl o te mangumangu ki roto i te isthmus hei tiro i te rere o te wai i roto i ngā ngongo fallopian. I kite rāua i tētahi nekehanga tino kaha o te whakaheke me te whakangā i roto i te ngongo fallopian, i reira ko ngā pōro mangumangu katoa e neke haere ana ki te ampulla o te ngongo fallopian. E whakanui ana ngā kaituhi i te hiranga o te rere o te wai o te ngongo mai i ngā ngongo fallopian o raro ki runga mō te hiki me te whakatō parāoa. I roto i ngā kōrero a Brillard20, i roto i ngā heihei me ngā tāki, ka heke ngā parāoa mā te nekehanga kaha mai i te tomokanga tara, te wāhi e rongoatia ana, ki te hononga utero-vaginal, te wāhi e rongoatia ana. Heoi, kāore e hiahiatia tēnei nekehanga i waenga i te hononga uterovaginal me te infundibulum nā te mea ka haria ngā parāoa mā te nekehanga kore mahi. I te mōhio ki ēnei taunakitanga o mua me ngā hua i puta mai i te rangahau o nāianei, ka taea te kī ko te kaha o ngā parāoa ki te neke ki runga (rheology) tētahi o ngā āhuatanga e hangai ana ki te tukanga whiriwhiri. Mā tēnei ka whakatau i te haerenga o ngā parāoa mā roto i te tara me tō rātou urunga ki te CCT hei rokiroki. E ai ki tā Forman4, mā tēnei pea ka āwhina i te tukanga o te parāoa e tomo ana ki te SST me tōna kāinga noho mō tētahi wā, kātahi ka puta atu ina tīmata te puhoi o tō rātou tere.
I tētahi atu taha, i kī a Matsuzaki rāua ko Sasanami 21 ka rerekē te nekehanga o ngā parāoa manu mai i te moe ki te nekehanga i roto i ngā ara whakaputa uri tāne me te wahine. Kua whakaarohia te aukati i te nekehanga o ngā parāoa noho i roto i te SST hei whakamārama i te roa o te wā rokiroki o te parāoa, kātahi ka whakahoutia i muri i te wehenga atu i te SST. I raro i ngā āhuatanga hypoxic, i kōrero a Matsuzaki et al. 1 mō te nui o te whakaputanga me te tukunga o te lactate i roto i te SST, ka arahi pea ki te aukati i te nekehanga o ngā parāoa noho. I tēnei take, ko te hiranga o te rheology o te parāoa ka kitea i roto i te kōwhiringa me te mimiti o ngā parāoa, kaua i roto i tā rātou rokiroki.
Ko te tauira whakakotahi parāoa he whakamārama whaitake mō te wā roa o te rokiroki o te parāoa i roto i te SST, nā te mea he tauira noa tēnei o te pupuri parāoa i roto i te heihei2,22,23. I kite a Bakst et al. 2 ko te nuinga o ngā parāoa i piri tetahi ki tetahi, ka hanga he kohikohinga fascicular, ā, he onge te kitea o ngā parāoa takitahi i roto i te koitareke CCM. I tetahi atu taha, i kite a Wen et al. 24 he nui ake ngā parāoa i marara me te iti ake o ngā pūtu parāoa i roto i te lumen SST i roto i ngā heihei. I runga i ēnei kitenga, ka taea te kī he rerekē te āhua o te whakakotahi parāoa i waenga i ngā manu me waenga i ngā parāoa i roto i te ejaculate kotahi. Hei tāpiri, i kī a Van Krey et al. 9 ko te wehenga matapōkere o ngā parāoa kua whakakotahi te take o te urunga āta haere o te parāoa ki roto i te lumen o te ngongo fallopian. E ai ki tēnei ariā, ko ngā parāoa he iti ake te kaha whakakotahi me pana tuatahi mai i te SST. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ko te kaha o te parāoa ki te whakakotahi he mea pea e pā ana ki te putanga o te whakataetae parāoa i roto i ngā manu paru. Hei tāpiri, ko te roa o te wehenga o te parāoa kua whakakotahi, ka roa ake te pupuri i te momonatanga.
Ahakoa kua kitea te kohikohinga me te whakakotahitanga o ngā parāoa ki roto i ngā paihere i roto i ētahi rangahau2,22,24, kāore i whakaahuahia i roto i ngā taipitopito nā te uaua o tā rātou tirotiro kinematic i roto i te SST. He maha ngā nganatanga kua mahia ki te ako i te whakakotahitanga o ngā parāoa i roto i te vitro. I kitea te kohikohinga whānui engari he poto noa iho i te wā i tangohia ai te waea angiangi mai i te maturuturunga purapura e iri ana. Nā tēnei ka puta he mirumiru roa mai i te maturuturunga, e whai ana i te repe purapura. Nā ngā herenga 3D me ngā wā maroke maturuturu poto, ka tere te pakaru o te poraka katoa9. I roto i te rangahau o nāianei, mā te whakamahi i ngā heihei Sharkashi me ngā maramara microfluidic, i taea e mātou te whakaahua me pēhea te hanga o ēnei pūtu me te pehea o tā rātou nekehanga. I hangaia ngā paihere parāoa i muri tonu i te kohikohinga o te parāoa, ā, i kitea he neke porowhita, e whakaatu ana i te rheology pai ina kitea i roto i te rere. I tua atu, i te tirohanga makoro, kua kitea he pikinga ake o te linearity o te nekehanga o ngā paihere parāoa ki te whakataurite ki ngā parāoa takitahi. E whakaatu ana tēnei ka puta pea te whakapūpūtanga o te parāoa i mua i te urunga o te SST, ā, kāore te whakaputanga parāoa i te rohe iti noa iho nā te ahotea e ai ki te whakaaro o mua (Tingari and Lake12). I te wā e hanga ana te parāoa, ka kaukau tahi ngā parāoa tae noa ki te hanga hononga, kātahi ka takai ō rātou hiku tetahi ki tetahi, ā, ka noho noa te pane o te parāoa, engari ka piri te hiku me te wāhanga tawhiti o te parāoa ki tētahi mea piri. Nō reira, ko te pane noa o te hononga te kawenga mō te nekehanga, ka tōia te toenga o te hononga. I whakaatuhia e te karu hiko matawai o ngā paihere parāoa ngā pane parāoa e piri ana kua kapi ki te maha o ngā mea piri, e whakaatu ana i te piri o ngā pane parāoa ki roto i ngā paihere okiokinga, tērā pea i puta i muri i te taenga ki te wāhi rokiroki (SST).
Ina pania he paninga parāoa ki te acridine karaka, ka kitea ngā mea piri o waho o te parāoa i raro i te karu hiko fluorescent. Mā tēnei matū ka taea e ngā paihere parāoa te piri me te piri ki ngā mata, ki ngā matūriki rānei e karapoti ana, kia kore ai e rere tahi me te rere o te parāoa e karapoti ana. Nō reira, e whakaatu ana ā mātou kitenga i te mahi a te piri o ngā parāoa i roto i te āhua o ngā paihere nekeneke. Mā tō rātou kaha ki te kauhoe ki te ia me te piri ki ngā mata tata ka taea e te parāoa te noho roa i roto i te SST.
I whakamahia e Rothschild25 tētahi kāmera ine toto hei ako i te tohatoha mānu o te purapura kau i roto i tētahi pata whakatārewatanga, me te tango whakaahua iti mā roto i tētahi kāmera me te tuaka whatu poutū me te tuaka whakapae o te karu hiko. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua i kukumea ngā parāoa ki te mata o te rūma. E kī ana ngā kaituhi tera pea he taunekeneke waiora i waenga i te parāoa me te mata. Mā te whakaaro ki tēnei, me te kaha o te purapura pīpī a Sharkashi ki te hanga i ngā pūwero piri, tera pea ka piki ake te tūponotanga ka piri te purapura ki te pakitara SST me te rongoa mō ngā wā roa.
I kōrero a Bccetti rāua ko Afzeliu26 e hiahiatia ana te glycocalyx parāoa hei tāutu i ngā pūtau me te whakapūpū. I kite a Forman10 ko te waikura o ngā hononga α-glycosidic i roto i ngā paninga glycoprotein-glycolipid mā te rongoā i te parāoa manu ki te neuraminidase i hua ake ai te whakahekenga o te momonatanga me te kore e pā ki te nekehanga o te parāoa. E kī ana ngā kaituhi ko te pānga o te neuraminidase ki te glycocalyx ka whakararu i te pupuri parāoa i te hononga utero-vaginal, ā, ka whakaiti i te momonatanga. Kāore e taea e ā rāua kitenga te wareware i te āheinga ka whakaitihia e te rongoā neuraminidase te tāutu i te parāoa me te oocyte. I kitea e Forman rāua ko Engel10 kua heke te momonatanga i te wā i whakawhānauhia ai ngā heihei ki roto i te vagin i rongoāhia ki te neuraminidase. Heoi, kāore te IVF me te parāoa i rongoāhia ki te neuraminidase i pā ki te momonatanga ki ngā heihei mana. I whakatau ngā kaituhi ko ngā panonitanga o te paninga glycoprotein-glycolipid huri noa i te kiriuhi parāoa i whakaiti i te kaha o te parāoa ki te whakamomona mā te whakararu i te pupuri i te parāoa i te hononga utero-vaginal, ā, nā tēnei i piki ake ai te ngaronga o te parāoa nā te tere o te hononga utero-vaginal, engari kāore e pā ki te mōhiotanga o te parāoa me te hua manu.
I roto i ngā heihei, i kitea e Bakst rāua ko Bauchan 11 ngā pūhui iti me ngā kongakonga kiriuhi i roto i te lumen o te SST, ā, i kitea kua hanumi ētahi o ēnei pūmua ki te kiriuhi parāoa. E kī ana ngā kaituhi, tera pea ka whai wāhi ēnei whanaungatanga ki te rokiroki roa o ngā parāoa i roto i te SST. Heoi, kāore ngā kairangahau i whakahua i te pūtake o ēnei matūriki, ahakoa i tukuna e ngā pūtau epithelial CCT, i hangaia, i tukuna rānei e te pūnaha whakaputa uri tāne, i hangaia rānei e te parāoa tonu. Waihoki, ko ēnei matūriki te kawenga mō te whakakotahitanga. I kōrero a Grützner et al27 ka whakaputa, ka tuku hoki ngā pūtau epididymal epididymal i tētahi pūmua motuhake e hiahiatia ana mō te hanganga o ngā ara uri kotahi-pūwero. E kōrero ana hoki ngā kaituhi ko te marara o ēnei paihere e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taunekeneke o ngā pūmua epididymal. I kitea e Nixon et al28 ka tukuna e te adnexa tētahi pūmua, ko te osteonectin waikawa-whai-cysteine; kei roto a SPARC i te hanganga o ngā pūhui parāoa i roto i ngā echidnas me ngā platypuses ngutu-poto. E pā ana te marara o ēnei hihi ki te ngaronga o tēnei pūmua.
I roto i te rangahau o nāianei, i whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga hanganga-ā-roto mā te whakamahi i te karu hikohiko i piri te parāoa ki te nui o te rauemi matotoru. E whakaarohia ana ko ēnei matū te kawenga mō te whakakotahitanga e whakaemi ana i waenga me te taha o ngā upoko piri, engari he iti ake te kukū i te rohe hiku. E whakaaro ana mātou ka tukuna atu tēnei matū whakakotahi mai i te pūnaha whakaputa uri tāne (epididymis, vas deferens rānei) me te purapura tāne, nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka kite tātou i te purapura tāne e wehe ana i te lymph me te plasma purapura tāne i te wā ejaculation. Kua pūrongohia i te wā e haere ana ngā parāoa manu mā roto i te epididymis me te vas deferens, ka pāngia rātou e ngā huringa e pā ana ki te pakeketanga e tautoko ana i tō rātou kaha ki te here i ngā pūmua me te whiwhi i ngā glycoprotein e pā ana ki te lemma plasma. Ko te pumau o ēnei pūmua ki runga i ngā kiriuhi parāoa noho i roto i te SST e kī ana ka pā pea ēnei pūmua ki te whiwhi i te pumau o te kiriuhi parāoa 30 me te whakatau i tō rātou momona 31. I rīpoata a Ahammad et al32, ko ngā parāoa i tangohia mai i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te pūnaha whakaputa uri tāne (mai i ngā testes ki ngā vas deferens distal) i whakaatu i te pikinga haere o te oranga i raro i ngā tikanga rokiroki wai, ahakoa te pāmahana rokiroki, ā, ka piki ake hoki te oranga o ngā heihei i roto i ngā ngongo fallopian i muri i te whakawhānau horihori.
He rerekē ngā āhuatanga me ngā mahi a ngā huruhuru parāoa heihei Sharkashi i ērā atu momo pēnei i ngā echidna, ngā platypus, ngā kiore rakau, ngā kiore tia, me ngā kiore kini. I roto i ngā heihei Sharkasi, nā te hanganga o ngā paihere parāoa i whakaiti i tō rātou tere kauhoe ki te whakataurite ki ngā parāoa takitahi. Heoi, nā ēnei paihere i whakapiki ake te ōrau o ngā parāoa pai te rheological, ā, i whakapiki ake i te kaha o ngā parāoa ki te whakaū i a rātou anō i roto i te taiao hihiri. Nō reira, e whakaū ana ā mātou hua i te whakaaro o mua ko te whakakotahitanga parāoa i roto i te SST e pā ana ki te rokiroki parāoa mō te wā roa. E whakapae ana hoki mātou ko te āheinga o te parāoa ki te hanga i ngā huruhuru ka whakahaere i te tere o te ngaronga o te parāoa i roto i te SST, ka whakarerekē pea i te putanga o te whakataetae parāoa. E ai ki tēnei whakaaro, ko ngā parāoa he iti te kaha ki te whakakotahi ka tuku tuatahi i te SST, ko ngā parāoa he nui te kaha ki te whakakotahi ka whakaputa i te nuinga o ngā uri. He pai te hanganga o ngā paihere parāoa kotahi-pūwero, ā, ka pā ki te ōwehenga matua-tamaiti, engari he rerekē te tikanga e whakamahia ana. I roto i ngā echidna me ngā platypus, ka whakaritea ngā parāoa kia rite ki te tere o te hihi whakamua. E toru ngā wā tere ake o te neke o ngā paihere echidna i ngā parāoa takitahi. E whakaponohia ana ko te hanganga o aua pūtu parāoa i roto i ngā echidna he urutaunga whanaketanga hei pupuri i te mana, nā te mea he moepuku ngā uwha, ā, he maha ngā wā ka moe tahi rātou me ētahi tāne. Nō reira, ka whakataetae kaha ngā parāoa mai i ngā putanga rerekē mō te whakatōtōtanga o te hua manu.
He ngāwari te tiro i ngā parāoa kua whakapūpūtia o ngā heihei sharkasi mā te whakamahi i te karuārai ā-wāhanga, he mea whai hua tēnei nā te mea ka taea te ako ngāwari i te whanonga o ngā parāoa i roto i te vitro. He rerekē anō hoki te tikanga e whakatairanga ai te hanganga o ngā parāoa i te whakaputa uri i roto i ngā heihei sharkasi i tērā e kitea ana i roto i ētahi kararehe whenua e tohu ana i te whanonga parāoa mahi tahi pērā i ngā kiore rakau, i reira ka tae atu ētahi parāoa ki ngā hua, ka āwhina i ētahi atu tāngata e pā ana ki te tae atu me te kino i ā rātou hua. hei whakamātautau i a koe anō. whanonga atawhai. Te whakamomona-ake 34. Ko tētahi atu tauira o te whanonga mahi tahi i roto i ngā parāoa i kitea i roto i ngā kiore tia, i reira ka taea e ngā parāoa te tautuhi me te whakakotahi ki ngā parāoa tino pā ana ki te ira me te hanga rōpū mahi tahi hei whakanui ake i tō rātou tere ki te whakataurite ki ngā parāoa kāore i te pā ana35.
Kāore ngā hua i puta i tēnei rangahau e whakahē ana i te ariā a Foman mō te rokiroki roa o ngā parāoa i roto i te SWS. E ai ki ngā kairangahau ka haere tonu ngā pūtau parāoa ki te neke i roto i te rere o ngā pūtau epithelial e whakarārangi ana i te SST mō te wā roa, ā, i muri i tētahi wā, ka pau ngā toa pūngao o ngā pūtau parāoa, ka heke te tere, ka taea ai te pei i ngā matū taumaha ngota iti. pūngao o te parāoa me te rere o te wai mai i te lumen o te SST Te kōhao o te ngongo fallopian. I roto i te rangahau o nāianei, i kite mātou ko te haurua o te parāoa kotahi i whakaatu i te kaha ki te kauhoe ki ngā wai e rere ana, ā, ko tō rātou piri ki roto i te paihere i whakanui ake i tō rātou kaha ki te whakaatu i te rheology pai. I tua atu, he rite ā mātou raraunga ki ngā raraunga a Matsuzaki et al. 1 i kōrero ko te pikinga o te huna lactate i roto i te SST ka aukati i te nekenekehanga o te parāoa noho. Heoi, e whakaahua ana ā mātou hua i te hanganga o ngā hononga nekenekehanga parāoa me ō rātou whanonga rheological i te aroaro o tētahi taiao hihiri i roto i tētahi microchannel hei ngana ki te whakamārama i ō rātou whanonga i roto i te SST. Tērā pea ka arotahi ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei ki te whakatau i te hanganga matū me te pūtake o te matū whakapūpū, ka āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi hou hei penapena i te purapura wai me te whakanui ake i te roa o te momonatanga.
Tekau mā rima ngā manu sharkasi tāne, he kākano kau, e 30 wiki te pakeke (homozygous dominant; Na Na) i tīpakohia hei kaituku parāoa i roto i te rangahau. I whakatipuria ngā manu ki te Pāmu Manu Rangahau o te Wāhanga Ahuwhenua, Te Whare Wānanga o Ashit, te Kāwanatanga o Ashit, Ihipa. I whakanohoia ngā manu ki roto i ngā whare herehere takitahi (30 x 40 x 40 cm), i tukuna ki te kaupapa whakamārama (16 hāora mārama, 8 hāora pōuri) ā, i whāngaihia ki te kai kei roto ko te 160 karamu o te pūmua mata, 2800 kcal o te pūngao ka taea te whakapūmua, 35 karamu o te konupūmā ia. 5 karamu o te whākawa e wātea ana mō ia kirokaramu o te kai.
E ai ki ngā raraunga 36, ​​​​37, i kohia te purapura tāne mā te mirimiri puku. E 45 ngā tauira purapura tāne i kohia mai i te 15 tāne i roto i ngā rā e 3. I whakaranua tonutia te purapura tāne (n = 15/rā) ki te Belsville Poultry Semen Diluent 1:1 (v:v) i te ōwehenga 1:1 (v:v) ki te Belsville Poultry Semen Diluent, kei roto ko te potassium diphosphate (1.27 g), te monosodium glutamate monohydrate (0.867 g), te fructose (0.5 d) te konutai anhydrous. te acetate (0.43 g), te tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (0.195 g), te potassium citrate monohydrate (0.064 g), te potassium monophosphate (0.065 g), te konupora konupora (0.034 g) me te H2O (100 ml), te pH = 7, 5, te osmolarity 333 mOsm/kg38. I tirohia tuatahitia ngā tauira parāoa kua whakaranua ki te wai i raro i te karu hiko mārama hei whakarite kia pai te kounga o te parāoa (te makuku), kātahi ka rongoatia ki roto i te kaukau wai i te 37°C tae noa ki te whakamahinga i roto i te hawhe haora i muri i te kohi.
Ka whakaahuahia te kinematics me te rheology o ngā parāoa mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha o ngā taputapu microfluidic. I whakaranua anō ngā tauira purapura ki te 1:40 i roto i te Beltsville Avian Semen Diluent, i utaina ki roto i tētahi taputapu microfluidic (tirohia i raro), ā, i whakatauhia ngā tawhā kinetic mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha Computerized Semen Analysis (CASA) i whakawhanakehia i mua mō te whakaahuatanga microfluidics. mō te nekenekehanga o ngā parāoa i roto i ngā pāpāho wai (Tari Hangarau Mīhini, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Egypt). Ka taea te tango i te monomai i: http://www.assiutmicrofluidics.com/research/casa39. I inehia te tere pihi (VCL, μm/s), te tere raina (VSL, μm/s) me te tere ara toharite (VAP, μm/s). I tangohia ngā ataata o ngā parāoa mā te whakamahi i tētahi karuārai rerekētanga wāhanga Optika XDS-3 hurihuri (me te whāinga 40x) e hono ana ki tētahi kāmera Tucson ISH1000 i te 30 fps mō te 3 hēkona. Whakamahia te pūmanawa CASA hei ako i te iti rawa i ngā wāhi e toru me te 500 ngā ara parāoa mō ia tauira. I tukatukahia te ataata i hopukina mā te whakamahi i tētahi CASA i hangaia i te kāinga. Ko te whakamāramatanga o te nekehanga i roto i te mono CASA e ahu mai ana i te tere kauhoe o te parāoa ki te tere rere, ā, kāore e whakaurua ētahi atu tawhā pēnei i te nekehanga taha-ki-taha, nā te mea kua kitea he pono ake tēnei i roto i te rere o te wai. Ko te nekehanga rheological e whakaahuatia ana ko te nekehanga o ngā pūtau parāoa ki te ahunga o te rere o te wai. Ko ngā parāoa me ngā āhuatanga rheological i wehea e te maha o ngā parāoa nekeneke; ko ngā parāoa i okioki me ngā parāoa nekeneke i tangohia mai i te tatau.
I tangohia mai ngā matū katoa i whakamahia mai i Elgomhoria Pharmaceuticals (Cairo, Egypt) mēnā kāore i te kīia tētahi atu mea. I hangaia te taputapu e ai ki tā El-sherry et al. 40 i whakaahua ai me ētahi whakarerekētanga. Ko ngā rauemi i whakamahia hei hanga i ngā awa iti ko ngā pereti karāhe (Howard Glass, Worcester, MA), te ātete kino SU-8-25 (MicroChem, Newton, CA), te waipiro diacetone (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), me te polyacetone. -184, Dow Corning, Midland, Michigan). Ka hangaia ngā awa iti mā te whakamahi i te lithography ngohengohe. Tuatahi, i tāia he kopare mata tiaki mārama me te hoahoa awa iti e hiahiatia ana ki runga i tētahi pūreretā taumira teitei (Prismatic, Cairo, Egypt and Pacific Arts and Design, Markham, ON). I hangaia ngā rangatira mā te whakamahi i ngā pereti karāhe hei papa. I horoia ngā pereti ki te acetone, te isopropanol me te wai deionized, kātahi ka pania ki te paparanga 20 µm o te SU8-25 mā te paninga hurihuri (3000 rpm, 1 min). Kātahi ka whakamaroketia mārire ngā paparanga SU-8 (65°C, 2 meneti me te 95°C, 10 meneti) ā, ka tukuna ki te hihi UV mō te 50 hēkona. Tunua i muri i te whakamātaotanga ki te 65°C me te 95°C mō te 1 meneti me te 4 meneti hei hono i ngā paparanga SU-8 kua kitea, ā, muri iho ka whakatōkia ki te waipiro diacetone mō te 6.5 meneti. Tunua mārō ngā waffle (200°C mō te 15 meneti) hei whakamārō ake i te paparanga SU-8.
I whakaritea te PDMS mā te whakaranu i te monomer me te whakapakeke i te ōwehenga taumaha o te 10:1, kātahi ka tangohia te hau i roto i te whakamaroke korehau, ka ringihia ki runga i te anga matua SU-8. I whakamaroketia te PDMS i roto i te oumu (120°C, 30 meneti), kātahi ka tapahia ngā awaawa, ka wehea mai i te awaawa matua, ā, ka pokaia kia taea ai te whakapiri i ngā ngongo ki te tomokanga me te putanga o te awaawa iti. Hei whakamutunga, i whakapirihia ngā awaawa iti PDMS ki ngā kiriata karuārai ma te whakamahi i tētahi tukatuka korona kawe (Electro-Technic Products, Chicago, IL) e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i tētahi atu wāhi. Ko te awaawa iti i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau he 200 µm × 20 µm (W × T) te rahi, ā, he 3.6 cm te roa.
Ka tutuki te rere o te wai i puta mai i te pēhanga wai i roto i te awa iti mā te pupuri i te taumata wai i roto i te puna whakauru ki runga ake i te rerekētanga teitei Δh39 i roto i te puna putanga (Pikitia 1).
ko f te tauwehenga o te waku, e tautuhia ana ko f = C/Re mō te rere laminar i roto i te hongere tapawhā, ko C he pūmau i runga i te ōwehenga āhua o te hongere, ko L te roa o te microchannel, ko Vav te tere toharite i roto i te microchannel, ko Dh te diameter waipēhi o te hongere, g – te whakaterenga o te kaha ā-papa. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei whārite, ka taea te tatau i te tere toharite o te hongere mā te whakamahi i te whārite e whai ake nei: