Inothi Lomhleli: I-Pharmaceutical Online iyakuthokozela ukwethula lesi sihloko esinezingxenye ezine mayelana ne-orbital welding of bioprocess piping nguchwepheshe wemboni u-Barbara Henon we-Arc Machines. Lesi sihloko sithathwe esethulweni sikaDkt. Henon engqungqutheleni ye-ASME ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule.
Vimbela ukulahleka kokumelana nokugqwala. Amanzi ahlanzekile aphezulu njenge-DI noma i-WFI i-etchant enolaka kakhulu yensimbi engagqwali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-WFI yezinga lezemithi ihanjiswa ngamabhayisikili ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu (80°C) ukuze kugcinwe ubunyumba. Kunomehluko ocashile phakathi kokwehlisa izinga lokushisa ngokwanele ukusekela izinto eziphilayo ezikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu ensundu ebulalayo futhi kukhuphule izinga lokushisa eliyingozi emkhiqizweni. ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene okubangelwa ukugqwala kwezingxenye zesistimu yamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali.Ukungcola kanye ne-iron oxides kungase kube izingxenye eziyinhloko, kodwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zensimbi, i-chromium ne-nickel zingase zibe khona.Ukuba khona kwe-rouge kuyabulala kweminye imikhiqizo futhi ukuba khona kwayo kungase kuholele ekugxumeni okuqhubekayo, nakuba ukuba khona kwayo kwezinye izinhlelo kubonakala kungenabungozi.
Ukushisela kungase kuthinte kabi ukumelana nokugqwala. Umbala oshisayo uwumphumela wezinto ezixubene ne-oxidizing ezifakwe kuma-welds kanye nama-HAZ ngesikhathi sokushisela, kuyingozi kakhulu, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwe-rouge ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezekhemisi.Ukwakheka kwe-Chromium oxide kungabangela i-tint eshisayo, kushiye ngemuva ungqimba lwe-chromium olususwa yi-pickling ekhishwe umbala osuswe yi-chromium. nokugaya, ukususa insimbi ebusweni, okuhlanganisa ungqimba olungaphansi lwe-chromium-ecishiwe, nokubuyisela ukumelana nokugqwala emazingeni aseduze namazinga ensimbi ayisisekelo.Nokho, ukucosha nokugaya kuyingozi ekuqedeni okungaphezulu.Ukudlula uhlelo lwamapayipi nge-nitric acid noma ukwakheka kwe-agent ye-chelating kwenziwa ukuze kunqobe imiphumela emibi yokushisela. i-passivation ingase ibuyisele izinguquko ezingaphezulu ekusabalaliseni komoyampilo, i-chromium, insimbi, i-nickel ne-manganese okwenzeke endaweni eshiselekayo kanye nendawo ethintekile ekushiseni kusimo sangaphambi kokushisela.Nokho, ukudlula kuthinta kuphela ungqimba lwangaphandle futhi alungeni ngaphansi kwama-angstrom angu-50, kuyilapho umbala oshisayo unganweba u-1000 ngaphansi kwama-angstrom noma ngaphezulu.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze ufake amapayipi amelana nokugqwala eduze kwama-substrates angahlanganisiwe, kubalulekile ukuzama ukukhawulela ukulimala okushisela kanye nokukhiqizwa okwenziwe emazingeni angabuyiselwa kakhulu ngokudlula.Lokhu kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yokuhlanza enokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo omncane futhi ilethwe kububanzi bangaphakathi bejoyinti elishiselwe ngaphandle kokungcoliswa umswakama womoya kanye nokugwema ukulawulwa komswakama womkhathi noma ukugwema ukungcoliswa komswakama womkhathi. ukushisela kubalulekile futhi ukuze kuvinjwe ukulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala.Ukulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza ukuze kuzuzwe ukushiselwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu okuphindaphindwayo nokungaguquguquki, kanye nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali kanye nezingxenye ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukuvimbela ukungcola, kuyizidingo ezibalulekile zesistimu yamapayipi ekhwalithi ephezulu emelana nokugqwala futhi inikeza isevisi ekhiqizayo yesikhathi eside.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali ye-biopharmaceutical ye-high-purity ziye zaba nenguquko ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nokugqwala kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.Insimbi engagqwali eningi eyasetshenziswa ngaphambi kuka-1980 kwakuyinsimbi engagqwali engama-304 ngoba yayingabizi kakhulu futhi ithuthuke ngaphezu kwethusi elalisetshenziswa ngaphambili. ukumelana nokugqwala, futhi akudingi ukwelashwa okukhethekile kokushisa ngaphambi nangemva kokushisa.
Muva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali engu-316 ekusetshenzisweni kwamapayipi okuhlanzeka okuphezulu bekulokhu kukhuphuka.Uhlobo 316 lufana nokwakheka kohlobo 304, kodwa ngaphezu kwezakhi ze-chromium ne-nickel alloying ezivamile kuzo zombili, i-316 iqukethe cishe u-2% we-molybdenum, othuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana ne-316's 316L, nohlobo lwe-6L oludluliselwe. kuya kumabanga "L", anokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi kunamabanga ajwayelekile (0.035% vs. 0.08%).Lokhu kwehliswa kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuhloswe ukunciphisa inani lemvula ye-carbide engase yenzeke ngenxa yokushisela.Lokhu ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide, eqeda imingcele yokusanhlamvu ye-chromium baseceptible, okwenza kube i-carbide carbide. Okubizwa ngokuthi “ukuzwakalisa,” kuncike esikhathini namazinga okushisa futhi kuyinkinga enkulu uma i-soldering ngesandla.Sibonise ukuthi i-orbital welding ye-super-austenitic stainless stainless steel AL-6XN inikeza ama-welds angagqwali amaningi kunama-weld afanayo okwenziwa ngesandla.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukushisela kwe-orbital kunikeza ukulawula okunembile kwe-amperage, i-pulsation kanye nenhlanganisela ye-welding ephansi kanye nesikhathi sokushisela. "L" amabanga 304 kanye ne-316 asusa ngokuphelele imvula ye-carbide njengesici ekwakhiweni kokugqwala ezinhlelweni zamapayipi.
Ukushintshashintsha kokushisa kuya ekushiseni kwensimbi engagqwali. Nakuba amapharamitha wokushisela nezinye izici zingagcinwa ngaphakathi kokubekezelelana okuqinile, kusenomehluko kokokufaka okushisa okudingekayo ukuze kushiswe insimbi engagqwali ukusuka ekushiseni kuye ekushiseni. Inombolo yokushisa iyinombolo yelotho eyabelwe ukuncibilika kwensimbi engagqwali ethile efekthri. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuqondile kweqoqo ngalinye kuqoshwa ngeqoqo le-Factor ye-ITR inombolo.Insimbi ehlanzekile incibilika ngo-1538°C (2800°F), kuyilapho izinsimbi eziyingxubevange zincibilika phakathi kwebanga lokushisa, kuye ngohlobo nokugxiliswa kwengxubevange ngayinye noma isici sokulandelela esikhona.Njengoba kungekho ukushisa okubili kwensimbi engagqwali okuzoqukatha ukugxiliswa okufanayo kwesici ngasinye, izici zokushisela zizohluka kusuka esithandweni somlilo kuya esithandweni somlilo.
I-SEM ye-316L yamapayipi e-orbital welds epayipini le-AOD (phezulu) kanye nempahla ye-EBR (phansi) ibonise umehluko omkhulu ekusheleleni kobuhlalu bokushisela.
Nakuba inqubo ye-welding eyodwa ingase isebenze ekushiseni okuningi okufana ne-OD nokuqina kodonga, ukushisa okunye kudinga i-amperage encane futhi okunye kudinga i-amperage ephakeme kunokuvamile.Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukushisa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene endaweni yomsebenzi kufanele kulandelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezingase zibe khona.Ngokuvamile, ukushisa okusha kudinga ushintsho oluncane kuphela ku-amperage ukuze kuzuzwe inqubo yokushisela eyanelisayo.
Inkinga yesibabule.I-Elemental sulphur ukungcola okuhlobene nensimbi ore ekhishwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwensimbi.Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-AISI ezingu-304 nezingu-316 zicaciswa ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule okungu-0.030%.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zesimanje zokucwenga insimbi, njenge-Argon Oxygen Decarburization (Acuum) ne-Melcum Decarburization (Acuum melting) kulandelwa i-Vacuum Arc Remelting (VIM+VAR), sekwenzeke ukukhiqiza izinsimbi ezikhetheke kakhulu ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo.ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali azo.Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi izakhiwo zechibi le-weld ziyashintsha lapho okuqukethwe kwesibabule sensimbi kungaphansi cishe kuka-0.008%.Lokhu kungenxa yomphumela wesulfure futhi ngokwezinga eliphansi ezinye izakhi ekushiseni kwechibi, ukugeleza kwe-coefficient ye-liquid of the surface yethu kunquma ukugeleza kwe-coefficient yoketshezi. ichibi.
Ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu zesibabule (0.001% - 0.003%), ukungena kwe-weld puddle kuba banzi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisela okufanayo okwenziwe ngezinto eziqukethe isibabule esimaphakathi.Amapayipi enziwe ngepayipi lensimbi engenasici esibabule azoba nokushisela okubanzi, kuyilapho epayipini eliwugqinsi (0.065 amayintshi, noma u-1.66 amayintshi, noma 1.66 mm ngaphezulu) azoba nokuthambekela okukhulu ukuze sibe nokubi. ukushisela.Lapho i-welding current yanele ukukhiqiza i-weld engena ngokugcwele.Lokhu kwenza izinto ezinokuqukethwe kwesibabule esiphansi kakhulu kube nzima kakhulu ukushiselwa, ikakhulukazi ngezindonga eziwugqinsi.Ekugcineni okuphezulu kwe-sulphur concentration ku-304 noma 316 insimbi engagqwali, ubuhlalu be-weld buvame ukuba uketshezi oluncane ngokubukeka futhi lube mahle kune-medium sulfur materials. 0.005% kuya ku-0.017%, njengoba kucaciswe ku-ASTM A270 S2 ngeshubhu lekhwalithi yezemithi.
Abakhiqizi bepayipi lensimbi engagqwali ele-electropolished baqaphele ukuthi ngisho namazinga amaphakathi esibabule ku-316 noma 316L ensimbi engagqwali akwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesemiconductor yabo kanye namakhasimende e-biopharmaceutical ezindaweni zangaphakathi ezibushelelezi, ezingenamgodi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-electron microscopy yokuskena ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubushelelezi bendawo yensimbi engenasici. ama-inclusions noma ama-manganese sulfide (MnS) “stringers” akhishwa ngesikhathi sokupholishwa ngogesi futhi ashiye i-voids ebangeni le-micron engu-0.25-1.0.
Abakhiqizi nabahlinzeki bamashubhu enziwe ngogesi bashayela imakethe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zesulfure ezisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabo zokuqeda. Kodwa-ke, inkinga ayikhawulelwe kumashubhu acwecwe ngogesi, njengoba kumashubhu angenawo ugesi izinto ezifakiwe ziyasuswa ngesikhathi sokudlula uhlelo lwamapayipi. Ama-Voids aboniswe ukuthi ajwayele ukugoba kakhulu. izinto “ezihlanzekile”.
Ukuchezuka kwe-arc.Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ukushisela kwensimbi engagqwali, ukuba khona kwesinye isibabule kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle.Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi nabakhiqizi bathambekele ekukhetheni izinto zokwakha ekugcineni kwebanga lokuqukethwe kwesibabule elishiwo.Amashubhu okushisela anezinga eliphansi kakhulu lesulfure ekufakweni, amavalvu noma amanye amashubhu anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule ngenxa yokuthi isibabule esine-sulfur esine-sulfur esine-voltage ephansi singadala izinkinga. okuqukethwe.Lapho ukuchezuka kwe-arc kwenzeka, ukungena kuba nokujula ohlangothini lwesulfure ephansi kunasohlangothini lwesulfure ephezulu, okuphambene nalokho okwenzekayo lapho amapayipi okushisela ane-concentrations yesulfure ehambisanayo.Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ubuhlalu be-weld bungangena ngokuphelele ezintweni ezinesulfure ephansi futhi bushiye ingaphakathi le-weld lingaxhunywanga ngokuphelele (ukuhlelwa kwe-Fihey 1 kanye ne-Simene noma i-Simene 82). Okuqukethwe kwesibabule sepayipi, i-Carpenter Steel Division yeCar-penter Technology Corporation yasePennsylvania yethule isibabule esiphansi (0.005% max) 316 bar stock (Uhlobo 316L-SCQ) (VIM+VAR)) ukuze kwenziwe izinto ezifakwayo nezinye izakhi okuhloswe ukuthi zishiselwe kumapayipi okushisela isulfure aphansi aphansi kakhulu kunezinye izinto zokushisela zesulfure eziphansi kakhulu. impahla kuya kwesibabule esiphezulu.
Ukushintshela ekusetshenzisweni kwamashubhu esibabule esiphansi kudalwe kakhulu isidingo sokuthola izindawo ezibushelelezi zeshubhu yangaphakathi e-electropolished. Nakuba ukuqedwa kwangaphezulu kanye ne-electropolishing kubalulekile kuzo zombili imboni ye-semiconductor kanye nemboni ye-biotech/pharmaceutical, i-SEMI, lapho kubhalwa ukucaciswa kwemboni ye-semiconductor, kucaciswe ukuthi ishubhu engu-316L ye-survey ye-process gas 0 imigqa engaphezulu kufanele ibe ne-performance gas 0 4 i-ASTM, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iguqule ukucaciswa kwayo kwe-ASTM 270 ukuze kufake amashubhu ebanga lezemithi akhawulela okuqukethwe kwesulfure ebangeni elingu-0.005 kuya ku-0.017%.Lokhu kufanele kuphumele ebunzimeni bokushisela obuncane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-sulfur ebangeni eliphansi. noma okokufakwayo, futhi abafakeli kufanele balandele ngokucophelela ukushisisa kwempahla futhi bahlole ngaphambi kokwenziwa kwe-Solder ukuhambisana phakathi kokushisisa.Ukukhiqizwa kwamashisela.
ezinye izakhi zokulandelela.Izakhi zokulandelela ezihlanganisa isulfure, umoya-mpilo, i-aluminium, i-silicon ne-manganese kutholakale ukuthi kunomthelela ekungeneni.Landelela amanani e-aluminium, i-silicon, i-calcium, i-titanium ne-chromium ekhona kusisekelo sensimbi njengoba i-oxide inclusions ihlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwe-slag ngesikhathi sokushisela.
Imithelela yezakhi ezihlukahlukene iyanqwabelana, ngakho ukuba khona komoyampilo kungaqeda eminye yemiphumela ephansi yesibabule.Amazinga aphezulu e-aluminium angamelana nomthelela omuhle ekungeneni kwesibabule.I-manganese iyashintshashintsha ekushiseleni izinga lokushisa bese ifakwa endaweni ethinteke ekushiseleni.Lawa madiphozi e-manganese ahlotshaniswa nokulahlekelwa ukubola kwemboni, i-semiconduhen yemboni okwamanje. i-manganese ephansi ngisho ne-ultra-low manganese 316L izinto zokuvimbela lokhu kulahlekelwa kokumelana nokugqwala.
Ukwakheka kwe-slag.Iziqhingi ze-Slag zivela ngezikhathi ezithile kubuhlalu bensimbi engagqwali kwezinye ukushisa.Lokhu kuyinkinga ngokwemvelo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinguquko kumapharamitha wokushisela zinganciphisa lokhu, noma izinguquko kungxube ye-argon/hydrogen zingathuthukisa i-weld.U-Pollard uthole ukuthi isilinganiso se-aluminium ne-silicon kusisekelo sensimbi sithinta ukwakheka kwe-slag okungagunyaziwe. okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium ku-0.010% kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-silicon ku-0.5%.Nokho, uma isilinganiso se-Al/Si singaphezu kwaleli zinga, i-spherical slag ingase yakheke esikhundleni sohlobo lwe-plaque.Lolu hlobo lwe-slag lungashiya imigodi ngemva kokupholishwa kwe-electropolishing, okungamukeleki ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu.Iziqhingi ze-Slag ezakha ku-OD zingadala umphumela ongalingani we-ID ye-peld insuld ukungena.Iziqhingi ze-slag ezakheka ku-ID weld bead zingase zibe lula ekugqwaleni.
I-weld-run single with pulsation.I-Standard automatic orbital tube welding iwukushisela okukodwa okuhambisana ne-pulsed current kanye nesivinini esiqhubekayo esishintshashintshayo.Le ndlela ifanele ipayipi elinamadayamitha angaphandle ukusuka ku-1/8″ kuya cishe ku-7″ kanye nobukhulu bodonga obungu-0.083″ nangaphansi.Ngemva kokuncishiswa kwe-timed of pre-purge kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokulibaziseka kwe-tube. lapho i-arcing ikhona kodwa akukho ukujikeleza okwenzekayo.Ngemva kwalokhu kubambezeleka okujikelezayo, i-electrode izungeza i-weld joint kuze kube yilapho i-weld ijoyina noma idlula ingxenye yokuqala ye-weld ngesikhathi sokugcina se-welding.Lapho uxhumano seluphelile, lamanje licisha ngokudonsa okunesikhathi.
Imodi yesinyathelo (i-welding "evunyelanisiwe"). Ngokuhlanganiswa kokushisela kwezinto ezinodonga ezinkulu, ngokuvamile ezinkulu kuno-0.083 intshi, umthombo wamandla we-fusion welding ungasetshenziswa kumodi yokuvumelanisa noma yesinyathelo.Kumodi yokuvumelanisa noma yesinyathelo, i-pulse yamanje yokushisela ivunyelaniswa ne-stroke, ngakho-ke i-rotor imile ukuze ingene okuphezulu phakathi nokunyakaza kwamanje okuphansi. izikhathi ze-pulse, ngokulandelana kwemizuzwana engu-0.5 kuya ku-1.5, uma kuqhathaniswa neshumi noma lekhulu lesikhathi sokushaya kwesibili kwe-welding evamile. Le nqubo ingashisela ngempumelelo u-0.154″ noma u-6″ obukhulu obungama-40 gauge 40 ipayipi elindongeni elincanyana elingu-0.154″ noma elingu-6″ ukwenza udonga olunezitebhisi olubanzi lukhiqize ugqinsi oluwusizo. ukushisela izingxenye ezingajwayelekile ezifana nokufakwa kwamapayipi emapayipini lapho kungase kube khona umehluko ekubekezeleni kobukhulu, ukungaqondi kahle okuthile noma ukungahambisani kwe-thermal.Lolu hlobo lokushisela ludinga cishe kabili isikhathi se-arc sokushisela okujwayelekile futhi alufaneleki kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-ultra-high-purity (UHP) ngenxa yomthungo obanzi, omangelengele.
Okuguquguqukayo okuhlelekayo.Isizukulwane samanje semithombo yamandla okushisela isekelwe ku-microprocessor-based kanye nezinhlelo zesitolo ezicacisa amanani ezinombolo zamapharamitha wokushisela we-diameter ethile (OD) nokuqina kodonga lwepayipi elizoshiselwa, okuhlanganisa isikhathi sokuhlanza, i-welding current, isivinini sokuhamba (RPM) ), inani lezendlalelo kanye nesikhathi isendlalelo ngasinye, isikhathi se-pulse, isikhathi sokwehla, njll. isivinini, i-torch oscillation amplitude nesikhathi sokuhlala, i-AVC (ukulawula i-arc voltage ukunikeza igebe le-arc njalo), kanye ne-upslope.Ukwenza i-fusion welding, faka ikhanda lokushisela nge-electrode efanele kanye nokufakwa kwe-pipe clamp epayipini futhi ukhumbule isimiso sokushisela noma uhlelo oluvela kumemori yomthombo wamandla.Ukulandelana kwe-welding kuqaliswa ngokucindezela inkinobho ye-welding noma i-membrane ye-welding key iyaqhubeka.
Okuguquguqukayo okungahleleki.Ukuthola ikhwalithi yokushisela eqhubekayo, imingcele yokushisela kufanele ilawulwe ngokucophelela.Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokunemba komthombo wamandla wokushisela nohlelo lokushisela, okuyisethi yemiyalo efakwe emthonjeni wamandla, ehlanganisa imingcele yokushisela, yokushisela usayizi othize wepayipi noma ipayipi.Kumelwe futhi kube nesilinganiso esisebenzayo sokulawula ukushisela kanye nekhwalithi ethile yokushisela kanye nekhwalithi yokushisela. uhlelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukushisela kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso okuvunyelwene ngazo.Nokho, izici ezithile kanye nezinqubo ngaphandle kwemingcele yokushisela kufanele futhi zilawulwe ngokucophelela.Lezi zici zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokulungisa ukuphela okuhle, ukuhlanza okuhle nokuphatha imikhuba, ukubekezelelana okuhle kwe-tubing noma ezinye izingxenye ezishiselwe, uhlobo lwe-tungsten nobukhulu obungaguquki, ukuhlukahluka okuhlanjululwe kakhulu kwamagesi angenayo, nokunakekelwa ngokucophelela kwe-inert material.
Izidingo zokulungiselela zokushisela ukuphela kwepayipi zibaluleke kakhulu ekushiseleni kwe-orbital kunokushisela okwenziwa ngesandla.Amalunga ashiselwe ukushisela ipayipi le-orbital ngokuvamile amajoyinti ezinqenqe zesikwele.Ukufeza ukuphindaphinda okufiswayo ekushiseleleni kwe-orbital, okunembile, okungaguquki, ukulungiswa kokuphela komshini kuyadingeka.Njengoba i-welding current incike ekugqizelweni kodonga, iziphetho kufanele zibe isikwele zingenawo ama-burrs ku-ID noma i-bevel ID (ID) ugqinsi.
Iziphetho zepayipi kufanele zihlangane ndawonye ekhanda lokushisela ukuze kungabikho igebe elibonakalayo phakathi kweziphetho ze-square butt joint.Nakuba amalunga ashiselwe anezikhala ezincane angafezwa, izinga le-weld lingase lithinteke kabi.Uma igebe likhulu, kuba nenkinga enkulu.Ukuhlangana okungalungile kungaholela ekuhlulekeni okuphelele kwe-solder. ama-lathes aphathekayo wokulungiselela ukuphela afana nalawo enziwe i-Protem, i-Wachs, nabanye, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amashisela e-orbital abushelelezi afanele ukusetshenzwa.
Ngaphezu kwamapharamitha wokushisela afaka amandla okufaka ukushisela, kunezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekushiseleni, kodwa aziyona ingxenye yenqubo yokushisela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa uhlobo nosayizi we-tungsten, uhlobo nokuhlanzeka kwegesi esetshenziselwa ukuvikela i-arc nokuhlanza ingaphakathi lejoyinti lokushisela, izinga lokugeleza kwegesi elisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza ikhanda nomthombo wamandla asetshenziswayo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lomthombo wamandla ahlangene, asetshenziswayo kanye nolunye uhlobo olusetshenziswayo. ulwazi.Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi “okungahleleki” okuguquguqukayo futhi sikurekhode ohlelweni lokushisela.Isibonelo, uhlobo lwegesi lubhekwa njengento eguquguqukayo ebalulekile ku-Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) ukuze izinqubo zokushisela zihambisane ne-ASME Section IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.Izinguquko kuhlobo lwegesi noma amaphesenti engxube yegesi, noma kudinga ukuqedwa kwenqubo yokushiswa kwe-ID.
igesi yokushisela.Insimbi engagqwali imelana ne-oxidation ye-oksijini emkhathini ekamelweni lokushisa.Lapho ishiselwa endaweni yayo yokuncibilika (1530°C noma 2800°F ngensimbi ehlanzekile) ifakwa i-oxidized kalula.I-inert argon isetshenziswa kakhulu njengegesi evikelayo kanye nokuhlanza amalunga ashiselwe angaphakathi ku-GTA ngenqubo yomswakama noma i-gaW. inani le-oxidation-induced discoloration eyenzeka noma eduze kwe-weld ngemva kokushisela.Uma igesi yokuhlanza ingeyona izinga eliphezulu kakhulu noma uma isistimu yokuhlanza ingavuzi ngokuphelele kangangokuthi inani elincane lomoya livuza ohlelweni lokuhlanza, i-oxidation ingase ibe yi-teal ekhanyayo noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Yiqiniso, akukho ukuhlanza okuzoholela ekuthungeni okubizwa ngokuthi i-crusty blacksweet surface "evamile". kumasilinda angu-99.996-99.997% ahlanzekile, kuye ngomphakeli, futhi aqukethe u-5-7 ppm we-oxygen nokunye ukungcola, okuhlanganisa i-H2O, O2, CO2, ama-hydrocarbons, njll., ngenani eliphelele elingu-40 ppm ubukhulu.I-argon yobumsulwa obuphezulu kusilinda ku-9 i-agoni engu-9 noma i-9 i-9 ye-liquid canargon i-9 Dewargon. ppm ukungcola okuphelele, okunomkhawulo we-oxygen engu-2 ppm.QAPHELA: Izihlanzi zegesi ezifana ne-Nanochem noma i-Gatekeeper zingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuhlanza ukuze kuncishiswe amazinga okungcola ezingxenyeni zobubanzi bebhiliyoni (ppb).
ukwakheka okuxubile.Izingxube zegesi ezifana no-75% we-helium/25% we-argon kanye no-95% we-argon/5% we-hydrogen angasetshenziswa njengamagesi okuvikela ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile.Lezi zingxube ezimbili zikhiqize amashisela ashisayo kunalawo ayenziwe ngaphansi kwezilungiselelo zohlelo ezifanayo njenge-argon.Izingxube ze-Helium zifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukungena okuphezulu ngokushisela kwe-fusion ku-carbon avocant yensimbi ye-hydrogen asebenzisa i-semiconductor yensimbi ye-hydrogen. Izingxube njengamagesi avikela izinhlelo ze-UHP.Izingxube zeHydrogen zinezinzuzo ezimbalwa, kodwa futhi nezinye ezimbi kakhulu.Inzuzo ukuthi ikhiqiza idamu elimanzi kanye nendawo yokushisela ebushelelezi, elungele ukusebenzisa amasistimu okulethwa kwegesi anomfutho ophezulu we-ultra-high abushelelezi endaweni engaphakathi ngangokunokwenzeka.Ukuba khona kwe-hydrogen kunikeza ingxube ye-oksijini enciphisayo, ngakho-ke umphumela we-oxygen uhlanzekile, ngakho-ke kuyoba khona ukubukeka okuhlanzekile kwe-oxygen emkhathini. ukuguquguquka okuncane kunokugxiliswa komoyampilo okufanayo ku-argon ehlanzekile.Lo mphumela ulungile cishe ku-5% okuqukethwe kwe-hydrogen.Abanye basebenzisa ingxube ye-argon/hydrogen engu-95/5% njengendlela yokuhlanza i-ID ukuze bathuthukise ukubukeka kwe-weld bead yangaphakathi.
Ubuhlalu be-weld obusebenzisa ingxube ye-hydrogen njengoba igesi evikelayo iyincane, ngaphandle kokuthi insimbi engagqwali inokuqukethwe kwesibabule esincane kakhulu futhi ikhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe kwi-weld kunesethingi yamanje efanayo ne-argon engaxutshiwe. Ububi obuphawulekayo bezingxube ze-argon/hydrogen ukuthi i-arc ayizinzile kangako kune-argon ehlanzekile, futhi kukhona ukuthambekela okwanele kokudonswa kwe-argon. I-misfusion.I-arc drift ingase inyamalale lapho kusetshenziswa umthombo wegesi oxubile ohlukile, okusikisela ukuthi ingase ibangwe ukungcoliswa noma ukuxubana okungalungile.Ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa okukhiqizwa i-arc kuyahlukahluka nokugxiliswa kwe-hydrogen, ukugxilisa okungapheli kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukushisela okuphindaphindiwe, futhi kunomehluko kugesi webhodlela oxutshwe ngaphambili.Okunye okubi ukuthi ukuxubana kwe-hydrogen kufinyezwa isikhathi sokuphila konke. ngoba ukuwohloka kwe-tungsten ephuma kugesi exubile akukanqunywa, kuye kwabikwa ukuthi i-arc inzima kakhulu futhi i-tungsten ingase idinge ukushintshwa ngemva kokushisela okukodwa noma okubili.Izingxube ze-Argon/hydrogen azikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukushisela i-carbon steel noma i-titanium.
Isici esihlukanisayo senqubo ye-TIG ukuthi ayiwadli ama-electrode.I-Tungsten inephuzu eliphakeme lokuncibilika lanoma iyiphi insimbi (6098°F; 3370°C) futhi iyi-electron emitter enhle, okwenza ifaneleke ngokukhethekile ukusetshenziswa njenge-electrode engadleki.Izakhiwo zayo zithuthukiswa ngokungeza u-2% wama-oxide athile omhlaba angavamile njenge-lanum ne-thorc oxide eqala ukuthuthukisa i-thorc oxide. ukuzinza.I-tungsten ehlanzekile ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa ku-GTAW ngenxa yezakhiwo eziphakeme ze-cerium tungsten, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-GTAW ze-orbital.I-thorium tungsten isetshenziswa isikhathi esingaphansi kunasesikhathini esidlule ngoba i-radioactive ngandlela-thile.
Ama-electrode anombala ophucuziwe anobukhulu obufanayo.Indawo ebushelelezi ihlale ithandeka endaweni emagebhugebhu noma engaguquki, njengoba ukuhambisana kwejiyomethri ye-electrode kubalulekile ukuze kube nemiphumela engaguquki, yokushisela okufanayo.Ama-electron akhishwa endaweni eyisihloko (DCEN) adlulisa ukushisa kusuka kuphuzu le-tungsten kuya endaweni yokushisela. i-orbital welding, kubalulekile ukugaya ngomshini ithiphu le-electrode ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphindaphindwa kwejiyomethri ye-tungsten kanye nokuphindaphinda kwe-weld.Ithiphu efiphele iphoqa i-arc isuka ekushiseleni iye endaweni efanayo ku-tungsten.Ububanzi bethiphu bulawula ukuma kwe-arc kanye nenani lokungena endaweni ethile yamanje.I-engeli ye-taper kufanele ibe nezici zokulawula zamanje/i-voltageled. kubalulekile ngoba ubude obaziwayo be-tungsten bungasetshenziswa ukusetha igebe le-arc.Igebe le-arc lenani elithile lamanje linquma i-voltage futhi ngaleyo ndlela amandla asetshenziswa ekushiseleleni.
Usayizi we-electrode kanye nobubanzi bethiphu yayo kukhethwa ngokuvumelana nokuqina kwamanje kokushisela.Uma i-current iphakeme kakhulu ku-electrode noma ichopho layo, ingase ilahlekelwe insimbi kusukela ekugcineni, futhi ukusebenzisa ama-electrode anobubanzi bethiphu obukhulu kakhulu okwamanje kungase kubangele i-arc drift. ukusetshenziswa kuklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa nama-electrode angu-0.040″ ububanzi bokushisela Izingxenye ezincane ezinembayo.Ngokuphindaphinda kwenqubo yokushisela, uhlobo lwe-tungsten nokuqeda, ubude, i-taper angle, ububanzi, i-tip diameter kanye negebe le-arc kufanele kucaciswe futhi kulawulwe.Ngokwezicelo zokushisela amashubhu, i-cerium tungsten ihlale ituswa ngoba lolu hlobo lunezici zesevisi ende kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo ze-igsten ze-tungrium futhi zinezici ezinhle kakhulu zesevisi ye-Cerc-tungrium. non-radioactive.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela uthinte u-Barbara Henon, Umphathi Wokushicilelwa Kwezobuchwepheshe, Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331.Ifoni: 818-896-9556.Fax: 818-890-3724.