Inothi Lomhleli: I-Pharmaceutical Online iyajabula ukwethula lesi sihloko esinezingxenye ezine mayelana nokushiswa kwe-orbital kwamapayipi e-bioprocess nguchwepheshe wemboni uBarbara Henon we-Arc Machines. Lesi sihloko sithathwe esethulweni sikaDkt. Henon engqungqutheleni ye-ASME ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule.
Vimbela ukulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala. Amanzi ahlanzekile kakhulu njenge-DI noma i-WFI ayisici esinamandla kakhulu sensimbi engagqwali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-WFI yezinga lemithi iqhutshwa ngebhayisikili ekushiseni okuphezulu (80°C) ukuze kugcinwe ukungabi namagciwane. Kunomehluko omncane phakathi kokwehlisa izinga lokushisa ngokwanele ukusekela izinto eziphilayo ezibulalayo emkhiqizweni kanye nokuphakamisa izinga lokushisa ngokwanele ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa "kwe-rouge". I-Rouge iyifilimu ensundu yokwakheka okuhlukahlukene okubangelwa ukugqwala kwezingxenye zesistimu yamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali. Ukungcola kanye nama-oxide ensimbi kungaba yizingxenye eziyinhloko, kodwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi, i-chromium kanye ne-nickel nazo zingaba khona. Ukuba khona kwe-rouge kubulala eminye imikhiqizo futhi ukuba khona kwayo kungaholela ekugqwaleni okwengeziwe, yize ukuba khona kwayo kwezinye izinhlelo kubonakala kungeyona ingozi.
Ukushisela kungathinta kabi ukumelana nokugqwala. Umbala oshisayo uwumphumela wezinto ezifaka i-oxidizing ezifakwe kuma-welds nama-HAZ ngesikhathi sokushisela, kuyingozi kakhulu, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwe-rouge ezinhlelweni zamanzi zemithi. Ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide kungabangela umbala oshisayo, kushiye ungqimba oluphelelwe yi-chromium olusengozini yokugqwala. Umbala oshisayo ungasuswa ngokushisela nokugaya, ukususa insimbi ebusweni, kufaka phakathi ungqimba olusekelwe ku-chromium, nokubuyisela ukumelana nokugqwala emazingeni aseduze namazinga ensimbi ayisisekelo. Kodwa-ke, ukushisela nokugaya kuyingozi ekugcineni kobuso. Ukushisela uhlelo lwamapayipi nge-nitric acid noma ama-chelating agent formulations kwenziwa ukuze kunqotshwe imiphumela emibi yokushisela nokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lwamapayipi luqaliswe ukusebenza. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-electron ye-Auger kubonise ukuthi ukushisela kwe-chelation kungabuyisela izinguquko ebusweni ekusabalaleni kwe-oxygen, i-chromium, insimbi, i-nickel kanye ne-manganese ezenzeka endaweni ethintekile ekushiseni nasekushiseni kuya esimweni sangaphambi kokushisela. Kodwa-ke, ukushisela kuthinta kuphela ungqimba lwangaphandle futhi alungeni ngaphansi kwama-angstrom angu-50, kanti umbala wokushisa unganwebeka Ama-angstrom ayi-1000 noma ngaphezulu ngaphansi kobuso.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze kufakwe izinhlelo zamapayipi ezingamelani nokugqwala eduze kwezingxenye ezingashiselwe, kubalulekile ukuzama ukunciphisa ukushisela kanye nomonakalo obangelwa ukwenziwa emazingeni angabuyiselwa kakhulu ngokuphambuka. Lokhu kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yokuhlanza enokuqukethwe okuncane komoya-mpilo kanye nokulethwa kububanzi bangaphakathi bejoyinti elishiselwe ngaphandle kokungcoliswa umoya-mpilo noma umswakama womoya-mpilo. Ukulawula okunembile kokufakwa kokushisa kanye nokugwema ukushisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokushisela nakho kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala. Ukulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza ukuze kufezwe ukushisela okuphindaphindwayo nokuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi ephezulu, kanye nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali kanye nezingxenye ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukuvimbela ukungcola, kuyizidingo ezibalulekile zesistimu yamapayipi ekhwalithi ephezulu emelana nokugqwala futhi enikeza isevisi ekhiqizayo yesikhathi eside.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamapayipi ensimbi engagqwali ze-biopharmaceutical ezihlanzekile kakhulu ziye zathuthuka kakhulu ekumelaneni nokugqwala eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Iningi lensimbi engagqwali elasetshenziswa ngaphambi kuka-1980 kwakuyinsimbi engagqwali engu-304 ngoba yayingabizi kakhulu futhi ithuthuke kakhulu kunethusi elalisetshenziswa ngaphambilini. Eqinisweni, izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezingu-300 zochungechunge kulula ukuzisebenzisa, zingashintshwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngokungadingekile kokumelana nokugqwala, futhi azidingi ukwelashwa okukhethekile kokushisa kwangaphambilini kanye nokushisa ngemva kokushisa.
Muva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engagqwali engu-316 ekusetshenzisweni kwamapayipi ahlanzekile kakhulu kuye kwanda. Uhlobo 316 lufana nohlobo 304, kodwa ngaphezu kwezinto ezihlanganisa i-chromium ne-nickel ezivamile kuzo zombili, i-316 iqukethe cishe i-molybdenum engu-2%, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-316. Izinhlobo ezingu-304L kanye ne-316L, ezibizwa ngokuthi amagremu "L", zinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni kunamagremu ajwayelekile (0.035% vs. 0.08%). Lokhu kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuhloswe ukunciphisa inani lemvula ye-carbide engenzeka ngenxa yokushisela. Lokhu ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide, okunciphisa imingcele yokusanhlamvu kwensimbi eyisisekelo se-chromium, okwenza kube lula ukugqwala. Ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide, okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuzwela," kuncike esikhathini kanye nokushisa futhi kuyinkinga enkulu lapho kushiselwa ngesandla. Sikhombisile ukuthi ukushisela kwe-orbital kwensimbi engagqwali ye-super-austenitic AL-6XN kunikeza ukushisela okunamandla okugqwala kunezishisela ezifanayo ezenziwe ngesandla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi Ukushisela kwe-orbital kunikeza ukulawula okunembile kwe-amperage, i-pulsation kanye nesikhathi, okuholela ekufakweni kokushisa okuphansi nokufana kakhulu kunokushisela ngesandla. Ukushisela kwe-orbital ngokuhlanganiswa nama-grade “L” 304 kanye no-316 kuqeda cishe imvula ye-carbide njengesici ekuthuthukisweni kokugqwala ezinhlelweni zamapayipi.
Ukwehlukahlukana kwensimbi engagqwali kusukela ekushiseni kuya ekushiseni. Nakuba imingcele yokushisisa nezinye izici zingagcinwa ngaphakathi kokubekezelelana okuqinile, kusenomehluko ekufakweni kokushisa okudingekayo ukuze kushiswe insimbi engagqwali kusukela ekushiseni kuya ekushiseni. Inombolo yokushisa yinombolo yelothi enikezwe ukuncibilika kwensimbi engagqwali ethile efektri. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuqondile kwebhetshi ngayinye kuqoshwe ku-Factory Test Report (MTR) kanye nokuhlonza kwebhetshi noma inombolo yokushisa. Insimbi emsulwa iyancibilika ku-1538°C (2800°F), kuyilapho izinsimbi ezixubile zincibilika ngaphakathi kwamazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene, kuye ngohlobo kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-alloy ngayinye noma i-trace element ekhona. Njengoba kungekho ukushisa okubili kwensimbi engagqwali okuzoqukatha ukuhlushwa okufanayo kwento ngayinye, izici zokushisisa zizohluka kusuka kusithando kuya kusithando.
I-SEM yama-welds e-orbital epayipi angu-316L epayipini le-AOD (phezulu) kanye nezinto ze-EBR (ngezansi) ibonise umehluko omkhulu ekubushelelekeni kobuhlalu be-weld.
Nakuba inqubo eyodwa yokushisela ingasebenza kuma-heat amaningi ane-OD efanayo kanye nobukhulu bodonga, amanye ama-heat adinga i-amperage encane kanti amanye adinga i-amperage ephezulu kunokuvamile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukushisisa izinto ezahlukene endaweni yokusebenza kumele kulandelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezingaba khona. Ngokuvamile, ukushisa okusha kudinga ushintsho oluncane kuphela kuma-amperage ukuze kufezwe inqubo yokushisela eyanelisayo.
Inkinga yesibabule. I-elemental sulfur ukungcola okuhlobene ne-iron ore okususwa kakhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza insimbi. I-AISI Type 304 kanye ne-316 stainless steels zichazwe ngokuqukethwe kwesibabule okuphezulu okungu-0.030%. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zesimanje zokucwenga insimbi, njenge-Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) kanye nemikhuba emibili yokuncibilikisa i-vacuum efana ne-Vacuum Induction Melting elandelwa yi-Vacuum Arc Remelting (VIM+VAR), sekungenzeka ukukhiqiza izinsimbi ezikhethekile kakhulu ngezindlela ezilandelayo. ukwakheka kwazo kwamakhemikhali. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi izakhiwo zechibi lokushisela ziyashintsha lapho okuqukethwe kwesibabule sensimbi kungaphansi kuka-0.008%. Lokhu kungenxa yomphumela wesibabule kanye nezinye izinto ezincane ku-coefficient yokushisa kokucindezeleka kobuso bechibi lokushisela, okunquma izici zokugeleza kwechibi loketshezi.
Uma amazinga esulfure aphansi kakhulu (0.001% - 0.003%), ukungena kwechibi lokushisela kuba banzi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-weld afanayo enziwe ngezinto zokuqukethwe kwesulfure okumaphakathi. Ama-weld enziwe ngepayipi lensimbi engagqwali elinosawoti omncane azoba nama-weld abanzi, kuyilapho epayipini lodonga elinomswakama (0.065 amayintshi, noma 1.66 mm noma ngaphezulu) kuzoba nokuthambekela okukhulu kokwenza ama-welds. Uma ugesi wamanzi owanele ukukhiqiza i-weld engene ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenza izinto ezinokuqukethwe kwesulfure okumaphakathi kakhulu kube nzima ukuzishisela, ikakhulukazi ngezindonga ezijiyile. Ekupheleni okuphezulu kokugxilwa kwesulfure ngensimbi engagqwali engu-304 noma engu-316, ungqimba lwe-weld luvame ukuba nomswakama omncane ngokubukeka futhi lube lukhuni kunezinto zesulfure eziphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kube nokushisela, okuqukethwe kwesulfure okufanelekile kungaba phakathi kuka-0.005% kuya ku-0.017%, njengoba kuchaziwe ku-ASTM A270 S2 ngamapayipi ekhwalithi yemithi.
Abakhiqizi bepayipi lensimbi engagqwali elicwebezelisiwe ngogesi baye baqaphela ukuthi ngisho namazinga aphakathi esibabule ensimbi engagqwali engu-316 noma engu-316L enza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende abo e-semiconductor kanye ne-biopharmaceutical ezindaweni zangaphakathi ezibushelelezi, ezingenamigodi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-scanning electron microscopy ukuqinisekisa ukushelela kokuphela kobuso bepayipi sekuvamile kakhulu. Isibabule ezinsimbini eziyisisekelo kuye kwabonakala kudala izinto ezingezona ezensimbi noma “izinti” ze-manganese sulfide (MnS) ezisuswa ngesikhathi sokupholisha ngogesi futhi zishiye izikhala ebangeni le-0.25-1.0 micron.
Abakhiqizi kanye nabaphakeli bamashubhu acwebezelwe ngogesi baqhubela imakethe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zesulfure eziphansi kakhulu ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo zokuqeda ubuso. Kodwa-ke, inkinga ayigcini ngamashubhu acwebezelwe ngogesi kuphela, njengoba kumashubhu angewona acwebezelwe ngogesi izinto ezifakiwe ziyasuswa ngesikhathi uhlelo lwamapayipi lungasebenzi. Kuye kwabonakala ukuthi izikhala zisengozini enkulu yokuqhekeka kunezindawo ezibushelelezi. Ngakho-ke kunezizathu ezithile ezizwakalayo zokuthambekela ezintweni ezine-sulfur ephansi, "ezihlanzekile".
Ukuphambuka kwe-arc.Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ukuphambuka kwensimbi engagqwali, ukuba khona kwe-sulfur ethile kuthuthukisa nokusebenza kahle kwayo.Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi nabakhiqizi bavame ukukhetha izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu lobubanzi bokuqukethwe kwe-sulfur obucacisiwe. Ukuphambuka kwe-tube okunezinga eliphansi kakhulu le-sulfur kuma-fittings, ama-valve noma amanye ama-tube anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sulfur kungadala izinkinga zokuphambuka ngoba i-arc izothambekela kuma-tube anokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-sulfur.Uma kwenzeka ukuphambuka kwe-arc, ukungena kuba kujule ohlangothini lwe-sulfur oluphansi kunasohlangothini lwe-sulfur oluphezulu, okuphambene nalokho okwenzekayo lapho kuphambuka amapayipi anokuhlushwa okufanayo kwe-sulfur.Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-weld bead ingangena ngokuphelele ezintweni ezine-sulfur ephansi futhi ishiye ingaphakathi le-weld lingahlanganisiwe ngokuphelele (Fihey noSimeneau, 1982).Ukuze kufaniswe okuqukethwe kwe-sulfur kwezinto nokuqukethwe kwe-sulfur kwepayipi, i-Carpenter Steel Division of Car-penter Technology Corporation yasePennsylvania yethule i-sulfur ephansi (0.005% max) 316 bar stock (Uhlobo 316L-SCQ) (VIM+VAR)) yokwenziwa kwezinto zokuhlanganisa nezinye izingxenye ezihloselwe ukushintshwa kumapayipi e-sulphur aphansi. Ukushintshwa kwezinto ezimbili ze-sulphur eziphansi kakhulu komunye nomunye kulula kakhulu kunokushintshwa kwezinto ze-sulphur eziphansi kakhulu ziye kweze-sulphur ephezulu.
Ukushintshela ekusebenziseni amashubhu ane-sulfur ephansi kubangelwa kakhulu isidingo sokuthola izindawo zangaphakathi zamashubhu ezibushelelezi ezipholishiwe ngogesi. Ngenkathi ukuqeda ubuso kanye nokupholishwa ngogesi kubalulekile kokubili embonini ye-semiconductor kanye nemboni ye-biotech/yemithi, i-SEMI, lapho ibhala imininingwane yemboni ye-semiconductor, ichaze ukuthi amashubhu angu-316L emigqa yegesi yenqubo kumele abe nesivalo se-sulfur esingu-0.004% ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu. Iziphetho ze-Surface. I-ASTM, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ishintshe imininingwane yayo ye-ASTM 270 ukuze ifake amashubhu ebanga lemithi akhawulela okuqukethwe kwe-sulfur kububanzi obungu-0.005 kuya ku-0.017%. Lokhu kufanele kuholele enkingeni yokupholishiwe encane uma kuqhathaniswa nama-sulfur aphansi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngisho nangaphakathi kwalolu bubanzi obulinganiselwe, ukuphambuka kwe-arc kungase kwenzeke lapho kupholishiwe amashubhu ane-sulfur ephansi kumashubhu ane-sulfur ephezulu noma izinto zokufakelwa, futhi abafaki kufanele balandelele ngokucophelela ukufudumala kwezinto futhi bahlole ngaphambi kokwenziwa ukuhambisana kwe-Solder phakathi kokushisa. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-welds.
ezinye izakhi zokulandelela. Izakhi zokulandelela ezihlanganisa i-sulfur, i-oxygen, i-aluminium, i-silicon kanye ne-manganese zitholakale zithinta ukungena. Amanani okulandelela e-aluminium, i-silicon, i-calcium, i-titanium kanye ne-chromium akhona ensimbini eyisisekelo njengoba ukufakwa kwe-oxide kuhlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwe-slag ngesikhathi sokushisela.
Imiphumela yezinto ezahlukahlukene iyanqwabelana, ngakho-ke ukuba khona komoya-mpilo kunganciphisa eminye yemiphumela ephansi yesibabule. Amazinga aphezulu e-aluminium angamelana nomphumela omuhle ekungeneni kwesibabule. I-Manganese iyaguquguquka ekushiseni kokushisela kanye nokufakwa endaweni ethinteke ukushisa kokushisela. Lezi zinsalela ze-manganese zihlotshaniswa nokulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala. (Bheka uCohen, 1997). Imboni ye-semiconductor okwamanje izama ngezinto ze-manganese eziphansi ngisho ne-manganese eziphansi kakhulu ze-316L ukuvimbela lokhu kulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala.
Ukwakheka kwe-slag. Iziqhingi ze-slag ngezinye izikhathi zivela ebhodleleni lensimbi engagqwali kwezinye izimo zokushisa. Lokhu kuyinkinga yezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinguquko kumapharamitha okushisela zinganciphisa lokhu, noma izinguquko engxubeni ye-argon/hydrogen zingathuthukisa i-weld. UPollard uthole ukuthi isilinganiso se-aluminium ne-silicon ensimbini eyisisekelo sithinta ukwakheka kwe-slag. Ukuze avimbele ukwakheka kwe-slag yohlobo lwe-plaque engafuneki, uncoma ukugcina okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium ku-0.010% kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-silicon ku-0.5%. Kodwa-ke, lapho isilinganiso se-Al/Si singaphezu kwaleli zinga, i-slag eyindilinga ingakheka kunohlobo lwe-plaque. Lolu hlobo lwe-slag lungashiya imigodi ngemuva kokupholisha ngogesi, okungamukeleki ekusetshenzisweni kobumsulwa obuphezulu. Iziqhingi ze-slag ezakheka ku-OD ye-weld zingabangela ukungena okungalingani kwe-ID pass futhi zingabangela ukungena okwanele. Iziqhingi ze-slag ezakheka ebhodleleni le-ID weld zingase zibe sengozini yokugqwala.
Ukushisela okusebenza kanye kuphela okune-pulsation. Ukushisela okuvamile kwe-orbital tube welding kuyi-single pass weld enomshini oshukumisayo kanye nokujikeleza okuqhubekayo kwesivinini. Le ndlela ifanelekela ipayipi elinobubanzi bangaphandle obuvela ku-1/8″ kuya cishe ku-7″ kanye nobukhulu bodonga obungu-0.083″ nangaphansi. Ngemva kokuhlanza okuhleliwe ngesikhathi, kwenzeka i-arcing. Ukungena kodonga lwe-tube kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokulibaziseka kwesikhathi lapho kukhona i-arcing kodwa akukho ukujikeleza okwenzekayo. Ngemva kwalokhu kulibaziseka kokujikeleza, i-electrode ijikeleza i-weld joint kuze kube yilapho i-weld ihlangana noma idlula ingxenye yokuqala ye-weld ngesikhathi sesendlalelo sokugcina sokushisela. Lapho uxhumano seluqediwe, ugesi uyancipha kancane kancane.
Imodi yesinyathelo (“ukushisela okuvumelanisiwe”). Ukuze kushiselwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezibanzi, ngokuvamile ezingaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-0.083, umthombo wamandla wokushisela ngokuhlanganiswa ungasetshenziswa kwimodi yokuvumelanisa noma yesinyathelo. Kwimodi yokuvumelanisa noma yesinyathelo, ukushisela kwamanje kokushisela kuhambisana nokushaya, ngakho-ke i-rotor ayimi ukuze ingene kakhulu ngesikhathi sokushisela kwamanje okuphezulu futhi ihamba ngesikhathi sokushisela kwamanje okuphansi. Amasu okuvumelanisa asebenzisa izikhathi zokushaya ezinde, ngokulandelana kwemizuzwana engu-0.5 kuya ku-1.5, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi seshumi noma sekhulu sesikhathi sokushaya kwesibili sokushisela okuvamile. Le ndlela ingashisela ngempumelelo ipayipi lodonga elincane elingu-0.154″ noma 6″ elinobukhulu obungu-40 gauge 40 obungu-40 obunobukhulu obungu-0.154″ noma 6″ obunobukhulu bodonga. Le ndlela yokuqondisa ikhiqiza ukushisela okubanzi, okwenza kube nokubekezelela amaphutha futhi kube usizo ekushiseleni izingxenye ezingajwayelekile njengokufakwa kwamapayipi kumapayipi lapho kungase kube khona umehluko ekubekezeleni kobukhulu, ukungalungi okuthile noma ukungahambelani kokushisa kwezinto. Lolu hlobo lokushisela ludinga cishe isikhathi esiphindwe kabili sokushisela okuvamile futhi alufaneleki kangako ekuhlanzekeni okuphezulu kakhulu. (UHP) ngenxa yomthungo obanzi noqinile.
Izinguquko ezingahlelwa. Isizukulwane samanje semithombo yamandla okushisela yizinhlelo ezisekelwe kuma-microprocessor kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina ezichaza amanani ezinombolo zamapharamitha okushisela ububanzi obuthile (OD) kanye nobukhulu bodonga lwepayipi elizoshiselwa, kufaka phakathi isikhathi sokuhlanza, ugesi wamanje, isivinini sokuhamba (RPM)), inani lezendlalelo nesikhathi ngesendlalelo ngasinye, isikhathi sokushaya, isikhathi sokwehla, njll. Kuma-weld e-orbital tube anentambo yokugcwalisa eyengeziwe, amapharamitha ohlelo azofaka isivinini sokudla kwentambo, ubukhulu be-torch oscillation kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala, i-AVC (ukulawula i-arc voltage ukunikeza igebe le-arc elihlala njalo), kanye nokuphakama. Ukuze wenze i-fusion welding, faka ikhanda lokushisela ngama-electrode afanele kanye nama-pipe clamp inserts epayipini bese ubuyisela ishejuli noma uhlelo lokushisela kusuka kwimemori yomthombo wamandla. Uchungechunge lokushisela luqalwa ngokucindezela inkinobho noma ukhiye wephaneli le-membrane bese ukushisela kuyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokungenelela komqhubi.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingahleleki. Ukuze kutholakale ikhwalithi yokushisela enhle njalo, amapharamitha okushisela kumele alawulwe ngokucophelela. Lokhu kufezwa ngokunemba komthombo wamandla okushisela kanye nohlelo lokushisela, okuyisethi yemiyalelo efakwe emthonjeni wamandla, equkethe amapharamitha okushisela, okushisela usayizi othile wepayipi noma ipayipi. Kumelwe futhi kube nesethi ephumelelayo yezindinganiso zokushisela, echaza izindlela zokwamukela ukushisela kanye nohlelo oluthile lokuhlola ukushisela kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukushisela kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezivunyelwene ngazo. Kodwa-ke, izici ezithile nezinqubo ngaphandle kwamapharamitha okushisela kumele nazo zilawulwe ngokucophelela. Lezi zinto zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokulungiselela okuhle, imikhuba emihle yokuhlanza nokuphatha, ukubekezelelana okuhle kobukhulu bepayipi noma ezinye izingxenye ezishiselwayo, uhlobo nosayizi we-tungsten okuhambisanayo, amagesi angenawo umoya ahlanzekile kakhulu, kanye nokunaka ngokucophelela ukuhlukahluka kwezinto.- izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
Izidingo zokulungiselela ukushisela iziphetho zamapayipi zibaluleke kakhulu ekushiseleni kwe-orbital kunokushisela ngesandla. Amalunga ashiselwe okushisela ipayipi le-orbital ngokuvamile amalunga esikwele. Ukuze kufezwe ukuphindaphindeka okufunekayo ekushiseleni kwe-orbital, kudingeka ukulungiswa kweziphetho okunembile, okuvumelanayo, okunomshini. Njengoba ugesi wokushisela uncike ekujikeni kodonga, iziphetho kumele zibe yisikwele ngaphandle kwama-burrs noma ama-bevel ku-OD noma i-ID (i-OD noma i-ID), okuzoholela ekujikeni okuhlukene kodonga.
Iziphetho zamapayipi kumele zihlangane ndawonye ekhanda lokushisela ukuze kungabikho sikhala esibonakalayo phakathi kweziphetho zejoyinti lesikwele. Nakuba izihlanganisi ezishisiwe ezinezikhala ezincane zingafezwa, ikhwalithi yokushisela ingathinteka kabi. Uma isikhala sikhulu, kulapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi kube nenkinga. Ukuhlanganiswa okubi kungabangela ukwehluleka ngokuphelele kokushisela. Amasaha amapayipi enziwe nguGeorge Fischer nabanye asika ipayipi futhi abhekane neziphetho zamapayipi ekusebenzeni okufanayo, noma amalathe okulungiselela ukuphela okuphathekayo njengalawo enziwe yiProtem, Wachs, nabanye, avame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-weld e-orbital abushelelezi afanelekela ukushintshwa. Amasaha okusika, ama-hacksaw, ama-band saw kanye nabasiki bepayipi akufanelekeli le njongo.
Ngaphezu kwamapharamitha okushisela afaka amandla okushisela, kunezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekushiseleni, kodwa aziyona ingxenye yenqubo yangempela yokushisela. Lokhu kufaka phakathi uhlobo nosayizi we-tungsten, uhlobo kanye nobumsulwa begesi esetshenziselwa ukuvikela i-arc nokuhlanza ingaphakathi lejoyinti lokushisela, izinga lokugeleza kwegesi elisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza, uhlobo lwekhanda kanye nomthombo wamandla osetshenziswayo, ukumiswa kwejoyinti, kanye nanoma yiluphi olunye ulwazi olufanele. Sibiza lezi zinto eziguquguqukayo "ezingenakuhleleka" futhi siziqopha ohlelweni lokushisela. Isibonelo, uhlobo lwegesi lubhekwa njengoguquguquko olubalulekile ku-Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) yezinqubo zokushisela ukuze zihambisane ne-ASME Section IX Boiler kanye nePressure Vessel Code. Izinguquko kumaphesenti ohlobo lwegesi noma ingxube yegesi, noma ukususwa kokuhlanza kwe-ID kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kabusha kwenqubo yokushisela.
Igesi yokushisela. Insimbi engagqwali imelana nokushiswa komoya-mpilo emoyeni ekushiseni kwegumbi. Uma ishiswa kuze kufike ezingeni lokuncibilika (1530°C noma 2800°F yensimbi emsulwa) ishiswa kalula. I-Inert argon isetshenziswa kakhulu njengegesi yokuvikela kanye nokuhlanza amalunga angaphakathi ashisiwe ngenqubo ye-orbital GTAW. Ubumsulwa begesi maqondana nomoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama bunquma inani lokushintsha kombala okubangelwa yi-oxidation okwenzeka ku-weld noma eduze kwayo ngemva kokushisela. Uma igesi yokushisela ingekho ekhwalithini ephezulu noma uma uhlelo lokushisela lungavuzi ngokuphelele kangangokuthi inani elincane lomoya livuza ohlelweni lokushisela, ukushisela kungaba okukhanyayo noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Vele, akukho ukuhlanza okuzoholela ebusweni obumnyama obuqhekekile obuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “okunoshukela”. I-argon yezinga lokushisela enikezwa ngamasilinda ihlanzekile ngo-99.996-99.997%, kuye ngomhlinzeki, futhi iqukethe i-5-7 ppm ye-oxygen kanye nokunye ukungcola, kufaka phakathi i-H2O, i-O2, i-CO2, ama-hydrocarbon, njll., ukuze kube nenani eliphelele. ka-40 ppm ubuningi. I-argon ehlanzekile kakhulu ku-cylinder noma ku-argon ewuketshezi ku-Dewar ingaba ukungcola okuphelele okungu-99.999% noma okungu-10 ppm, kanye nobuningi be-oxygen obungu-2 ppm. QAPHELA: Izihlanzi zegesi ezifana ne-Nanochem noma i-Gatekeeper zingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuhlanza ukunciphisa amazinga okungcola ezingxenyeni ngezigidigidi (ppb) ububanzi.
Ukwakheka okuxubile. Izingxube zegesi ezifana ne-75% helium/25% argon kanye ne-95% argon/5% hydrogen zingasetshenziswa njengamagesi okuvikela izinhlelo ezikhethekile. Lezi zingxube ezimbili zikhiqize ama-weld ashisayo kunalawo awenziwa ngaphansi kwezilungiselelo zohlelo ezifanayo ne-argon. Izingxube ze-Helium zifaneleka kakhulu ekungeneni okuphezulu ngokushisela i-fusion ensimbini yekhabhoni. Umeluleki wemboni ye-semiconductor ukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezingxube ze-argon/hydrogen njengamagesi okuvikela izinhlelo ze-UHP. Izingxube ze-hydrogen zinezinzuzo eziningana, kodwa futhi nezinkinga ezinkulu. Inzuzo ukuthi ikhiqiza ichibi elimanzi kanye nobuso obushelelayo be-weld, obuhle kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinhlelo zokulethwa kwegesi ezinomfutho ophezulu kakhulu kanye nobuso bangaphakathi obubushelelezi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuba khona kwe-hydrogen kunikeza umoya oncishisiwe, ngakho-ke uma kukhona izinsalela ze-oxygen engxubeni yegesi, i-weld ephumayo izobukeka ihlanzekile ngokushintsha kombala okuncane kunokuhlushwa kwe-oxygen okufanayo ku-argon emsulwa. Lo mphumela ungcono kakhulu ngokuqukethwe kwe-hydrogen okungaba ngu-5%. Abanye basebenzisa ingxube ye-argon/hydrogen engu-95/5% njengendlela yokuhlanza i-ID ukuze bathuthukise. ukubonakala kobuhlalu bokushisela bangaphakathi.
Ubuhlalu bokushisela obusebenzisa ingxube ye-hydrogen njengegesi yokuvikela buncane, ngaphandle kokuthi insimbi engagqwali inokuqukethwe kwesulfure okuphansi kakhulu futhi ikhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe ku-weld kunesimo samanje esifanayo ne-argon engaxubile. Inkinga enkulu yezingxube ze-argon/hydrogen ukuthi i-arc ayizinzile kakhulu kune-argon emsulwa, futhi kukhona ukuthambekela kokuthi i-arc ikhukhuleke, okukhulu ngokwanele ukubangela ukudideka. Ukukhukhuleka kwe-arc kungase kunyamalale lapho kusetshenziswa umthombo wegesi oxubile ohlukile, okuphakamisa ukuthi kungabangelwa ukungcola noma ukuxubana okubi. Ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa okukhiqizwa yi-arc kuyahlukahluka ngokuhlushwa kwe-hydrogen, ukuhlushwa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe ukushiselwa okuphindaphindwayo, futhi kunomehluko kugesi ebhodleleni exubile ngaphambilini. Enye inkinga ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila se-tungsten sifushane kakhulu lapho kusetshenziswa ingxube ye-hydrogen. Ngenkathi isizathu sokuwohloka kwe-tungsten kusuka kugesi exubile singakaqinisekiswa, kubikwe ukuthi i-arc inzima kakhulu futhi i-tungsten ingadinga ukushintshwa ngemva kokushintshwa okukodwa noma okubili. Izingxube ze-argon/hydrogen azikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukushintshwa kwensimbi yekhabhoni noma i-titanium.
Isici esiphawulekayo senqubo ye-TIG ukuthi ayisebenzisi ama-electrode. I-Tungsten inezinga lokuncibilika eliphakeme kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi insimbi (6098°F; 3370°C) futhi iyi-emitter enhle yama-electron, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa njenge-electrode engasebenziseki. Izakhiwo zayo zithuthukiswa ngokungeza u-2% wama-oxide athile e-rare earth njenge-ceria, i-lanthanum oxide noma i-thorium oxide ukuthuthukisa ukuqala kwe-arc kanye nokuqina kwe-arc. I-tungsten emsulwa ayisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-GTAW ngenxa yezakhiwo ezinhle ze-cerium tungsten, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-orbital GTAW. I-Thorium tungsten isetshenziswa kancane kunangaphambili ngoba inemisebe ethile.
Ama-electrode anomphetho ocwebezelayo afana kakhulu ngobukhulu. Ubuso obubushelelezi buhlala bukhethwa kunendawo ebukhali noma engaguquki, njengoba ukuhambisana kwe-geometry ye-electrode kubalulekile emiphumeleni yokushisela ehambisanayo, efanayo. Ama-electron akhishwa ephepheni (DCEN) adlulisela ukushisa kusuka ephepheni le-tungsten kuya ku-weld. Iphuzu elincane livumela ukuthi ubuningi bamanje buhlale buphezulu kakhulu, kodwa kungabangela impilo ye-tungsten emfushane. Ngokushisela kwe-orbital, kubalulekile ukugaya iphuzu le-electrode ngomshini ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-geometry ye-tungsten iyaphindaphindeka futhi i-weld iyaphindaphindeka. Iphuzu elibuthuntu liphoqa i-arc kusuka ku-weld iye endaweni efanayo ku-tungsten. Ububanzi bephuzu bulawula ukuma kwe-arc kanye nenani lokungena ku-current ethile. I-angle ye-taper ithinta izici zamanje/ze-voltage ze-arc futhi kumele icaciswe futhi ilawulwe. Ubude be-tungsten bubalulekile ngoba ubude obaziwayo be-tungsten bungasetshenziswa ukusetha igebe le-arc. Igebe le-arc yenani elithile lamanje linquma i-voltage ngakho-ke amandla asetshenziswa ku-weld.
Usayizi we-electrode kanye nobubanzi be-tip yayo kukhethwa ngokuya ngamandla kagesi wokushisela. Uma ugesi uphakeme kakhulu kwi-electrode noma i-tip yayo, ingase ilahlekelwe yinsimbi kusukela eqophelweni, futhi ukusebenzisa ama-electrode anobubanzi be-tip obukhulu kakhulu kunogesi kungabangela ukukhukhuleka kwe-arc. Sichaza ububanzi be-electrode kanye ne-tip ngobukhulu bodonga lwe-weld joint futhi sisebenzisa ububanzi obungu-0.0625 cishe kukho konke okufika ku-0.093″ ubukhulu bodonga, ngaphandle kokuthi ukusetshenziswa kuklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa nama-electrode obubanzi obungu-0.040″ wokushisela Izingxenye ezincane zokunemba. Ukuze inqubo yokushisela iphindaphindwe, uhlobo lwe-tungsten kanye nokuphela, ubude, i-angle ethambile, ububanzi, ububanzi be-tip kanye ne-arc gap kumele konke kuchazwe futhi kulawulwe. Ekusetshenzisweni kokushisela ngamapayipi, i-cerium tungsten ihlala inconywa ngoba lolu hlobo lunesikhathi eside kakhulu senkonzo kunezinye izinhlobo futhi lunezici ezinhle kakhulu zokushiswa kwe-arc. I-Cerium tungsten ayisebenzisi imisebe.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela uxhumane noBarbara Henon, uMphathi Wezincwadi Zobuchwepheshe, i-Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331. Ucingo: 818-896-9556. Ifeksi: 818-890-3724.