Inqaku loMhleli: I-Pharmaceutical Online iyavuya ukuveza eli nqaku linamacandelo amane malunga nokuwelda kwe-orbital ye-bioprocess piping yingcali yoshishino uBarbara Henon we-Arc Machines. Eli nqaku lithathwe kwintetho kaGqr. Henon kwinkomfa ye-ASME ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo.
Ukuthintela ukulahleka kokumelana nokugqwala. Amanzi acocekileyo aphezulu afana ne-DI okanye i-WFI ayinto enamandla kakhulu kwintsimbi engagqwali. Ukongeza, i-WFI yodidi lweyeza ijikeleziswa kubushushu obuphezulu (80°C) ukugcina ubumdaka. Kukho umahluko omncinci phakathi kokunciphisa ubushushu obaneleyo ukuxhasa izinto eziphilayo eziyingozi kwimveliso kunye nokunyusa ubushushu obaneleyo ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa "kwe-rouge". I-Rouge yifilimu emdaka enobume obahlukeneyo obubangelwa kukugqwala kwezinto zenkqubo yepayipi yentsimbi engagqwali. Ukungcola kunye ne-iron oxides zinokuba zezona zinto ziphambili, kodwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi, i-chromium kunye ne-nickel nazo zinokubakho. Ubukho be-rouge buyingozi kwezinye iimveliso kwaye ubukho bayo bunokukhokelela ekugqwaleni okungakumbi, nangona ubukho bayo kwezinye iinkqubo bubonakala bungenabungozi.
Ukuwelda kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukumelana nokugqwala. Umbala oshushu ngumphumo wezinto ezifaka i-oxidizing ezifakwe kwi-welds kunye ne-HAZs ngexesha lokuwelda, uyingozi kakhulu, kwaye unxulunyaniswa nokwakheka kwe-rouge kwiinkqubo zamanzi zamayeza. Ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide kunokubangela umbala oshushu, kushiye umaleko ophelelwe yi-chromium onokuthi ugqwale. Umbala oshushu ungasuswa ngokugaya nokugaya, ukususa isinyithi kumphezulu, kubandakanya umaleko ophantsi kwe-chromium, kunye nokubuyisela ukumelana nokugqwala kumanqanaba akufutshane namanqanaba esinyithi asisiseko. Nangona kunjalo, ukugaya nokugaya kuyonakalisa ukugqitywa komphezulu. Ukugaya inkqubo yepayipi nge-nitric acid okanye iifomyula ze-chelating agent kwenziwa ukuze koyiswe iziphumo ezimbi zokugaya kunye nokwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo yepayipi iqaliswe ukusebenza. Uhlalutyo lwe-electron ye-Auger lubonise ukuba ukugaya kwe-chelation kunokubuyisela utshintsho kumphezulu ekusasazweni kweoksijini, i-chromium, isinyithi, i-nickel kunye ne-manganese ezenzeke kwindawo echaphazelekileyo yi-weld kunye nobushushu ukuya kwimeko ye-pre-weld. Nangona kunjalo, ukugaya kuchaphazela kuphela umaleko wangaphandle womphezulu kwaye akungeni ngaphantsi kwe-50 angstroms, ngelixa umbala wobushushu unokwandiswa. Ii-angstroms ezili-1000 okanye ngaphezulu ngaphantsi komphezulu.
Ke ngoko, ukuze kufakwe iinkqubo zemibhobho ezimelana nokugqwala kufutshane neendawo ezingadityanisiweyo, kubalulekile ukuzama ukunciphisa ukuwelda kunye nomonakalo obangelwa kukwenziwa kumanqanaba anokubuyiselwa kakhulu ngokudlula. Oku kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yokucoca enomxholo omncinci weoksijini kunye nokuhanjiswa kububanzi bangaphakathi bejoyinti edityanisiweyo ngaphandle kokungcoliswa yioksijini yomoya okanye ukufuma. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lokufaka ubushushu kunye nokuphepha ukugqithisa ngexesha lokuwelda kubalulekile ukuthintela ukulahleka kokuxhathisa ukugqwala. Ukulawula inkqubo yokuvelisa ukuze kufezekiswe ukuwelda okuphindaphindwayo nokuqhubekayo komgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokuphathwa ngononophelo kwemibhobho yentsimbi engagqwali kunye nezinto ngexesha lokuvelisa ukuthintela ungcoliseko, ziimfuno ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo yemibhobho esemgangathweni ophezulu emelana nokugqwala kwaye inika inkonzo yemveliso yexesha elide.
Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zemibhobho yentsimbi engagqwali ye-biopharmaceutical ecocekileyo kakhulu ziye zaguquka zaya ekuphuculeni ukumelana nokugqwala kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Uninzi lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo esetyenzisiweyo ngaphambi kowama-1980 yayiyintsimbi engagqwali engama-304 kuba yayingabizi kakhulu kwaye iphucukile kuneyobhedu eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Enyanisweni, iintsimbi ezingagqwali ezingama-300 zilula ukuzisebenzisa ngomatshini, zinokudityaniswa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngokungafanelekanga kukumelana nokugqwala, kwaye azidingi unyango olukhethekileyo lwangaphambi kobushushu kunye nonyango lwasemva kobushushu.
Kutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi engagqwali engama-316 kwizicelo zemibhobho ecocekileyo kakhulu kuye kwanda. Uhlobo lwe-316 lufana nohlobo lwe-304, kodwa ukongeza kwizinto ze-chromium kunye ne-nickel alloying eziqhelekileyo kuzo zombini, i-316 iqulethe malunga ne-2% ye-molybdenum, ephucula kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-316. Iintlobo ze-304L kunye ne-316L, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-"L" grades, zinomxholo wekhabhoni ophantsi kunamabakala aqhelekileyo (0.035% vs. 0.08%). Oku kunciphisa umxholo wekhabhoni kujoliswe ekunciphiseni ubungakanani bemvula ye-carbide enokwenzeka ngenxa yokuwelda. Oku kukwenziwa kwe-chromium carbide, okunciphisa imida yeenkozo zesinyithi sesiseko se-chromium, okwenza kube lula ukugqwala. Ukwenziwa kwe-chromium carbide, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"sensitization," kuxhomekeke kwixesha nakubushushu kwaye yingxaki enkulu xa kudityaniswa ngesandla. Sibonise ukuba ukuwelda kwe-orbital yentsimbi engagqwali ye-super-austenitic AL-6XN kubonelela ngee-welds ezinganyangekiyo kukugqwala kunee-welds ezifanayo ezenziwe ngesandla. Oku kungenxa yokuba Ukuwelda kwe-orbital kunika ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-amperage, i-pulsation kunye nexesha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufakweni kobushushu obuphantsi nobufanayo kunokuwelda ngesandla. Ukuwelda kwe-orbital kunye ne-“L” grades 304 kunye ne-316 kuphelisa phantse imvula ye-carbide njengento ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kokugqwala kwiinkqubo zemibhobho.
Utshintsho lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ukusuka kubushushu ukuya kubushushu. Nangona iiparameter zokuwelda kunye nezinye izinto zinokugcinwa ngaphakathi kokunyamezelana okuqinileyo, kusekho umahluko kwingeniso yobushushu efunekayo ukuwelda intsimbi engagqwaliyo ukusuka kubushushu ukuya kubushushu. Inombolo yobushushu yinombolo yelothi enikwe ukunyibilika kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ethile efektri. Ulwakhiwo oluchanekileyo lweekhemikhali zebhetshi nganye lurekhodwe kwiNgxelo yoVavanyo lweFactory (MTR) kunye nokuchongwa kwebhetshi okanye inombolo yobushushu. Isinyithi esicocekileyo siyanyibilika kwi-1538°C (2800°F), ngelixa iintsimbi ezixutyiweyo zinyibilika ngaphakathi kobubanzi bobushushu, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-alloy nganye okanye into encinci ekhoyo. Ekubeni kungekho zifudumezi zimbini zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eziya kuba noxinzelelo olufanayo lwento nganye, iimpawu zokuwelda ziya kwahluka ukusuka kwisithando somlilo ukuya kwisithando somlilo.
I-SEM yee-316L pipe orbital welds kwi-AOD pipe (ephezulu) kunye nezinto ze-EBR (ezantsi) ibonise umahluko omkhulu ekugudiseni kwe-weld bead.
Nangona inkqubo enye yokuwelda ingasebenza kwiiheat ezininzi ezine-OD efanayo kunye nobukhulu bodonga, ezinye iiheat zifuna i-amperage encinci kwaye ezinye zifuna i-amperage ephezulu kunesiqhelo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukufudumeza izinto ezahlukeneyo kwindawo yokusebenza kufuneka kulandelwe ngononophelo ukuze kuthintelwe iingxaki ezinokubakho. Rhoqo, ubushushu obutsha bufuna utshintsho oluncinci kwi-amperage ukuze kufezekiswe inkqubo yokuwelda eyanelisayo.
Ingxaki yesalfure. Isalfure yesakhi somchiza lungcoliseko olunxulumene nentsimbi eyomileyo olususwa kakhulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza intsimbi. Iintsimbi ze-AISI Type 304 kunye ne-316 ezingenasici zichazwe ngomxholo wesalfure ophezulu we-0.030%. Ngophuhliso lweenkqubo zanamhlanje zokucoca intsimbi, ezifana ne-Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) kunye neendlela ezimbini zokunyibilikisa i-vacuum ezifana ne-Vacuum Induction Melting elandelwa yi-Vacuum Arc Remelting (VIM+VAR), kuye kwenzeka ukuvelisa iintsimbi ezikhethekileyo kakhulu ngeendlela ezilandelayo. ukwakheka kwazo kweekhemikhali. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba iipropati zedama le-weld ziyatshintsha xa umxholo wesalfure wentsimbi ungaphantsi kwe-0.008%. Oku kungenxa yempembelelo yesalfure kunye nomlinganiselo omncinci wezinye izinto kwi-coefficient yobushushu boxinzelelo lomphezulu wedama le-weld, elimisela iimpawu zokuhamba kwedama le-liquid.
Xa kugxilwe kakhulu kwisulfure (0.001% – 0.003%), ukungena kwedama le-weld kuba banzi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nee-weld ezifanayo ezenziwe kwizinto ezinomthamo wesalfure ophakathi. Ii-weld ezenziwe kwipayipi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo enesalfure esezantsi ziya kuba nee-weld ezibanzi, ngelixa kumbhobho wodonga otyebileyo (0.065 intshi, okanye i-1.66 mm nangaphezulu) kuya kubakho ukuthambekela okukhulu kokwenza ii-welds. Xa umsinga we-welding wanele ukuvelisa i-weld engene ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwenza izinto ezinomthamo wesalfure ophantsi kakhulu kube nzima ukuzidibanisa, ngakumbi ngeendonga ezityebileyo. Kwicala eliphezulu loxinzelelo lwesalfure kwi-304 okanye i-316 yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, i-weld bead idla ngokuba manzi kancinci kwaye irhabaxa kunezixhobo zesalfure eziphakathi. Ke ngoko, ukuze kube nokudityaniswa, umxholo wesalfure ofanelekileyo uya kuba malunga ne-0.005% ukuya kwi-0.017%, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-ASTM A270 S2 kwiityhubhu zomgangatho wamayeza.
Abavelisi beepayipi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo epholishwe ngombane baye baqaphela ukuba kwanamanqanaba aphakathi esalfure kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-316 okanye engama-316L enza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi babo be-semiconductor kunye ne-biopharmaceutical kwiindawo zangaphakathi ezigudileyo nezingenamingxuma. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-scanning electron microscopy ukuqinisekisa ukuguda kokugqitywa komphezulu wetyhubhu kuxhaphake kakhulu. I-sulfur kwisinyithi esisisiseko ibonakalisiwe ukuba yenza izinto ezingezizo zesinyithi okanye i-manganese sulfide (MnS) "stringers" ezisuswayo ngexesha lokupholishwa ngombane kwaye zishiye izithuba kuluhlu lwe-0.25-1.0 micron.
Abavelisi kunye nababoneleli beetyhubhu ezipholishwe ngombane baqhubela imarike ekusebenziseni izinto zesalfure eziphantsi kakhulu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zokugqiba umphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki ayipheleli kwiityhubhu ezipholishwe ngombane kuphela, njengoko kwiityhubhu ezingezopholishwe ngombane izinto ezifakiweyo zisuswa ngexesha lokudlula kwenkqubo yemibhobho. Iimbobo zibonakalisiwe ukuba zinomngcipheko wokufumana imingxuma ngaphezu kweendawo ezigudileyo. Ngoko ke kukho izizathu ezithile ezifanelekileyo zokuthambekela kwizinto eziphantsi kwesalfure, "ezicocekileyo".
Ukuphambuka kwe-arc. Ukongeza ekuphuculeni ukuwelda kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo, ubukho besulfure ethile bukwaphucula ukusebenza kwayo. Ngenxa yoko, abavelisi kunye nabavelisi badla ngokukhetha izixhobo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu loluhlu oluchaziweyo lomxholo wesalfure. Ukuwelda iityhubhu ezinezinga lesalfure eliphantsi kakhulu kwii-fittings, iivalvu okanye ezinye iityhubhu ezinezinga lesalfure eliphezulu kunokubangela iingxaki zokuwelda kuba i-arc iya kuthambekela kwiityhubhu ezinezinga lesalfure eliphantsi. Xa kwenzeka ukuphambuka kwe-arc, ukungena kuba nzulu kwicala lesalfure eliphantsi kunakwicala lesalfure eliphakamileyo, nto leyo echasene noko kwenzekayo xa kuwelda iipayipi ezinezinga lesalfure elihambelanayo. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, i-weld bead inokungena ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ezinezinga lesalfure eliphantsi kwaye ishiye ingaphakathi le-weld lingadibani ngokupheleleyo (Fihey noSimeneau, 1982). Ukuze kuhambelane umxholo wesalfure wezixhobo nomxholo wesalfure wepayipi, iCandelo leNtsimbi yeCarpenter leCar-penter Technology Corporation yasePennsylvania lizise i-sulfure ephantsi (0.005% max) 316 bar stock (Uhlobo 316L-SCQ) (VIM+VAR)) yokwenziwa kwezinto zokudibanisa nezinye izinto ezenzelwe ukudityaniswa kwiipayipi zesalfure ezisezantsi. Ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezimbini zesalfure eziphantsi kakhulu kulula kakhulu kunokudityaniswa kwezinto zesalfure eziphantsi kakhulu ukuya kwisulfure ephezulu.
Utshintsho ekusebenziseni iityhubhu ze-sulfur ephantsi lubangelwa kakhulu yimfuno yokufumana iindawo ezingaphakathi zetyhubhu ezigudileyo ezicociweyo nge-electropolished. Nangona ukugqitywa komphezulu kunye nokucocwa nge-electropolishing kubalulekile kushishino lwe-semiconductor kunye noshishino lwe-biotech/amayeza, i-SEMI, xa ibhala iinkcukacha zoshishino lwe-semiconductor, ichaze ukuba iityhubhu ze-316L zemigca yegesi yenkqubo kufuneka zibe nesigqubuthelo se-sulfur esingu-0.004% ukuze zisebenze kakuhle. Iziphelo zomphezulu. I-ASTM, kwelinye icala, itshintshe iinkcukacha zayo ze-ASTM 270 ukuze ibandakanye iityhubhu ze-pharmaceutical-grade ezithintela umxholo we-sulfur kuluhlu oluphakathi kwe-0.005 ukuya kwi-0.017%. Oku kufanele kubangele ubunzima obuncinci bokucocwa xa kuthelekiswa neesulfur ezisezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nangaphakathi kolu luhlu lulinganiselweyo, ukuphambuka kwe-arc kusenokwenzeka xa kucocwa iityhubhu ze-sulfur ephantsi kwiityhubhu ze-sulfur ephezulu okanye izixhobo, kwaye abafaki kufuneka balandele ngononophelo ukufudumeza kwezinto kwaye bajonge ngaphambi kokwenziwa kokuhambelana kwe-Solder phakathi kokufudumeza. Ukuveliswa kwee-welds.
ezinye izinto ezilandelelanayo. Izinto ezilandelelanayo eziquka isalfure, ioksijini, ialuminiyam, isilicon kunye nemanganese zifunyenwe zichaphazela ukungena. Izixa ze-aluminiyam, isilicon, icalcium, i-titanium kunye ne-chromium ezikhoyo kwisinyithi esisisiseko njengoko i-oxide inclusions inxulunyaniswa nokwakheka kwe-slag ngexesha lokuwelda.
Imiphumo yezinto ezahlukeneyo iyaqokelelana, ngoko ke ubukho beoksijini bunokuthintela ezinye zeziphumo eziphantsi zesalfure. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-aluminium anokumelana nempembelelo entle ekungeneni kwesalfure. I-Manganese iyaguquguquka kubushushu be-welding kunye neediphozithi kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu be-welding. Ezi diphozithi ze-manganese zinxulunyaniswa nokulahlekelwa kukumelana nokugqwala. (Jonga uCohen, 1997). Ishishini le-semiconductor okwangoku lizama ngezinto ze-manganese eziphantsi kunye ne-manganese eziphantsi kakhulu ze-316L ukuthintela ukulahleka kokumelana nokugqwala.
Ukwakheka kwe-slag. Iziqithi ze-slag ngamanye amaxesha zivela kwi-stainless steel bead kwezinye ii-heats. Oku kuyingxaki yezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho kwiiparameter ze-welding lunokunciphisa oku, okanye utshintsho kumxube we-argon/hydrogen lunokuphucula i-weld. UPollard ufumanise ukuba umlinganiselo we-aluminium kwi-silicon kwisiseko sesinyithi uchaphazela ukwakheka kwe-slag. Ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-slag yohlobo lwe-plaque engafunekiyo, ucebisa ukugcina umxholo we-aluminium kwi-0.010% kunye nomxholo we-silicon kwi-0.5%. Nangona kunjalo, xa umlinganiselo we-Al/Si ungaphezulu kweli nqanaba, i-slag ejikelezayo inokwenziwa endaweni yohlobo lwe-plaque. Olu hlobo lwe-slag lunokushiya imingxuma emva kokupholisha nge-electro, into engamkelekanga kwizicelo zobumsulwa obuphezulu. Iziqithi ze-slag ezenziwe kwi-OD ye-weld zinokubangela ukungena okungalinganiyo kwe-ID pass kwaye zinokubangela ukungena okwaneleyo. Iziqithi ze-slag ezenziwe kwi-ID weld bead zinokuba sengozini yokubola.
I-weld esebenza kanye ene-pulsation. I-welding ye-orbital tube ezenzekelayo eqhelekileyo yi-weld ye-pass enye ene-pulsed current kunye nokujikeleza kwesantya okuqhubekayo. Le ndlela ifanelekile kwipayipi enobubanzi bangaphandle ukusuka kwi-1/8″ ukuya malunga ne-7″ kunye nobukhulu bodonga obuyi-0.083″ nangaphantsi. Emva kokucoca kwangaphambili okucwangcisiweyo, i-arcing iyenzeka. Ukungena kodonga lwetyhubhu kwenziwa ngexesha lokulibaziseka okucwangcisiweyo apho kukho i-arcing kodwa akukho kujikeleziswa kwenzekayo. Emva kokulibaziseka okujikelezayo, i-electrode ijikeleza i-weld joint ide i-weld idibanise okanye igqume inxalenye yokuqala ye-weld ngexesha lomaleko wokugqibela we-welding. Xa uqhagamshelo lugqityiwe, i-current iyancipha ngokukhawuleza.
Imo yenyathelo (“ukuwelda okuhambelanayo”). Kwi-fusion welding yezinto ezixineneyo ezibiyelweyo, eziqhele ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-0.083 intshi, umthombo wamandla wokuwelda okuhambelanayo ungasetyenziswa kwimo ye-synchronous okanye ye-step. Kwimo ye-synchronous okanye ye-step, i-welding current pulse ihambelana ne-stroke, ngoko ke i-rotor ayimi ukuze ingene kakhulu ngexesha lokuhamba kwamandla aphezulu kwaye ihamba ngexesha lokuhamba kwamandla aphantsi. Iindlela ze-synchronous zisebenzisa amaxesha amade okuhamba kwamandla, ukusuka kwimizuzwana eyi-0.5 ukuya kwi-1.5, xa kuthelekiswa neshumi okanye ikhulu lexesha lesibini lokuhamba kwamandla okuwelda. Le ndlela inokuwelda ngempumelelo i-0.154″ okanye i-6″ ubukhulu be-40 gauge kunye ne-40 thin wall pipe enobukhulu be-0.154″ okanye i-6″ ubukhulu bodonga. Le ndlela ye-steped ivelisa i-weld ebanzi, eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukumelana neempazamo kwaye iluncedo ekuwelding iindawo ezingaqhelekanga ezifana nokufakelwa kwepayipi kwimibhobho apho kunokubakho umahluko kwiindlela zokunyamezelana ezinobukhulu, ukungalungelelani okuthile okanye ukungahambelani kobushushu bezinto. Olu hlobo lokuwelda lufuna malunga nexesha eliphindwe kabini le-arc le-welding eqhelekileyo kwaye alufanelekanga kangako kubumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu. (UHP) ngenxa yomthungo obanzi norhabaxa.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinokucwangciswa. Isizukulwana sangoku semithombo yamandla okuwelda ziinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-microprocessor kunye nezitolo ezichaza amaxabiso eenombolo zeeparamitha zokuwelda zobubanzi obuthile (OD) kunye nobukhulu bodonga lombhobho oza kuwelda, kubandakanya ixesha lokucoca, umsinga wokuwelda, isantya sokuhamba (RPM)), inani leeleya kunye nexesha ngomaleko ngamnye, ixesha lokutyhala, ixesha lokuhla, njl. Kwi-orbital tube welds ene-filler wire eyongeziweyo, iiparameter zenkqubo ziya kubandakanya isantya sokutya kwentambo, i-torch oscillation amplitude kunye nexesha lokuhlala, i-AVC (ulawulo lwe-arc voltage ukubonelela ngesithuba se-arc esingaguqukiyo), kunye nokunyuka. Ukwenza i-fusion welding, faka intloko yokuwelda ngee-electrode ezifanelekileyo kunye nee-pipe clamp inserts kumbhobho kwaye ubuyisele ishedyuli yokuwelda okanye inkqubo kwimemori yomthombo wamandla. Ulandelelwano lokuwelda luqaliswa ngokucinezela iqhosha okanye iqhosha lephaneli ye-membrane kwaye ukuwelda kuyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokungenelela komqhubi.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingacwangciswanga. Ukuze ufumane umgangatho we-weld olungileyo rhoqo, iiparameter ze-welding kufuneka zilawulwe ngononophelo. Oku kufezekiswa ngokuchaneka komthombo wamandla we-welding kunye nenkqubo ye-welding, eyisethi yemiyalelo efakwe kumthombo wamandla, equka iiparameter ze-welding, zokuwelda ubungakanani obuthile bombhobho okanye umbhobho. Kufuneka kubekho iseti esebenzayo yemigangatho ye-welding, echaza iikhrayitheriya zokwamkelwa kwe-welding kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-welding kunye nenkqubo yokulawula umgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-welding iyahlangabezana nemigangatho evunyelweneyo. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezithile kunye neenkqubo ngaphandle kweparameter ze-welding nazo kufuneka zilawulwe ngononophelo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezilungileyo zokulungiselela, iindlela ezilungileyo zokucoca nokuphatha, ukunyamezelana okuhle kweetyhubhu okanye ezinye iindawo eziweldayo, uhlobo kunye nobukhulu obuhambelanayo be-tungsten, iigesi ezicociweyo kakhulu, kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kwiinguqu zezinto.- ubushushu obuphezulu.
Iimfuneko zokulungiselela ukuwelda kwesiphelo sepayipi zibaluleke ngakumbi kwi-orbital welding kune-manual welding. Iijoyinti eziwelding ze-orbital pipe welding zihlala zijoyinti zesikwere. Ukuze kufezekiswe ukuphindaphindwa okufunekayo kwi-orbital welding, kufuneka ukulungiswa kwesiphelo esichanekileyo, esihambelanayo, nesinomatshini. Ekubeni umsinga wokuwelda uxhomekeke kubukhulu bodonga, iziphelo kufuneka zibe yisikwere ngaphandle kwee-burrs okanye ii-bevels kwi-OD okanye kwi-ID (OD okanye kwi-ID), nto leyo eya kubangela ukuba kubekho ubukhulu bodonga obahlukeneyo.
Iziphelo zepayipi kufuneka zihlangane kunye entlokweni ye-weld ukuze kungabikho msantsa ubonakalayo phakathi kweziphelo ze-square butt joint. Nangona iziphelo ze-weld ezineziphelo ezincinci zinokufezekiswa, umgangatho we-weld unokuphazamiseka kakubi. Okukhona umsantsa umkhulu, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ingxaki. Ukuhlanganiswa okubi kunokubangela ukungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo kwe-soldering. Iisarha zepayipi ezenziwe nguGeorge Fischer nabanye abasika umbhobho baze bajongane neziphelo zepayipi ngendlela efanayo, okanye iilathe zokulungiselela eziphathwayo ezifana nezo zenziwe yiProtem, iiWachs, nabanye, zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-welds ze-orbital ezigudileyo ezifanelekileyo zokulungisa. Iisarha ze-chop, ii-hacksaws, ii-band saws kunye nee-tubing cutters azifanelekanga kule njongo.
Ukongeza kwiiparameter zokuwelda ezifaka amandla okuwelda, kukho ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinokuba nefuthe elikhulu ekuwelding, kodwa aziyonxalenye yenkqubo yokwenyani yokuwelda. Oku kuquka uhlobo kunye nobukhulu be-tungsten, uhlobo kunye nobunyulu begesi esetyenziselwa ukukhusela i-arc kunye nokucoca ingaphakathi lejoyinti yokuwelda, izinga lokuhamba kwegesi elisetyenziselwa ukucoca, uhlobo lwentloko kunye nomthombo wamandla osetyenzisiweyo, uqwalaselo lwejoyinti, kunye nalo naluphi na olunye ulwazi olufanelekileyo. Sibiza ezi zinto "ezingenakuhlelwa" kwaye sizirekhoda kwishedyuli yokuwelda. Umzekelo, uhlobo lwegesi luthathwa njengotshintsho olubalulekileyo kwi-Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) kwiinkqubo zokuwelda ukuze zihambelane ne-ASME Section IX Boiler kunye nePressure Vessel Code. Utshintsho kuhlobo lwegesi okanye iipesenti zomxube wegesi, okanye ukususwa kokuhlanjululwa kwe-ID kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kwenkqubo yokuwelda.
igesi yokuwelda. Intsimbi engatyiwayo iyamelana ne-oxidation ye-oksijini esemoyeni kubushushu begumbi. Xa ifudunyezwa ifikelele kwinqanaba lokunyibilika (1530°C okanye 2800°F kwisinyithi esicocekileyo) inyibilikiswa lula. I-argon engasebenziyo isetyenziswa kakhulu njengegesi yokukhusela kunye nokucoca amalungu angaphakathi aweldayo ngenkqubo ye-orbital GTAW. Ubunyulu begesi xa kuthelekiswa ne-oksijini kunye nokufuma bumisela ubungakanani bokutshintsha kombala okubangelwa yi-oxidation okwenzeka kwi-weld okanye kufutshane nayo emva kokuwelda. Ukuba igesi yokuwelda ayingomgangatho ophezulu okanye ukuba inkqubo yokuwelda ayivuzi ngokupheleleyo kangangokuba umoya omncinci uvuza kwinkqubo yokuwelda, i-oxidation inokuba yi-teal ekhanyayo okanye ibluish. Kakade ke, akukho kucocwa kuya kubangela ukuba umphezulu omnyama oqhekekileyo obizwa ngokuba yi-"sweetened". I-argon ye-welding grade enikezelwa kwiisilinda icocekile nge-99.996-99.997%, kuxhomekeke kumthengisi, kwaye iqulethe i-5-7 ppm ye-oksijini kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, kubandakanya i-H2O, i-O2, i-CO2, ii-hydrocarbons, njl.njl., iyonke. ye-40 ppm ubuninzi. I-argon ecocekileyo kakhulu kwisilinda okanye kwi-argon engamanzi kwi-Dewar ingaba yi-99.999% ecocekileyo okanye i-10 ppm ukungcola okupheleleyo, kunye ne-oxygen ephezulu ye-2 ppm. PHAWULA: Izicoci zegesi ezifana neNanochem okanye i-Gatekeeper zingasetyenziswa ngexesha lokucoca ukunciphisa amanqanaba okungcola kwiindawo ngebhiliyoni (ppb) kuluhlu.
Umxube wegesi oxutyiweyo. Imixube yegesi efana ne-75% ye-helium/25% ye-argon kunye ne-95% ye-argon/5% ye-hydrogen ingasetyenziswa njengeegesi zokukhusela kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo. Le mixube mibini ivelise ii-welds ezishushu ngakumbi kunezo zenziwe phantsi kweenkqubo ezifanayo njenge-argon. Imixube ye-Helium ifanelekile ngokukodwa ukungena okuphezulu ngokuhlanganisa i-fusion welding kwi-carbon steel. Umcebisi weshishini le-semiconductor ukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemixube ye-argon/hydrogen njengeegesi zokukhusela kwizicelo ze-UHP. Imixube ye-hydrogen ineenzuzo ezininzi, kodwa ikwanazo neengxaki ezinkulu. Inzuzo kukuba ivelisa idama elimanzi kunye nomphezulu we-weld ogudileyo, ofanelekileyo ekusebenziseni iinkqubo zokuhambisa igesi ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nomphezulu wangaphakathi ogudileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ubukho be-hydrogen bubonelela ngomoya ophantsi, ngoko ke ukuba kukho iintsalela zeoksijini kumxube wegesi, i-weld ephumayo iya kubonakala icocekile kwaye inombala omncinci kunoxinzelelo lweoksijini olufanayo kwi-argon ecocekileyo. Esi siphumo silungile malunga nomxholo we-hydrogen omalunga ne-5%. Abanye basebenzisa umxube we-argon/hydrogen ongama-95/5% njengendlela yokucoca i-ID ukuphucula. imbonakalo yentsimbi yokuwelda yangaphakathi.
I-weld bead esebenzisa umxube we-hydrogen njengegesi yokukhusela incinci, ngaphandle kokuba intsimbi engagqwaliyo inomxholo wesalfure omncinci kakhulu kwaye ivelisa ubushushu obuninzi kwi-weld kunesimo esifanayo sangoku kunye ne-argon engaxutywanga. Ingxaki enkulu ye-argon/hydrogen mixtures kukuba i-arc ayizinzanga kakhulu kune-argon ecocekileyo, kwaye kukho ukuthambekela kwe-arc ukutyibilika, okunamandla ngokwaneleyo ukubangela ukudideka. I-Arc drift inokuphela xa kusetyenziswa umthombo wegesi oxutyiweyo owahlukileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inokubangelwa kukungcola okanye ukuxubana okubi. Ngenxa yokuba ubushushu obuveliswa yi-arc buyahluka ngokwe-hydrogen concentration, i-concentration eqhubekayo ibalulekile ukuze kufezekiswe ii-welds eziphindaphindwayo, kwaye kukho umahluko kwigesi exutyiweyo esele ixutyiwe. Enye ingxaki kukuba ubomi be-tungsten bufutshane kakhulu xa kusetyenziswa umxube we-hydrogen. Ngelixa isizathu sokuwohloka kwe-tungsten kwigesi exutyiweyo singekafunyanwa, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba i-arc inzima ngakumbi kwaye i-tungsten inokufuna ukutshintshwa emva kwe-welds enye okanye ezimbini. I-Argon/hydrogen mixtures ayinakusetyenziswa ukutyibilika intsimbi yekhabhoni okanye ititanium.
Uphawu olwahlukileyo lwenkqubo ye-TIG kukuba ayisebenzisi ii-electrode. I-Tungsten ineyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika kunenye isinyithi (6098°F; 3370°C) kwaye ingumsi we-electron olungileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa njenge-electrode engasetyenziswayo. Iipropati zayo ziphuculwa ngokongeza i-2% yee-oxide ezithile ze-rare earth ezifana ne-ceria, i-lanthanum oxide okanye i-thorium oxide ukuphucula ukuqala kwe-arc kunye nokuzinza kwe-arc. I-tungsten ecocekileyo ayisetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-GTAW ngenxa yeempawu eziphezulu ze-cerium tungsten, ngakumbi kwizicelo ze-orbital GTAW. I-Thorium tungsten ayisetyenziswa kakhulu kunangaphambili kuba ine-radioactive ethile.
Ii-electrode ezinesiphelo esikhazimlisiweyo ziyafana ngobukhulu. Umphezulu ogudileyo uhlala ukhethwa kunomphezulu orhabaxa okanye ongaguquguqukiyo, njengoko ukuhambelana kwi-geometry ye-electrode kubalulekile kwiziphumo ezifanayo zokuwelda. Ii-electron ezikhutshwa kwincam (DCEN) zidlulisela ubushushu ukusuka kwincam ye-tungsten ukuya kwi-weld. Incam ecolekileyo ivumela ukuba uxinano lwangoku luhlale luphezulu kakhulu, kodwa lunokubangela ubomi obufutshane be-tungsten. Kwi-orbital welding, kubalulekile ukugawula incam ye-electrode ngoomatshini ukuqinisekisa ukuphindaphindwa kwe-geometry ye-tungsten kunye nokuphindaphindwa kwe-weld. Incam ecacileyo inyanzela i-arc ukusuka kwi-weld ukuya kwindawo enye kwi-tungsten. Ububanzi bencam bulawula ukuma kwe-arc kunye nobungakanani bokungena kwi-current ethile. I-angle ye-taper ichaphazela iimpawu zangoku/ze-voltage ze-arc kwaye kufuneka ichazwe kwaye ilawulwe. Ubude be-tungsten bubalulekile kuba ubude obaziwayo be-tungsten bungasetyenziselwa ukuseta i-arc gap. I-arc gap yexabiso elithile langoku imisela i-voltage kwaye ngaloo ndlela amandla asetyenziswa kwi-weld.
Ubungakanani be-electrode kunye nobubanzi bayo bencam zikhethwa ngokwendlela yokuwelda. Ukuba umbane uphezulu kakhulu kwi-electrode okanye kwincam yawo, unokulahlekelwa yintsimbi kwincam, kwaye ukusebenzisa ii-electrode ezinobubanzi bencam obukhulu kakhulu kumbane kunokubangela ukushukuma kwe-arc. Sichaza ububanzi be-electrode kunye nencam ngobukhulu bodonga lwejoyinti ye-weld kwaye sisebenzise ububanzi be-0.0625 phantse kuyo yonke into ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.093″ ubukhulu bodonga, ngaphandle kokuba ukusetyenziswa kwenzelwe ukusetyenziswa nee-electrode zobubanzi be-0.040″ ukuwelda iiComponents ezincinci ezichanekileyo. Ukuze inkqubo yokuwelda iphindaphindwe, uhlobo lwe-tungsten kunye nokugqitywa, ubude, i-angle ye-taper, ububanzi, ububanzi bencam kunye ne-arc gap zonke kufuneka zichazwe kwaye zilawulwe. Kwizicelo zokuwelda ngeetyhubhu, i-cerium tungsten ihlala icetyiswa kuba olu hlobo lunobomi obude kakhulu kunezinye iintlobo kwaye luneempawu zokutsha ze-arc ezibalaseleyo. I-Cerium tungsten ayisebenzisi i-radioactive.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya, nceda unxibelelane noBarbara Henon, uMphathi weeNcwadi zobuGcisa, iArc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., ePacoima, CA 91331. Ucingo: 818-896-9556. Ifeksi: 818-890-3724.