Ka Luna Hoʻoponopono: Ua hauʻoli ʻo Pharmaceutical Online e hōʻike i kēia ʻatikala ʻehā ʻāpana e pili ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka paipu bioprocess e ka loea ʻoihana ʻo Barbara Henon o Arc Machines.
ʻO ka wai maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e like me DI a i ʻole WFI he etchant koʻikoʻi loa no ke kila kila. Eia kekahi, hoʻokele ʻia ka WFI lāʻau lapaʻau i ka wela kiʻekiʻe (80 ° C) e mālama ai i ka sterility. ʻO ka ʻino o nā ʻōnaehana paipu kila kila. ʻO ka lepo a me ka hao oxide nā mea nui, akā aia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hao, chromium a me ka nickel.
Hiki i ka welding ke hoʻopilikia i ka corrosion resistance.Hot kala ka hopena o ka oxidizing mea i waiho ʻia ma nā welds a me nā HAZ i ka wā wili, he mea ʻino loa ia, a pili pū me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o rouge i nā ʻōnaehana wai lāʻau. ili, me ka papa lalo o ka chromium-depleted, a me ka hoihoi 'ana i ka corrosion kū'ē i nā pae kokoke i ke kumu metala pae. Akā naʻe, pickling a me ka wili mea e pōʻino i ka ili hope. oxygen, chromium, hao, nickel a me ka manganese i loaʻa i loko o ka weld a me ka wela i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kūlana mua.
No laila, i mea e kau ai i ka corrosion-resistant pipe system kokoke i ka unwelded substrates, he mea nui e ho'āʻo e kaupalena i ka welding a me ka hana ʻana i ka pōʻino i nā pae i hiki ke hoʻihoʻi nui ʻia e ka passivation. pale i ka poho o ka corrosion resistance.ʻO ka hoʻomaluʻana i ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokōʻana i nā welds kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a mau loa, a me ka mālama ponoʻana i nā paipu kila kila a me nā mea i ka wā o ka hanaʻana i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻohaumiaʻana, he mau koi koʻikoʻi no ka'ōnaehana paipu kiʻekiʻe e kū'ē i ka corrosion a hāʻawi i ka lawelawe huahana lōʻihi.
ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka biopharmaceutical stainless steel pipe system maʻemaʻe i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka corrosion resistance i nā makahiki i hala aku nei. hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua a ma hope o ka wela.
I kēia mau lā, ua piʻi aʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana o 316 stainless steel i nā noi paipu maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke ʻano 316 ka mea like me ka Type 304, akā ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka chromium a me ka nickel alloying mea maʻamau i nā mea ʻelua, 316 aia ma kahi o 2% molybdenum, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka 316'spes 304 "L" a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ka corrosion. nā māka, loaʻa ka haʻahaʻa kalapona ma mua o nā māka maʻamau (0.035% vs. 0.08%). ʻO kēia hoʻemi ʻana i ka ʻike kalapona i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka ua carbide i hiki ke hana ʻia ma muli o ka welding. ʻO kēia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka chromium carbide, ka mea e hoʻopau i nā palena palaoa o ka chromium base metala, e hiki ai ke hoʻokumu ʻia i ka corrosion, "ʻo ka manawa. hilinaʻi a he pilikia nui aʻe i ka wā e kūʻai aku ai i ka lima. Ua hōʻike mākou i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka orbital o super-austenitic stainless steel AL-6XN e hāʻawi i nā welds kūpaʻa ʻoi aku ka corrosion ma mua o nā welds like i hana ʻia e ka lima. carbide precipitation ma ke ʻano he kumu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻino i nā ʻōnaehana paipu.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wela-a-wela o ke kila kila. ʻOiai hiki ke mālama ʻia nā ʻāpana wili a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o nā hoʻomanawanui paʻa loa, aia nō nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻokomo wela e pono ai e wili i ke kila kila mai ka wela a i ka wela. 1538°C (2800°F), oiai na metala i hooheheeia i loko o ka laulā o ka wela, ma muli o ke 'ano a me ka ne'e 'ana o kēlā me kēia huila a me ka trace element i kēia manawa. No ka mea, 'a'ole i loa'a i 'elua mau wela o ke kila kuhili ke 'ano like ka ho'opa'a 'ana o kēlā me kēia mea, e 'oko'a nā 'ano ku'ilima mai ka umu a i ka umu.
ʻO SEM o 316L paipu orbital welds ma AOD paipu (luna) a me EBR mea (lalo) hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa nui i ka maʻalahi o ka weld bead.
ʻOiai hiki ke hana i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻokahi no ka hapa nui o nā wela me ka OD like a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia, pono kekahi mau wela i ka amperage a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka amperage ma mua o ka maʻamau.
Sulfur problem.Elemental sulfur he mea haumia e pili ana i ka hao i hoʻoneʻe nui ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. ʻO ka Remelting (VIM + VAR), ua hiki ke hana i nā kila kūikawā i kēia mau ʻano. ʻO kā lākou hui kemika.
Ma nā haʻahaʻa sulfur haʻahaʻa (0.001% - 0.003%), ʻoi aku ka laulā o ke komo ʻana o ka puddle weld i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā welds like i hana ʻia ma nā mea waiwai sulfur maʻamau. Ua lawa kēia manawa e hana i kahi weld i komo piha. ʻO kēia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka weld, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka weld, ʻoi aku ka nui me nā paia mānoanoa. 0.017%, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ASTM A270 S2 no ka paipu maikaʻi o ka lāʻau.
Ua ʻike nā mea hana o ka paipu kila kuhili ʻole electropolished a hiki i nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka sulfur i 316 a i ʻole 316L stainless steel e paʻakikī i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono o kā lākou semiconductor a me nā mea kūʻai biopharmaceutical no ka laumania, lua-ʻole i loko surfaces. sulfide (MnS) "stringers" i wehe ʻia i ka wā electropolishing a waiho i nā hakahaka ma ka laulā 0.25-1.0 micron.
Ke alakaʻi nei nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolako o nā paipu electropolished i ka mākeke i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea sulfur ultra-haʻahaʻa e hoʻokō ai i kā lākou mau koi. mea waiwai.
Arc deflection. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka weldability o ke kila kila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi sulfur e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinability. ʻO ka hopena, makemake nā mea hana a me nā mea hana e koho i nā mea ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka pae sulfur i ʻōlelo ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka arc, ʻoi aku ka hohonu o ke komo ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa-sulfur ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe-sulfur, ʻo ia ka mea e kū'ē i ka hana ʻana i ka wā e wili ai i nā paipu me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka sulfur concentrations. ʻO nā mea pono i ka sulfur maʻiʻo o ka paipu, ua hoʻokomo ka Carpenter Steel Division o ka Car-penter Technology Corporation o Pennsylvania i kahi sulfur haʻahaʻa (0.005% max) 316 bar stock (Type 316L-SCQ) (VIM + VAR)) no ka hana ʻana i nā mea pono a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia e wili ʻia i nā mea sulfur haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻelua. mea sulfur haʻahaʻa i kahi sulfur kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paipu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka pono e loaʻa i nā ʻili o loko o ka ʻili i loko o ka electropolished. kekahi lima, ua hoʻololi i kā lākou ASTM 270 kikoʻī e hoʻokomo i ka pharmaceutical-grade tubing e kaupalena ana i ka maʻiʻo sulfur i kahi ākea o 0.005 a 0.017%. Pono kēia e hopena i nā pilikia wili liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā sulfurs haʻahaʻa. Pono e nānā pono i ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka mea a nānā ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Solder ma waena o ka hoʻomehana ʻana.
ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea e pili ana i ka sulfur, oxygen, aluminika, silicon a me ka manganese e hoʻopili i ke komo ʻana.
ʻO nā hopena o nā mea likeʻole he kumulative, no laila hiki i ka heleʻana o ka oxygen ke hoʻopau i kekahi o nā hopena sulfur haʻahaʻa. Hiki i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke alumini ke kū'ē i ka hopena maikaʻi i ke komoʻana o ka sulfur. Hoʻololi ka Manganese i ka wela welding a waiho i loko o ka'āpana wela wela. Ua pili kēia mau waihona manganese me ka nalowale o ke kū'ēʻana i ka corrosion. ʻO nā mea manganese ultra-haʻahaʻa 316L e pale i kēia nalowale o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā mokupuni Slag i kekahi manawa ma luna o ka bead stainless steel no kekahi mau wela. He pilikia maoli kēia, akā i kekahi manawa e hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana kuʻihao hiki ke hōʻemi i kēia, a i ʻole nā ​​loli i ka hui argon/hydrogen hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka weld. maʻiʻo silika ma 0.5%. Eia naʻe, ke ʻoi aku ka Al / Si ratio ma luna o kēia pae, hiki i ka spherical slag ke hana ma mua o ke ʻano plaque. Hiki i kēia ʻano slag ke waiho i nā lua ma hope o ka electropolishing, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia no nā noi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. e ma'alahi i ka pala.
ʻO ka weld holo hoʻokahi me ka puʻupuʻu. i kēia manawa akā ʻaʻohe hoʻololi ʻana. Ma hope o kēia lohi ʻana, huli ka electrode a puni ka hui weld a hiki i ka hui ʻana o ka weld a uhi paha i ka ʻāpana mua o ka weld i ka papa hope o ka welding.
ʻO ke ala kaʻa ("synchronized" welding) ʻO ke kauoha o 0.5 a 1.5 kekona, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻumi a i ʻole ka haneli o ka manawa pulse lua no ka welding maʻamau. Hiki i kēia ʻenehana ke hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi i ka 0.154 ″ a i ʻole 6 ″ mānoanoa 40 ana 40 paipu paia lahilahi me 0.154 ″ a i ʻole 6 ″ ka mānoanoa o ka pā. e like me ka paipu paipu i na paipu kahi i like ole ai ka hoomanawanui ana, kekahi misalignment a i ole Material thermal incompatibility. ʻO kēia ʻano kuʻikuʻi e koi ʻia ma kahi o ʻelua manawa arc o ka wili maʻamau a ʻaʻole kūpono i nā noi ultra-high-purity (UHP) ma muli o ke ʻano ākea, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka wili.
Programmable variables.ʻO ka hanauna o kēia manawa o nā kumu mana welding he microprocessor-based and store programs that specify numerical values ​​​​no welding parameters for a specific diameter (OD) and wall thickness of the pipe to be welded, including purge time, welding current, travel speed (RPM) ), helu o nā papa a me ka manawa i kēlā me kēia papa, pulse manawa, downhill time, etc. ka lama oscillation amplitude a me ka manawa noho, AVC (arc voltage control to provide always arc gap), and upslope. No ka hana fusion welding, e hoʻokomo i ke poʻo kuʻihao me ka electrode kūpono a me nā mea hoʻokomo paipu paipu ma ka paipu a hoʻomanaʻo i ka papa hana kuʻihao a i ʻole ka papahana mai ka hoʻomanaʻo kumu mana.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maikaʻi weld maikaʻi mau, pono e mālama pono ʻia nā ʻāpana kuʻi. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomākaukau hoʻopau maikaʻi, nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi a me ka lawelawe ʻana, nā ʻae ʻana o ka paipu a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻano like ʻole o ka tungsten a me ka nui, hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa i nā kinoea inert, a me ka nānā pono i nā ʻano mea.
ʻOi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka welding orbital ma mua o ka welding manual.Welded joints for orbital pipe welding is maʻamau square butt joints.
Pono nā wēlau paipu e hui pū i ke poʻo weld i ʻike ʻole ʻia kahi āpau ma waena o nā wēlau o ka hui kīhāhā. ʻO nā lathes hoʻomākaukau hope e like me nā mea i hana ʻia e Protem, Wachs, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā welds orbital hope maikaʻi no ka mīkini .
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻāpana welding e hoʻokomo i ka mana e weld, aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe i hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ka welding, akā ʻaʻole lākou he ʻāpana o ke kaʻina hana wili maoli. "ʻaʻole-programmable" nā mea hoʻololi a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou ma ka papa hana kuʻi. No ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ke kinoea he mea hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) no nā kaʻina hana kuʻi ʻana e hoʻokō me ka ASME Section IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
wili kinoea.Stainless kila ke kū'ē i ka lewa oxygen oxidation ma lumi lumi wela. Ke wela ia i kona wahi hehee (1530°C a i ole 2800°F no ka maʻemaʻe hao) ua maʻalahi oxidized.Inert argon ua loa hoʻohana 'ia e like me ke kinoea pale a no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i loko welded ami ma o ka pili o ka orbital GTAW o ke kinoea. oxidation-induced discoloration i hiki mai ma a kokoke i ka weld ma hope o welding.If ke kinoea hoʻomaʻemaʻe 'aʻole o ka mea kiekie loa o ka maikaʻi a i ole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe'ōnaehana holoʻokoʻa loa leaks no laila, he uuku nui o ka ea leaks i loko o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe nenoai, ka oxidation hiki ke kukui keal a bluish. 99.996-99.997% maʻemaʻe, ma muli o ka mea hoʻolako, a loaʻa iā 5-7 ppm o ka oxygen a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe, me H2O, O2, CO2, hydrocarbons, etc., no ka huina o 40 ppm a maximum. oxygen.NOTE: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kinoea e like me Nanochem a i ʻole Gatekeeper i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hoʻemi i nā pae contamination i nā ʻāpana per billion (ppb).
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hui kinoea e like me 75% helium/25% argon a me 95% argon/5% hydrogen e like me ke kinoea pale no nā noi kūikawā. UHP applications.Hydrogen huis i kekahi mau pono, akā, i kekahi koʻikoʻi disadvantages.The pōmaikaʻi o ka mea i hua i ka wai pulu a me ka smoother weld ili, i mea kūpono no ka hoʻokō ultra-kiʻekiʻe puʻe kinoea hoʻolele 'ōnaehana me ka laumania i loko o ka ili e like me ka hiki. argon. He mea maikaʻi loa kēia hopena ma kahi o 5% hydrogen content. Hoʻohana kekahi i kahi hui argon/hydrogen 95/5% ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaʻemaʻe ID e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka bead weld kūloko.
ʻO ka pahu weld e hoʻohana ana i ka hui hydrogen no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kinoea pale, koe wale nō ka haʻahaʻa o ka sulfur maʻiʻo o ke kila kila a hoʻohua i ka wela i ka weld ma mua o ka hoʻonohonoho like o kēia manawa me ka argon hui ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu kinoea, e hōʻike ana he kumu ia ma muli o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana a i ʻole ka hui ʻana maikaʻi ʻole. ua hōʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka arc a pono e hoʻololi ʻia ka tungsten ma hope o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha welds. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hui argon / hydrogen e weld carbon steel a i ʻole titanium.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o ke kaʻina TIG ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopau i nā electrodes. ʻO Tungsten ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o kekahi metala (6098 ° F; 3370 ° C) a he electron emitter maikaʻi, kūpono loa ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he electrode non-consumable. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka tungsten maʻemaʻe ma GTAW no ka maikaʻi o ka cerium tungsten, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā noi GTAW orbital. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Thorium tungsten ma mua o ka wā ma mua no ka mea he radioactive lākou.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā electrodes me ka hoʻopau poni ʻia. ʻO ka ʻili maʻemaʻe ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka ʻili a i ʻole ke ʻano like ʻole, no ka mea, he mea koʻikoʻi ke kūlike o ka geometry electrode no nā hopena kuʻi like ʻole. E wili me ka mechanically i ka piko electrode e hōʻoia i ka hana hou o ka tungsten geometry a me ka weld repeatability. The blunt tip forces the arc from the weld to the same spot on the tungsten. The tip tip control control the shape of the arc and the amount of penetration at a particular current. e hoʻonohonoho i ka arc gap.ʻO ka arc gap no kahi waiwai o kēia manawa e hoʻoholo i ka volta a pēlā ka mana i hoʻohanaʻia i ka weld.
ʻO ka nui o ka electrode a me kona anawaena piko e koho ʻia e like me ka ikaika o ke kuʻi ʻana i kēia manawa. e hoʻohana me 0.040 ″ anawaena electrodes no ka wiliwili liʻiliʻi pololei Nā ʻāpana. No ka hana hou ʻana i ke kaʻina hana kuʻi, ʻano tungsten ʻano a me ka pau ʻana, ka lōʻihi, ka ʻāʻī taper, anawaena, tip anawaena a me ka arc āpau pono e kuhikuhi ʻia a mālama ʻia.
No ka 'ike hou aku, e 'olu'olu e leka uila iā Barbara Henon, Luna Ho'olaha 'Oihana, Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331. Kelepona: 818-896-9556. Fax: 818-890-3724.