Chinyorwa cheMupepeti: Pharmaceutical Online inofara kupa chinyorwa ichi chine zvikamu zvina pamusoro pe orbital welding ye bioprocess piping nenyanzvi yeindasitiri Barbara Henon weArc Machines. Chinyorwa ichi chakashandurwa kubva pahurukuro yaDr. Henon pamusangano weASME gore rapera.
Dzivirira kurasikirwa nekuora. Mvura yakachena yakadai seDI kana WFI isimbi inopisa zvikuru yesimbi isingatsvi. Pamusoro pezvo, WFI yemhando yemishonga inofambiswa nemabhasikoro pakupisa kwakanyanya (80°C) kuti irambe isina utachiona. Pane musiyano mudiki pakati pekudzikisa tembiricha yakakwana yekutsigira zvipenyu zvinouraya chigadzirwa uye kukwidza tembiricha yakakwana yekusimudzira kugadzirwa kwe "rouge". Rouge ifirimu rebrown rine maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana anokonzerwa nekuora kwezvikamu zvemasisitimu esimbi isingatsvi. Tsvina nesimbi oxides zvinogona kunge zviri zvikamu zvikuru, asi mhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi, chromium uye nickel dzinogonawo kuvapo. Kuvapo kwerouge kunouraya kune zvimwe zvigadzirwa uye kuvapo kwayo kunogona kutungamira kune ngura yakawanda, kunyangwe kuvapo kwayo mune mamwe masisitimu kuchiita sekusina njodzi.
Kuwelda kunogona kukanganisa zvikuru kuramba ngura. Ruvara runopisa runokonzerwa nezvinhu zvinooxidating zvakaiswa pawelds neHAZs panguva yekuwelda, zvinonyanya kukanganisa, uye zvine chekuita nekuumbwa kwerouge mumishonga yemvura. Kuumbwa kweChromium oxide kunogona kukonzera kupisa, zvichisiya chromium-depleted layer iyo inogona kubatwa nengura. Ruvara runopisa runogona kubviswa nekukwesha nekukuya, kubvisa simbi pamusoro, kusanganisira chromium-depleted layer iri pasi, uye kudzorera kuramba ngura kusvika padanho riri pedyo nesimbi yepasi. Zvisinei, kukwesha nekukuya zvinokanganisa magumo epamusoro. Kukwesha kwepombi system ne nitric acid kana chelating agent formulations kunoitwa kuti kukunde migumisiro yakaipa yekukwesha nekugadzira pombi system isati yatanga kushanda. Ongororo yeAuger electron yakaratidza kuti kukwesha kunogona kudzorera shanduko dzepamusoro mukugoverwa kweoxygen, chromium, iron, nickel uye manganese zvakaitika munzvimbo yakakanganiswa ne weld nekupisa kusvika kune pre-weld state. Zvisinei, kukwesha kunokanganisa chete ekunze surface layer uye hakupindi pasi pe50 angstroms, nepo thermal coloration inogona kuwedzera. Ma angstrom chiuru kana kupfuura pasi pevhu.
Saka, kuti muise masisitimu emapaipi anodzivirira ngura pedyo nepasita dzisina kusungirirwa, zvakakosha kuedza kuderedza kupwanywa kwesimbi uye kukuvara kunokonzerwa nekugadzira kusvika pamazinga anogona kudzoserwa zvakanyanya nepassivation. Izvi zvinoda kushandiswa kwegasi rekuchenesa rine oxygen shoma uye kuendesa mukati medhayamita yejoini rakasungirirwa pasina kusvibiswa neokisijeni yemhepo kana hunyoro. Kudzora kwakarurama kwekupisa uye kudzivirira kupisa panguva yekusungirirwa kwakakoshawo kudzivirira kurasikirwa nekusagadzikana kwengura. Kudzora maitiro ekugadzira kuti uwane kupwanywa kwemhando yepamusoro kunodzokororwa uye kwakafanana, pamwe nekubata nemazvo mapaipi esimbi isina ngura nezvimwe zvikamu panguva yekugadzira kudzivirira kusvibiswa, ndizvo zvinodiwa zvakakosha kune sisitimu yemapaipi emhando yepamusoro inodzivirira ngura uye inopa basa rekugadzira kwenguva refu.
Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mu biopharmaceutical stainless steel piping systems dzakashanduka-shanduka kusvika pakuvandudzika kwekudzivirira ngura mumakore gumi apfuura. Simbi zhinji dzakashandiswa pamberi pa1980 dzaive 304 stainless steel nekuti dzaive dzisina kudhura zvakanyanya uye dzakavandudzika kupfuura mhangura yaimboshandiswa kare. Kutaura zvazviri, 300 series stainless steels dziri nyore kugadzira, dzinogona kusanganiswa pasina kurasikirwa zvakanyanya nekudzivisa ngura, uye hadzidi kurapwa kwakakosha kwe preheat uye post heat.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kushandiswa kwesimbi isingatsvedzeri 316 mukushandisa mapaipi emvura yakachena kwave kuchiwedzera. Mhando 316 yakafanana mukugadzirwa kwayo neNharembozha 304, asi pamusoro pezvinhu zvechromium nenickel zvakajairika kune ese ari maviri, 316 ine inenge 2% molybdenum, iyo inovandudza zvakanyanya 316's corrosion resistance. Mhando 304L ne316L, dzinonzi "L" grades, dzine kabhoni yakaderera pane standard grades (0.035% vs. 0.08%). Kuderedzwa uku kwekabhoni kunoitirwa kuderedza huwandu hwecarbide precipitation inogona kuitika nekuda kwewelding. Uku ndiko kuumbwa kwechromium carbide, iyo inopedza miganhu yesimbi yechromium base, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kubatwa nengura. Kuumbwa kwechromium carbide, kunonzi "sensitization," kunoenderana nenguva nekupisa uye idambudziko guru pakusungirirwa nemaoko. Takaratidza kuti orbital welding ye super-austenitic stainless steel AL-6XN inopa welds dzinodzivirira ngura kupfuura welds dzakafanana dzinoitwa nemaoko. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti Kubatanidza mhepo nemhepo (orbital welding) kunopa kudzora kwakaringana kweamperage, pulsation uye nguva, zvichikonzera kupisa kwakaderera uye kwakafanana pane kusanganisa nemaoko. Kubatanidza mhepo nemhepo pamwe chete ne "L" grades 304 ne316 kunobvisa zvachose mvura inonaya necarbide sechikonzero chekukura kwengura mumapombi.
Kusiyana kwesimbi isingatsvi kubva pakupisa kuenda pakupisa. Kunyangwe zviyero zvewelding nezvimwe zvinhu zvichigona kuchengetwa mukati memiganhu yakasimba, kuchine mutsauko mukupisa kunodiwa kuti simbi isingatsvi kubva pakupisa kuenda pakupisa. Nhamba yekupisa ndiyo nhamba yenzvimbo inopihwa kune yakanyunguduka simbi isingatsvi pafekitori. Maumbirwo chaiwo emakemikari ebhechi rega rega akanyorwa paFactory Test Report (MTR) pamwe chete nechiratidzo chebhechi kana nhamba yekupisa. Iron yakachena inonyunguduka pa1538°C (2800°F), nepo simbi dzakasanganiswa dzichinyunguduka mukati memhando dzakasiyana dzekupisa, zvichienderana nerudzi uye huwandu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe chinenge chiripo. Sezvo pasina kupisa kuviri kwesimbi isingatsvi kuchava nehuwandu hwakafanana hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe, hunhu hwewelding hunosiyana kubva pafurnace kuenda kufurnace.
SEM ye316L pombi orbital welds paAOD pombi (kumusoro) uye EBR material (pasi) yakaratidza musiyano mukuru mukutsvedzerera kweweld bead.
Kunyange zvazvo nzira imwe chete yekuchinjisa inogona kushanda kune akawanda ma heats ane OD yakafanana uye ukobvu hwemadziro, mamwe ma heats anoda amperage shoma uye mamwe anoda amperage yakawanda kupfuura yakajairwa. Nekuda kweizvi, kupisa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana panzvimbo yebasa kunofanirwa kuteverwa nekungwarira kudzivirira matambudziko angangoitika. Kazhinji, kupisa kutsva kunoda shanduko diki mu amperage kuti pave nenzira inogutsa yekuchinjisa.
Dambudziko resarufa.Sarufa yechinhu chisina kuchena chinokonzerwa nesimbi inobviswa zvakanyanya panguva yekugadzira simbi.AISI Type 304 ne316 simbi dzisina kuchena dzakatsanangurwa dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwesarufa hwe0.030%. Nekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro emazuva ano ekuchenesa simbi, akadai seArgon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) uye nzira mbiri dzekunyungudutsa vacuum dzakadai seVacuum Induction Melting inoteverwa neVacuum Arc Remelting (VIM+VAR), zvave kukwanisika kugadzira simbi dzakakosha zvikuru nenzira dzinotevera: makemikari adzo. Zvakaonekwa kuti hunhu hwedziva reweld hunochinja kana huwandu hwesarufa hwesimbi huri pasi pe0.008%. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemhedzisiro yesarufa uye zvishoma zvimwe zvinhu patembiricha yekushanda kwepamusoro pedziva reweld, izvo zvinosarudza hunhu hwedziva remvura.
Kana huwandu hwesarufa hwakaderera (0.001% - 0.003%), kupinda kwemvura mugomba resimbi kunokura zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nehwendefa dzakafanana dzakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvine sarufa iri pakati nepakati. Welds dzakagadzirwa papombi yesimbi isina sarufa iri pasi dzine welds dzakakura, nepo papombi yemadziro yakakora (0.065 inches, kana 1.66 mm kana kupfuura) pachava nekatsika kekugadzira welds. Kana welding current yakakwana kugadzira weld yakazara. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvinhu zvine sarufa iri pasi zvakanyanya zviome kusanganisa, kunyanya nemadziro akakora. Pamugumo wepamusoro we sarufa iri musimbi isina sarufa ye304 kana 316, weld bead inowanzova isina mvura yakawanda uye yakaoma kupfuura zvinhu zvine sarufa iri pakati nepakati. Saka, kuti ikwanise kusanganisa, huwandu hwesarufa hwakakodzera hunenge huri pakati pe0.005% kusvika 0.017%, sezvakatsanangurwa muASTM A270 S2 yepayipi yemhando yepamusoro yemishonga.
Vagadziri vemapaipi esimbi isina ngura akaporishwa nemagetsi vakaona kuti kunyangwe huwandu hwesarufa huri pakati nepakati musimbi isina ngura ye316 kana 316L hunoita kuti zviome kusangana nezvinodiwa nevatengi vavo ve semiconductor uye biopharmaceutical kuti vaone kana nzvimbo dzemukati dzakapfava, dzisina makomba. Kushandiswa kwe scanning electron microscopy kuratidza kupfava kwepombi iri kupararira zvakanyanya. Sarufa musimbi dzepasi yakaratidzwa kuti inoumba zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi kana manganese sulfide (MnS) "stringers" zvinobviswa panguva yekuporishwa nemagetsi uye zvinosiya maburi ari pakati pe0.25-1.0 micron.
Vagadziri nevatengesi vemachubhu ane electropolished vari kukurudzira musika kushandisa zvinhu zvine sarufa yakaderera kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa pakupedzwa kwenzvimbo. Zvisinei, dambudziko iri harisi rekupedzwa nemagetsi chete, sezvo mumachubhu asina electropolished, zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa zvinobviswa panguva yekupfava kwepombi. Maburi akaratidzwa kuti anowanzo pwanyika kupfuura nzvimbo dzakatsetseka. Saka pane zvikonzero zvine musoro zvekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvine sarufa shoma, "zvakachena".
Kuchinja kweArc. Pamusoro pekuvandudza kuchinjika kwesimbi isingatsvi, kuvapo kwesarufa kunovandudzawo mashandiro ekugadzira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vagadziri nevagadziri vanowanzo sarudza zvinhu zviri pamusoro pehuwandu hwesarufa hwakatarwa. Kuchinja machubhu ane huwandu hwakaderera hwesarufa kune fittings, mavharuvhu kana mamwe machubhu ane huwandu hwakawanda hwesarufa kunogona kukonzera matambudziko ekuchinjika nekuti arc ichave yakarerekera kumachubhu ane huwandu hwakaderera hwesarufa. Kana arc ikachinja, kupinda kunowedzera kudivi resarufa shoma pane kudivi resarufa yakawanda, izvo zvinopesana nezvinoitika pakusanganisa machubhu ane huwandu hwakafanana hwesarufa. Muzviitiko zvakanyanya, weld bead inogona kupinda zvachose muzvinhu zvine sarufa shoma uye kusiya mukati meweld musina kusanganiswa zvachose (Fihey naSimeneau, 1982). Kuti ienzanise huwandu hwesarufa hwe fittings nehuwandu hwesarufa hwepaipi, Carpenter Steel Division yeCar-penter Technology Corporation yePennsylvania yakaunza sarufa yakaderera (0.005% max) 316 bar stock (Type 316L-SCQ) (VIM+VAR)) yekugadzira zvinhu zvinosungirirwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvinofanirwa kusungirirwa kumapombi esulfure asina simba. Kubatanidza zvinhu zviviri zvesulfure zvisina simba zvakanyanya kuri nyore pane kusanganisa zvinhu zvesulfure zvisina simba zvakanyanya kuenda kune zvesulfure zvine simba.
Kuchinja kwekushandiswa kwemachubhu ane sarufa shoma kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekuda kwekuwana nzvimbo dzakatsetseka dzemukati mechubhu dzakapfava. Kunyange zvazvo kupedzwa kwenzvimbo uye kupolisha kwemagetsi zvakakosha kune indasitiri ye semiconductor uye indasitiri ye biotech/pharmaceutical, SEMI, painonyora specification yeindasitiri ye semiconductor, yakataura kuti machubhu e316L emagetsi emagetsi anofanirwa kunge aine chivharo chesarufa che0.004% kuti ashande zvakanaka. ASTM, kune rumwe rutivi, yakachinja specification yavo yeASTM 270 kuti isanganise machubhu emhando yemishonga anoganhurira huwandu hwesarufa kusvika pa0.005 kusvika 0.017%. Izvi zvinofanirwa kukonzera matambudziko mashoma ekuwelda zvichienzaniswa nesarufa dzemhando yakaderera. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyangwe mukati meiyi nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa, arc deflection inogona kuitika kana uchisveta machubhu ane sarufa shoma kumachubhu ane sarufa yakawanda kana fittings, uye vanoisa vanofanira kunyatsotevera kupisa kwezvinhu uye kutarisa vasati vagadzira Solder inoenderana nekupisa. Kugadzirwa kwewelds.
zvimwe zvinhu zvidiki. Zvinhu zvidiki zvinosanganisira sarufa, okisijeni, aruminiyamu, silicon uye manganese zvakawanikwa zvichikanganisa kupinda kwesimbi. Huwandu hwearuminiyamu, silicon, calcium, titanium uye chromium hunowanikwa musimbi yepasi sezvo oxide inclusions inobatanidzwa nekuumbwa kweslag panguva yekusveta.
Mhedzisiro yezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana inounganidzwa, saka kuvapo kweokisijeni kunogona kuderedza mimwe migumisiro yakaderera yesarufa. Aruminiyamu yakawanda inogona kurwisa mhedzisiro yakanaka pakupinda kwesarufa. Manganese inoshanduka pakupisa kwekuwelda uye inoiswa munzvimbo inokanganiswa nekupisa kwekuwelda. Aya manganese deposits ane chekuita nekurasikirwa nekudzivirira ngura. (Ona Cohen, 1997). Indasitiri ye semiconductor parizvino iri kuyedza nezvinhu zve manganese yakaderera uye kunyange manganese 316L zvakanyanya kudzivirira kurasikirwa uku kwekudzivirira ngura.
Kuumbwa kwetsvina. Dzimwe nguva zvitsuwa zvetsvina zvinoonekwa pabead resimbi isina ngura kana paine kupisa kwakanyanya. Izvi zvine chekuita nezvinhu zvakawanda, asi dzimwe nguva shanduko mumatanho ekuwelda dzinogona kuderedza izvi, kana shanduko mumusanganiswa weargon/hydrogen dzinogona kuvandudza weld. Pollard akaona kuti chiyero chearuminiyamu nesilicon musimbi yepasi chinokanganisa kuumbwa kwetsvina. Kuti adzivise kuumbwa kwetsvina isingadiwe yeplaque-type, anokurudzira kuchengetedza huwandu hwearuminiyamu pa0.010% uye huwandu hwesilicon pa0.5%. Zvisinei, kana chiyero cheAl/Si chiri pamusoro pedanho iri, slag inotenderera inogona kuumbwa pane mhando yeplaque. Rudzi urwu rwetsvina runogona kusiya makomba mushure mekupukuta kwemagetsi, izvo zvisingagamuchirwi pakushandiswa kwakachena zvakanyanya. Zvitsuwa zvetsvina zvinoumba paOD yetsvina zvinogona kukonzera kupinda kusina kuenzana kweID pass uye zvinogona kukonzera kupinda kusina kukwana. Zvitsuwa zvetsvina zvinoumba pabead yetsvina zvinogona kunge zviri nyore kukuvadzwa nengura.
Kupinza kwemagetsi kamwe chete nekuputika. Kupinza kwemagetsi otomatiki kwechubhu inotenderera otomatiki ihuni inopfuudzwa kamwe chete ine pulsed current uye continuous constant speed rotation. Iyi nzira yakakodzera mapaipi ane dhayamita dzekunze kubva pa 1/8″ kusvika pa 7″ uye ukobvu hwemadziro hwe 0.083″ uye pasi. Mushure mekupukuta kwakaitwa nenguva, kupinza kwemagetsi kunoitika. Kupinda kwemadziro echubhu kunoitwa panguva yekunonoka kwenguva yakatarwa apo kupinza kwemagetsi kuripo asi hapana kutenderera kunoitika. Mushure mekunonoka uku kwekutenderera, electrode inotenderera pajoinhi yehuni kusvika weld yabatana kana kufukidza chikamu chekutanga chehuni panguva yekupedzisira yekupinza. Kana kubatana kwapera, magetsi anodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma.
Danho rekugadzirisa (“synchronized” welding). Pakubatanidza fusion welding yezvinhu zvakakora zvine madziro, zvinowanzo pfuura 0.083 inch, simba rekubatanidza fusion welding rinogona kushandiswa mu synchronous kana step mode. Mu synchronous kana step mode, welding current pulse inowiriraniswa ne stroke, saka rotor inomira kuti ipinde zvakanyanya panguva ye high current pulses uye inofamba panguva ye low current pulses. Synchronous techniques dzinoshandisa nguva refu ye pulse, kubva pa 0.5 kusvika 1.5 seconds, zvichienzaniswa ne 100 kana 100 yenguva ye pulse yechipiri ye conventional welding. Iyi nzira inogona kusanganisa zvinobudirira 0.154″ kana 6″ gobvu 40 gauge 40 thin wall pipe ine 0.154″ kana 6″ rusvingo thin thin thin thin thin thin thin square thin. Iyi step technique inogadzira weld yakafara, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kushivirira matambudziko uye inobatsira pakusanganisa zvikamu zvisina kurongeka zvakaita se pipe fittings kumapipe uko kungave nemusiyano mukushivirirana kwe dimensional, kumwe kusarongeka kana kusawirirana kweMaterial thermal. Rudzi urwu rwe welding runoda nguva inosvika kaviri ye arc ye conventional welding uye haruna kukodzera zvakanyanya pakuchena kwakanyanya. (UHP) nekuda kwemusono wakafara uye wakaomarara.
Zvigadziriso zvinogona kurongwa. Kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi ekubatanidza pari zvino kunobva pa microprocessor uye mapurogiramu ekuchengetedza anotsanangura kukosha kwenhamba dzemaparamita ekubatanidza edhayamita chaiyo (OD) uye ukobvu hwemadziro epombi inofanira kusungirirwa, kusanganisira nguva yekuchenesa, welding current, kumhanya kwekufamba (RPM)), huwandu hwezvikamu nenguva padanho rega rega, nguva yekurova, nguva yekudzika, nezvimwewo. Kune orbital tube welds ine waya yekuzadza yakawedzerwa, maparamita epurogiramu anosanganisira kumhanya kwewaya, hupamhi hwetorch oscillation uye nguva yekugara, AVC (arc voltage control kuti ipe gap re arc risingaperi), uye kukwira. Kuti uite fusion welding, isa musoro we welding ne electrode yakakodzera uye pipe clamp inserts papombi uye dzorera purogiramu ye welding kana purogiramu kubva ku power source memory. Kutevedzana kwe welding kunotanga nekudzvanya bhatani kana membrane panel kiyi uye welding inoenderera mberi pasina kupindira kwemushandi.
Zvinhu zvisingagadzirisike. Kuti uwane mhando yakanaka yeweld, maparamita ewelding anofanirwa kudzorwa nokungwarira. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekururama kwesimba rewelding uye chirongwa chewelding, chinova seti yemirairo inopinzwa musimba remagetsi, ine maparamita ewelding, ekushongedza saizi chaiyo yepombi kana pombi. Panofanirawo kuve neseti inoshanda yemazinga ewelding, inotsanangura zvinodiwa zvewelding uye imwe sisitimu yekuongorora welding uye yekudzora mhando yekuona kuti welding inosangana nemiyero yakabvumiranwa. Nekudaro, zvimwe zvinhu nemaitiro kunze kweparamita yewelding zvinofanirawo kudzorwa nokungwarira. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemidziyo yakanaka yekugadzirira, maitiro akanaka ekuchenesa nekubata, kushivirira kwakanaka kwepaipi kana zvimwe zvikamu zviri welded, mhando nehukuru hwetungsten hwakafanana, magasi asina kucheneswa zvakanyanya, uye kunyatsoteerera kusiyana kwezvinhu. - kupisa kwakanyanya.
Zvinodiwa pakugadzirira welding yemapaipi zvinonyanya kukosha pakushongedza orbital pane kushongedza nemaoko. Majoini akasungirirwa e welding ye orbital pombi anowanzo kuve majoini emativi mana. Kuti uwane kudzokorora kunodiwa mukushongedza orbital, kugadzirira kwekupedzisira kwakanyatsorongeka, kwakafanana, uye kwakagadziriswa nemuchina kunodiwa. Sezvo welding current ichienderana neukobvu hwemadziro, magumo acho anofanira kunge akaita sikweya asina maburi kana mabevel paOD kana ID (OD kana ID), izvo zvinozoita kuti madziro ave nehukobvu hwakasiyana.
Migumo yemapaipi inofanira kubatana mumusoro we weld kuitira kuti pasave nemukana unooneka pakati pemigumo ye square butt joint. Kunyangwe ma weld joints ane mipata midiki achigona kuitwa, kunaka kwe weld kunogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya. Mukana mukuru, mukana wekuti pave nedambudziko. Kusabatanidzwa zvakanaka kunogona kukonzera kutadza kushanda kwe soldering zvachose. Ma pombi saws akagadzirwa naGeorge Fischer nevamwe anocheka pombi uye anotarisana ne magumo e pombi panguva imwe chete, kana ma lathes ekugadzirira anotakurika seaya akagadzirwa naProtem, Wachs, nevamwe, anowanzo shandiswa kugadzira ma orbital welds akatsetseka akakodzera machining. Ma chop saws, hacksaws, band saws uye ma tube cutters hazvina kukodzera chinangwa ichi.
Pamusoro pemaparamita ekuwelda anoisa simba rekuwelda, kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa zvikuru pakuwelda, asi hazvisi chikamu chemaitiro chaiwo ekuwelda. Izvi zvinosanganisira rudzi nehukuru hwetungsten, rudzi neutsvene hwegasi rinoshandiswa kudzivirira arc nekuchenesa mukati mejoini rekuwelda, mwero wekuyerera kwegasi unoshandiswa pakuchenesa, rudzi rwemusoro nesosi yesimba rinoshandiswa, magadzirirwo ejoini, uye chero rumwe ruzivo rwakakodzera. Tinodaidza izvi zvinhu "zvisingarongerwe purogiramu" uye tinozvinyora pachirongwa chekuwelda. Semuenzaniso, rudzi rwegasi runoonekwa sechinoshanduka chakakosha muWelding Procedure Specification (WPS) yemaitiro ekuwelda kuti aenderane neASME Section IX Boiler nePressure Vessel Code. Kuchinja mumhando yegasi kana huwandu hwegasi, kana kubviswa kweID purging kunoda kugadziriswazve kwemaitiro ekuwelda.
Gasi rekushongedza.Simbi isingatsvedzeri inodzivirira okisijeni yemhepo patembiricha yemumba.Kana yapiswa kusvika pakunyunguduka kwayo (1530°C kana 2800°F yesimbi yakachena) inosanganiswa nyore nyore. Inert argon inonyanya kushandiswa segasi rekudzivirira uye rekuchenesa majoini emukati akasungirirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro eGTAW e orbital. Kuchena kwegasi maererano neokisijeni nehunyoro kunosarudza huwandu hwekusvibiswa kweruvara kunokonzerwa neokisijeni kunoitika pa weld kana pedyo nayo mushure mekushongedza.Kana gasi rekushongedza risina kunaka kana kana system yekushambidza isina kudonhedza mvura zvakakwana zvekuti mweya mudiki unodonhedza musystem yekushambidza, oxidation inogona kunge iri yebhuruu kana yebhuruu. Ehe, hapana kucheneswa kuchakonzera pamusoro peganda dema rakasviba rinowanzonzi "sweetened". Welding grade argon inopihwa mumasilinda ndeye 99.996-99.997% yakachena, zvichienderana nemutengesi, uye ine 5-7 ppm yeokisijeni nezvimwe tsvina, kusanganisira H2O, O2, CO2, hydrocarbons, nezvimwewo, kuti ive yakakwana. ye40 ppm pahuwandu hwepamusoro. Argon yakachena kwazvo mu cylinder kana liquid argon muDewar inogona kuva 99.999% yakachena kana 10 ppm tsvina yese, ine oxygen yakakwira ye2 ppm. CHERECHEDZA: Zvishandiso zvekuchenesa gasi zvakaita seNanochem kana Gatekeeper zvinogona kushandiswa panguva yekuchenesa kuderedza huwandu hwehutachiona kusvika pazvikamu pabhiriyoni (ppb).
Musanganiswa wemagasi wakaita se75% helium/25% argon uye 95% argon/5% hydrogen inogona kushandiswa semagasi ekudzivirira pakushandiswa kwakakosha. Misanganiswa miviri iyi yakagadzira ma weld anopisa kupfuura ayo anoitwa pasi pezvirongwa zvakafanana neargon. Misanganiswa yeHelium inonyanya kukodzera kupinda zvakanyanya nekubatanidza simbi yekabhoni. Nyanzvi yezve semiconductor inokurudzira kushandiswa kwe argon/hydrogen mixes semagasi ekudzivirira pakushandisa UHP. Misanganiswa yehydrogen ine zvakanakira zvakawanda, asiwo zvimwe zvakaipa zvakakomba. Zvakanakira ndezvekuti inogadzira dziva rakanyorova uye nzvimbo yakanyorova ye weld, iyo yakakodzera kushandisa masisitimu ekuendesa magasi ane pressure yakanyanya ine nzvimbo yemukati yakatsetseka sezvinobvira. Kuvapo kwehydrogen kunoita kuti mhepo iderere, saka kana paine zvisaririra zveokisijeni mumusanganiswa wegasi, weld inobuda icharatidzika yakachena isina ruvara rwakawanda pane oxygen concentration yakafanana muargon yakachena. Izvi zvakanaka pa5% hydrogen content. Vamwe vanoshandisa 95/5% argon/hydrogen mixture seID purge kuti vawedzere kunaka. chitarisiko chebead remukati re weld.
Bead re weld rinoshandisa musanganiswa wehydrogen segasi rekudzivirira rakatetepa, kunze kwekuti simbi isina ngura ine sarufa shoma uye inogadzira kupisa kwakawanda mu weld kupfuura mamiriro akafanana emazuva ano ne argon isina kusanganiswa. Dambudziko guru re argon/hydrogen mixes nderekuti arc haina kugadzikana zvakanyanya pane argon yakachena, uye pane katsika kekuti arc ifambe, zvakanyanya kukonzera kusawirirana. Arc drift inogona kunyangarika kana pashandiswa imwe gasi yakasanganiswa, zvichiratidza kuti inogona kukonzerwa nekusvibiswa kana kusasanganiswa zvakanaka. Nekuti kupisa kunogadzirwa ne arc kunosiyana nehuwandu hwehydrogen, huwandu hunogara huripo hwakakosha kuti uwane welds dzinodzokororwa, uye pane mutsauko mugasi wakasanganiswa kare. Rimwe dambudziko nderekuti hupenyu hwe tungsten hunopfupikiswa zvikuru kana musanganiswa we hydrogen uchishandiswa. Nepo chikonzero chekuora kwe tungsten kubva mugasi yakasanganiswa chisati chawanikwa, zvakataurwa kuti arc yakaoma uye tungsten ingangoda kutsiviwa mushure me welds imwe kana mbiri. Argon/hydrogen mixes haigone kushandiswa weld carbon steel kana titanium.
Chinhu chinoshamisa paTIG process ndechekuti haishandisi maelectrode. Tungsten ine nzvimbo yakanyanya kunyunguduka kupfuura chero simbi (6098°F; 3370°C) uye inokwanisa kuburitsa maelectron zvakanaka, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa seelectrode isingadyiwi. Hunhu hwayo hunovandudzwa nekuwedzera 2% yemamwe maokisijeni epasi asina kujairika akadai seceria, lanthanum oxide kana thorium oxide kuvandudza arc starting uye arc stability. Pure tungsten haiwanzo shandiswa muGTAW nekuda kwehunhu hwakanaka hwecerium tungsten, kunyanya kune orbital GTAW applications. Thorium tungsten haishandiswi zvakanyanya kupfuura kare nekuti ine radioactive zvishoma.
Maerekitironi ane kupedzisa kwakakwenenzverwa akaenzana muhukuru. Nzvimbo yakatsetseka inogara ichikosha pane nzvimbo isina kurongeka kana kuti isina kurongeka, sezvo kuenderana kwegeometry yemagetsi kwakakosha kuti pave nemigumisiro yakafanana yewelding. Maerekitironi anoburitswa kubva kumucheto (DCEN) anotamisa kupisa kubva kumucheto wetungsten kuenda ku weld. Mupendero wakapfava unobvumira kuti huwandu hwemagetsi hurambe hwakakwira zvakanyanya, asi zvinogona kukonzera hupenyu hupfupi hwetungsten. Pakushongedza kwe orbital, zvakakosha kukuya mupendero we electrode nemakanika kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti geometry ye tungsten inodzokororwa uye kudzokorora kwe weld. Mupendero wakapfava unomanikidza arc kubva ku weld kuenda panzvimbo imwe chete pa tungsten. Dhayamita yetip inodzora chimiro che arc uye huwandu hwekupinda pane imwe current. Angle yetaper inokanganisa hunhu hwemagetsi/voltage ye arc uye inofanirwa kutsanangurwa uye kudzorwa. Kureba kwe tungsten kwakakosha nekuti kureba kunozivikanwa kwe tungsten kunogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa arc gap. Mupendero we arc we specific current value unosarudza voltage uye nokudaro simba rinoshandiswa ku weld.
Saizi yeelectrode nedhayamita yayo yemuromo zvinosarudzwa zvichienderana nesimba remagetsi ekuwelda. Kana magetsi akanyanya kukwira kune electrode kana muromo wayo, anogona kurasikirwa nesimbi kubva kumuromo, uye kushandisa maelectrode ane dhayamita yemuromo yakakura zvakanyanya kune magetsi kunogona kukonzera kudonha kwearc. Tinotsanangura dhayamita yeelectrode netip neukobvu hwemadziro ejoini reweld uye tinoshandisa dhayamita ye0.0625 kune zvese kusvika kuukobvu hwemadziro hwe0.093″, kunze kwekunge kushandiswa kwacho kwakagadzirirwa kushandiswa nemaelectrode edhayamita ye0.040″ ekuwelda Zvikamu zvidiki zvine hungwaru. Kuti maitiro ekuwelda adzokororwe, mhando yetungsten uye kupedzisa, kureba, angle yetaper, dhayamita, dhayamita yemuromo uye arc gap zvese zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa uye kudzorwa. Kune mashandisirwo ekuwelda echubhu, cerium tungsten inogara ichikurudzirwa nekuti rudzi urwu rune hupenyu hwakareba kupfuura mamwe marudzi uye rune hunhu hwakanaka hwekubatidza arc. Cerium tungsten haina radioactive.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ndapota taura naBarbara Henon, Maneja weTechnical Publications, Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331.Nhare: 818-896-9556.Fax: 818-890-3724.