Tuhipoka a te Etita: E harikoa ana a Pharmaceutical Online ki te whakaatu i tēnei tuhinga wāhanga-whā mō te whakarewatanga porowhita o ngā paipa tukatuka koiora nā te tohunga ahumahi a Barbara Henon o Arc Machines. I ahu mai tēnei tuhinga i te whakaaturanga a Tākuta Henon i te huihuinga ASME i te mutunga o te tau kua hipa.
Āraihia te ngaronga o te ātete ki te waikura. He tino kaha te wai parakore te wai parakore pērā i te DI, te WFI rānei. Hei tāpiri, ka hurihia te WFI kounga rongoā ki te pāmahana teitei (80°C) hei pupuri i te koretake. He rerekētanga ngawari i waenga i te whakaheke i te pāmahana kia nui hei tautoko i ngā mea ora e whakamate ana i te hua me te whakanui ake i te pāmahana kia nui hei whakatairanga i te whakaputanga "rouge". He kiriata parauri te Rouge o ngā hanganga rerekē i puta mai i te waikura o ngā wāhanga pūnaha paipa kowiri tira. Ko te paru me ngā waikura rino pea ngā wāhanga matua, engari tera pea he momo rino, chromium me te nickel. He whakamate te noho o te rouge ki ētahi hua, ā, ko tōna noho ka arahi pea ki te waikura anō, ahakoa ko tōna noho i roto i ētahi atu pūnaha he ahua pai.
Ka pā kino te whakarewa ki te ātete waikura. Ko te tae wera te hua o te rauemi waikura i whakatakotoria ki runga i ngā whakarewa me ngā HAZ i te wā whakarewa, he tino kino, ā, e pā ana ki te hanganga o te whero i roto i ngā pūnaha wai rongoā. Ka taea e te hanganga o te waikura chromium te whakaputa i te tae wera, ka waiho he paparanga kua pau te chromium ka ngawari ki te waikura. Ka taea te tango i te tae wera mā te pickling me te huri, te tango i te konganuku mai i te mata, tae atu ki te paparanga kua pau te chromium i raro, me te whakahoki i te ātete waikura ki ngā taumata e tata ana ki ngā taumata konganuku turanga. Heoi, he kino te pickling me te huri ki te mutunga o te mata. Ka mahia te passivation o te pūnaha paipa me te waikawa hauota, te whakatakotoranga kaihoko chelating rānei hei wikitoria i ngā pānga kino o te whakarewa me te hanga i mua i te whakamahinga o te pūnaha paipa. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga irahiko Auger ka taea e te chelation passivation te whakahoki i ngā huringa mata i roto i te tohatoha o te hāora, te chromium, te rino, te nikara me te manganese i puta i roto i te rohe whakarewa me te wera ki te āhua i mua i te whakarewa. Heoi, ko te passivation anake ka pā ki te paparanga mata o waho, ā, kāore e uru ki raro i te 50 angstroms, engari ko te tae wera ka taea te toro atu. 1000 ngā angitoroma, neke atu rānei, i raro i te mata.
Nō reira, kia taea ai te tāuta i ngā pūnaha paipa ātete-waikura e tata ana ki ngā papa kāore i whakarewaina, he mea nui kia ngana ki te whakawhāiti i ngā kino i puta mai i te whakarewa me te hanga ki ngā taumata ka taea te whakaora nui mā te whakakorenga. Me whakamahi i tētahi hau purge me te iti o te ihirangi hāora me te tuku ki te diameter o roto o te hononga whakarewa me te kore e poke i te hāora hau, i te makuku rānei. He mea nui anō hoki te whakahaere tika i te whakauru wera me te karo i te wera nui i te wā whakarewa hei ārai i te ngaronga o te ātete waikura. Ko te whakahaere i te tukanga hanga kia tutuki ai ngā whakarewa kounga teitei ka taea te whakahoki me te rite tonu, me te whakahaere tupato i ngā paipa me ngā wāhanga kowiri tira i te wā hanga hei ārai i te poke, he whakaritenga nui ēnei mō tētahi pūnaha paipa kounga teitei e ātete ana ki te waikura, ā, e whakarato ana i te ratonga hua mō te wā roa.
Kua whanake haere ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa maitai kore waikura koiora-rongoā teitei ki te ātete ki te waikura i roto i te tekau tau kua hipa. Ko te nuinga o te maitai kore waikura i whakamahia i mua i te tau 1980 he maitai kore waikura 304 nā te mea he iti te utu, ā, he pai ake i te parahi i whakamahia i mua. Inaa, he ngāwari te mīhini i ngā maitai kore waikura raupapa 300, ka taea te whakarewa hanumi me te kore e ngaro te ātete ki te waikura, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga motuhake mō te whakamahana i mua me muri i te whakamahana.
Nō nā tata nei, kua piki haere te whakamahinga o te maitai kore waikura 316 i roto i ngā mahi paipa tino parakore. He rite te hanganga o te Momo 316 ki te Momo 304, engari hei tāpiri atu ki ngā huānga whakakoi chromium me te nickel e rite ana ki ngā mea e rua, kei roto i te 316 te 2% molybdenum, e whakapai ake ana i te ātete waikura o te 316. Ko ngā momo 304L me te 316L, e kiia nei ko ngā tohu "L", he iti ake te ihirangi waro i ngā tohu paerewa (0.035% vs. 0.08%). Ko te whakaiti i te ihirangi waro he mea hei whakaiti i te nui o te maturuturunga carbide ka puta mai i te whakarewa. Koinei te hanganga o te chromium carbide, e whakaiti ana i ngā rohe witi o te konganuku turanga chromium, ka ngawari ki te waikura. Ko te hanganga o te chromium carbide, e kiia nei ko te "sensitization," he mea whakawhirinaki ki te wā me te pāmahana, ā, he raruraru nui ake i te wā e whakapiri ana i te ringa. Kua whakaaturia e mātou ko te whakarewa porowhita o te maitai kore waikura super-austenitic AL-6XN ka whakarato i ngā whakarewa ātete waikura nui atu i ngā whakarewa rite e mahia ana e te ringa. Nā te mea ka whakaratohia e te whakarewa porowhita te mana tika o te amperage, te pao me te wā, ka hua ake he iti ake, he ōrite ake te whakaurunga wera i te whakarewa ā-ringa. Mā te whakarewa porowhita me ngā tohu "L" 304 me te 316 ka tata te whakakore i te maturuturunga carbide hei take i te whanaketanga o te waikura i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa.
Te rerekētanga wera-ki-wera o te kowiri tira. Ahakoa ka taea te pupuri i ngā tawhā whakarewa me ētahi atu āhuatanga i roto i ngā ātete tino pātata, kei reira tonu ngā rerekētanga o te whakauru wera e hiahiatia ana hei whakarewa i te kowiri tira mai i te wera ki te wera. Ko te tau wera ko te tau rota kua tohaina ki tētahi rewa kowiri tira motuhake i te wheketere. Ka tuhia te hanganga matū tika o ia puranga ki te Pūrongo Whakamātautau wheketere (MTR) me te tautuhi puranga, te tau wera rānei. Ka rewa te rino parakore i te 1538°C (2800°F), ko ngā konganuku whakarewa ka rewa i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā pāmahana, i runga i te momo me te kukū o ia kowiri tira, o ia huānga iti rānei kei roto. Nā te mea kāore e rua ngā wera o te kowiri tira e mau ana i te kukū ōrite o ia huānga, ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga whakarewa mai i te oumu ki te oumu.
I whakaatuhia e te SEM o ngā whakarewa porowhita paipa 316L i runga i te paipa AOD (runga) me te rauemi EBR (raro) he rerekētanga nui i roto i te maeneene o te pīrere whakarewa.
Ahakoa ka taea e te tukanga whakarewa kotahi te mahi mō te nuinga o ngā wera me te OD me te matotoru o te pakitara, ko ētahi wera he iti ake te amperage e hiahiatia ana, ko ētahi he nui ake te amperage i te mea noa. Nā konei, me āta aroturuki te whakamahana i ngā rauemi rerekē i te papa mahi kia kore ai e raru pea. He maha ngā wā, he iti noa te huringa o te amperage e hiahiatia ana e te wera hou kia tutuki ai he tukanga whakarewa pai.
Te raruraru whanariki. Ko te whanariki huānga he poke e pā ana ki te rino e tangohia ana i te nuinga o te wā i te tukanga hanga maitai. Ko ngā maitai kowiri tira Momo 304 me te 316 AISI kua tohua me te ihirangi whanariki mōrahi o te 0.030%. I te whanaketanga o ngā tukanga whakamahine maitai hou, pērā i te Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) me ngā mahi rewa korehau rua pērā i te Vacuum Induction Melting me te Vacuum Arc Remelting (VIM+VAR), kua taea te whakaputa maitai he tino motuhake i roto i ngā huarahi e whai ake nei. tō rātou hanganga matū. Kua kitea ko ngā āhuatanga o te puna whakarewa ka huri ina iti iho te ihirangi whanariki o te maitai i te 0.008%. Nā te pānga o te whanariki me ētahi atu huānga ki te tauwehenga pāmahana o te mata o te puna whakarewa tēnei, e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga rere o te puna wai.
I ngā kukū whanariki tino iti (0.001% – 0.003%), ka whānui haere te urunga o te puna whakarewa ki te whakataurite ki ngā whakarewa rite i hangaia ki ngā rauemi he nui te whanariki reo. Ka whānui ake ngā whakarewa o ngā whakarewa i hangaia ki ngā paipa maitai kore waikura iti te whanariki, engari i ngā paipa pakitara matotoru (0.065 inihi, 1.66 mm neke atu rānei) ka nui ake te tūponotanga ki te hanga whakarewa whakamuri. Ina nui te ia whakarewa hei whakaputa i te whakarewa kua uru katoa. Mā tēnei ka uaua ake te whakarewa i ngā rauemi he iti te whanariki, inā koa he matotoru ake ngā pakitara. I te pito teitei ake o te kukū whanariki i roto i te maitai kore waikura 304, 316 rānei, he iti ake te wai o te pīrere whakarewa, ā, he taratara ake i ngā rauemi whanariki reo. Nō reira, mō te kaha whakarewa, ko te ihirangi whanariki pai rawa atu kei roto i te awhe tata ki te 0.005% ki te 0.017%, e ai ki te ASTM A270 S2 mō ngā ngongo kounga rongoā.
Kua kite ngā kaihanga paipa maitai kore waikura kua whakakanapahia, ahakoa he iti noa te whanariki i roto i te maitai kore waikura 316, 316L rānei, ka uaua te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ā rātou kiritaki haurua-ira me ngā kaihoko rongoā koiora mō ngā mata o roto maeneene, kore-poka. Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o te karu hiko matawai hei manatoko i te maeneene o te mata o te ngongo. Kua whakaaturia te whanariki i roto i ngā konganuku turanga ki te hanga i ngā whakaurunga kore-whakakanapa, i ngā "stringers" manganese sulfide (MnS) rānei ka tangohia i te wā e whakakanapahia ana, ā, ka waiho he āputa i roto i te awhe 0.25-1.0 micron.
Kei te akiakihia e ngā kaihanga me ngā kaiwhakarato o ngā ngongo hiko-whakakanapa te mākete ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi whanariki tino-iti hei whakatutuki i ā rātou whakaritenga whakaoti mata. Heoi, kāore te raruraru i te herea ki ngā ngongo hiko-whakakanapa anake, nā te mea i roto i ngā ngongo kāore i te hiko-whakakanapa ka tangohia ngā whakaurunga i te wā e whakakorehia ana te pūnaha paipa. Kua whakaatuhia he ngawari ake te pakaru o ngā āputa i ngā mata maeneene. Nō reira, he take tika ētahi mō te ia ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi "ma" iti-whanariki.
Te piko o te pewa. Haunga te whakapai ake i te āheinga whakarewa o te maitai kore waikura, ka pai ake hoki te āheinga miihini mā te noho mai o ētahi whanariki. Nō reira, ka whiriwhiria e ngā kaihanga me ngā kaihanga ngā rauemi kei te pito teitei o te awhe ihirangi whanariki kua tohua. Mā te whakamahi i ngā ngongo whakarewa he iti rawa te kukū o te whanariki ki ngā hononga, ki ngā takirere, ki ētahi atu ngongo rānei he nui ake te ihirangi whanariki ka raru pea te whakarewa nā te mea ka piko te pewa ki ngā ngongo he iti te ihirangi whanariki. Ina puta te piko o te pewa, ka hohonu ake te urunga ki te taha iti-whanariki i te taha nui-whanariki, he rerekē tēnei i te mea ka puta ina whakarewahia ngā paipa me ngā kukū whanariki e rite ana. I ngā wā tino kino, ka taea e te pītiti whakarewa te uru katoa ki te rauemi iti-whanariki, ā, ka waiho te roto o te whakarewa kia kore e honoa (Fihey and Simeneau, 1982). Hei whakataurite i te ihirangi whanariki o ngā hononga ki te ihirangi whanariki o te paipa, kua whakauruhia e te Carpenter Steel Division o Car-penter Technology Corporation o Pennsylvania he rakau pae 316 iti-whanariki (0.005% mōrahi) (Momo 316L-SCQ) (VIM+VAR)) mō te hanga. o ngā hononga me ētahi atu wāhanga e whakaarohia ana kia whakarewahia ki ngā paipa iti te whanariki. He māmā ake te whakarewa i ngā rauemi tino iti te whanariki e rua tetahi ki tetahi i te whakarewa i tētahi rauemi tino iti te whanariki ki tētahi mea he nui ake te whanariki.
Ko te nekehanga ki te whakamahi i ngā ngongo iti-whanariki te take nui o te hiahia ki te whiwhi i ngā mata ngongo o roto kua orohia ki te hiko. Ahakoa he mea nui te whakaotinga mata me te oro hiko ki te umanga semiconductor me te umanga biotech/rongoā, i te wā i tuhia ai e SEMI te whakatakotoranga ahumahi semiconductor, i tohua ko ngā ngongo 316L mō ngā raina hau tukatuka me whai taupoki whanariki 0.004% mō te mahi tino pai. Ko ngā pito mata. I tetahi atu taha, i whakarerekē a ASTM i tā rātou whakatakotoranga ASTM 270 kia uru atu ngā ngongo kounga-rongoā e whakawhāiti ana i te ihirangi whanariki ki te whānuitanga o te 0.005 ki te 0.017%. Mā tēnei ka iti ake ngā uauatanga whakarewa ki te whakataurite ki ngā whanariki iti-whānui. Heoi, me mōhio ahakoa i roto i tēnei whānuitanga iti, ka puta tonu te piko o te pewa i te wā e whakarewahia ana ngā ngongo iti-whanariki ki ngā ngongo, ki ngā hononga rānei he nui te whanariki, ā, me āta aroturuki ngā kaiwhakauru i te whakamahana o te rauemi me te tirotiro i mua i te hanga i te hototahitanga o te tūhono i waenga i te whakamahana. Te hanga o ngā whakarewa.
ētahi atu huānga iti. Kua kitea he pānga ngā huānga iti tae atu ki te whanariki, te hāora, te konumohe, te silicon me te manganese ki te urunga. Ko te nui o te konumohe, te silicon, te konupūmā, te titanium me te chromium kei roto i te konganuku turanga hei whakaurunga waikura e hono ana ki te hanganga para i te wā whakarewa.
He pūhui ngā pānga o ngā momo huānga, nō reira ka taea e te noho o te hāora te whakakore i ētahi o ngā pānga iti o te whanariki. Ka taea e ngā taumata teitei o te konumohe te ārai i te pānga pai ki te urunga whanariki. Ka memeha te konupūmā i te pāmahana whakarewa me ngā putunga i roto i te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera whakarewa. Ka honoa ēnei putunga konupūmā ki te ngaronga o te ātete waikura. (Tirohia a Cohen, 1997). Kei te whakamātautau te umanga haurua-ira i tēnei wā ki ngā rauemi konupūmā iti, tae atu ki ngā rauemi konupūmā tino iti 316L hei ārai i tēnei ngaronga o te ātete waikura.
Te hanganga o te para. I ētahi wā ka puta ngā moutere para ki runga i te pirepire kowiri tira mō ētahi wera. He take rauemi tēnei, engari i ētahi wā ka taea e ngā panonitanga o ngā tawhā whakarewa te whakaiti i tēnei, ka taea rānei e ngā panonitanga o te ranunga argon/hauwai te whakapai ake i te whakarewa. I kitea e Pollard ko te ōwehenga o te konumohe ki te silicon i roto i te konganuku turanga te pānga ki te hanganga o te para. Hei ārai i te hanganga o te para momo pereti kāore e hiahiatia, e taunaki ana ia kia mau te ihirangi konumohe ki te 0.010% me te ihirangi silicon ki te 0.5%. Heoi, ina teitei ake te ōwehenga Al/Si i tēnei taumata, ka puta pea he para porowhita kaua ki te momo pereti. Ka taea e tēnei momo para te waiho i ngā poka i muri i te whakakanapa hiko, he mea kāore e whakaaetia mō ngā tono parakore teitei. Ko ngā moutere para e puta ana i runga i te OD o te whakarewa ka puta he urunga kore taurite o te ID pass, ā, ka hua ake he urunga koretake. Ko ngā moutere para e puta ana i runga i te pirepire ID ka ngawari pea ki te waikura.
He whakarewa kotahi-oma me te pāorooro. Ko te whakarewa ngongo porowhita aunoa paerewa he whakarewa kotahi-haere me te iahiko pāorooro me te hurihanga tere pumau tonu. He pai tēnei tikanga mō ngā paipa me ngā diameter o waho mai i te 1/8″ ki te 7″ me te matotoru o te pakitara o te 0.083″ me raro iho. Whai muri i te horoinga-mua kua whakaritea te wā, ka puta te āwhata. Ka tutuki te urunga o te pakitara ngongo i te wā o te whakaroa kua whakaritea te wā e kitea ana te āwhata engari kāore he hurihanga e puta. Whai muri i tēnei whakaroa hurihanga, ka huri te hikohiko huri noa i te hononga whakarewa kia honoa rā anō te whakarewa, kia taupatupatu rānei te wāhanga tuatahi o te whakarewa i te wā o te paparanga whakamutunga o te whakarewa. Ina oti te hononga, ka heke te iahiko i roto i te hekenga kua whakaritea te wā.
Aratau taahiraa ("whakarewatanga tukutahi"). Mō te whakarewatanga hanumi o ngā rauemi pakitara matotoru, he nui ake i te 0.083 inihi te whānui, ka taea te whakamahi i te pūtake hiko whakarewatanga hanumi i roto i te aratau tukutahi, taahiraa rānei. I roto i te aratau tukutahi, taahiraa rānei, ka tukutahi te pā o te au whakarewatanga ki te whiu, kia noho pūmau ai te rotor mō te urunga nui i roto i ngā pā o te au teitei, ā, ka neke i roto i ngā pā o te au iti. Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga tukutahi ngā wā pā roa ake, i te 0.5 ki te 1.5 hēkona, ki te whakaritea ki te tekau, ki te rau rānei o te hēkona te wā pā mō te whakarewatanga tikanga. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whakarewa i te paipa pakitara angiangi 40 ine 40 matotoru 0.154″, 6″ rānei te matotoru me te pakitara 0.154″, 6″ rānei te matotoru. Ka puta he whakarewatanga whānui ake i te tikanga taahiraa, ka ātete ki ngā hapa, ā, he āwhina mō te whakarewa i ngā wāhanga koretake pērā i ngā hononga paipa ki ngā paipa kei reira pea he rerekētanga i roto i ngā ātete ā-ahu, ētahi he, he kore hototahi rānei ki te wera rauemi. Ko tēnei momo whakarewatanga e hiahia ana kia rua te wā pewa o te whakarewatanga tikanga, ā, he iti ake te pai mō ngā tono tino-teitei-parakore (UHP) nā te mea. ki te tuitui whānui ake, taratara ake.
Ngā taurangi ka taea te whakarite. Ko ngā pūtake hiko whakarewa o nāianei he mea hangai ki te tukatuka iti, ā, he hōtaka rokiroki e tohu ana i ngā uara tau mō ngā tawhā whakarewa mō tētahi diameter motuhake (OD) me te matotoru o te pakitara o te paipa hei whakarewa, tae atu ki te wā horoi, te ia whakarewa, te tere haere (RPM)), te maha o ngā paparanga me te wā mō ia paparanga, te wā pā, te wā heke, me ētahi atu. Mō ngā whakarewa ngongo porowhita me te waea whakakī kua tāpirihia, ka uru atu ki ngā tawhā hōtaka te tere whāngai waea, te kaha o te oscillation rama me te wā noho, AVC (te whakahaere ngaohiko arc hei whakarato i te āputa arc pumau), me te pikinga. Hei mahi whakarewa hanumi, tāutahia te pane whakarewa me te whakauru hiko me te rawhi paipa e tika ana ki runga i te paipa, ka whakamahara i te kaupapa whakarewa, i te hōtaka rānei mai i te mahara pūtake hiko. Ka tīmatahia te raupapa whakarewa mā te pēhi i te pātene, i te kī rānei o te papa kiriuhi, ā, ka haere tonu te whakarewa me te kore e wawaotia e te kaiwhakahaere.
Ngā taurangi kāore e taea te whakarite. Hei whiwhi i te kounga pai o te whakarewa, me āta whakahaere ngā tawhā whakarewa. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te tika o te pūtake hiko whakarewa me te kaupapa whakarewa, he huinga tohutohu kua whakaurua ki roto i te pūtake hiko, kei roto ko ngā tawhā whakarewa, mō te whakarewa i tētahi rahi motuhake o te paipa, o te paipa rānei. Me whai paerewa whakarewa whai hua anō hoki, e whakaatu ana i ngā paearu whakaae whakarewa me ētahi pūnaha tirotiro whakarewa me te whakahaere kounga hei whakarite kia tutuki te whakarewa i ngā paerewa kua whakaaetia. Heoi anō, me āta whakahaere hoki ētahi āhuatanga me ngā tikanga i tua atu i ngā tawhā whakarewa. Kei roto i ēnei āhuatanga te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu whakarite mutunga pai, ngā mahi horoi me te whakahaere pai, ngā ātete āhua pai o ngā ngongo, o ētahi atu wāhanga rānei e whakarewahia ana, te momo me te rahi o te tungsten rite tonu, ngā hau kore e tino parakore, me te aro nui ki ngā rerekētanga rauemi.- pāmahana teitei.
He mea nui ake ngā whakaritenga whakarite mō te whakarewa pito paipa mō te whakarewa porowhita i te whakarewa ā-ringa. Ko ngā hononga whakarewa mō te whakarewa paipa porowhita he hononga tapawhā te nuinga. Hei whakatutuki i te auau e hiahiatia ana i roto i te whakarewa porowhita, me whakarite te pito kia tika, kia rite, kia mīhini hoki. Nā te mea ka whakawhirinaki te ia whakarewa ki te matotoru o te pakitara, me tapawhā ngā pito, kāore he kopa, he piko rānei i runga i te OD, i te ID rānei (OD, ID rānei), ka rerekē ai te matotoru o te pakitara.
Me uru ngā pito o te paipa ki roto i te pane whakarewa kia kore ai he āputa e kitea i waenganui i ngā pito o te hononga tapawhā. Ahakoa ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hononga whakarewa me ngā āputa iti, tera pea ka pā kino te kounga o te whakarewa. Ko te nui ake o te āputa, ko te nui ake o te tūponotanga he raruraru. Ka taea e te huihuinga ngoikore te hua ake he rahunga katoa o te whakapiringa. Ko ngā kani paipa i hangaia e George Fischer me ētahi atu e tapahi ana i te paipa me te anga atu ki ngā pito o te paipa i roto i te mahi kotahi, ko ngā mīhini whakarite pito kawe pēnei i ngā mea i hangaia e Protem, Wachs, me ētahi atu, e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā whakarewa porowhita pito maeneene e tika ana mō te miihini. Kāore ngā kani tapatapahi, ngā kani hacksaw, ngā kani roopu me ngā kaitapahi ngongo e pai ana mō tēnei kaupapa.
Haunga ngā tawhā whakarewa e whakauru ana i te mana ki te whakarewa, kei reira ētahi atu taurangi ka pā nui ki te whakarewa, engari ehara i te mea he wāhanga o te tukanga whakarewa tuturu. Kei roto i tēnei ko te momo me te rahi o te tungsten, te momo me te parakore o te hau e whakamahia ana hei tiaki i te pewa me te horoi i te roto o te hononga whakarewa, te tere rere o te hau e whakamahia ana mō te horoi, te momo pane me te pūtake hiko e whakamahia ana, te whirihoranga o te hononga, me ētahi atu mōhiohio e tika ana. Ka kiia ēnei taurangi "kore-hōtaka" ka tuhia ki te kaupapa whakarewa. Hei tauira, ko te momo hau e kiia ana he taurangi nui i roto i te Whakatakotoranga Tukanga Whakarewa (WPS) kia tutuki ai ngā tukanga whakarewa ki te ASME Wāhanga IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Ko ngā huringa o ngā ōrau momo hau, ranunga hau rānei, te whakakorenga rānei o te horoi ID me whakamana anō i te tukanga whakarewa.
hau whakarewa. He ātete te maitai kore waikura ki te waikura hāora hauhautanga i te pāmahana rūma. Ina werahia ki tōna ira rewa (1530°C, 2800°F rānei mō te rino parakore) ka ngāwari te waikura. Ko te argon kore mahi te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei hau tiaki me te horoi i ngā hononga whakarewa o roto mā te tukanga GTAW porowhita. Ko te parakore o te hau e pā ana ki te hāora me te makuku e whakatau ana i te nui o te tae rerekē i puta mai i te waikura e puta ana i runga, i te taha tata rānei o te whakarewa i muri i te whakarewa. Mena ehara te hau horoi i te kounga teitei, mena rānei kāore te pūnaha horoi i tino kore e turuturu kia paku noa te hau ki roto i te pūnaha horoi, ka parauri māwhero, ka kikorangi rānei te waikura. Ko te tikanga, kāore he horoi e hua ake he mata pango kirikiri e kiia nei ko te "reka". Ko te argon karaehe whakarewa e tukuna ana i roto i ngā rango he 99.996-99.997% parakore, i runga i te kaiwhakarato, ā, kei roto he 5-7 ppm o te hāora me ētahi atu poke, tae atu ki te H2O, O2, CO2, ngā hauwaiwai, me ētahi atu, mō te katoa o te 40 ppm a mōrahi. Ko te argon parakore teitei i roto i te rango, i te argon wai rānei i roto i te Dewar ka taea te 99.999% te parakore, te 10 ppm rānei te poke katoa, me te mōrahi o te 2 ppm te hāora. WHĀNUI: Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakapai hau pēnei i a Nanochem, Gatekeeper rānei i te wā e purea ana hei whakaiti i ngā taumata poke ki te awhe wāhanga mō ia piriona (ppb).
hanganga whakauru. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā ranunga hau pēnei i te 75% helium/25% argon me te 95% argon/5% hauwai hei hau tiaki mō ngā tono motuhake. I whakaputahia e ngā ranunga e rua he whakarewa wera ake i ērā i mahia i raro i ngā tautuhinga kaupapa kotahi me te argon. He tino pai ngā ranunga helium mō te urunga nui rawa atu mā te whakarewa hanumi ki runga i te maitai waro. E tautoko ana tētahi kaitohutohu ahumahi haurua-ira i te whakamahinga o ngā ranunga argon/hauwai hei hau tiaki mō ngā tono UHP. He maha ngā painga o ngā ranunga hauwai, engari he ngoikoretanga nui anō hoki. Ko te painga he mea hanga he puna wai mākū ake me te mata whakarewa maeneene ake, he mea pai mō te whakatinana i ngā pūnaha tuku hau pēhanga tino teitei me te mata o roto kia maeneene ake. Mā te noho mai o te hauwai ka whakaratohia he hau whakaiti, nō reira, ki te mea he tohu hāora kei roto i te ranunga hau, ka āhua ma ake te whakarewa hua me te iti ake o te tae i te kukū hāora rite i roto i te argon parakore. He pai rawa atu tēnei pānga i te 5% o te ihirangi hauwai. Ka whakamahia e ētahi he ranunga argon/hauwai 95/5% hei horoi ID hei whakapai ake i te āhua o te pīrere whakarewa o roto.
He whaiti ake te poroporo whakarewa e whakamahi ana i te ranunga hauwai hei hau ārai, engari he iti rawa te ihirangi whanariki o te maitai kore waikura, ā, he nui ake te wera e puta mai ana i roto i te whakarewa i te tautuhinga iahiko kotahi me te argon kāore i konatunatua. Ko tētahi ngoikoretanga nui o ngā ranunga argon/hauwai ko te iti ake o te pumau o te pewa i te argon parakore, ā, he āhua ka neke te pewa, he nui rawa te kaha ki te whakaputa he. Ka ngaro pea te nekenga o te pewa ina whakamahia he pūtake hau rerekē, e kī ana pea nā te poke, te ranunga ngoikore rānei i puta. Nā te mea he rerekē te wera i puta mai i te pewa me te kukū hauwai, he mea nui te kukū pumau hei whakatutuki i ngā whakarewa ka taea te whakahoki, ā, he rerekētanga kei roto i te hau pounamu kua oti te whakaranu. Ko tētahi atu ngoikoretanga ko te poto rawa o te roanga o te ora o te tungsten ina whakamahia he ranunga hauwai. Ahakoa kāore anō kia whakatauhia te take o te kino o te tungsten mai i te hau whakaranu, kua pūrongohia he uaua ake te pewa, ā, me whakakapi pea te tungsten i muri i te kotahi, e rua rānei ngā whakarewa. Kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā ranunga argon/hauwai ki te whakarewa i te maitai waro, i te titanium rānei.
Ko tētahi āhuatanga motuhake o te tukanga TIG ko tōna kore e pau ngā irahiko. Ko te Tungsten te mea tino teitei rawa atu i ngā konganuku katoa (6098°F; 3370°C) ā, he pai hoki te tuku irahiko, he mea tino pai mō te whakamahi hei irahiko kore-pau. Ka whakapaitia ōna āhuatanga mā te tāpiri i te 2% o ētahi waikura whenua onge pērā i te ceria, te waikura lanthanum, te waikura thorium rānei hei whakapai ake i te tīmatanga o te pewa me te pumau o te pewa. Kāore i te maha te whakamahinga o te tungsten parakore i roto i te GTAW nā ngā āhuatanga pai ake o te cerium tungsten, inā koa mō ngā tono GTAW porowhita. Kāore i te maha te whakamahinga o te tungsten thorium i ngā wā o mua nā te mea he ahua irahiko.
He rite tonu te rahi o ngā irahiko kua orohia. He pai ake te mata maeneene i te mata taratara, kāore rānei i te ōrite, nā te mea he mea nui te ōritetanga o te āhua o te irahiko mō ngā hua whakarewa ōrite, ōrite. Mā ngā irahiko e tukuna ana mai i te pito (DCEN) ka whakawhiti i te wera mai i te pito tungsten ki te whakarewa. Mā te pito pai ake ka taea te pupuri i te kiato o te iahiko kia tino tiketike, engari ka poto ake pea te roa o te ora o te tungsten. Mō te whakarewa porowhita, he mea nui kia hurihia te pito irahiko mā te mīhini kia taea ai te whakahoki anō i te āhua o te tungsten me te whakahoki anō i te whakarewa. Mā te pito pūngoi ka akiaki i te pewa mai i te whakarewa ki te wāhi kotahi i runga i te tungsten. Ko te diameter o te pito ka whakahaere i te āhua o te pewa me te nui o te urunga i tētahi iahiko motuhake. Ka pā te koki whakarara ki ngā āhuatanga o te iahiko/ngaohiko o te pewa, ā, me tohu me te whakahaere. He mea nui te roa o te tungsten nā te mea ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi roa tungsten e mōhiotia ana hei whakatakoto i te āputa pewa. Mā te āputa pewa mō tētahi uara iahiko motuhake ka whakatau i te ngaohiko me te mana e pā ana ki te whakarewa.
Ka tīpakohia te rahi o te hiko me te whānui o tōna pito kia rite ki te kaha o te ia whakarewa. Mena he nui rawa te ia mō te hiko, mō tōna pito rānei, ka ngaro pea te konganuku mai i te pito, ā, mā te whakamahi i ngā hiko he whānui rawa te pito mō te ia, ka puta pea te nekeneke o te pewa. Ka tohua e mātou ngā whānui o te hiko me te pito mā te matotoru o te pakitara o te hononga whakarewa, ā, ka whakamahia te whānui 0.0625 mō te nuinga o ngā mea tae atu ki te matotoru o te pakitara 0.093″, ki te kore te whakamahinga i hangaia kia whakamahia me ngā hiko 0.040″ te whānui mō te whakarewa i ngā Wāhanga iti. Mō te auau o te tukanga whakarewa, me tohu me te whakahaere i te momo tungsten me te whakaotinga, te roa, te koki whakarara, te whānui, te whānui o te pito me te āputa pewa. Mō ngā tono whakarewa ngongo, e taunakihia ana te cerium tungsten nā te mea he roa ake te ora ratonga o tēnei momo i ētahi atu momo, ā, he pai rawa ngā āhuatanga mura pewa. Kāore te cerium tungsten i te irahiko.
Mō ētahi atu pārongo, whakapā atu ki a Barbara Henon, Kaiwhakahaere Whakaputanga Hangarau, Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331. Waea: 818-896-9556. Waeaatu: 818-890-3724.