Icyitonderwa cy'umwanditsi: Pharmaceutical Online yishimiye gutanga iyi nkuru igizwe n'ibice bine ivuga ku gusudira imiyoboro ya bioprocess yakozwe n'impuguke mu nganda Barbara Henon wo muri Arc Machines. Iyi nkuru yakuwe mu kiganiro cya Dr. Henon mu nama ya ASME mu mpera z'umwaka ushize.
Irinde ko amazi adashobora kwangirika. Amazi meza cyane nka DI cyangwa WFI ni ikintu gikomeye cyane mu byuma bitanduye. Byongeye kandi, WFI yo mu rwego rwa farumasi ikoreshwa ku bushyuhe bwinshi (80°C) kugira ngo ikomeze kuba mibi. Hari itandukaniro rito hagati yo kugabanya ubushyuhe buhagije kugira ngo ifashe ibinyabuzima bipfa ku bicuruzwa no kuzamura ubushyuhe buhagije kugira ngo irusheho gukora "rouge". Rouge ni agahu k'umukara gafite imiterere itandukanye iterwa no kwangirika kw'ibice by'imiyoboro y'icyuma kitanduye. Umwanda na okiside y'icyuma bishobora kuba ari byo bice by'ingenzi, ariko amoko atandukanye y'icyuma, chromium na nikeli na yo ashobora kuba ahari. Kuba hari rouge yica bimwe mu bicuruzwa kandi kuba iriho bishobora gutuma habaho kwangirika kurushaho, nubwo kuba iri mu bindi bisa nkaho ari bibi.
Gusudira bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku kurwanya ingese. Ibara rishyushye ni ingaruka z'ibikoresho bisiga ogisijeni ku byuma bisudira na HAZ mu gihe cyo gusudira, rigira ingaruka mbi cyane, kandi rifitanye isano no kuremwa kwa rouge mu buryo bw'amazi yo mu miti. Ikorwa rya chromium oxide rishobora gutera ibara rishyushye, rigasiga urwego rwa chromium rwangiritse rushobora kwangirika. Ibara rishyushye rishobora gukurwaho hakoreshejwe gusya no gusya, gukuraho icyuma hejuru, harimo n'urwego rwa chromium rwangiritse, no gusubiza ubudahangarwa ku ngese ku rugero rwegereye urugero rw'icyuma cy'ibanze. Ariko, gusya no gusya bigira ingaruka mbi ku iherezo ry'ubuso. Gusya mu buryo bw'imiyoboro hakoreshejwe aside nitrike cyangwa imiterere ya chelating agent bikorwa kugira ngo harebwe ingaruka mbi zo gusudira no gukora mbere yuko sisitemu y'imiyoboro itangira gukoreshwa. Isesengura rya electron rya Auger ryagaragaje ko gusya mu buryo bwa chelation bishobora gusubiza impinduka ku buso mu ikwirakwizwa rya ogisijeni, chromium, icyuma, nikeli na manganese byabaye mu gace kagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe kugeza ku rwego rwa mbere yo gusudira. Ariko, gusya bigira ingaruka gusa ku rundi ruhande rwo hanze kandi ntibyinjira munsi ya angstroms 50, mu gihe ibara ry'ubushyuhe rishobora kwaguka. Angstroms 1000 cyangwa zirenga munsi y'ubuso.
Kubwibyo, kugira ngo hashyirweho imiyoboro irwanya ingese hafi y’aho ibintu bidasudiye, ni ngombwa kugerageza kugabanya kwangirika guterwa no gusudira no gukora ibintu ku rugero rushobora kugaruzwa cyane binyuze mu gusimbuka. Ibi bisaba gukoresha umwuka wo gusukura ufite ogisijeni nke kandi ugashyirwa imbere mu gice gisudiye hatabayeho kwanduzwa na ogisijeni cyangwa ubushuhe. Kugenzura neza ubushyuhe bwinjira no kwirinda gushyuha cyane mu gihe cyo gusudira nabyo ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe gutakaza ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gusudira. Kugenzura inzira yo gukora kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo gusudira bwiza kandi buhoraho, ndetse no gufata neza imiyoboro y'icyuma kidasindisha n'ibice byacyo mu gihe cyo gukora kugira ngo hirindwe kwandura, ni ibisabwa by'ingenzi kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwiza bwo gusudira burwanya ingese kandi butanga serivisi nziza mu gihe kirekire.
Ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu miyoboro y’ibyuma bitagira umugese bya biopharmaceutical bifite isuku nyinshi byagiye bihinduka mu rwego rwo kunoza ubudahangarwa bw’ingufu mu myaka icumi ishize. Ibyuma byinshi bitagira umugese byakoreshejwe mbere ya 1980 byari ibyuma bitagira umugese 304 kuko byari bihendutse kandi byari byiza ugereranyije n’umuringa wakoreshejwe mbere. Mu by’ukuri, ibyuma bitagira umugese 300 byoroshye gukoresha mu mashini, bishobora guhuzwa bidatakaje ubudahangarwa bwabyo bw’ingufu, kandi ntibisaba uburyo bwihariye bwo kubikoresha mbere yo gushyushya no kubikoresha nyuma yo gushyuha.
Vuba aha, ikoreshwa ry'icyuma kitagira umugese cya 316 mu miyoboro ifite isuku nyinshi ryakomeje kwiyongera. Ubwoko bwa 316 busa n'ubw'ubwoko bwa 304, ariko uretse ibintu bivanze na chromium na nickel bihuriweho byombi, 316 irimo hafi 2% bya molybdenum, ibyo bikaba binongera cyane ubudahangarwa bwa 316 ku bushyuhe. Ubwoko bwa 304L na 316L, bwitwa "L", bufite ingano nto ya karuboni ugereranyije n'ingero zisanzwe (0.035% ugereranyije na 0.08%). Uku kugabanuka kw'ingano ya karuboni kugamije kugabanya ingano y'imvura ya karuboni ishobora guterwa no gusudira. Uku ni ukurema kwa karuboni ya chromium, igabanya imbibi z'icyuma gishingiye kuri chromium, bigatuma gishobora kwangirika. Ikorwa rya karuboni ya chromium, ryitwa "sensitization," riterwa n'igihe n'ubushyuhe kandi ni ikibazo gikomeye iyo ukoresheje intoki. Twagaragaje ko gusudira mu buryo bwa orbital ya super-austenitic stainless steel AL-6XN itanga ubushyuhe bwinshi burwanya ingese ugereranije n'ubushyuhe busa bukorwa n'intoki. Ibi biterwa nuko Gusudira mu kirere bitanga uburyo bwo kugenzura neza amperage, impumuro n'igihe, bigatuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka kandi bungana kurusha gusudira n'intoki. Gusudira mu kirere bihujwe n'icyiciro cya "L" cya 304 na 316 bikuraho imvura ya karuboni nk'ikintu gituma habaho ingese mu miyoboro y'amazi.
Ihindagurika ry’ibyuma bitagira umushongi kuva ku bushyuhe kugeza ku bushyuhe. Nubwo ibipimo byo gusudira n’ibindi bintu bishobora kubikwa mu buryo butoroshye, haracyariho itandukaniro mu buryo ubushyuhe busabwa kugira ngo ibyuma bitagira umushongi bihuzwe kuva ku bushyuhe kugeza ku bushyuhe. Umubare w’ubushyuhe ni umubare w’ibipimo uhabwa icyuma gishonga mu ruganda. Imiterere nyayo y’ibinyabutabire bya buri gice yanditswe kuri Raporo y’Ikizamini cy’Uruganda (MTR) hamwe n’itandukaniro ry’ibipimo cyangwa umubare w’ubushyuhe. Icyuma cy’umwimerere gishonga kuri 1538°C (2800°F), mu gihe ibyuma byakozwe mu buryo buvanze bishonga mu bushyuhe butandukanye, bitewe n’ubwoko n’ingano ya buri cyuma cyangwa igice cy’ibice bihari. Kubera ko nta bushyuhe bubiri bw’icyuma kitagira umushongi buzaba bufite igipimo kimwe cya buri cyuma, imiterere y’ibikoresho byo gusudira izatandukana bitewe n’itanura.
SEM y'imiyoboro ya 316L orbital welds ku muyoboro wa AOD (hejuru) n'ibikoresho bya EBR (hejuru) yagaragaje itandukaniro rinini mu buryo bworoshye bw'umuyoboro wa weld.
Nubwo uburyo bumwe bwo gusudira bushobora gukora ku bushyuhe bwinshi bufite OD imwe n'ubugari bw'urukuta, bumwe bukenera amperage nkeya kandi bumwe bukenera amperage nyinshi kurusha ubusanzwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, gushyushya ibikoresho bitandukanye aho akazi kakorerwa bigomba gukurikiranwa neza kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo bishobora kubaho. Akenshi, ubushyuhe bushya busaba impinduka ntoya muri amperage kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bushimishije bwo gusudira.
Ikibazo cya sulfure. Sufure y'ibice ni umwanda uterwa n'icyuma ukurwaho cyane mu gihe cyo gukora ibyuma. Ibyuma bya AISI Type 304 na 316 byagenwe bifite sulfure ntarengwa ya 0.030%. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'uburyo bugezweho bwo gutunganya ibyuma, nka Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) n'uburyo bwo gushonga bubiri bwa vacuum nka Vacuum Induction Melting hagakurikiraho Vacuum Arc Remelting (VIM + VAR), byashobotse gukora ibyuma bidasanzwe mu buryo bukurikira: imiterere yabyo ya shimi. Byagaragaye ko imiterere ya pool yo gushonga ihinduka iyo ingano ya sulfure y'icyuma iri munsi ya 0.008%. Ibi biterwa n'ingaruka za sulfure ndetse n'ibindi bintu ku gipimo cy'ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bwa pool yo gushonga, ibyo bikaba bigena imiterere y'amazi yo gushonga.
Ku gipimo cya sulfure kiri hasi cyane (0.001% - 0.003%), kwinjira mu kidendezi cy'amazi biba binini cyane ugereranije n'ibindi bisa nabyo bikozwe ku bikoresho bifite sulfure iringaniye. Ibisasurwa bikozwe ku muyoboro w'icyuma kitagira umukungugu gifite sulfure iringaniye bizagira ibyuma binini, mu gihe ku muyoboro w'urukuta munini (santimetero 0.065, cyangwa mm 1.66 cyangwa irenga) hazabaho uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora ibyuma bitagira umukungugu. Iyo umuyoboro w'amazi uhagije kugira ngo ukore icyuma cyinjiramo cyose. Ibi bituma ibikoresho bifite sulfure iri hasi cyane bigorana gukaraba, cyane cyane iyo inkuta zibyimbye. Ku gice cyo hejuru cy'ibipimo bya sulfure mu byuma bitagira umukungugu 304 cyangwa 316, icyuma gikenera umukungugu kigira imiterere mike kandi ikaze kurusha ibikoresho bifite sulfure iringaniye. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo ushyiremo amazi, sulfure iringaniye iba iri hagati ya 0.005% na 0.017%, nk'uko bivugwa muri ASTM A270 S2 ku miyoboro ifite ubuziranenge bw'imiti.
Abakora imiyoboro y'icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi babonye ko nubwo ingano iri hagati ya sulfure mu cyuma gikozwe mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi cya 316 cyangwa 316L ituma bigorana guhaza ibyifuzo by'abakiriya babo ba semiconductor na biopharmaceutical ku buso bworoshye kandi budafite imyobo. Gukoresha mikorosikope ya elegitoroniki yo gupima kugira ngo harebwe ko ubuso bw'umuyoboro bumeze neza bikomeje kwiyongera. Sufure mu byuma by'ibanze byagaragaye ko bikora ibintu bitari iby'icyuma cyangwa "stringers" za manganese sulfide (MnS) zikurwaho mu gihe cyo gushushanya electropolishing kandi zigasiga icyuho kiri hagati ya mikorone 0.25-1.0.
Abakora n'abatanga imiyoboro ya electropolished barimo gutera isoko ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bya sulfure bike cyane kugira ngo bahuze n'ibyo bakeneye ku buso bwabo. Ariko, ikibazo ntikigarukira gusa ku miyoboro ya electropolished, kuko mu miyoboro idakoresha electropolished, ibyo bintu bivanwaho mu gihe sisitemu yo gufunga imiyoboro inyuramo. Byagaragaye ko imyanda ikunze gukururwa n'ibihombo kurusha ahantu horoshye. Rero hari impamvu zimwe na zimwe zumvikana zituma ibintu bikoresha sulfure nkeya kandi "bisukuye".
Guhindura imiterere y'icyuma gifunganye. Uretse kunoza uburyo icyuma gifunganye gikorana, kuba hari sulfure imwe na byo birushaho kunoza uburyo bwo gukora. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakora n'abakora bakunze guhitamo ibikoresho biri ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingano ya sulfure yagenwe. Guhindura imiyoboro ifite sulfure nkeya cyane ku bikoresho, valves cyangwa indi miyoboro ifite sulfure nyinshi bishobora guteza ibibazo byo gusudira kuko icyuma kizaba kibogamiye ku miyoboro ifite sulfure nkeya. Iyo icyuma gifunganye, kwinjira biba byimbitse ku ruhande rwa sulfure nkeya kuruta ku ruhande rwa sulfure nyinshi, ibi bikaba bitandukanye n'ibibaho iyo gusudira imiyoboro ifite sulfure ijyanye nayo. Mu bihe bikomeye, agace ko gusudira gashobora kwinjira burundu mu bikoresho bifite sulfure nkeya kandi bigatuma imbere mu byuma byo gusudira hatavangwa burundu (Fihey na Simeneau, 1982). Kugira ngo bahuze imiterere ya sulfure mu bikoresho n'ingano ya sulfure mu muyoboro, Ishami ry'Ikoranabuhanga rya Car-penter rya Pennsylvania ryashyizeho sulfure nkeya (0.005% max) 316 bar stock (Ubwoko bwa 316L-SCQ) (VIM+VAR)) yo gukora ibikoresho n'ibindi bikoresho bigenewe gusudira ku miyoboro ya sulfure ntoya. Gusudira ibikoresho bibiri bya sulfure ntoya cyane kuri buri kimwe biroroshye cyane kuruta gusudira ibikoresho bya sulfure ntoya cyane kuri bimwe bya sulfure byinshi.
Impinduka mu gukoresha imiyoboro ya sarufe nkeya biterwa ahanini no kuba hakenewe kubona ubuso bw'imbere bw'imiyoboro ya sarufe nkeya ikoze neza. Nubwo kurangiza ubuso no gutunganya amashanyarazi ari ingenzi ku nganda za semiconductor ndetse n'inganda za biotech/pharmaceutical, SEMI, ubwo yandikaga ibisobanuro by'inganda za semiconductor, yavuze ko imiyoboro ya 316L yo gukoresha gaze igomba kugira umupfundikizo wa 0.004% wa sarufe kugira ngo ikore neza. Ku rundi ruhande, ASTM yahinduye ibisobanuro byayo bya ASTM 270 kugira ngo ishyiremo imiyoboro yo mu rwego rw'imiti igabanya ingano ya sarufe ku rugero rwa 0.005 kugeza kuri 0.017%. Ibi bigomba gutuma habaho ingorane nke zo gusudira ugereranije na sarufe nkeya. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko no muri urwo rwego ruto, guhindagurika kwa arc bishobora kubaho mugihe cyo gusudira imiyoboro ya sarufe nkeya ku miyoboro ya sarufe nkeya cyangwa ibikoresho byayo, kandi abashyiraho bagomba gukurikirana neza ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho no kugenzura mbere yo gukora Solder ihuye n'ubushyuhe hagati yo gushyushya. Gukora imiyoboro.
Ibindi bintu bifatika. Ibintu bifatika birimo sulfur, ogisijeni, aluminiyumu, silikoni na manganese byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka ku kwinjira. Ingano ya aluminiyumu, silikoni, kalisiyumu, titaniyumu na chromium biba mu cyuma cy’ibanze nk’aho ogisijeni ishyirwa mu bintu bifitanye isano no gushingwa kw’ibisigazwa mu gihe cyo gusudira.
Ingaruka z'ibintu bitandukanye zirakwirakwira, bityo kuba hari ogisijeni bishobora kugabanya zimwe mu ngaruka nke za sulfur. Urugero rwinshi rwa aluminiyumu rushobora kurwanya ingaruka nziza ku kwinjira kwa sulfur. Manganese irahindagurika iyo ubushyuhe bwo gusudira bugeze mu gace kagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe bwo gusudira. Izi mfuruka za manganese zifitanye isano no kubura ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika. (Reba Cohen, 1997). Inganda za semiconductor ubu ziri kugerageza ibikoresho bya manganese nke ndetse na manganese nke cyane ya 316L kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika bugabanuka.
Imiterere y'ibisigazwa by ...
Gusudira rimwe hamwe n'ingufu. Gusudira imiyoboro isanzwe ikora ku buryo bwikora ni ugusudira rimwe gusa hamwe n'umuvuduko uhoraho uhindagurika. Ubu buryo bukwiriye imiyoboro ifite umurambararo wo hanze kuva kuri 1/8″ kugeza hafi 7″ n'ubugari bw'inkuta bwa 0.083″ no munsi. Nyuma yo gusukura igihe cyagenwe, gucukura imiyoboro bibaho. Kwinjira k'urukuta rw'imiyoboro bikorwa mu gihe cyagenwe aho gucukura imiyoboro biba ariko nta gucukura bibaho. Nyuma y'uko gucukura imiyoboro, electrode izenguruka igice cyo gucukura kugeza igihe icyo gucukura gihuriye cyangwa kigera ku gice cya mbere cy'icyo gucukura mu gihe cyo gucukura cya nyuma. Iyo guhuza kurangiye, umuyoboro ugabanuka mu gihe cyagenwe.
Uburyo bwo gusudira intambwe ("gusudira bihuje"). Ku gusudira ihuriro ry'ibikoresho binini biri ku nkuta, ubusanzwe birenga santimetero 0.083, isoko ry'ingufu zo gusudira ihuriro rishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo buhuza cyangwa ihuriro. Mu buryo buhuza cyangwa ihuriro, ihuriro ry'amashanyarazi rihuza n'ihindagurika, bityo rotor iba ihagaze kugira ngo yinjire cyane mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'amashanyarazi menshi kandi ikagenda mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'amashanyarazi make. Ubuhanga buhuza bukoresha igihe kirekire cyo gusudira, hagati y'amasegonda 0.5 na 1.5, ugereranije n'igice cya cumi cyangwa ijana cy'igihe cyo gusudira inshuro imwe ku isegonda. Ubu buryo bushobora gusudira neza umuyoboro w'urukuta wa 0.154″ cyangwa 6″ ufite ubugari bw'urukuta bwa 40 gauge 40 na 0.154″ cyangwa 6″. Ubu buryo buhuza butanga ihuriro rinini, bigatuma rishobora kwihanganira amakosa kandi rigafasha mu gusudira ibice bidahuye nk'imiyoboro ku miyoboro aho hashobora kubaho itandukaniro mu buryo bwo kwihanganira ingano, ku buryo bumwe na bumwe cyangwa kudahuza kw'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho. Ubu bwoko bwo gusudira busaba igihe kingana na kabiri cy'ihindagurika ry'ihurizo risanzwe kandi ntibukwiriye cyane mu gusudira cyane. (UHP) bitewe n'umugozi mugari kandi ukomeye.
Impinduka zishobora gutegurwa. Ingano y'ingufu zo gusudira ubu ni porogaramu zishingiye kuri microprocessor na store zigaragaza agaciro k'imibare ku bipimo byo gusudira ku murambararo runaka (OD) n'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umuyoboro ugomba gusudira, harimo igihe cyo gusudira, umuyoboro wo gusudira, umuvuduko w'urugendo (RPM)), umubare w'ibice n'igihe kuri buri gice, igihe cyo gukanda, igihe cyo kumanuka, nibindi. Ku byuma byo gusudira byo mu muyoboro wa orbital hamwe n'insinga zuzuza, ibipimo bya porogaramu bikubiyemo umuvuduko w'insinga, amplitude y'urumuri n'igihe cyo gutura, AVC (igenzura ry'amashanyarazi y'umuyoboro kugira ngo hatangwe icyuho gihoraho cy'umuyoboro), no kuzamuka. Kugira ngo ukore fusion welding, shyira umutwe wo gusudira ukoresheje electrode n'ibice byo gufunga umuyoboro bikwiye ku muyoboro hanyuma usubize gahunda yo gusudira cyangwa porogaramu uhereye ku bubiko bw'isoko ry'amashanyarazi. Urukurikirane rwo gusudira rutangira ukanda buto cyangwa urufunguzo rwa membrane panel hanyuma gusudira bigakomeza nta gikorwa cy'umukoresha.
Ibintu bidashoboka gutegurwa. Kugira ngo ubone ubwiza bwiza bwo gusudira buri gihe, ibipimo byo gusudira bigomba kugenzurwa neza. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu buryo buboneye bw'isoko y'amashanyarazi yo gusudira na gahunda yo gusudira, ari na ryo tegeko ryinjizwa mu isoko y'amashanyarazi, rigizwe n'ibipimo byo gusudira, byo gusudira ingano runaka y'umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro. Hagomba kandi kubaho ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusudira, bigena ibipimo byo kwemerwa no gusudira hamwe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwo gusudira kugira ngo harebwe ko gusudira byujuje ibipimo byemejwe. Ariko, hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe n'amabwiriza atari ibipimo byo gusudira bigomba no kugenzurwa neza. Ibi bintu birimo gukoresha ibikoresho byiza byo gutegura, isuku nziza no gukoresha neza, ubushobozi bwiza bwo kwihanganira imiyoboro cyangwa ibindi bice bisudira, ubwoko n'ingano bya tungsten bihoraho, imyuka idafite umwuka mwiza cyane, no kwita ku ihinduka ry'ibikoresho.- ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Ibisabwa mu gutegura imiyoboro yo gusudira ni ingenzi cyane mu gusudira imiyoboro yo mu kirere kuruta gusudira n'intoki. Imiyoboro yo gusudira imiyoboro yo mu kirere akenshi iba imiyoboro y'ubugari bwa kare. Kugira ngo ugere ku buryo bwo gusubiramo byifuzwa mu gusudira imiyoboro yo mu kirere, hakenewe gutegura imiyoboro yo gusudira neza kandi ihamye. Kubera ko umuyoboro wo gusudira uterwa n'ubugari bw'urukuta, impera zigomba kuba kare nta miyoboro cyangwa uduce kuri OD cyangwa ID (OD cyangwa ID), ibyo bikaba byatera ubugari butandukanye bw'urukuta.
Impera z'imiyoboro zigomba guhuzwa mu mutwe w'umuyoboro kugira ngo hatagira icyuho kigaragara hagati y'impera z'umugozi w'urukiramende. Nubwo impata zisutswe zifite icyuho gito zishobora kugerwaho, ubwiza bwazo bushobora kwangirika cyane. Uko icyuho kigenda kiba kinini, niko hashobora kubaho ikibazo. Guteranya nabi bishobora gutuma umuyoboro upfuba burundu. Imiti ikozwe na George Fischer n'abandi ikata umuyoboro igategana n'impera z'umuyoboro mu gikorwa kimwe, cyangwa imashini zikoreshwa mu gutunganya impera nk'izakozwe na Protem, Wachs, n'abandi, zikunze gukoreshwa mu gukora imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa mu gutunganya impera. Imiti ikata, imiti ikata uduce duto, imiti ikata uduce duto n'imiti ikata uduce ntabwo bikwiriye kuri iyi ntego.
Uretse ibipimo byo gusudira bitanga imbaraga zo gusudira, hari n'ibindi bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku gusudira, ariko ntabwo ari bimwe mu bigize uburyo nyabwo bwo gusudira. Ibi birimo ubwoko n'ingano ya tungsten, ubwoko n'ubuziranenge bwa gazi ikoreshwa mu kurinda arc no gusukura imbere mu gice cyo gusudira, igipimo cy'amazi akoreshwa mu gusudira, ubwoko bw'umutwe n'inkomoko y'amashanyarazi bikoreshwa, imiterere y'igice, n'andi makuru yose ajyanye nabyo. Ibi bintu tubyita "bidashoboka gutegurwa" kandi tubindika kuri gahunda yo gusudira. Urugero, ubwoko bwa gazi bufatwa nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi mu bipimo bya Sisitemu yo Gusudira (WPS) kugira ngo uburyo bwo gusudira buhuze n'amategeko agenga ASME Section IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Impinduka mu bwoko bwa gazi cyangwa ijanisha ry'imvange ya gazi, cyangwa gukuraho isuzuma rya ID bisaba ko uburyo bwo gusudira buvugururwa.
Imyuka yo gusudira. Icyuma kidafunze kirwanya ogisijeni yo mu kirere ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Iyo ishyushye kugeza aho ishongeye (1530°C cyangwa 2800°F ku cyuma gisukuye) irasukika byoroshye. Argon idafunze ikoreshwa cyane nk'umwuka wo kurinda no gusohora ingingo zo imbere zisutswe binyuze mu nzira ya GTAW yo mu kirere. Ubuziranenge bwa gazi ugereranyije na ogisijeni n'ubushuhe bugena ingano y'ihinduka ry'ibara riterwa na ogisijeni ribaho cyangwa hafi y'aho isutswe nyuma yo gusudira. Niba gazi yo gusudira idafite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru cyangwa niba sisitemu yo gusukura idafunguye burundu ku buryo umwuka muto winjira muri sisitemu yo gusudira, ogisijeni ishobora kuba yoroheje cyangwa y'ubururu. Birumvikana ko nta gusukura bizatuma ubuso bw'umukara bugaragara nk'ubushyuhe. Argon yo gusudira itangwa mu byuma ni 99.996-99.997% isukuye, bitewe n'umutanga, kandi irimo 5-7 ppm ya ogisijeni n'indi myanda, harimo H2O, O2, CO2, hydrocarbons, nibindi, ku giteranyo cyose. ya 40 ppm ntarengwa. Argon ifite isuku nyinshi muri silinda cyangwa argon y'amazi muri Dewar ishobora kuba 99.999% by'imyanda yose cyangwa 10 ppm, hamwe na ogisijeni ntarengwa ya 2 ppm. ICYITONDERWA: Utwuma dusukura gazi nka Nanochem cyangwa Gatekeeper dushobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cyo gusukura kugira ngo tugabanye urwego rw'ubwandu ku bice kuri miliyari (ppb).
Imvange ya gazi nka 75% ya heliyumu / 25% ya argon na 95% ya argon / 5% ya hydrogen ishobora gukoreshwa nk'imyuka yo kurinda mu bikorwa byihariye. Uruvange rubiri rwatanze ubushuhe bushyushye kurusha ubwakozwe muri gahunda imwe na argon. Uruvange rwa heliyumu rukwiriye cyane cyane kwinjira cyane binyuze mu gusudira ibyuma bya karuboni. Umujyanama mu nganda za semiconductor ashyigikira ikoreshwa rya argon / hydrogen nk'imyuka yo kurinda mu bikorwa bya UHP. Uruvange rwa hydrogène rufite ibyiza byinshi, ariko kandi rufite n'imbogamizi zikomeye. Inyungu ni uko rutanga ikidendezi gitose n'ubuso bworoshye bwo gusudira, ari byo byiza mu gushyira mu bikorwa sisitemu zo gutanga gazi zishyushye cyane hamwe n'ubuso bw'imbere bunoze uko bishoboka kose. Kuba hariho hydrogen bigabanya ikirere, bityo niba hari ibimenyetso bya ogisijeni mu mvange ya gazi, ubushuhe buvamo buzasa neza kandi budahinduka cyane kurusha ubushuhe bwa ogisijeni muri argon yonyine. Iyi ngaruka ni nziza ku kigero cya 5% cya hydrogen. Bamwe bakoresha uruvange rwa 95/5% rwa argon / hydrogen nk'uburyo bwo gusudira kugira ngo burusheho kunoza. ishusho y'agasaro k'imbere mu gusuka.
Agasaro ko gusudira gakoresha uruvange rwa hydrogen nk'umwuka wo kurinda ni gato, uretse ko icyuma kitagira umuze gifite sulfure nke cyane kandi gitanga ubushyuhe bwinshi muri fusion kurusha uko bimeze kuri imiterere imwe y'ubushyuhe hamwe na argon idavanze. Ingaruka mbi ikomeye y'imvange ya argon/hydrogen ni uko uruziga rudahamye cyane nka argon y'umwimerere, kandi hari akamenyero ko uruziga rugenda rutemba, cyane ku buryo byatera kwivanga. Imvura ishobora gucika iyo hakoreshejwe indi mvange ya gazi ivanze, bigaragaza ko ishobora guterwa n'umwanda cyangwa kuvanga nabi. Kubera ko ubushyuhe buturuka kuri axis butandukana bitewe n'ubwinshi bwa hydrogen, ubwinshi buhoraho ni ngombwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku gusudira gusubirwamo, kandi hari itandukaniro muri gazi ivanze mbere. Indi ngaruka mbi ni uko igihe cy'ubuzima bwa tungsten kigabanuka cyane iyo hakoreshejwe uruvange rwa hydrogen. Nubwo impamvu yo kwangirika kwa tungsten iturutse kuri gazi ivanze itaramenyekana, byatangajwe ko uruziga rugoye cyane kandi tungsten ishobora gukenera gusimburwa nyuma yo gusudira rimwe cyangwa abiri. Imvange ya Argon/hydrogen ntishobora gukoreshwa mu gusudira icyuma cya karuboni cyangwa titaniyumu.
Ikintu kiranga imikorere ya TIG ni uko idakoresha electrodes. Tungsten ifite aho ishongesha cyane kurusha icyuma icyo ari cyo cyose (6098°F; 3370°C) kandi ni electron emission nziza, bigatuma ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'electrode idakoreshwa. Imiterere yayo irushaho kuba myiza iyo hongewemo 2% bya oxydes zimwe na zimwe zo mu butaka budasanzwe nka ceria, lanthanum oxide cyangwa thorium oxide kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo gutangiza arc no guhagarara neza kwa arc. Tungsten y'umwimerere ntabwo ikoreshwa gake muri GTAW kubera imiterere myiza ya cerium tungsten, cyane cyane ku bikorwa bya GTAW byo mu kirere. Thorium tungsten ikoreshwa gake ugereranije n'igihe cyashize kuko ifite imirasire mike.
Ama-electrode afite irangi risesuye aba afite ingano imwe. Ubuso bworoshye buri gihe bukunda kuruta ubuso bugoye cyangwa buhindagurika, kuko imiterere y’imiterere y’amashanyarazi ari ingenzi cyane kugira ngo habeho ibisubizo bihamye kandi bihuye byo gusudira. Ama-electron asohoka mu mutwe (DCEN) yohereza ubushyuhe kuva ku mutwe wa tungsten ajya ku musudi. Umutwe muto wemerera ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi kuguma hejuru cyane, ariko bishobora gutuma tungsten imara igihe gito. Ku gusudira mu buryo bw’ikirere, ni ngombwa gusya umutwe wa electrode mu buryo bwa mashini kugira ngo habeho gusubiramo kwa tungsten no gusubiramo kwa weld. Umutwe utose ushyira imbaraga ku musudi kuva ku musudi kugera ahantu hamwe kuri tungsten. Umurambararo w’umutwe ugenzura imiterere y’umusudi n’ingano y’ubwinjiriro ku musudi runaka. Inguni itose igira ingaruka ku miterere y’umusudi/voltage ya arc kandi igomba kugenwa no kugenzurwa. Uburebure bwa tungsten ni ingenzi kuko uburebure buzwi bwa tungsten bushobora gukoreshwa mu gushyiraho icyuho cya arc. Icyuho cya arc ku gaciro runaka k’umusudi kigena voltage bityo n’imbaraga zikoreshwa kuri weld.
Ingano ya electrode n'umurambararo wayo bitoranywa hakurikijwe imbaraga z'umuyoboro wo gusudira. Niba umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uri hejuru cyane kuri electrode cyangwa ku mutwe wayo, ushobora gutakaza icyuma ku mutwe, kandi gukoresha electrode zifite umurambararo munini cyane ugereranije n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi bishobora gutuma arc ihindagurika. Dushyiraho electrode n'umurambararo w'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi dukurikije ubugari bw'urukuta rw'aho icunga amashanyarazi rihurira, kandi dukoresha diameter ya 0.0625 hafi ya byose kugeza kuri 0.093″ ubugari bw'urukuta, keretse iyo ikoreshwa ryagenewe gukoreshwa na electrode z'umurambararo wa 0.040″ mu gusudira ibice bito bito. Kugira ngo inzira yo gusudira isubiremo, ubwoko bwa tungsten n'irangira, uburebure, inguni ito, umurambararo, umurambararo w'umuyoboro n'icyuho cya arc bigomba kugaragazwa no kugenzurwa. Ku bijyanye no gusudira imiyoboro, cerium tungsten ihora isabwa kuko ubu bwoko bufite igihe kirekire cyane kurusha ubundi bwoko kandi bufite imiterere myiza yo gutwika arc. Cerium tungsten ntabwo ikora ku maraso.
Kubindi bisobanuro, nyamuneka hamagara Barbara Henon, Umuyobozi w’Ibitangazamakuru bya Tekiniki, Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331. Terefone: 818-896-9556. Fakisi: 818-890-3724.