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Ama-biofilms ayisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngamadivayisi ezokwelapha. Le nkinga ibeka inselele enkulu emphakathini wezokwelapha, njengoba ama-antibiotic ajwayelekile angabhubhisa ama-biofilms kuphela ngezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela ezahlukene zokumboza kanye nezinto ezintsha. Lawa masu ahlose ukumboza izindawo ngendlela evimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ama-alloy ensimbi e-vitreous, ikakhulukazi lawo aqukethe izinsimbi zethusi ne-titanium, abe yizingubo ezifanelekile zokulwa namagciwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokufafaza okubandayo kukhuphukile njengoba kuyindlela efanelekile yokucubungula izinto ezizwela ukushisa. Ingxenye yomgomo walolu cwaningo kwakuwukuthuthukisa ingilazi entsha yensimbi yefilimu elwa namagciwane eyakhiwe yi-Cu-Zr-Ni ternary kusetshenziswa amasu okuhlanganisa ngomshini. Impuphu eyindilinga eyakha umkhiqizo wokugcina isetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza yokufutha izindawo zensimbi engagqwali ebandayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ama-substrate ambozwe ngengilazi yensimbi akwazile ukunciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-biofilm okungenani ngogodo olulodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali.
Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, noma yimuphi umphakathi ukwazile ukuthuthukisa nokukhuthaza ukwethulwa kwezinto ezintsha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zawo ezithile, okuholela ekukhiqizweni okwandisiwe kanye nokubekwa ezingeni emnothweni womhlaba wonke1. Bekulokhu kubangelwa ikhono lomuntu lokuklama izinto nemishini yokukhiqiza, kanye nemiklamo yokukhiqiza nokuhlukanisa izinto ukuze kufezwe impilo, imfundo, imboni, ezomnotho, isiko kanye neminye imikhakha kusuka kwelinye izwe noma isifunda kuya kwelinye. Intuthuko ilinganiswa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi izwe noma isifunda2. Sekuyiminyaka engama-60, ososayensi bezinto zokwakha banikele isikhathi esiningi emsebenzini owodwa oyinhloko: ukufuna izinto ezintsha nezithuthukisiwe. Ucwaningo lwamuva lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kwezinto ezikhona, kanye nokuhlanganisa nokusungula izinhlobo zezinto ezintsha ngokuphelele.
Ukwengezwa kwezinto ezixubayo, ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo esincane sezinto kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezishisayo, ezisebenza ngomshini noma ezisebenza ngokushisa kuholele ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kwezakhiwo zemishini, zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zezinto ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali angakaziwa kuze kube manje akhiqizwe ngempumelelo. Le mizamo eqhubekayo iveze umndeni omusha wezinto ezintsha ezaziwa ngokuthi Izinto Ezithuthukisiwe2. Ama-nanocrystals, ama-nanoparticles, ama-nanotubes, ama-quantum dots, izibuko zensimbi ezingenasici, ezingabonakali, kanye nama-alloy aphezulu e-entropy kumane nje kuyizibonelo zezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezivele emhlabeni kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ekwenziweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwama-alloy amasha anezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe, kokubili emkhiqizweni wokugcina kanye nasezigabeni eziphakathi zokukhiqizwa kwawo, inkinga yokungalingani ivame ukungezwa. Ngenxa yokwethulwa kwamasu amasha okukhiqiza avumela ukuphambuka okukhulu ekulinganisweni, kutholakale uhlobo olusha lwe-alloy ezihlanganisiwe, ezaziwa ngokuthi izibuko zensimbi.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 waguqula umqondo wama-alloy ensimbi lapho ehlanganisa ama-alloy engilazi e-Au-25 at.% Si ngokuqinisa uketshezi ngokushesha cishe ngama-degree ayisigidi ngomzuzwana. 4 Ukutholakala kukaProfesa Paul Duves akuzange kuphawule nje kuphela ukuqala komlando wezibuko zensimbi (MS), kodwa futhi kwaholela ekushintsheni kwendlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngama-alloy ensimbi. Kusukela ocwaningweni lokuqala lokuqala lokwenziwa kwama-alloy e-MS, cishe zonke izibuko zensimbi zitholakale ngokuphelele kusetshenziswa enye yezindlela ezilandelayo: (i) ukuqina okusheshayo kokuncibilika noma umhwamuko, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-atomic lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-solid-state amorphization phakathi kwezinto zensimbi ezihlanzekile kanye (iv) ukuguquka kwesigaba esiqinile sezigaba eziqinile.
Ama-MG ahlukaniswa ngokungabikho kwe-athomu ende ehambisana namakristalu, okuyisici esichaza amakristalu. Ezweni lanamuhla, kwenziwe intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wengilazi yensimbi. Lezi yizinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezithakazelisayo ezingabalulekile kuphela kwi-physics yesimo esiqinile, kodwa futhi ne-metallurgy, i-surface chemistry, ubuchwepheshe, i-biology, nezinye izindawo eziningi. Lolu hlobo olusha lwezinto lunezakhiwo ezihlukile kwezinsimbi eziqinile, okwenza kube yinto ethakazelisayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene. Zinezakhiwo ezibalulekile: (i) ukuguquguquka okuphezulu komshini kanye namandla okukhiqiza, (ii) ukuvuleka okuphezulu kwamagnetic, (iii) ukuphoqelela okuphansi, (iv) ukumelana nokugqwala okungavamile, (v) ukuzimela kokushisa. Ukuqhuba 6.7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 iyindlela entsha kakhulu, eyaqala ukwethulwa ngo-19839 nguSolwazi KK Kok kanye nozakwabo. Bakhiqiza izimpushana ze-Ni60Nb40 ezingenasimo ngokugaya ingxube yezinto ezimsulwa ekushiseni okuseduze kakhulu nokushisa kwegumbi. Ngokuvamile, ukusabela kwe-MA kwenziwa phakathi kokubopha kokusabalalisa kwezimpushana ze-reactant ku-reactor, ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, ku-ball mill. 10 (Isithombe 1a, b). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ndlela yokusabela kwesimo esiqinile ebangelwa ngomshini isetshenziswe ukulungisa izimpushana ezintsha ze-amorphous/metallic glass alloy kusetshenziswa izimpushana ze-ball eziphansi (Isithombe 1c) kanye nezimpushana ze-ball ezinamandla aphezulu kanye nezimpushana ze-rod11,12,13,14,15,16. Ikakhulukazi, le ndlela isetshenziswe ukulungiselela izinhlelo ezingenakuxutshwa njenge-Cu-Ta17 kanye nezinhlayiya ze-melting point eziphakeme njenge-Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb kanye ne-Ta)18,19 kanye nezinhlelo ze-Fe-W20. , okungatholakali ngezindlela zokupheka ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-MA ibhekwa njengenye yamathuluzi e-nanotechnological anamandla kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezinga lezimboni zezinhlayiya ze-nanocrystalline kanye ne-nanocomposite powder zama-metal oxides, ama-carbide, ama-nitride, ama-hydride, ama-carbon nanotubes, ama-nanodiamonds, kanye nokuzinza okubanzi kusetshenziswa indlela ephezulu-phansi. 1 kanye nezigaba ezizinzile.
I-schematic ebonisa indlela yokwenza esetshenziswa ukulungiselela i-Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 metallic glass coating kulolu cwaningo. (a) Ukulungiswa kwama-MC alloy powders anokuhlushwa okuhlukahlukene kwe-Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, kanye no-40 at.%) kusetshenziswa indlela yokugaya ibhola enamandla aphansi. (a) Izinto zokuqala zifakwa kusilinda samathuluzi kanye namabhola ensimbi yamathuluzi futhi (b) zivaliwe ebhokisini lamagilavu ​​​​eligcwele umoya we-He. (c) Imodeli ecacile yesitsha sokugaya esibonisa ukunyakaza kwebhola ngesikhathi sokugaya. Umkhiqizo wokugcina wempuphu otholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 wasetshenziselwa ukufutha i-substrate ye-SUS 304 ebandayo (d).
Uma kukhulunywa ngezindawo ezinkulu (ama-substrate), ubunjiniyela bomphezulu buhilela ukuklama nokuguqulwa kwezindawo ezinkulu (ama-substrate) ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngezakhiwo ezithile zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, kanye nezobuchwepheshe ezingekho ezintweni ezinkulu zokuqala. Ezinye zezakhiwo ezingathuthukiswa ngempumelelo ngokwelashwa komphezulu zifaka phakathi ukuguguleka, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokugqwala, i-coefficient of friction, i-bioinertness, izakhiwo zikagesi kanye nokushisa, ukubala ezimbalwa nje. Ikhwalithi yomphezulu ingathuthukiswa ngezindlela zensimbi, zemishini noma zamakhemikhali. Njengenqubo eyaziwayo, ukugqoka kuchazwa nje njengengqimba eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yezinto ezisetshenziswa ngokwenziwa ebusweni bento enkulu (i-substrate) eyenziwe ngenye into. Ngakho-ke, ukugqoka kusetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ukufeza izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe noma zokuhlobisa ezifiselekayo, kanye nokuvikela izinto ekusebenzelaneni okulindelekile kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwenyama nendawo ezungezile23.
Izindlela namasu ahlukahlukene angasetshenziswa ukufaka izendlalelo zokuvikela ezifanele kusukela kuma-micrometer ambalwa (ngaphansi kwama-micrometer ayi-10-20) kuya kuma-micrometer angaphezu kwama-30 noma ngisho nama-millimeter amaningana ngobukhulu. Ngokuvamile, izinqubo zokumboza zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: (i) izindlela zokumboza ezimanzi, okuhlanganisa i-electroplating, i-electroplating, kanye ne-hot dip galvanizing, kanye (ii) izindlela zokumboza ezomile, okuhlanganisa i-soldering, i-hardfacing, i-physical vapor deposition (PVD). ), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), amasu okufutha ashisayo, kanye namasu okufutha abandayo asanda kuba khona 24 (Isithombe 1d).
Ama-biofilms achazwa njengemiphakathi yama-microbial enamathele ngokungenakulungiseka ezindaweni futhi ezungezwe ama-polymer angaphandle akhiqizwayo (i-EPS). Ukwakheka kwe-biofilm evuthiwe kakhulu kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu ezimbonini eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukucubungula ukudla, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo. Kubantu, ngokwakhiwa kwama-biofilms, amacala angaphezu kwama-80% okutheleleka kwama-microbial (kufaka phakathi i-Enterobacteriaceae kanye ne-Staphylococci) kunzima ukuwaphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biofilms avuthiwe kubikwe ukuthi amelana nokwelashwa ngama-antibiotic izikhathi eziyi-1000 uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli ama-bacterial e-planktonic, okubhekwa njengenselele enkulu yokwelapha. Ngokomlando, izinto zokumboza ubuso ezilwa namagciwane ezithathwe kumakhemikhali avamile e-organic ziye zasetshenziswa. Nakuba izinto ezinjalo zivame ukuqukethe izingxenye ezinobuthi ezingaba yingozi kubantu, lokhu kungasiza ekugwemeni ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane kanye nokuwohloka kwezinto.
Ukumelana okubanzi kwamagciwane ekwelashweni ngama-antibiotic ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kuholele esidingweni sokuthuthukisa indawo eboshwe nge-membrane elwa namagciwane esebenza kahle engasetshenziswa ngokuphephile27. Ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo eboshwe nge-anti-adhesive ebonakalayo noma yamakhemikhali lapho amangqamuzana amabhaktheriya engakwazi ukubopha futhi akhe ama-biofilms ngenxa yokunamathela kuyindlela yokuqala kule nqubo27. Ubuchwepheshe besibili ukuthuthukisa ukugqoka okuletha amakhemikhali alwa namagciwane lapho edingeka khona, ngobuningi obugxile kakhulu futhi obulungiselelwe. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokugqoka ezihlukile njenge-graphene/germanium28, i-black diamond29 kanye ne-ZnO30-doped diamond-like carbon coatings ezimelana namagciwane, ubuchwepheshe obukhulisa ukuthuthukiswa kobuthi kanye nokumelana ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqoka okuqukethe amakhemikhali abulala amagciwane ahlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwesikhathi eside ekungcolisweni kwamagciwane kuya ngokuya kuthandwa. Ngenkathi zonke izinqubo ezintathu zikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane ezindaweni eziboshwe, ngayinye inemingcele yayo okufanele icatshangelwe lapho kuthuthukiswa isu lokusebenzisa.
Imikhiqizo esemakethe njengamanje iphazanyiswa ukuntuleka kwesikhathi sokuhlaziya nokuhlola izembozo zokuvikela izithako ezisebenzayo ngokwezinto eziphilayo. Izinkampani zithi imikhiqizo yazo izohlinzeka abasebenzisi ngezici zokusebenza ezifiselekayo, nokho, lokhu kube yisithiyo empumelelweni yemikhiqizo esemakethe njengamanje. Izinhlanganisela ezithathwe ngesiliva zisetshenziswa eningini elikhulu lemithi yokulwa namagciwane etholakala kubathengi njengamanje. Le mikhiqizo yenzelwe ukuvikela abasebenzisi ekuvezweni okungaba yingozi ezifweni ezincane. Umphumela wokubambezeleka kwemithi yokulwa namagciwane kanye nobuthi obuhambisanayo bezinto zesiliva kwandisa ingcindezi kubacwaningi yokuthuthukisa enye indlela engeyona ingozi36,37. Ukudala isembozo somhlaba wonke esilwa namagciwane esisebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kuseyinselele. Lokhu kuza nezingozi zempilo nokuphepha ezihambisanayo. Ukuthola i-ejenti yokulwa namagciwane engeyona ingozi kangako kubantu nokuthola ukuthi ungayifaka kanjani ezisekelweni zezembozo ezihlala isikhathi eside kuyinjongo efunwa kakhulu38. Izinto zakamuva ezilwa namagciwane kanye ne-antibiofilm zenzelwe ukubulala amagciwane eduze kungaba ngokuthintana ngqo noma ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-ejenti esebenzayo. Bangakwenza lokhu ngokuvimbela ukunamathela kwamagciwane kokuqala (kufaka phakathi ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwengqimba yephrotheni ebusweni) noma ngokubulala amagciwane ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Empeleni, ukugqoka ubuso kuyinqubo yokufaka olunye ungqimba ebusweni bengxenye ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici zobuso. Inhloso yokugqoka ubuso ukushintsha isakhiwo esincane kanye/noma ukwakheka kwendawo eseduze kobuso bengxenye39. Izindlela zokugqoka ubuso zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ezifingqiwe ku-Fig. 2a. Ukugqoka kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba zokushisa, zamakhemikhali, zomzimba kanye nezamakhemikhali kuye ngendlela esetshenzisiwe ukudala ukugqoka.
(a) Isithombe esingezansi esibonisa amasu ayinhloko okwenziwa kobuso, kanye (b) izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi okukhethiwe kwendlela yokufutha ebandayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokufutha okubandayo bufana kakhulu namasu okufutha okubandayo avamile. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izici ezibalulekile eziyisisekelo ezenza inqubo yokufutha okubandayo kanye nezinto zokufutha okubandayo zihluke kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokufutha okubandayo busesemusha, kodwa bunekusasa elihle. Kwezinye izimo, izakhiwo ezihlukile zokufutha okubandayo zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, zinqoba imikhawulo yezindlela zokufutha ezivamile zokufutha okushisayo. Bunqoba imikhawulo ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokufutha okushisayo, lapho impuphu kumele incibilikiswe khona ukuze ifakwe ku-substrate. Ngokusobala, le nqubo yokufutha yendabuko ayifanele izinto ezibucayi kakhulu ekushiseni njenge-nanocrystals, i-nanoparticles, izibuko ezi-amorphous nezensimbi40, 41, 42. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokufutha okufutha okushisayo zihlala zinezinga eliphezulu le-porosity kanye ne-oxides. Ubuchwepheshe bokufutha okubandayo bunezinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile kunobuchwepheshe bokufutha okushisayo, njengokuthi (i) ukufaka okuncane kokushisa ku-substrate, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhetheni i-substrate coating, (iii) akukho ukuguqulwa kwesigaba nokukhula kokusanhlamvu, (iv) amandla aphezulu okunamathela1 .39 (Isithombe 2b). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokumboza ezifuthwayo ezibandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu nobunzima, ukuhanjiswa kukagesi okuphezulu kanye nobuningi obuphezulu41. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zenqubo yokumpompa ebandayo, le ndlela isenezinkinga ezithile, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2b. Lapho kumpompa izimpushana ze-ceramic ezihlanzekile njenge-Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, njll., indlela yokumpompa ebandayo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpushana ze-ceramic/metal ezihlanganisiwe zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokumboza. Kunjalo nakwezinye izindlela zokumpompa ezishisayo. Izindawo ezinzima kanye nengaphakathi lamapayipi kusenzima ukumpompa.
Uma sibheka ukuthi umsebenzi wamanje uqondiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwempuphu ye-vitreous yensimbi njengezinto zokuqala zokumboza, kusobala ukuthi ukufutha okuvamile okushisa akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngale njongo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi impuphu ye-vitreous yensimbi iyakhazimula emazingeni okushisa aphezulu1.
Iningi lamathuluzi asetshenziswa embonini yezokwelapha nokudla enziwe ngama-alloy ensimbi engagqwali e-austenitic (SUS316 kanye ne-SUS304) anokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-12 kuya ku-20 wt.% ekukhiqizweni kwezinsimbi zokuhlinza. Ngokuvamile kuyamukelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-chromium njengento yokuhlanganisa kuma-alloy ensimbi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwama-alloy ensimbi ajwayelekile. Ama-alloy ensimbi engagqwali, naphezu kokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, awanayo izimfanelo ezibalulekile zokulwa namagciwane38,39. Lokhu kuyahluka ekumelaneni kwawo nokugqwala okuphezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, kungenzeka ukubikezela ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka nokuvuvukala, okubangelwa kakhulu ukunamathela kwamagciwane kanye nokwakheka kwawo ebusweni bezinto eziphilayo zensimbi engagqwali. Ubunzima obukhulu bungase buvele ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu obuhambisana nokunamathela kwamagciwane kanye nezindlela zokwakheka kwe-biofilm, okungaholela empilweni embi, okungaba nemiphumela eminingi engathinta ngqo noma ngokungaqondile impilo yabantu.
Lolu cwaningo luyisigaba sokuqala sephrojekthi exhaswe yi-Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), inkontileka engunombolo 2010-550401, yokuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhiqiza izimpushana ze-Cu-Zr-Ni zengilazi zensimbi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-MA (ithebula). 1) Ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu/i-coating yokuvikela ubuso elwa namagciwane ye-SUS304. Isigaba sesibili sephrojekthi, okufanele siqale ngoJanuwari 2023, sizofunda ngokuningiliziwe izici zokugqwala kwe-galvanic kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zesistimu. Kuzokwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-microbiological kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagciwane.
Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngomphumela wokuqukethwe kwe-alloy ye-Zr kumandla okwakha ingilazi (i-GFA) ngokusekelwe ezicini zesimo semvelo nesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuxoxwe ngezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane zengilazi yensimbi egcotshwe ngempuphu/i-SUS304 composite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwe umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kwempuphu yengilazi yensimbi okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokufafaza okubandayo esifundeni soketshezi esipholile kakhulu sezinhlelo zengilazi yensimbi ezenziwe. Ama-alloy engilazi yensimbi ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 asetshenziswe njengezibonelo ezimele kulolu cwaningo.
Lesi sigaba sibonisa izinguquko zesimo semvelo kuma-powder e-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni ngesikhathi sokugaya ibhola okunamandla aphansi. Izinhlelo ezimbili ezahlukene eziqukethe i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 zizosetshenziswa njengezibonelo zokubonisa. Inqubo ye-MA ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, njengoba kufakazelwa ukucaciswa kwe-metallographic kwe-powder etholwe esigabeni sokugaya (Isithombe 3).
Izici ze-Metallographic zama-powder e-mechanical alloys (MA) atholakala ngemuva kwezigaba ezahlukahlukene zokugaya ibhola. Izithombe ze-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) zama-powder e-MA kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 atholakala ngemuva kokugaya ibhola ngamandla aphansi amahora angu-3, ​​12 kanye no-50 ziboniswa ku-(a), (c) kanye no-(e) ohlelweni lwe-Cu50Zr20Ni30, ngenkathi ku-MA efanayo. Izithombe ezihambisanayo zohlelo lwe-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezithathwe ngemuva kwesikhathi ziboniswe ku-(b), (d), kanye no-(f).
Ngesikhathi sokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo angadluliselwa ku-powder yensimbi athintwa yinhlanganisela yamapharamitha, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1a. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukushayisana phakathi kwamabhola nama-powder, ukucindezela kwe-shear kwe-powder okunamathele phakathi noma phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya, imiphumela evela kumabhola awelayo, ukugunda kanye nokuguguleka okubangelwa ukuhudula kwe-powder phakathi kwemizimba ehambayo ye-ball mill, kanye negagasi lokushaqeka elidlula emabhola awelayo asakazeka ngesiko elilayishiwe (Fig. 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образовасти крука мм в диаметре). Izimpushana ze-Cu, Zr, kanye ne-Ni zashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yokushisela okubandayo esigabeni sokuqala se-MA (amahora ama-3), okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu zempushana (> 1 mm ububanzi).Lezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe zibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezingqimba ezijiyile zezinto ezixubile (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3a,b. Ukwanda kwesikhathi se-MA kuya kumahora ayi-12 (isigaba esiphakathi) kuholele ekwandeni kwamandla e-kinetic e-ball mill, okwaholela ekuqhekekeni kwe-composite powder ibe yizimpushana ezincane (ngaphansi kuka-200 μm), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c, city. Kulesi sigaba, amandla okusika asetshenziswayo aholela ekwakhekeni kobuso bensimbi obusha obunezingqimba ezincane ze-Cu, Zr, Ni hint, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c, d. Ngenxa yokugaya izingqimba endaweni yokuhlangana kwama-flakes, ukusabela kwesigaba esiqinile kwenzeka ngokwakhiwa kwezigaba ezintsha.
Emvuthwandaba wenqubo ye-MA (ngemuva kwamahora angu-50), i-flake metallography yayingabonakali kahle (Isithombe 3e, f), kanti i-mirror metallography yabonwa ebusweni obucwebezelisiwe bempuphu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo ye-MA yaqedwa futhi kwadalwa isigaba esisodwa sokusabela. Ukwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo zezifunda eziboniswe ku-Figs. 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) kwanqunywa kusetshenziswa i-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) kuhlanganiswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). (IV).
Ethebuleni. Ukugxila kwezinto ezimbili eziyisisekelo zezinto ezihlanganisiwe kuboniswa njengephesenti lesisindo esiphelele sesifunda ngasinye esikhethiwe ku-Fig. 3e, f. Ukuqhathanisa le miphumela nokwakheka kokuqala okujwayelekile kwe-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 okunikezwe kuThebula 1 kukhombisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwale mikhiqizo emibili yokugcina kusondele kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni okujwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani ahlobene ezingxenye zezifunda ezibalwe ku-Fig. 3e, f awasho ukuwohloka okukhulu noma ukushintshashintsha kokwakheka kwesampula ngayinye kusuka esifundeni esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi akukho shintsho ekuhlanganisweni kusuka esifundeni esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-powder e-alloy afanayo njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 2.
Ama-micrograph e-FE-SEM empuphu yomkhiqizo wokugcina we-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) atholakale ngemuva kwezikhathi ezingama-50 ze-MA, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4a-d, lapho u-x engu-10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 ku-.%, ngokulandelana. Ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo sokugaya, impuphu iyahlangana ngenxa yomphumela we-van der Waals, oholela ekwakhekeni kwama-aggregate amakhulu aqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezinobubanzi obungu-73 kuya ku-126 nm, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 4.
Izici zesimo sempuphu ye-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) etholwe ngemva kwe-MA yamahora angu-50. Kuzinhlelo ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, izithombe ze-FE-SEM zamampuphu etholwe ngemva kwe-MA engu-50 ziboniswe ku-(a), (b), (c), kanye no-(d), ngokulandelana.
Ngaphambi kokufaka ama-powder ku-cold spray feeder, aqale afakwa ku-analytical grade ethanol imizuzu eyi-15 bese omiswa ku-150° C. amahora ama-2. Lesi sinyathelo kumele sithathwe ukuze kulwiwe ngempumelelo i-agglomeration, evame ukubangela izinkinga eziningi ezinkulu enkambisweni yokumboza. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwenqubo ye-MA, kwenziwa izifundo ezengeziwe zokuphenya ukulingana kwama-powder e-alloy. Ku-Fig. 5a–d kukhombisa ama-micrograph e-FE-SEM kanye nezithombe ze-EDS ezihambisanayo zezinto ze-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni ze-alloy ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ezithathwe ngemva kwamahora angama-50 M, ngokulandelana. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-powder e-alloy atholwe ngemuva kwalesi sinyathelo afanayo, njengoba engabonisi noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kokwakheka ngale kwezinga le-sub-nanometer, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 5.
Ukwakheka kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwezinto ku-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder etholwe ngemuva kwe-50 MA yi-FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Isithombe se-SEM kanye ne-X-ray EDS se-(b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, kanye (d) Ni-Kα.
Amaphethini okusabalalisa kwe-X-ray empuphu ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 exutshwe ngomshini etholakale ngemva kwe-MA yamahora angu-50 aboniswe ku-Figs. 6a–d, ngokulandelana. Ngemva kwalesi sigaba sokugaya, wonke amasampula anamazinga ahlukene e-Zr ayenezakhiwo ezingafani namaphethini okusabalalisa kwe-halo ahlukile aboniswe ku-Fig. 6.
Amaphethini okusabalalisa kwe-X-ray ka-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) powders ngemva kwe-MA amahora angu-50. Iphethini yokusabalalisa kwe-halo-diffusion yabonwa kuzo zonke izibonelo ngaphandle kokukhetha, okubonisa ukwakheka kwesigaba esingaguquki.
I-high resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yasetshenziswa ukubona izinguquko zesakhiwo nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo sama-powder avela ekugayweni kwebhola ngezikhathi ezahlukene ze-MA. Izithombe zama-powder atholwe ngendlela ye-FE-HRTEM ngemuva kwezigaba zokuqala (amahora angu-6) kanye neziphakathi (amahora angu-18) zokugaya ama-powder e-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziboniswe ku-Figs. 7a, ngokulandelana. Ngokusho kwesithombe se-bright-field (BFI) se-powder etholwe ngemuva kwamahora angu-6 e-MA, i-powder iqukethe okusanhlamvu okukhulu okunemingcele ecacile yezinto ze-fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, kanye ne-fcc-Ni, futhi azikho izimpawu zokwakheka kwesigaba sokusabela, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7a. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphethini ye-diffraction yendawo ekhethiwe ehlobene (i-SADP) ethathwe esifundeni esiphakathi (a) yembule iphethini ye-diffraction ebukhali (Isithombe 7b) ekhombisa ukuba khona kwama-crystallites amakhulu kanye nokungabikho kwesigaba esiphendulayo.
Izici zesakhiwo sendawo sempuphu ye-MA etholwe ngemuva kwezigaba zokuqala (amahora ayi-6) kanye neziphakathi (amahora ayi-18). (a) I-microscopy ye-electron yokudlulisa ukukhishwa kwensimu enesisombululo esiphezulu (i-FE-HRTEM) kanye (b) i-diffractogram yendawo ekhethiwe (i-SADP) yempuphu ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-MA amahora ayi-6. Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM se-Cu50Zr40Ni10 esitholwe ngemuva kwe-MA yamahora ayi-18 siboniswe ku-(c).
Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7c, ukwanda kwesikhathi se-MA kuya emahoreni ayi-18 kwaholela emaphutheni amakhulu e-lattice kuhlangene nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki. Kulesi sigaba esiphakathi senqubo ye-MA, kuvela amaphutha ahlukahlukene ku-powder, okuhlanganisa amaphutha okuhlanganisa, amaphutha e-lattice, kanye namaphutha ephuzu (Fig. 7). La maphutha abangela ukuqhekeka kwezinhlamvu ezinkulu eceleni kwemingcele yezinhlamvu zibe yizinhlamvu ezincane kuno-20 nm ngobukhulu (Fig. 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo sempuphu ye-Cu50Z30Ni20 esigaywe amahora angu-36 i-MA sibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwama-nanograin acwebezelayo afakwe ku-matrix encane engaguquki, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8a. Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kwe-EMF kubonise ukuthi ama-nanoclusters aboniswe ku-Fig. 8a ahlotshaniswa nama-alloy empuphu e-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni angaphathwanga. Okuqukethwe kwe-Cu ku-matrix kwahlukahluka kusukela ku-~32 at.% (indawo embi) kuya ku-~74 at.% (indawo ecebile), okubonisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo engafani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SADP ahambisanayo wama-powder atholwe ngemuva kokugaya kulesi sinyathelo abonisa izindandatho zesigaba se-amorphous eziyinhloko nezesibili ze-halo-diffusion ezihambisana namaphuzu abukhali ahlotshaniswa nalezi zinto ezingasetshenziswanga zokuhlanganisa, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8b.
Izici zesakhiwo sendawo se-nanoscale sempuphu ye-Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20. (a) Isithombe sensimu ekhanyayo (BFI) kanye (b) ne-SADP yempuphu ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 etholwe ngemuva kokugaywa amahora angama-36 e-MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenqubo ye-MA (amahora angu-50), ama-powder e-Cu50(Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, kanye nama-40 at.%, ngaphandle kokukhetha, anokwakheka kwe-labyrinthine kwesigaba esingaguquki, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig.. Azikho izinkomba zokuhlukanisa noma amaphethini abukhali angatholakala ku-SADS ehambisanayo yokwakheka ngakunye. Lokhu kubonisa ukungabikho kwensimbi ekristalu engaphathwanga, kodwa kunalokho ukwakheka kwempuphu ye-alloy engaguquki. Lawa ma-SADP ahlobene abonisa amaphethini okusabalalisa kwe-halo nawo asetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezingaguquki ezintweni zomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Isakhiwo sendawo somkhiqizo wokugcina wesistimu ye-Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix). Amaphethini e-FE-HRTEM kanye namaphethini e-nanobeam diffraction ahlobene (NBDP) ka-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, kanye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 atholwe ngemuva kwamahora angu-50 e-MA.
Kusetshenziswa i-calorimetry yokuskena ehlukene, ukuzinza kokushisa kokushisa kokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), indawo yoketshezi epholile kakhulu (ΔTx) kanye nokushisa kwe-crystallization (Tx) kwafundwa kuye ngokuqukethwe kwe-Ni (x) ohlelweni lwe-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) olungenasimo. (DSC) ekugelezeni kwegesi ye-He. Ama-curve e-DSC wama-powder e-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, kanye ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 angenasimo atholwe ngemuva kwe-MA amahora angama-50 aboniswe ku-Figs. 10a, b, e, ngokulandelana. Ngenkathi i-curve ye-DSC ye-Cu50Zr20Ni30 engasimo iboniswa ngokwehlukana ku-Fig. 10th century Okwamanje, isampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiswe ku-~700°C ku-DSC iboniswe ku-Fig. 10g.
Ukuqina kokushisa kwama-powder e-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MG atholwe ngemuva kwe-MA amahora angama-50 kunqunywa izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), izinga lokushisa le-crystallization (Tx) kanye nesifunda soketshezi esipholile kakhulu (ΔTx). Ama-Thermogram wama-powder e-calorimeter yokuskena okuhlukile (DSC) e-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kanye (e) nama-powder e-alloy e-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG ngemva kwe-MA amahora angama-50. Iphethini ye-diffraction ye-X-ray (XRD) yesampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiswe ku-~700°C ku-DSC iboniswe ku-(d).
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10, ama-DSC curve azo zonke izinhlobo ezinamazinga ahlukene e-nickel (x) abonisa izimo ezimbili ezihlukene, enye i-endothermic kanti enye i-exothermic. Umcimbi wokuqala we-endothermic uhambelana ne-Tg, kanti owesibili uhlotshaniswa ne-Tx. Indawo yesikhala esivundlile ekhona phakathi kwe-Tg ne-Tx ibizwa ngokuthi indawo yoketshezi epholile (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-Tg ne-Tx yesampula ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Umfanekiso 10a) ebekwe ku-526°C kanye no-612°C ishintsha okuqukethwe (x) kufike ku-20 ku-% iye ohlangothini lokushisa oluphansi lwama-482°C kanye no-563°C. °C ngokuqukethwe kwe-Ni okwandayo (x), ngokulandelana, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10b. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 yehla kusuka ku-86°С (Isithombe 10a) kuya ku-81°С ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Isithombe 10b). Kwi-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, ukwehla kwamanani e-Tg, Tx, kanye ne-ΔTx kuya emazingeni angu-447°С, 526°С, kanye no-79°С nakho kwabonwa (Isithombe 10b). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-Ni kuholela ekunciphiseni ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-alloy ye-MS. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani le-Tg (507 °C) le-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 liphansi kunele-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10; noma kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ikhombisa inani elifana nayo (612 °C). Ngakho-ke, i-ΔTx inenani eliphakeme (87°C) njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. yekhulu le-10.
Uhlelo lwe-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, olusebenzisa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy njengesibonelo, luqina nge-exothermic peak ebukhali ibe yi-fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, kanye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline phases (Isithombe 10c). Lolu shintsho lwesigaba oluvela ku-amorphous luye ku-crystalline luqinisekiswe ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray diffraction kwesampula ye-MG (Isithombe 10d) eshiswe yaya ku-700 °C ku-DSC.
Ku-Fig. 11 kukhombisa izithombe ezithathwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokufafaza okubandayo eyenziwa emsebenzini wamanje. Kulesi sifundo, izinhlayiya zempuphu yensimbi efana nengilazi ezenziwe ngemva kwe-MA amahora angama-50 (kusetshenziswa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengesibonelo) zasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezilwa namagciwane, kanti ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali (SUS304) lambozwa nge-cold spray. Indlela yokufafaza okubandayo yakhethwa ukuze imbozwe ochungechungeni lobuchwepheshe bokufafaza okushisayo ngoba iyindlela ephumelela kakhulu ochungechungeni lobuchwepheshe bokufafaza okushisayo lapho ingasetshenziswa khona ezintweni ezithinta ukushisa ezinamathelayo zensimbi njengempuphu ezi-amorphous kanye ne-nanocrystalline. Ayihambisani noshintsho lwesigaba. Lesi yisici esiyinhloko ekukhetheni le ndlela. Inqubo yokufafaza okubandayo yenziwa kusetshenziswa izinhlayiya ezinejubane eliphezulu eziguqula amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya zibe ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, ukuguqulwa kanye nokushisa lapho kushayisana ne-substrate noma izinhlayiya ezibekwe ngaphambilini.
Izithombe zasensimini zibonisa inqubo yokufafaza ebandayo esetshenziswe kumalungiselelo amahlanu alandelanayo e-MG/SUS 304 ku-550°C.
Amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya, kanye nomfutho wezinhlayiya ngayinye ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwengubo, kumele kuguqulwe kube ezinye izinhlobo zamandla ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki (izinhlayiya eziyinhloko kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya ku-matrix kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya), amafindo angaphakathi kwezinto eziqinile, ukujikeleza phakathi kwezinhlayiya, ukuguqulwa kanye nokushisa okukhawulelwe 39. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungewona wonke amandla e-kinetic angenayo aguqulwa abe amandla okushisa kanye namandla okuguqulwa, umphumela uzoba ukushayisana okunwebekayo, okusho ukuthi izinhlayiya zimane ziqhume ngemva kokushaya. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ama-90% wamandla okushaya asetshenziswa ezintweni zezinhlayiya/i-substrate aguqulwa abe ukushisa kwendawo 40. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kusetshenziswa ukucindezeleka kokushaya, amazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka kwepulasitiki atholakala esifundeni sokuxhumana kwezinhlayiya/i-substrate ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu 41,42.
Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kuvame ukubhekwa njengenqubo yokushabalalisa amandla, noma kunalokho, njengomthombo wokushisa esifundeni esihlanganayo. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa esifundeni esihlanganayo ngokuvamile akwanele ukuba kwenzeke ukuncibilika kwe-interfacial noma ukukhuthazwa okukhulu kokusabalala kwama-athomu. Akukho ncwadi eyaziwa ngababhali eye yahlola umphumela wezakhiwo zalezi zimpushana ze-vitreous zensimbi ekunamatheleni kwempushana nasekuzinzeni okwenzeka lapho kusetshenziswa amasu okufafaza abandayo.
I-BFI yempuphu ye-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ingabonakala ku-Fig. 12a, eyabekwa ku-substrate ye-SUS 304 (Isithombe 11, 12b). Njengoba kungabonakala esithombeni, ama-powder amboziwe agcina isakhiwo sawo sokuqala esingenawo ukwakheka njengoba enesakhiwo esithambile se-labyrinth ngaphandle kwezici zekristalu noma amaphutha e-lattice. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithombe sibonisa ukuba khona kwesigaba sangaphandle, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinhlayiya ezincane ezifakwe ku-matrix yempuphu embozwe yi-MG (Isithombe 12a). Isithombe 12c sibonisa iphethini ye-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ehambisana nesifunda I (Isithombe 12a). Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 12c, i-NBDP ibonisa iphethini ye-halo-diffusion ebuthakathaka yesakhiwo esingenawo ukwakheka futhi ihambisana namabala abukhali ahambisana nesigaba se-crystalline esikhulu se-cubic metastable Zr2Ni kanye nesigaba se-tetragonal CuO. Ukwakheka kwe-CuO kungachazwa ngokushiswa kwempuphu lapho isuka emhubheni wesibhamu sokufafaza iye ku-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekile ngokugeleza kwe-supersonic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhishwa kwempuphu yensimbi efana nengilazi kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezigaba ezinkulu zama-cubic ngemuva kokwelashwa ngokufafaza okubandayo ku-550°C imizuzu engama-30.
(a) Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM sempuphu ye-MG ebekwe ku-(b) i-SUS 304 substrate (Isithombe esisesithombeni). Inkomba ye-NBDP yophawu oluyindilinga oluboniswe ku-(a) iboniswe ku-(c).
Ukuze kuhlolwe le ndlela engaba khona yokwakheka kwama-nanoparticles amakhulu e-cubic Zr2Ni, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuzimele. Kulokhu kuhlolwa, ama-powder afuthwa kusuka ku-atomizer ku-550°C ngasendleleni ye-substrate ye-SUS 304; noma kunjalo, ukuze kutholakale umphumela wokufaka, ama-powder asuswe ku-strip ye-SUS304 ngokushesha okukhulu (cishe imizuzwana engama-60). ). Olunye uchungechunge lwezilingo lwenziwa lapho i-powder isuswe ku-substrate cishe imizuzwana eyi-180 ngemuva kokusetshenziswa.
Izibalo 13a,b zibonisa izithombe ze-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) dark field (DFI) zezinto ezimbili ezifakwe kuma-substrate e-SUS 304 imizuzwana engu-60 kanye nemizuzwana engu-180, ngokulandelana. Isithombe se-powder esifakwe imizuzwana engu-60 asinazo imininingwane ye-morphological, ekhombisa ukungabi nasici (Isithombe 13a). Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa futhi yi-XRD, eyabonisa ukuthi isakhiwo sonke salezi zimpushana sasingenasimo, njengoba kuboniswe yiziqongo ezibanzi ze-diffraction eziyinhloko nezesibili eziboniswe ku-Isithombe 14a. Lokhu kubonisa ukungabikho kwe-metastable/mesophase precipitates, lapho i-powder igcina khona isakhiwo sayo sokuqala esingenasimo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-powder efakwe ekushiseni okufanayo (550°C) kodwa eshiywe ku-substrate imizuzwana engu-180 ibonise ukufakwa kwezinhlayiya ezincane, njengoba kuboniswe yimicibisholo ku-Isithombe 13b.