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Biofilms muhimmin bangare ne na ci gaban cututtuka masu tsanani, musamman idan ana maganar na'urorin likitanci. Wannan matsala tana kawo babban kalubale ga al'ummar likitanci, domin maganin rigakafi na yau da kullun zai iya lalata biofilms kawai zuwa wani takaitaccen lokaci. Rigakafin samuwar biofilm ya haifar da ci gaban hanyoyi daban-daban na rufi da sabbin kayayyaki. Waɗannan dabarun suna da nufin shafa saman ta yadda zai hana samuwar biofilm. Gilashin ƙarfe mai kama da na ƙarfe, musamman waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙarfe na tagulla da titanium, sun zama ruwan tabarau masu kyau na rigakafi. A lokaci guda, amfani da fasahar feshi mai sanyi ya ƙaru saboda hanya ce mai dacewa don sarrafa kayan da ke da saurin zafi. Wani ɓangare na burin wannan binciken shine ƙirƙirar sabon gilashin ƙarfe na maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda aka yi da Cu-Zr-Ni ternary ta amfani da dabarun haɗa ƙarfe. Ana amfani da foda mai siffar zobe wanda ke samar da samfurin ƙarshe azaman kayan aiki don fesa saman bakin ƙarfe a yanayin sanyi a ƙananan yanayin zafi. Abubuwan da aka shafa a gilashin ƙarfe sun sami damar rage samuwar biofilm da aƙalla 1 log idan aka kwatanta da bakin ƙarfe.
A tsawon tarihin ɗan adam, kowace al'umma ta sami damar haɓakawa da haɓaka gabatar da sabbin kayayyaki don biyan buƙatunta na musamman, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar yawan aiki da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya1. Kullum ana danganta shi da ikon ɗan adam na tsara kayan aiki da kayan aiki na masana'antu, da kuma ƙira don ƙera da siffanta kayan aiki don cimma lafiya, ilimi, masana'antu, tattalin arziki, al'adu da sauran fannoni daga ƙasa ɗaya ko yanki zuwa wani. Ana auna ci gaba ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa ko yanki ba2. Tsawon shekaru 60, masana kimiyyar kayan aiki sun keɓe lokaci mai yawa ga babban aiki ɗaya: neman sabbin kayan aiki da na zamani. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya mayar da hankali kan inganta inganci da aikin kayan da ake da su, da kuma haɗa su da ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan kayan aiki gaba ɗaya.
Ƙarin abubuwan haɗaka, gyaran ƙananan tsarin kayan da kuma amfani da hanyoyin magance zafi, na inji ko na thermomechanical sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin halayen injiniya, sinadarai da na zahiri na kayan aiki daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, an yi nasarar haɗa mahaɗan da ba a san su ba tukuna. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin da aka ci gaba sun haifar da sabon iyali na kayan aiki masu ƙirƙira waɗanda aka sani da Advanced Materials2. Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum ɗigo, sifili-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, da high-entropy gami wasu misalai ne na kayan aiki masu ci gaba waɗanda suka bayyana a duniya tun tsakiyar ƙarni na ƙarshe. A cikin kera da haɓaka sabbin gami tare da ingantattun halaye, duka a cikin samfurin ƙarshe da kuma a cikin matsakaicin matakan samarwa, sau da yawa ana ƙara matsalar rashin daidaito. Sakamakon gabatar da sabbin dabarun masana'antu waɗanda ke ba da damar bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci daga daidaito, an gano sabon nau'in gami mai narkewa, wanda aka sani da gilashin ƙarfe.
Aikinsa a Caltech a shekarar 1960 ya kawo sauyi ga manufar ƙarfen ƙarfe lokacin da ya haɗa Au-25 at.% Si glassy alloys ta hanyar ƙarfafa ruwa cikin sauri a kusan digiri miliyan ɗaya a sakan ɗaya. 4 Binciken Farfesa Paul Duves ba wai kawai ya nuna farkon gilashin ƙarfe na tarihi (MS) ba, har ma ya haifar da canji a cikin yadda mutane ke tunani game da ƙarfen ƙarfe. Tun lokacin da aka fara bincike kan MS connection, kusan dukkan gilashin ƙarfe an samo su gaba ɗaya ta amfani da ɗayan hanyoyin masu zuwa: (i) ƙarfafa narkewar narkewa ko tururi cikin sauri, (ii) rashin lafiyar atomic lattice, (iii) halayen amorphization mai ƙarfi tsakanin abubuwan ƙarfe tsarkakakku da (iv) canjin yanayi mai ƙarfi na matakan metastable.
Ana bambanta MGs ta hanyar rashin tsarin atomic mai nisa da ke da alaƙa da lu'ulu'u, wanda shine siffa ta musamman ta lu'ulu'u. A duniyar zamani, an sami babban ci gaba a fannin gilashin ƙarfe. Waɗannan sabbin kayayyaki ne masu halaye masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba wai kawai suna da sha'awa ga kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi ba, har ma da kimiyyar ƙarfe, ilmin sunadarai na saman, fasaha, ilmin halitta, da sauran fannoni da yawa. Wannan sabon nau'in kayan yana da halaye waɗanda suka bambanta da ƙarfe masu tauri, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan takara mai ban sha'awa ga aikace-aikacen fasaha a fannoni daban-daban. Suna da wasu muhimman halaye: (i) ƙarfin injina mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin samarwa, (ii) ƙarfin maganadisu mai ƙarfi, (iii) ƙarancin ƙarfi, (iv) juriyar tsatsa ta musamman, (v) 'yancin zafin jiki. Gudanar da wutar lantarki 6.7.
Haɗakar da injina (MA)1,8 wata sabuwar hanya ce, wacce Farfesa KK Kok da abokan aikinsa suka fara gabatarwa a shekarar 19839. Sun samar da foda mara tsari na Ni60Nb40 ta hanyar niƙa cakuda abubuwa masu tsarki a yanayin zafi kusa da zafin ɗaki. Yawanci, ana yin aikin MA tsakanin haɗakar foda mai amsawa a cikin reactor, wanda yawanci aka yi da bakin ƙarfe, zuwa cikin injin niƙa. 10 (Hoto na 1a, b). Tun daga lokacin, an yi amfani da wannan hanyar amsawar yanayin ƙarfi da aka haifar ta hanyar injiniya don shirya sabbin foda mai kama da gilashi mai kama da ƙarfe ta amfani da ƙananan (Hoto na 1c) da manyan injin niƙa da injin niƙa sanda11,12,13,14,15,16. Musamman ma, an yi amfani da wannan hanyar don shirya tsarin da ba a iya missiles kamar Cu-Ta17 da kuma ƙarfe mai narkewa mai yawa kamar tsarin Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb da Ta)18,19 da Fe-W20. , wanda ba za a iya samu ta amfani da hanyoyin girki na gargajiya ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar MA a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin nanotechnology mafi ƙarfi don samar da ƙwayoyin nanocrystalline da nanocomposite foda na ƙarfe oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, da kuma faɗaɗɗen daidaitawa ta amfani da hanyar sama-ƙasa. Matakai 1 da metastable.
Tsarin da ke nuna hanyar ƙera da aka yi amfani da ita wajen shirya murfin gilashin ƙarfe na Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 a cikin wannan binciken. (a) Shirya foda na ƙarfe mai kauri iri-iri na Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, da 40 at.%) ta amfani da hanyar niƙa ƙwallon mai ƙarancin kuzari. (a) Ana ɗora kayan farawa a cikin silinda na kayan aiki tare da ƙwallon ƙarfe na kayan aiki kuma (b) an rufe shi a cikin akwatin safar hannu mai cike da yanayi. (c) Samfurin fili na jirgin niƙa wanda ke nuna motsin ƙwallon yayin niƙa. An yi amfani da samfurin foda na ƙarshe da aka samu bayan awanni 50 don fesawa mai sanyi a kan substrate na SUS 304 (d).
Idan ana maganar saman kayan da aka yi da yawa (substrates), injiniyan saman ya ƙunshi ƙira da gyare-gyaren saman (substrates) don samar da wasu halaye na zahiri, sinadarai, da fasaha waɗanda ba sa cikin ainihin kayan da aka yi da yawa. Wasu daga cikin halayen da za a iya inganta su ta hanyar maganin saman sun haɗa da gogewa, juriya ga iskar shaka da tsatsa, yawan gogayya, bioinertness, halayen lantarki da kuma rufin zafi, kawai don ambaton kaɗan. Ingancin saman za a iya inganta shi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ƙarfe, na inji ko na sinadarai. A matsayin wani tsari da aka sani, ana bayyana shafi a matsayin ɗaya ko fiye da yadudduka na kayan da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar wucin gadi a saman wani abu mai yawa (substrate) da aka yi daga wani abu. Don haka, ana amfani da shafi a wani ɓangare don cimma halayen fasaha ko na ado da ake so, da kuma kare kayan daga hulɗar sinadarai da ta zahiri da ake tsammani da muhalli23.
Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da dabaru iri-iri don amfani da yadudduka masu kariya masu dacewa daga ƙananan micrometers (ƙasa da micrometers 10-20) zuwa fiye da micrometers 30 ko ma milimita da yawa a kauri. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba hanyoyin shafa zuwa rukuni biyu: (i) hanyoyin shafa mai danshi, gami da electroplating, electroplating, da hot dip galvanizing, da (ii) hanyoyin shafa busassun, gami da soldering, hardfacing, physical tururi deposition (PVD).), chemical tururi deposition (CVD), thermal feshi dabaru, da kuma kwanan nan snaps na sanyi 24 (Hoto na 1d).
An bayyana biofilms a matsayin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka haɗa su da saman da ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma kewaye da polymers na extracellular da aka samar da kansu (EPS). Samar da biofilm mai girma a saman na iya haifar da asara mai yawa a masana'antu da yawa, gami da sarrafa abinci, tsarin ruwa, da kiwon lafiya. A cikin mutane, tare da samuwar biofilms, fiye da 80% na lokuta na kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta (gami da Enterobacteriaceae da Staphylococci) suna da wahalar magani. Bugu da ƙari, an ruwaito cewa biofilms masu girma sun fi juriya ga maganin rigakafi sau 1000 idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin cuta na planktonic, wanda ake ɗaukarsa babban ƙalubalen magani. A tarihi, an yi amfani da kayan shafa na saman antimicrobial waɗanda aka samo daga mahaɗan halitta na yau da kullun. Kodayake irin waɗannan kayan galibi suna ɗauke da abubuwan guba waɗanda ke iya cutar da mutane, 25, 26 wannan zai iya taimakawa wajen guje wa yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da lalata kayan.
Yaɗuwar juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta ga maganin rigakafi saboda samuwar biofilm ya haifar da buƙatar samar da ingantaccen saman da aka rufe da ƙwayoyin cuta wanda za a iya amfani da shi lafiya27. Ci gaban saman da ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya ɗaurewa ba kuma su samar da biofilms saboda mannewa shine hanya ta farko a cikin wannan tsari27. Fasaha ta biyu ita ce ƙirƙirar murfin da ke isar da sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daidai inda ake buƙata, a cikin adadi mai yawa da aka tsara. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar haɓaka kayan shafa na musamman kamar graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 da kuma murfin carbon mai kama da lu'u-lu'u mai kama da ZnO30 waɗanda ke jure wa ƙwayoyin cuta, wata fasaha da ke haɓaka haɓakar guba da juriya saboda samuwar biofilm. Bugu da ƙari, rufin da ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ba da kariya ta dogon lokaci daga gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙara zama sananne. Duk da cewa dukkan hanyoyin guda uku suna da ikon yin aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a saman da aka rufe, kowannensu yana da nasa ƙayyadaddun iyaka waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su lokacin ƙirƙirar dabarun aikace-aikace.
Kayayyakin da ake sayarwa a yanzu haka suna fuskantar cikas sakamakon rashin lokaci don yin nazari da gwada murfin kariya don sinadaran da ke aiki a fannin halittu. Kamfanoni suna da'awar cewa kayayyakinsu za su samar wa masu amfani da abubuwan da ake buƙata na aiki, duk da haka, wannan ya zama cikas ga nasarar kayayyakin da ake sayarwa a yanzu. Ana amfani da mahadi da aka samo daga azurfa a cikin mafi yawan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu a yanzu ga masu amfani. An tsara waɗannan samfuran ne don kare masu amfani daga kamuwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Jinkirin tasirin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma gubar da ke tattare da mahaɗan azurfa yana ƙara matsin lamba ga masu bincike don ƙirƙirar madadin da ba shi da illa36,37. Ƙirƙirar murfin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na duniya wanda ke aiki a ciki da waje ya kasance ƙalubale. Wannan ya zo tare da haɗarin lafiya da aminci da ke da alaƙa. Gano maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ba shi da illa ga ɗan adam da gano yadda za a haɗa shi cikin abubuwan rufewa tare da tsawon rai abin nema ne da ake nema sosai38. Sabbin kayan hana ƙwayoyin cuta da hana ƙwayoyin cuta an tsara su ne don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa ko dai ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye ko bayan sakin maganin. Za su iya yin hakan ta hanyar hana mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta ta farko (gami da hana samuwar layin furotin a saman) ko kuma ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tsoma baki a bangon tantanin halitta.
Ainihin, shafa saman shine tsarin shafa wani Layer a saman wani abu don inganta halayen saman. Manufar shafa saman shine canza tsarin da/ko abun da ke cikin yankin kusa da saman wani abu39. Ana iya raba hanyoyin shafa saman zuwa hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda aka taƙaita a Hoto na 2a. Za a iya raba shafa zuwa nau'ikan zafi, sinadarai, na zahiri da na lantarki dangane da hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar shafa.
(a) Wani abu da ke nuna manyan dabarun ƙera saman, da kuma (b) fa'idodi da rashin amfani da aka zaɓa na hanyar fesawa mai sanyi.
Fasahar fesawa mai sanyi tana da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya da dabarun fesawa na gargajiya. Duk da haka, akwai wasu muhimman halaye na asali waɗanda ke sa tsarin fesawa mai sanyi da kayan fesawa na sanyi ya zama na musamman. Fasahar fesawa mai sanyi har yanzu tana cikin ƙuruciya, amma tana da kyakkyawar makoma. A wasu lokuta, halaye na musamman na fesawa mai sanyi suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa, suna shawo kan iyakokin dabarun fesawa na zafi na gargajiya. Yana shawo kan manyan iyakokin fasahar fesawa ta zafi ta gargajiya, wanda dole ne a narke foda don a ajiye shi a kan wani abu. Babu shakka, wannan tsarin rufewa na gargajiya bai dace da kayan da ke da saurin zafi kamar nanocrystals, nanoparticles, gilashin amorphous da ƙarfe40, 41, 42 ba. Bugu da ƙari, kayan rufewa na fesawa mai zafi koyaushe suna da babban matakin porosity da oxides. Fasahar fesawa mai sanyi tana da fa'idodi da yawa masu mahimmanci akan fasahar fesawa mai zafi, kamar (i) ƙarancin shigar zafi ga substrate, (ii) sassauci wajen zaɓar murfin substrate, (iii) babu canjin lokaci da girmar hatsi, (iv) ƙarfin manne mai ƙarfi1 .39 (Hoto na 2b). Bugu da ƙari, kayan shafa feshi mai sanyi suna da juriya mai ƙarfi, ƙarfi da tauri, ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa da kuma yawan amfani41. Duk da fa'idodin tsarin feshi mai sanyi, wannan hanyar har yanzu tana da wasu matsaloli, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 2b. Lokacin shafa foda mai tsabta kamar Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, da sauransu, ba za a iya amfani da hanyar feshi mai sanyi ba. A gefe guda kuma, ana iya amfani da foda mai haɗa yumbu/ƙarfe azaman kayan aiki don shafa. Haka yake ga sauran hanyoyin feshi mai zafi. Fuskokin da ke da wahala da ciki na bututu har yanzu suna da wahalar feshi.
Ganin cewa aikin da ake yi yanzu ya ta'allaka ne akan amfani da foda mai kama da ƙarfe a matsayin kayan farko don shafa fenti, a bayyane yake cewa ba za a iya amfani da feshin zafi na yau da kullun don wannan dalili ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa foda mai kama da ƙarfe yana yin lu'ulu'u a yanayin zafi mai yawa1.
Yawancin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar likitanci da abinci an yi su ne da ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe mai austenitic (SUS316 da SUS304) tare da sinadarin chromium na 12 zuwa 20% don samar da kayan aikin tiyata. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa amfani da ƙarfe mai chromium a matsayin abin haɗa ƙarfe a cikin ƙarfe na iya inganta juriyar tsatsa na ƙarfe na yau da kullun. Gilashin ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe, duk da yawan juriyar tsatsa, ba su da manyan kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cuta38,39. Wannan ya bambanta da juriyar tsatsa mai yawa. Bayan haka, yana yiwuwa a yi hasashen ci gaban kamuwa da cuta da kumburi, wanda galibi ya faru ne saboda mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta da mamaye saman kayan aikin ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe. Manyan matsaloli na iya tasowa saboda manyan matsaloli da ke da alaƙa da mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta da hanyoyin samar da fim, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya, wanda zai iya haifar da sakamako da yawa waɗanda zasu iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.
Wannan binciken shine mataki na farko na aikin da Gidauniyar Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS) ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, mai lamba 2010-550401, domin bincika yuwuwar samar da foda na ƙarfe mai siffar gilashi ta amfani da fasahar MA (tebur). 1) Don samar da fim/rufi na kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta na SUS304. Mataki na biyu na aikin, wanda za a fara a watan Janairun 2023, zai yi nazari dalla-dalla game da halayen tsatsa na galvanic da kuma halayen injiniya na tsarin. Za a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyin cuta masu cikakken bayani game da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.
Wannan labarin ya tattauna tasirin sinadarin ƙarfe na Zr akan ikon samar da gilashi (GFA) bisa ga halaye na siffa da tsari. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma tattauna halayen ƙwayoyin cuta na gilashin ƙarfe mai rufi da foda/SUS304. Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da aiki mai ci gaba don bincika yiwuwar canza tsarin foda na gilashin ƙarfe da ke faruwa yayin fesawa mai sanyi a yankin ruwan sanyi mai sanyi na tsarin gilashin ƙarfe da aka ƙera. An yi amfani da ƙarfe na gilashin ƙarfe na Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr20Ni30 a matsayin misalai na wakilci a cikin wannan binciken.
Wannan sashe yana gabatar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin foda na Cu, Zr da Ni yayin niƙa ƙwallon da ba ta da ƙarfi. Za a yi amfani da tsarin guda biyu daban-daban waɗanda suka ƙunshi Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 a matsayin misalai na misali. Ana iya raba tsarin MA zuwa matakai uku daban-daban, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar yanayin ƙarfe na foda da aka samu a matakin niƙa (Hoto na 3).
Halayen ƙarfe na foda na ƙarfe na injiniya (MA) da aka samu bayan matakai daban-daban na niƙa ƙwallon. Hotunan na'urar duba fitar da iskar lantarki ta filin (FE-SEM) na foda MA da Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka samu bayan niƙa ƙwallon mai ƙarancin kuzari na tsawon awanni 3, 12 da 50 an nuna su a cikin (a), (c) da (e) don tsarin Cu50Zr20Ni30, yayin da suke kan MA ɗaya. Hotunan da suka dace na tsarin Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka ɗauka bayan lokaci an nuna su a cikin (b), (d), da (f).
A lokacin niƙa ƙwallon, ingantaccen kuzarin motsi wanda za a iya canjawa zuwa foda na ƙarfe yana shafar haɗuwar sigogi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1a. Wannan ya haɗa da karo tsakanin ƙwallo da foda, matsewar yanke foda da aka makale tsakanin ko tsakanin kafofin niƙa, tasirin ƙwallo da ke faɗuwa, yankewa da lalacewa sakamakon jan foda tsakanin jikin injin niƙa ƙwallon, da kuma girgizar girgiza da ke ratsa ƙwallo da ke faɗuwa ta hanyar al'ada mai nauyi (Hoto na 1a). Эlementarnыe poroshky Cu, Zr da Ni были сильно деформировANы образованию крупных частиц порошка (> 1 мм в диаметре). Foda na Cu, Zr, da Ni sun lalace sosai saboda walda mai sanyi a farkon matakin MA (awa 3), wanda ya haifar da samuwar manyan ƙwayoyin foda (> diamita 1 mm).Waɗannan manyan ƙwayoyin haɗin gwiwa suna da alaƙa da samuwar kauri yadudduka na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa (Cu, Zr, Ni), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 3a,b. Ƙara lokacin MA zuwa awanni 12 (mataki na tsakiya) ya haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin kuzarin motsi na injin niƙa ƙwallon, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar foda mai haɗin gwiwa zuwa ƙananan foda (ƙasa da 200 μm), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3c, birni. A wannan matakin, ƙarfin yankewa da aka yi amfani da shi yana haifar da samuwar sabon saman ƙarfe tare da ƙananan yadudduka na Cu, Zr, Ni, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3c, d. Sakamakon niƙa yadudduka a mahaɗin flakes, halayen ƙarfi suna faruwa tare da ƙirƙirar sabbin matakai.
A ƙarshen tsarin MA (bayan awanni 50), ba a iya ganin hotunan ƙarfe na flake ba (Hoto na 3e, f), kuma an ga hotunan ƙarfe na madubi a saman foda mai gogewa. Wannan yana nufin cewa an kammala tsarin MA kuma an ƙirƙiri matakin amsawa guda ɗaya. An tantance abubuwan da ke cikin yankunan da aka nuna a cikin Fig. 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) ta amfani da na'urar duba hasken lantarki ta hanyar amfani da na'urar duba hasken lantarki (FE-SEM) tare da haɗin gwiwar na'urar X-ray mai watsa makamashi (EDS). (IV).
A cikin tebur. An nuna yawan abubuwan haɗin abubuwa guda 2 a matsayin kashi na jimlar nauyin kowane yanki da aka zaɓa a cikin fig. 3e, f. Kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon da farkon abubuwan haɗin Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka bayar a cikin Jadawali na 1 ya nuna cewa abubuwan haɗin waɗannan samfuran ƙarshe guda biyu suna da kusanci da abubuwan haɗin da aka ambata. Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar da aka danganta da abubuwan haɗin don yankuna da aka lissafa a cikin Fig. 3e, f ba sa nuna babban lalacewa ko bambance-bambance a cikin abun da ke cikin kowane samfurin daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Wannan yana tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa babu canji a cikin abun da ke ciki daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Wannan yana nuna samar da foda na haɗin kai iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 2.
An samo ƙananan FE-SEM na foda Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) na ƙarshe bayan sau 50 MA, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4a-d, inda x shine 10, 20, 30 da 40 at.%, bi da bi. Bayan wannan matakin niƙa, foda ya haɗu saboda tasirin van der Waals, wanda ke haifar da samuwar manyan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu diamita na 73 zuwa 126 nm, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4.
Halayen siffofi na foda na Cu50(Zr50-xNix) da aka samu bayan awanni 50 na MA. Ga tsarin Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, hotunan FE-SEM na foda da aka samu bayan 50 MA an nuna su a cikin (a), (b), (c), da (d), bi da bi.
Kafin a ɗora foda a cikin mai feshi mai sanyi, an fara shafa su a cikin ethanol na matakin nazari na minti 15 sannan a busar da su a zafin jiki na 150°C na tsawon awanni 2. Dole ne a ɗauki wannan matakin don yaƙar haɗakarwa cikin nasara, wanda galibi yakan haifar da matsaloli masu yawa a cikin tsarin shafa. Bayan kammala aikin MA, an gudanar da ƙarin bincike don bincika daidaiton foda na haɗin gwiwa. A hoto na 5a-d yana nuna micrographs na FE-SEM da hotunan EDS masu dacewa na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na Cu, Zr da Ni na ƙarfen Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka ɗauka bayan awanni 50 na M, bi da bi. Ya kamata a lura cewa foda na haɗin gwiwa da aka samu bayan wannan matakin suna da kama da juna, domin ba sa nuna wani canjin abun ciki fiye da matakin ƙananan nanometer, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 5.
Tsarin Halitta da rarrabawar abubuwa na gida a cikin foda MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka samu bayan 50 MA ta hanyar FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Hoton SEM da X-ray EDS na (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, da (d) Ni-Kα.
An nuna tsarin rarraba hasken X-ray na foda Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, da Cu50Zr20Ni30 da aka haɗa ta hanyar injiniya bayan awanni 50 na MA a cikin Hotuna 6a–d, bi da bi. Bayan wannan matakin niƙa, duk samfuran da ke da yawan Zr daban-daban suna da tsarin rashin tsari tare da siffofin watsawar halo na musamman da aka nuna a Hoto na 6.
Tsarin hasken X-ray na foda Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), da Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) bayan MA na tsawon awanni 50. An lura da tsarin hasken halo-diffusion a cikin dukkan samfuran ba tare da togiya ba, wanda ke nuna samuwar yanayin rashin tsari.
An yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta lantarki mai ƙarfi (FE-HRTEM) don lura da canje-canjen tsari da kuma fahimtar tsarin foda na gida da ke fitowa daga niƙa ƙwallon a lokutan MA daban-daban. Hotunan foda da aka samu ta hanyar hanyar FE-HRTEM bayan matakan niƙa Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 na farko (awa 6) da matsakaici (awa 18) an nuna su a cikin Hoto na 7a, bi da bi. Dangane da hoton haske-filin (BFI) na foda da aka samu bayan awa 6 na MA, foda ya ƙunshi manyan hatsi tare da iyakokin da aka ƙayyade a sarari na abubuwan fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, da fcc-Ni, kuma babu alamun samuwar matakin amsawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 7a. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin rarrabuwar yanki da aka zaɓa (SADP) wanda aka ɗauka daga yankin tsakiya (a) ya bayyana tsarin rarrabuwa mai kaifi (Hoto na 7b) wanda ke nuna kasancewar manyan lu'ulu'u da rashin matakin amsawa.
Halayen tsarin gida na foda MA da aka samu bayan matakan farko (awa 6) da matsakaici (awa 18). (a) Microscopy na watsawar fitar da iskar lantarki mai ƙarfi (FE-HRTEM) da (b) daidaitaccen yanki na diffractogram (SADP) na foda Cu50Zr30Ni20 bayan maganin MA na tsawon awanni 6. Hoton FE-HRTEM na Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka samu bayan awanni 18 na MA an nuna shi a cikin (c).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 7c, ƙaruwar tsawon lokacin MA zuwa awanni 18 ya haifar da manyan lahani na lattice tare da nakasar filastik. A wannan matakin matsakaici na tsarin MA, lahani daban-daban suna bayyana a cikin foda, gami da lahani na lattice, lahani na lattice, da lahani na maki (Hoto na 7). Waɗannan lahani suna haifar da rarrabuwar manyan hatsi tare da iyakokin hatsi zuwa ƙananan hatsi waɗanda ba su wuce girman nm 20 ba (Hoto na 7c).
Tsarin gida na foda Cu50Z30Ni20 da aka niƙa na tsawon awanni 36 MA yana da alaƙa da samuwar nanograins masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka saka a cikin matrix mai siriri mara tsari, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 8a. Wani bincike na gida na EMF ya nuna cewa nanoclusters da aka nuna a Hoto na 8a suna da alaƙa da haɗin foda na Cu, Zr da Ni da ba a yi magani ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin Cu a cikin matrix sun bambanta daga ~32 at.% (yankin talauci) zuwa ~74 at.% (yankin arziki), wanda ke nuna samuwar samfuran daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, SADPs masu dacewa na foda da aka samu bayan niƙa a cikin wannan matakin suna nuna zoben halo-diffusion amorphous na farko da na biyu waɗanda suka haɗu da maki masu kaifi da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa marasa tsari, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 8b.
Siffofin tsarin gida na nanoscale na foda Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20. (a) Hoton fili mai haske (BFI) da kuma daidai (b) SADP na foda Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka samu bayan niƙa na tsawon awanni 36 MA.
Zuwa ƙarshen tsarin MA (awa 50), Cu50(Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, da 40 at.% foda, ba tare da togiya ba, suna da yanayin labyrinthine na matakin amorphous, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto. Ba za a iya gano bambancin maki ko tsarin annular mai kaifi a cikin SADS ɗin da ya dace da kowane abun da ke ciki ba. Wannan yana nuna rashin ƙarfe mai lu'ulu'u wanda ba a yi masa magani ba, amma a maimakon haka samuwar foda mai amorphous. Waɗannan SADPs masu alaƙa waɗanda ke nuna tsarin halo warwatse an kuma yi amfani da su azaman shaida don ci gaban matakan amorphous a cikin kayan samfurin ƙarshe.
Tsarin gida na samfurin ƙarshe na tsarin Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix). FE-HRTEM da tsarin diffraction na nanobeam masu alaƙa (NBDP) na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, da (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 da aka samu bayan sa'o'i 50 na MA.
Ta amfani da calorimetry na duba bambanci, an yi nazarin daidaiton zafin canjin gilashi (Tg), yankin ruwa mai sanyaya (ΔTx) da zafin crystallization (Tx) dangane da abun ciki na Ni (x) a cikin tsarin amorphous na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix). (DSC) a cikin kwararar iskar gas ta He. Lanƙwasa DSC na foda na Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, da Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous gami da aka samu bayan MA na tsawon awanni 50 an nuna su a cikin Fig. 10a, b, e, bi da bi. Yayin da aka nuna lanƙwasa DSC na amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 daban a cikin Fig. 10th century A halin yanzu, an nuna samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 wanda aka dumama zuwa ~700°C a cikin DSC a cikin Fig. 10g.
Kwanciyar yanayin zafi na foda MG na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) da aka samu bayan MA na tsawon awanni 50 ana tantance su ta hanyar zafin canjin gilashi (Tg), zafin kristal (Tx) da yankin ruwa mai sanyaya rai (ΔTx). Ma'aunin zafi na foda calorimeter na duba bambanci (DSC) na Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), da (e) foda alloy na Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG bayan MA na tsawon awanni 50. An nuna tsarin diffraction na X-ray (XRD) na samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 wanda aka dumama zuwa ~700°C a cikin DSC a cikin (d).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10, lanƙwasa na DSC ga duk abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da yawan nickel daban-daban (x) suna nuna yanayi biyu daban-daban, ɗaya endothermic da ɗayan exothermic. Farkon abin da ya faru na endothermic ya yi daidai da Tg, na biyu kuma yana da alaƙa da Tx. Yankin kwance mai faɗi wanda ke tsakanin Tg da Tx ana kiransa yankin ruwa mai sanyi (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Tg da Tx na samfurin Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Hoto na 10a) da aka sanya a 526°C da 612°C suna canza abun ciki (x) zuwa 20 a % zuwa gefen ƙarancin zafin jiki na 482°C da 563°C. °C tare da ƙaruwar abun ciki na Ni (x), bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10b. Saboda haka, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 ya ragu daga 86°С (Hoto na 10a) zuwa 81°С ga Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Hoto na 10b). Ga MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 gami, an kuma lura da raguwar ƙimar Tg, Tx, da ΔTx zuwa matakan 447°С, 526°С, da 79°С (Hoto na 10b). Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙaruwar abun ciki na Ni yana haifar da raguwar kwanciyar hankali na zafin jiki na gami na MS. Akasin haka, ƙimar Tg (507°C) na gami na MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 ya yi ƙasa da na ƙarfe na MC Cu50Zr40Ni10; duk da haka, Tx ɗinsa yana nuna ƙimar da ta yi daidai da ita (612°C). Saboda haka, ΔTx yana da ƙima mafi girma (87°C) kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na ƙarni na 10.
Tsarin MC na Cu50(Zr50-xNix), ta amfani da ƙarfen Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC a matsayin misali, yana yin lu'ulu'u ta hanyar kololuwar exothermic mai kaifi zuwa matakan lu'ulu'u na fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, da kuma matakan lu'ulu'u na orthorhombic-ZrNi (Hoto na 10c). An tabbatar da wannan sauyi daga rashin tsari zuwa lu'ulu'u ta hanyar nazarin diffraction na X-ray na samfurin MG (Hoto na 10d) wanda aka dumama shi zuwa 700 °C a cikin DSC.
A hoto na 11, an nuna hotunan da aka ɗauka a lokacin aikin fesawa mai sanyi da aka gudanar a cikin aikin da ake yi yanzu. A cikin wannan binciken, an yi amfani da ƙwayoyin foda na ƙarfe masu gilashi waɗanda aka haɗa bayan MA na tsawon awanni 50 (ta amfani da Cu50Zr20Ni30 a matsayin misali) a matsayin kayan da ba a iya kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ba, kuma an shafa farantin ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe (SUS304) a kan fesawa mai sanyi. An zaɓi hanyar fesawa mai sanyi don shafawa a cikin jerin fasahar fesawa mai zafi saboda ita ce hanya mafi inganci a cikin jerin fasahar fesawa mai zafi inda za a iya amfani da ita don kayan ƙarfe masu saurin narkewa kamar foda mai amorphous da nanocrystalline. Ba ya fuskantar sauyi na mataki. Wannan shine babban abin da ke haifar da zaɓar wannan hanyar. Ana gudanar da tsarin ajiyewa mai sanyi ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin gaske waɗanda ke canza kuzarin motsi na ƙwayoyin zuwa nakasa ta filastik, nakasa da zafi akan tasiri tare da substrate ko barbashi da aka riga aka ajiye.
Hotunan fili sun nuna hanyar fesawa mai sanyi da aka yi amfani da ita wajen shirya MG/SUS 304 sau biyar a jere a zafin 550°C.
Dole ne a canza kuzarin motsi na ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma ƙarfin kowane ƙwayar halitta yayin ƙirƙirar murfin, zuwa wasu nau'ikan makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar nakasar filastik (babban ƙwayoyin halitta da hulɗar ɓangarorin da ke cikin matrix da hulɗar ƙwayoyin halitta), kullin daskararru na tsaka-tsaki, juyawa tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta, nakasar da kuma iyakance dumama 39. Bugu da ƙari, idan ba duk kuzarin motsi mai shigowa an canza shi zuwa makamashin zafi da makamashin nakasar ba, sakamakon zai zama karo na roba, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙwayoyin suna tashi kawai bayan tasiri. An lura cewa kashi 90% na kuzarin tasirin da aka yi amfani da shi ga kayan ƙwayar halitta/ƙaramin abu ana canza shi zuwa zafi na gida 40. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka yi amfani da damuwa ta tasiri, ana samun yawan ƙarfin filastik mai yawa a yankin hulɗar ƙwayoyin halitta/ƙaramin abu cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci41,42.
Yawanci ana ɗaukar nakasar filastik a matsayin hanyar wargaza makamashi, ko kuma a matsayin tushen zafi a yankin da ke tsakanin fuskoki. Duk da haka, ƙaruwar zafin jiki a yankin da ke tsakanin fuskoki bai isa ba don faruwar narkewar fuska ko kuma ƙaruwar yaduwar ƙwayoyin zarra. Babu wani littafi da marubutan suka sani da ya binciki tasirin waɗannan foda na ƙarfe akan mannewa da daidaitawar foda yayin amfani da dabarun feshi mai sanyi.
Ana iya ganin BFI na foda gami na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 a cikin Hoto na 12a, wanda aka ajiye a kan substrate na SUS 304 (Hoto na 11, 12b). Kamar yadda aka gani daga hoton, foda mai rufi suna riƙe da tsarin asali mara tsari saboda suna da tsarin labyrinth mai laushi ba tare da wani siffa ta lu'ulu'u ko lahani na lattice ba. A gefe guda kuma, hoton yana nuna kasancewar wani yanayi na waje, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙwayoyin nanoparticles da aka haɗa a cikin matrix na foda mai rufi na MG (Hoto na 12a). Hoto na 12c yana nuna tsarin diffraction na nanobeam mai indexed (NBDP) wanda ke da alaƙa da yanki na I (Hoto na 12a). Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 12c, NBDP yana nuna tsarin diffusation mai rauni na tsarin rashin tsari kuma yana rayuwa tare da tabo masu kaifi waɗanda suka dace da babban lu'ulu'u na Zr2Ni mai siffar cubic metastable tare da matakin CuO mai tetragonal. Ana iya bayyana samuwar CuO ta hanyar oxidation na foda lokacin da yake motsawa daga bututun feshi zuwa SUS 304 a cikin sararin samaniya a cikin kwararar supersonic. A gefe guda kuma, cirewar foda mai kama da ƙarfe ya haifar da samuwar manyan matakai na cubic bayan maganin feshi mai sanyi a 550°C na tsawon mintuna 30.
(a) Hoton FE-HRTEM na foda MG da aka ajiye a kan (b) substrate na SUS 304 (Hoto a ciki). An nuna ma'aunin NBDP na alamar zagaye da aka nuna a (a) a cikin (c).
Domin gwada wannan dabarar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen samar da manyan ƙwayoyin Zr2Ni masu siffar cubic, an gudanar da wani gwaji mai zaman kansa. A cikin wannan gwajin, an fesa foda daga atomizer a 550°C a cikin alkiblar substrate na SUS 304; duk da haka, don tantance tasirin annealing, an cire foda daga tsiri na SUS304 da sauri (kimanin daƙiƙa 60). An gudanar da wani jerin gwaje-gwaje inda aka cire foda daga substrate kimanin daƙiƙa 180 bayan an shafa.
Hotuna na 13a,b sun nuna hotunan Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) duhu filin (DFI) na kayan aiki guda biyu da aka saka a kan substrates na SUS 304 na tsawon daƙiƙa 60 da 180, bi da bi. Hoton foda da aka ajiye na tsawon daƙiƙa 60 ba shi da cikakkun bayanai game da siffar jiki, yana nuna rashin fasalin (Hoto na 13a). XRD kuma ta tabbatar da hakan, wanda ya nuna cewa tsarin waɗannan foda gaba ɗaya ba shi da tsari, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar manyan kololuwar diffraction na farko da na biyu da aka nuna a Hoto na 14a. Wannan yana nuna rashin samuwar metastable/mesophase, wanda foda ke riƙe da tsarinsa na asali mara tsari. Sabanin haka, foda da aka ajiye a yanayin zafi ɗaya (550°C) amma aka bar shi akan substrate na tsawon daƙiƙa 180 ya nuna ajiyar hatsi masu girman nanos, kamar yadda kibiyoyi a Hoto na 13b suka nuna.