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Ma biofilms ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa matenda osatha, makamaka pankhani ya zida zachipatala. Vutoli limabweretsa vuto lalikulu kwa azachipatala, chifukwa maantibayotiki wamba amatha kuwononga ma biofilms pang'ono chabe. Kupewa kupangidwa kwa biofilm kwapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zosiyanasiyana zophikira ndi zinthu zatsopano. Njirazi cholinga chake ndi kuphimba pamwamba mwanjira yoletsa kupangidwa kwa biofilm. Ma alloys achitsulo a vitreous, makamaka omwe ali ndi zitsulo zamkuwa ndi titaniyamu, akhala zokutira zabwino kwambiri zophera maantibayotiki. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopopera wozizira kwawonjezeka chifukwa ndi njira yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Gawo la cholinga cha kafukufukuyu linali kupanga galasi latsopano lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi Cu-Zr-Ni ternary pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira makina. Ufa wozungulira womwe umapanga chinthu chomaliza umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira popopera pamwamba pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pa kutentha kochepa. Ma substrates okhala ndi magalasi achitsulo adatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kupangidwa kwa biofilm ndi mtengo umodzi poyerekeza ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
M'mbiri yonse ya anthu, anthu onse akhala akutha kupanga ndi kulimbikitsa kuyambitsidwa kwa zipangizo zatsopano kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa zokolola ndi maudindo mu chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi1. Nthawi zonse zakhala zikunenedwa kuti munthu amatha kupanga zipangizo ndi zida zopangira, komanso mapangidwe opanga ndi kulongosola zinthu kuti akwaniritse thanzi, maphunziro, mafakitale, zachuma, chikhalidwe ndi madera ena kuchokera kudziko lina kapena dera lina kupita ku lina. Kupita patsogolo kumayesedwa mosasamala kanthu za dziko kapena dera2. Kwa zaka 60, asayansi a zipangizo akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri pa ntchito imodzi yayikulu: kufunafuna zipangizo zatsopano komanso zapamwamba. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wayang'ana kwambiri pakukweza ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a zipangizo zomwe zilipo, komanso kupanga ndi kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya zipangizo.
Kuwonjezera zinthu zophatikiza, kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ka zinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochiritsira kutentha, makina kapena thermomechanical kwapangitsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zisinthe kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala omwe sanadziwikebe mpaka pano apangidwa bwino. Kuyesetsa kosalekeza kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti pakhale banja latsopano la zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimadziwika kuti Advanced Materials2. Makristalo a nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, magalasi achitsulo osasinthika, ndi ma alloys apamwamba ndi zitsanzo chabe za zinthu zapamwamba zomwe zawonekera padziko lapansi kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Pakupanga ndi kupanga ma alloys atsopano okhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, onse mu chinthu chomaliza komanso pakati pa kupanga kwake, vuto la kusalingana nthawi zambiri limawonjezeredwa. Chifukwa cha kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zopangira zomwe zimalola kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku equilibrium, gulu latsopano la ma alloys okhazikika, omwe amadziwika kuti magalasi achitsulo, apezeka.
Ntchito yake ku Caltech mu 1960 inasintha lingaliro la zitsulo zosungunuka pamene anapanga zitsulo zosungunuka za Au-25 at.% Si mwa kulimbitsa madzi mofulumira pa madigiri pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi pa sekondi. 4 Kupeza kwa Pulofesa Paul Duves sikunangoyambitsa mbiri ya magalasi achitsulo (MS), komanso kunapangitsa kusintha kwa momwe anthu amaganizira za zitsulo zosungunuka. Kuyambira kafukufuku woyamba woyambitsa kupanga zitsulo zosungunuka za MS, magalasi pafupifupi onse achitsulo apezeka kwathunthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi mwa izi: (i) kulimba mwachangu kwa kusungunuka kapena nthunzi, (ii) vuto la atomiki la lattice, (iii) machitidwe a solid-state amorphization pakati pa zinthu zoyera zachitsulo ndi (iv) kusintha kwa gawo lolimba la magawo osasunthika.
Ma MG amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusakhalapo kwa dongosolo la atomiki lakutali logwirizana ndi makhiristo, lomwe ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino la makhiristo. M'dziko lamakono, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika m'munda wa galasi lachitsulo. Izi ndi zinthu zatsopano zokhala ndi zinthu zosangalatsa zomwe sizimangokhudza fizikisi ya boma lokha, komanso za zitsulo, chemistry ya pamwamba, ukadaulo, biology, ndi madera ena ambiri. Mtundu watsopanowu wa zinthu uli ndi zinthu zosiyana ndi zitsulo zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosangalatsa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Ali ndi zinthu zina zofunika: (i) kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa makina ndi mphamvu yotulutsa, (ii) kupendekera kwakukulu kwa maginito, (iii) kukakamiza kochepa, (iv) kukana dzimbiri kosazolowereka, (v) kudziyimira pawokha kutentha. Kuyendetsa 6.7.
Kusakaniza kwa makina (MA)1,8 ndi njira yatsopano, yomwe idayambitsidwa koyamba mu 19839 ndi Pulofesa KK Kok ndi anzake. Iwo adapanga ufa wa Ni60Nb40 wopanda mawonekedwe pogaya chisakanizo cha zinthu zoyera pa kutentha kozungulira komwe kuli pafupi kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa chipinda. Kawirikawiri, MA reaction imachitika pakati pa kufalikira kwa ufa wa reactant mu reactor, nthawi zambiri wopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, mu mphero ya mpira. 10 (Chithunzi 1a, b). Kuyambira pamenepo, njira iyi yochitira zinthu zolimba yopangidwa ndi makina yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera ufa watsopano wa aloyi wagalasi wopanda mawonekedwe/chitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito (Chithunzi 1c) ndi mipiringidzo ya mpira yamphamvu kwambiri ndi mipiringidzo ya ndodo11,12,13,14,15,16. Makamaka, njira iyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera machitidwe osasinthika monga Cu-Ta17 komanso ma aloyi okhala ndi malo osungunuka ambiri monga Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb ndi Ta)18,19 ndi machitidwe a Fe-W20. , zomwe sizingapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophikira zachikhalidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, MA imaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zida zamphamvu kwambiri za nanotechnology popanga tinthu ta nanocrystalline ndi nanocomposite powder timene timakhala ndi zitsulo zotchedwa metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochokera pamwamba kupita pansi. 1 ndi magawo okhazikika.
Chithunzi chosonyeza njira yopangira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera chophimba chachitsulo cha Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 mu kafukufukuyu. (a) Kukonzekera ufa wa MC alloy wokhala ndi kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, ndi 40 at.%) pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopera mpira wopanda mphamvu zambiri. (a) Zipangizo zoyambira zimayikidwa mu silinda ya zida pamodzi ndi mipira yachitsulo ya zida ndipo (b) zimatsekedwa mu bokosi la magolovesi lodzaza ndi mpweya wa He. (c) Chitsanzo chowonekera cha chopukusira chomwe chikuwonetsa kayendedwe ka mpirawo popukusira. Ufa womaliza womwe unapezedwa patatha maola 50 unagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera SUS 304 substrate mozizira (d).
Ponena za malo opangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri (substrates), uinjiniya wa pamwamba umaphatikizapo kupanga ndi kusintha malo (substrates) kuti apereke zinthu zina zakuthupi, zamakemikolo, ndi zaukadaulo zomwe sizili muzinthu zoyambirira. Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zingawongoleredwe bwino kudzera mu kukonza pamwamba ndi monga kuphulika, kukhuthala ndi kukana dzimbiri, kukhuthala kwa kupsinjika, kulimba kwa zinthu, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kutenthetsa kutentha, kungotchulapo zochepa. Ubwino wa pamwamba ukhoza kusinthidwa ndi njira zachitsulo, zamakanika kapena zamakemikolo. Monga njira yodziwika bwino, kuphimba kumatanthauzidwa ngati gawo limodzi kapena angapo la zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pamwamba pa chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri (substrate) chopangidwa kuchokera ku chinthu china. Chifukwa chake, kuphimba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono kuti akwaniritse zinthu zaukadaulo kapena zokongoletsera zomwe akufuna, komanso kuteteza zinthu ku kuyanjana kwa mankhwala ndi zakuthupi ndi chilengedwe komwe kumayembekezeredwa23.
Njira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyika zigawo zoyenera zotetezera kuyambira ma micrometer ochepa (osakwana ma micrometer 10-20) mpaka ma micrometer opitilira 30 kapena ma millimeter angapo mu makulidwe. Kawirikawiri, njira zophikira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: (i) njira zophikira zonyowa, kuphatikiza electroplating, electroplating, ndi hot dip galvanizing, ndi (ii) njira zophikira zouma, kuphatikiza soldering, hardfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD). ), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), njira zophikira zotentha, ndi njira zophikira zozizira zaposachedwa 24 (Chithunzi 1d).
Ma biofilm amatanthauzidwa ngati magulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amalumikizidwa mosasinthika pamalo ndipo amazunguliridwa ndi ma polima opangidwa okha (EPS). Kupangidwa kwa biofilm yokhwima pang'ono kungayambitse kutayika kwakukulu m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikizapo kukonza chakudya, machitidwe amadzi, ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. Mwa anthu, popanga biofilm, milandu yopitilira 80% ya matenda a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kuphatikiza Enterobacteriaceae ndi Staphylococci) ndi yovuta kuchiza. Kuphatikiza apo, biofilm yokhwima yanenedwa kuti imakana chithandizo cha maantibayotiki nthawi 1000 poyerekeza ndi maselo a planktonic bacterial, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi vuto lalikulu la chithandizo. M'mbuyomu, zinthu zophimba pamwamba zomwe zimachokera ku mankhwala wamba achilengedwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinthu zoopsa zomwe zingavulaze anthu, izi zingathandize kupewa kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu.
Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya osagwira ntchito ku mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka biofilm kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika kopanga malo ophimbidwa ndi maantibayotiki omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosamala27. Kupanga malo opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena mankhwala omwe maselo a bakiteriya sangagwirizane nawo ndikupanga biofilms chifukwa chomatira ndi njira yoyamba mu njirayi27. Ukadaulo wachiwiri ndikupanga zokutira zomwe zimapereka mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komwe akufunikira, mozama kwambiri komanso mokonzedwa bwino. Izi zimachitika kudzera mukupanga zinthu zapadera zokutira monga graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 ndi ZnO30-doped diamond-like carbon coatings zomwe sizimalimbana ndi mabakiteriya, ukadaulo womwe umakulitsa kukula kwa poizoni ndi kukana chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka biofilm. Kuphatikiza apo, zokutira zomwe zili ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe amapereka chitetezo cha nthawi yayitali ku kuipitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya zikuchulukirachulukira. Ngakhale njira zonse zitatuzi zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopha tizilombo pamalo ophimbidwa, chilichonse chili ndi zoletsa zake zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa popanga njira yogwiritsira ntchito.
Zinthu zomwe zili pamsika zikulepheretsedwa ndi kusowa kwa nthawi yowunikira ndikuyesa zophimba zoteteza kuti zipeze zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'thupi. Makampani amanena kuti zinthu zawo zidzapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe akufuna, komabe, izi zakhala chopinga pa kupambana kwa zinthu zomwe zili pamsika. Zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku siliva zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mankhwala ambiri opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe alipo kwa ogula. Zinthuzi zimapangidwa kuti ziteteze ogwiritsa ntchito ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingavulaze. Kuchedwa kwa mphamvu yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso poizoni wokhudzana ndi zinthu zasiliva kumawonjezera kukakamiza ofufuza kuti apange njira ina yosavulaza36,37. Kupanga chophimba chopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda padziko lonse lapansi chomwe chimagwira ntchito mkati ndi kunja kukadali kovuta. Izi zimabwera ndi zoopsa zokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi chitetezo. Kupeza mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe savulaza anthu ndikupeza momwe angawaphatikizire m'malo ophimba omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi cholinga chomwe chikufunidwa kwambiri38. Zipangizo zamakono zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimapangidwa kuti ziphe mabakiteriya pafupi kaya mwa kukhudzana mwachindunji kapena atatulutsa mankhwala opha tizilombo. Angathe kuchita izi mwa kuletsa kumatirira koyamba kwa mabakiteriya (kuphatikizapo kuletsa kupanga puloteni pamwamba) kapena kupha mabakiteriya mwa kusokoneza khoma la selo.
Kwenikweni, kuphimba pamwamba ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito gawo lina pamwamba pa gawo kuti akonze mawonekedwe a pamwamba. Cholinga cha kuphimba pamwamba ndikusintha kapangidwe kake ndi/kapena kapangidwe ka dera lapafupi ndi pamwamba pa gawo39. Njira zophimba pamwamba zitha kugawidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Chithunzi 2a. Zophimba zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu a kutentha, mankhwala, zakuthupi ndi zamagetsi kutengera njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chophimbacho.
(a) Chithunzi chosonyeza njira zazikulu zopangira pamwamba, ndi (b) ubwino ndi kuipa kosankhidwa kwa njira yozizira yopopera.
Ukadaulo wopopera wozizira umafanana kwambiri ndi njira zachikhalidwe zopopera zozizira. Komabe, palinso zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira yopopera yozizira ndi zipangizo zopopera zozizira zikhale zapadera kwambiri. Ukadaulo wopopera wozizira ukadalipo, koma uli ndi tsogolo labwino. Nthawi zina, zinthu zapadera zopopera zozizira zimapereka ubwino waukulu, kugonjetsa zofooka za njira zachikhalidwe zopopera zozizira. Umagonjetsa zofooka zazikulu za ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wopopera wotentha, momwe ufa uyenera kusungunuka kuti uikidwe pa substrate. Mwachionekere, njira yopopera yachikhalidweyi siyoyenera zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha monga ma nanocrystals, nanoparticles, magalasi a amorphous ndi achitsulo40, 41, 42. Kuphatikiza apo, zipangizo zopopera zotentha nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi porosity yambiri ndi ma oxides. Ukadaulo wopopera wozizira uli ndi zabwino zambiri kuposa ukadaulo wopopera wotentha, monga (i) kutentha kochepa komwe kumalowa mu substrate, (ii) kusinthasintha posankha chophimba cha substrate, (iii) kusasintha kwa gawo ndi kukula kwa tirigu, (iv) mphamvu yayikulu yomatira1 .39 (Chithunzi 2b). Kuphatikiza apo, zipangizo zopopera zoziziritsa zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri, mphamvu zambiri komanso kuuma, mphamvu zamagetsi zambiri komanso kuchuluka kwamphamvu41. Ngakhale ubwino wa njira yopopera yoziziritsa, njira iyi ikadali ndi zovuta zina, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 2b. Popaka ufa wa ceramic wokha monga Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, ndi zina zotero, njira yopopera yozizira singagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kumbali inayi, ufa wa ceramic/chitsulo wophatikizika ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zopangira zopopera. Momwemonso ndi njira zina zopopera kutentha. Malo ovuta ndi mkati mwa mapaipi zimakhala zovutabe kupopera.
Popeza ntchito yomwe ilipo pano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ufa wa vitreous wachitsulo ngati zinthu zoyambira zokutira, n'zoonekeratu kuti kupopera kwachikhalidwe kwa kutentha sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa izi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti ufa wa vitreous wachitsulo umasungunuka kutentha kwambiri1.
Zida zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale azachipatala ndi chakudya zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic (SUS316 ndi SUS304) zokhala ndi chromium ya 12 mpaka 20 wt.% popanga zida zopangira opaleshoni. Kawirikawiri zimavomerezedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chromium metal ngati chinthu chophatikiza mu zitsulo zosakaniza kumatha kusintha kwambiri kukana dzimbiri kwa zitsulo zokhazikika. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ngakhale kuti zimakana dzimbiri kwambiri, sizili ndi mphamvu zowononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda38,39. Izi zimasiyana ndi kukana kwawo dzimbiri kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, n'zotheka kuneneratu kukula kwa matenda ndi kutupa, komwe kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kumamatira kwa mabakiteriya ndi kulowa m'malo mwa zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri zachitsulo. Mavuto akuluakulu angabuke chifukwa cha mavuto akuluakulu okhudzana ndi kumamatira kwa mabakiteriya ndi njira zopangira biofilm, zomwe zingayambitse thanzi loipa, zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira zambiri zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina thanzi la anthu.
Kafukufukuyu ndi gawo loyamba la pulojekiti yothandizidwa ndi Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), kontrakitala nambala 2010-550401, kuti afufuze kuthekera kopanga ufa wa ternary wa Cu-Zr-Ni wachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa MA (tebulo). 1) Kupanga filimu/chophimba cha SUS304 choteteza pamwamba pa antibacterial. Gawo lachiwiri la pulojekitiyi, lomwe liyenera kuyamba mu Januwale 2023, lidzaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za galvanic corrosion ndi mawonekedwe a makina a dongosololi. Mayeso atsatanetsatane a microbiological a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya adzachitika.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za momwe kuchuluka kwa aloyi a Zr kumakhudzira mphamvu yopangira magalasi (GFA) kutengera mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe kake. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu zotsutsana ndi mabakiteriya za galasi lachitsulo lopakidwa ufa/SUS304 composite zidakambidwanso. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yopitilira yachitika kuti ifufuze kuthekera kwa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka ufa wagalasi wachitsulo komwe kumachitika panthawi yopopera madzi ozizira m'dera lamadzi ozizira kwambiri la makina agalasi achitsulo opangidwa. Ma aloyi agalasi achitsulo a Cu50Zr30Ni20 ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo zoyimira mu kafukufukuyu.
Gawoli likuwonetsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a ufa wa elemental Cu, Zr ndi Ni panthawi yopukusa mpira wopanda mphamvu zambiri. Machitidwe awiri osiyana okhala ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 adzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo zowonetsera. Njira ya MA ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo atatu osiyana, monga momwe zikuwonekera ndi mawonekedwe a metallographic a ufa womwe umapezeka mu gawo lopukusa (Chithunzi 3).
Makhalidwe a metallographic a ufa wa makina opangidwa ndi zitsulo (MA) omwe amapezeka pambuyo pa magawo osiyanasiyana a kupukutira mpira. Zithunzi za electron microscopy (FE-SEM) za ufa wa MA ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 zomwe zimapezeka pambuyo pa kupukutira mpira kwa maola 3, 12 ndi 50 zikuwonetsedwa mu (a), (c) ndi (e) pa dongosolo la Cu50Zr20Ni30, pomwe zili pa MA yomweyo. Zithunzi zofanana za dongosolo la Cu50Zr40Ni10 zomwe zatengedwa pambuyo pa nthawi zikuwonetsedwa mu (b), (d), ndi (f).
Pakugaya mipira, mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya kinetic yomwe ingasamutsidwire ku ufa wachitsulo imakhudzidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa magawo, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1a. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugundana pakati pa mipira ndi ufa, kukanikiza kwa ufa komwe kumamatira pakati kapena pakati pa zopukutira, kukhudzidwa ndi mipira yogwa, kumeta ndi kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukoka kwa ufa pakati pa matupi oyenda a mphero ya mpira, ndi mafunde ogwedezeka omwe amadutsa m'mipira yogwa yomwe imafalikira kudzera mu ulimi wodzaza (Chithunzi 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr ndi Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образовасти крупания мм в диаметре). Ufa wa Cu, Zr, ndi Ni unasokonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwotcherera kozizira kumayambiriro kwa MA (maola atatu), zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ufa (> 1 mm m'mimba mwake).Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timeneti timadziwika ndi kupangika kwa zigawo zokhuthala za zinthu zosakaniza (Cu, Zr, Ni), monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa chithunzi 3a, b. Kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi ya MA kufika pa maola 12 (gawo lapakati) kunapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya kinetic ya mphero ya mpira iwonjezereke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ufa wosakaniza uwonongeke kukhala ufa wocheperako (wosakwana 200 μm), monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa chithunzi 3c, mzinda. Pa siteji iyi, mphamvu yodula yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imapangitsa kuti pakhale pamwamba pachitsulo chatsopano chokhala ndi zigawo zoonda za Cu, Zr, Ni, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa chithunzi 3c, d. Chifukwa cha kupukutira kwa zigawo pamalo olumikizirana a flakes, zochitika za solid-phase zimachitika popanga magawo atsopano.
Pachimake pa njira ya MA (pambuyo pa maola 50), flake metallography sinali yoonekera bwino (Chithunzi 3e, f), ndipo mirror metallography inawonedwa pamwamba pa ufa wopukutidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira ya MA inatha ndipo gawo limodzi la reaction linapangidwa. Kapangidwe ka zigawo zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Zithunzi 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) zinadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) pamodzi ndi energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). (IV).
Mu tebulo. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu ziwiri zophatikizika kwa zinthu zophatikizika kwawonetsedwa ngati peresenti ya kulemera konse kwa dera lililonse komwe kwasankhidwa mu chithunzi 3e, f. Kuyerekeza zotsatirazi ndi zinthu zoyambirira za Cu50Zr20Ni30 ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 zomwe zaperekedwa mu Table 1 kukuwonetsa kuti zinthu ziwiri zomalizazi zili pafupi kwambiri ndi zinthu zophatikizika. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo woyerekeza wa zigawo za madera omwe atchulidwa mu Chithunzi 3e, f sukusonyeza kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe ka chitsanzo chilichonse kuchokera ku dera lina kupita ku lina. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti palibe kusintha kwa kapangidwe kuchokera ku dera lina kupita ku lina. Izi zikusonyeza kupanga ufa wa alloy wofanana monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 2.
Ma micrograph a FE-SEM a ufa womaliza wa Cu50(Zr50-xNix) adapezeka pambuyo pa nthawi 50 za MA, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4a-d, pomwe x ndi 10, 20, 30 ndi 40 pa.%, motsatana. Pambuyo pa gawo lopukutira ili, ufa umasonkhana chifukwa cha mphamvu ya van der Waals, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale magulu akuluakulu okhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mainchesi a 73 mpaka 126 nm, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4.
Makhalidwe a ufa wa Cu50(Zr50-xNix) womwe wapezeka pambuyo pa maola 50 a MA. Pa makina a Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, zithunzi za FE-SEM za ufa womwe wapezeka pambuyo pa 50 MA zikuwonetsedwa mu (a), (b), (c), ndi (d), motsatana.
Asanalowetse ufawo mu chotenthetsera choziziritsa, choyamba ankaupaka mu ethanol yowunikira kwa mphindi 15 kenako nkuumitsa pa 150° C. kwa maola awiri. Gawoli liyenera kutengedwa kuti lithane bwino ndi agglomeration, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayambitsa mavuto ambiri pakuphimba. Pambuyo pomaliza njira ya MA, maphunziro ena adachitika kuti afufuze momwe ufa wa alloy ulili. Pa chithunzi 5a–d akuwonetsa ma micrograph a FE-SEM ndi zithunzi zofanana za EDS za Cu, Zr ndi Ni alloying elements za Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy zomwe zatengedwa patatha maola 50 M, motsatana. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ufa wa alloy womwe wapezeka pambuyo pa gawoli ndi wofanana, chifukwa suwonetsa kusinthasintha kulikonse kwa kapangidwe kupitirira mulingo wa sub-nanometer, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 5.
Kapangidwe kake ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu ufa wa MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 zomwe zapezeka pambuyo pa 50 MA ndi FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Chithunzi cha SEM ndi X-ray EDS cha (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, ndi (d) Ni-Kα.
Ma X-ray diffraction patterns a Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders omwe apezeka patatha maola 50 a MA akuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 6a–d, motsatana. Pambuyo pa gawo logaya ili, zitsanzo zonse zokhala ndi kuchuluka kosiyana kwa Zr zinali ndi kapangidwe kosagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a halo diffusion patterns omwe akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 6.
Mawonekedwe a X-ray a ufa wa Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) pambuyo pa MA kwa maola 50. Kapangidwe ka halo-diffusion kanawonedwa m'zitsanzo zonse popanda kupatulapo, kusonyeza kupangika kwa gawo lopanda mawonekedwe.
Microscopy ya ma elekitironi yotulutsa mpweya wochuluka (FE-HRTEM) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwona kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndikumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake ka ufa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugayidwa kwa mpira nthawi zosiyanasiyana za MA. Zithunzi za ufa zomwe zimapezeka ndi njira ya FE-HRTEM pambuyo pa magawo oyambirira (maola 6) ndi apakati (maola 18) a ufa wa Cu50Zr30Ni20 ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 zikuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 7a, motsatana. Malinga ndi chithunzi cha bright-field (BFI) cha ufa womwe wapezeka pambuyo pa maola 6 a MA, ufawo umakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi malire omveka bwino a fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, ndi fcc-Ni elements, ndipo palibe zizindikiro za kupangika kwa gawo la reaction, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 7a. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe osankhidwa a dera losakanikirana (SADP) otengedwa kuchokera kudera lapakati (a) adawonetsa mawonekedwe akuthwa a diffraction (Chithunzi 7b) omwe akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa ma crystallites akulu komanso kusakhalapo kwa gawo losinthika.
Makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka ufa wa MA omwe amapezeka pambuyo pa magawo oyambirira (maola 6) ndi apakati (maola 18). (a) Microscopy ya ma electron yotulutsa mpweya wochuluka (FE-HRTEM) ndi (b) diffractogram yosankhidwa yofanana (SADP) ya ufa wa Cu50Zr30Ni20 pambuyo pa chithandizo cha MA kwa maola 6. Chithunzi cha FE-HRTEM cha Cu50Zr40Ni10 chomwe chapezeka pambuyo pa maola 18 a MA chikuwonetsedwa mu (c).
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa chithunzi 7c, kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi ya MA mpaka maola 18 kunapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika zazikulu za lattice pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa pulasitiki. Pa gawo lapakati la njira ya MA, zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zimawonekera mu ufa, kuphatikizapo zolakwika zomangira, zolakwika za lattice, ndi zolakwika za nsonga (Chithunzi 7). Zolakwika izi zimapangitsa kuti tirigu wamkulu asweke m'malire a tirigu kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosakwana 20 nm (Chithunzi 7c).
Kapangidwe kake ka ufa wa Cu50Z30Ni20 womwe umaphikidwa kwa maola 36 MA kamadziwika ndi kupangidwa kwa nanograins za ultrafine zomwe zili mu matrix yopyapyala yopanda mawonekedwe, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 8a. Kusanthula kwa EMF komweko kunawonetsa kuti ma nanoclusters omwe awonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 8a amagwirizana ndi ma alloys a ufa wa Cu, Zr ndi Ni osachiritsidwa. Zomwe zili mu Cu mu matrix zinasiyana kuyambira ~32 at.% (malo osauka) mpaka ~74 at.% (malo olemera), zomwe zikusonyeza kupangidwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, ma SADP ofanana a ufa omwe amapezeka pambuyo pophikidwa mu sitepe iyi akuwonetsa mphete zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri za halo-diffusion amorphous phase zomwe zikulumikizana ndi mfundo zakuthwa zogwirizana ndi zinthu izi zosachiritsidwa, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 8b.
Mawonekedwe a nanoscale a ufa wa Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20. (a) Chithunzi chowala (BFI) ndi (b) SADP ya ufa wa Cu50Zr30Ni20 womwe wapezeka mutapera kwa maola 36 MA.
Kumapeto kwa njira ya MA (maola 50), ufa wa Cu50(Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, ndi 40 at.%, popanda kupatulapo, uli ndi mawonekedwe a labyrinthine a gawo lopanda mawonekedwe, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi. Palibe ma point diffraction kapena ma sharp annular patterns omwe sanapezeke mu SADS yofanana ya kapangidwe kalikonse. Izi zikusonyeza kusakhalapo kwa chitsulo chopanda mankhwala, koma kupangidwa kwa ufa wa alloy wosasintha. Ma SADP ogwirizana awa omwe akuwonetsa ma halo diffusion patterns adagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati umboni wa chitukuko cha magawo osasintha muzinthu zomaliza.
Kapangidwe kake ka chinthu chomaliza cha dongosolo la Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix). FE-HRTEM ndi mawonekedwe ofananira a nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) a (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, ndi (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 omwe adapezeka patatha maola 50 a MA.
Pogwiritsa ntchito differential scanning calorimetry, kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kusintha kwa galasi (Tg), supercooled liquid region (ΔTx) ndi crystallization temperature (Tx) zinaphunziridwa kutengera zomwe zili mu Ni (x) mu Cu50(Zr50-xNix) amorphous system. (DSC) mu He gas flow. Ma DSC curve a ufa wa Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, ndi Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys omwe apezeka pambuyo pa MA kwa maola 50 akuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 10a, b, e, motsatana. Pomwe DSC curve ya amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 ikuwonetsedwa padera mu Chithunzi cha zaka za m'ma 10. Pakadali pano, chitsanzo cha Cu50Zr30Ni20 chomwe chimatenthedwa mpaka ~700°C mu DSC chikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 10g.
Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa ufa wa Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MG womwe wapezeka pambuyo pa MA kwa maola 50 kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutentha kwa kusintha kwa galasi (Tg), kutentha kwa crystallization (Tx) ndi dera lamadzimadzi lozizira kwambiri (ΔTx). Ma Thermogram a ufa wa differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) wa Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), ndi (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders pambuyo pa MA kwa maola 50. Chitsanzo cha X-ray diffraction (XRD) cha chitsanzo cha Cu50Zr30Ni20 chomwe chatenthedwa mpaka ~700°C mu DSC chikuwonetsedwa mu (d).
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 10, ma curve a DSC a zinthu zonse zokhala ndi kuchuluka kosiyana kwa nickel (x) akuwonetsa milandu iwiri yosiyana, imodzi ya endothermic ndi inayo ya exothermic. Chochitika choyamba cha endothermic chikufanana ndi Tg, ndipo chachiwiri chikugwirizana ndi Tx. Malo opingasa omwe alipo pakati pa Tg ndi Tx amatchedwa subcooled liquid area (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti Tg ndi Tx za chitsanzo cha Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Chithunzi 10a) zomwe zayikidwa pa 526°C ndi 612°C zimasuntha zomwe zili (x) mpaka 20 pa % kupita kumbali yotsika ya kutentha ya 482°C ndi 563°C. °C yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa Ni (x), motsatana, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 10b. Chifukwa chake, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 imatsika kuchoka pa 86°С (Chithunzi 10a) kufika pa 81°С ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Chithunzi 10b). Pa aloyi ya MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, kuchepa kwa Tg, Tx, ndi ΔTx kufika pa milingo ya 447°С, 526°С, ndi 79°С kunawonedwanso (Chithunzi 10b). Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa Ni kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa aloyi ya MS. M'malo mwake, mtengo wa Tg (507 °C) wa aloyi ya MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 ndi wotsika kuposa wa aloyi ya MC Cu50Zr40Ni10; komabe, Tx yake ikuwonetsa mtengo wofanana nayo (612 °C). Chifukwa chake, ΔTx ili ndi mtengo wapamwamba (87°C) monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzi cha zaka za m'ma 10.
Dongosolo la Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, pogwiritsa ntchito Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy monga chitsanzo, limapangika crystallize kudzera mu exothermic peak yakuthwa kupita ku fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, ndi orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline phases (Chithunzi 10c). Kusintha kwa gawoli kuchokera ku amorphous kupita ku crystalline kunatsimikiziridwa ndi X-ray diffraction analysis ya MG sample (Chithunzi 10d) yomwe idatenthedwa mpaka 700 °C mu DSC.
Pa chithunzi 11 chikuwonetsa zithunzi zomwe zinajambulidwa panthawi yopopera mankhwala ozizira yomwe ikuchitika pa ntchito yomwe ikuchitika panopa. Mu kafukufukuyu, tinthu ta ufa wagalasi tomwe tinapangidwa pambuyo pa MA kwa maola 50 (pogwiritsa ntchito Cu50Zr20Ni30 mwachitsanzo) tinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira mabakiteriya, ndipo mbale yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (SUS304) inali yokutidwa ndi mankhwala ozizira. Njira yopopera mankhwala ozizira inasankhidwa kuti iphike mu mndandanda wa ukadaulo wa kutentha chifukwa ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri mu mndandanda wa ukadaulo wa kutentha komwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zotenthetsera kutentha monga ufa wa amorphous ndi nanocrystalline. Sizimasintha pang'onopang'ono. Ichi ndiye chinthu chachikulu posankha njira iyi. Njira yopopera mankhwala ozizira imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timasintha mphamvu ya kinetic ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono kukhala pulasitiki, kusintha kwa kutentha, ndi kutentha pakagwa ndi substrate kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tinayikidwa kale.
Zithunzi zakumunda zikuwonetsa njira yozizira yopopera yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera kasanu motsatizana kwa MG/SUS 304 pa 550°C.
Mphamvu ya kinetic ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso mphamvu ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono pakupanga chophimba, ziyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mitundu ina ya mphamvu kudzera mu njira monga kusintha kwa pulasitiki (tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyambira ndi kuyanjana kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu matrix ndi kuyanjana kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono), mafundo apakati pa zinthu zolimba, kuzungulira pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kuchepetsa kutentha 39. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mphamvu zonse za kinetic zomwe zikubwera sizisinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yotentha ndi mphamvu ya kusintha, zotsatira zake zidzakhala kugundana kwa elastic, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timangodumphadumpha pambuyo pa kugunda. Zadziwika kuti 90% ya mphamvu ya kukhudza yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono/substrate imasinthidwa kukhala kutentha kwapafupi 40. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene kupsinjika kwa kukhudza kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kwa pulasitiki kumakwaniritsidwa m'dera lolumikizana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono/substrate munthawi yochepa kwambiri 41,42.
Kusintha kwa pulasitiki nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa ngati njira yotaya mphamvu, kapena m'malo mwake, ngati gwero la kutentha m'dera la interfacial. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha m'dera la interfacial nthawi zambiri sikukwanira kuti pakhale kusungunuka kwa interfacial kapena kusonkhezera kwakukulu kwa kufalikira kwa maatomu. Palibe chofalitsa chomwe olembawo adafufuza momwe ufa wa vitreous wachitsulowu umakhudzira kumamatira kwa ufa ndi kukhazikika komwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopopera zozizira.
BFI ya ufa wa aloyi wa MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ikuwoneka mu Chithunzi 12a, chomwe chinayikidwa pa SUS 304 substrate (Chithunzi 11, 12b). Monga momwe tikuonera pachithunzichi, ufa wophimbidwawo umasunga kapangidwe kawo koyambirira kopanda mawonekedwe chifukwa uli ndi kapangidwe kofewa ka labyrinth kopanda mawonekedwe a kristalo kapena zolakwika za lattice. Kumbali ina, chithunzicho chikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa gawo lachilendo, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi nanoparticles zomwe zili mu MG-coated powder matrix (Chithunzi 12a). Chithunzi 12c chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ogwirizana ndi dera I (Chithunzi 12a). Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzi 12c, NBDP ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ofooka a halo-diffusion a kapangidwe ka amorphous ndipo imagwirizana ndi mawanga akuthwa ofanana ndi gawo lalikulu la crystalline large cubic metastable Zr2Ni kuphatikiza gawo la tetragonal CuO. Kupangidwa kwa CuO kungafotokozedwe ndi kusungunuka kwa ufa pamene ukusuntha kuchokera ku nozzle ya mfuti yopopera kupita ku SUS 304 panja mumlengalenga mothamanga kwambiri. Kumbali inayi, kusungunuka kwa ufa wachitsulo wonga galasi kunapangitsa kuti pakhale magawo akuluakulu a cubic pambuyo pa kupopera kozizira pa 550°C kwa mphindi 30.
(a) Chithunzi cha FE-HRTEM cha ufa wa MG woyikidwa pa (b) SUS 304 substrate (Chithunzi chili mkati). Chizindikiro cha NBDP cha chizindikiro chozungulira chomwe chawonetsedwa mu (a) chawonetsedwa mu (c).
Pofuna kuyesa njira imeneyi yopangira ma nanoparticles akuluakulu a Zr2Ni cubic, kuyesera kodziyimira pawokha kunachitika. Mu kuyesera kumeneku, ufa unathiridwa kuchokera ku atomizer pa 550°C molunjika ku substrate ya SUS 304; komabe, kuti adziwe momwe annealing ingathandizire, ufawo unachotsedwa mu SUS304 strip mwachangu momwe zingathere (pafupifupi masekondi 60). Kuyesa kwina kunachitika momwe ufawo unachotsedwa mu substrate pafupifupi masekondi 180 mutagwiritsa ntchito.
Zithunzi 13a,b zikuwonetsa zithunzi za Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) dark field (DFI) za zinthu ziwiri zotayidwa zomwe zayikidwa pa SUS 304 substrates kwa masekondi 60 ndi masekondi 180, motsatana. Chithunzi cha ufa chomwe chayikidwa kwa masekondi 60 chilibe tsatanetsatane wa mawonekedwe, kusonyeza kusakhalapo kwa mawonekedwe (Chithunzi 13a). Izi zatsimikiziridwanso ndi XRD, yomwe idawonetsa kuti kapangidwe kake konse ka ufawu kanali kopanda mawonekedwe, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi nsonga zazikulu zoyambira ndi zachiwiri za diffraction zomwe zawonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 14a. Izi zikusonyeza kusakhalapo kwa metastable/mesophase precipitates, momwe ufawo umasunga kapangidwe kake koyambirira kopanda mawonekedwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ufa womwe wayikidwa pa kutentha komweko (550°C) koma wosiyidwa pa substrate kwa masekondi 180 unawonetsa kuyika kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi mivi mu Chithunzi 13b.