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Mabhayofilm chinhu chakakosha mukukura kwezvirwere zvisingaperi, kunyanya kana zvasvika pamidziyo yekurapa. Dambudziko iri rinopa dambudziko guru kune vezvekurapa, sezvo mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kungoparadza mabhayofilm kusvika padanho diki. Kudzivirira kuumbwa kwebhayofilm kwakaita kuti pave nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuputira nezvinhu zvitsva. Matekiniki aya anovavarira kuputira pamusoro nenzira inodzivirira kuumbwa kwebhayofilm. Masimbi esimbi ane vitreous, kunyanya ayo ane simbi dzemhangura netitanium, ave machira akanaka ekurwisa mabhakitiriya. Panguva imwe chete, kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yekupisa inotonhora kwakawedzera sezvo iri nzira yakakodzera yekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinonzwa tembiricha. Chikamu chechinangwa chekutsvagisa uku kwaive kugadzira girazi idzva resimbi rine antibacterial film rinoumbwa neCu-Zr-Ni ternary uchishandisa matekiniki ekugadzira michina. Hupfu hwakaita sedenderedzwa hunogadzira chigadzirwa chekupedzisira hunoshandiswa sechinhu chisina kugadzirwa chekupfapfaidza simbi isina tsvina pakupisa kwakaderera. Magirazi esimbi akaputirwa nesimbi akakwanisa kuderedza zvakanyanya kuumbwa kwebhayofilm nedanda rimwe chete zvichienzaniswa nesimbi isina tsvina.
Munhoroondo yevanhu, chero nzanga yakakwanisa kugadzira nekukurudzira kuunzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa zvayo, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekubudirira uye chinzvimbo muhupfumi hwepasi rose1. Zvagara zvichinzi zvinokonzerwa nekukwanisa kwevanhu kugadzira zvinhu nemidziyo yekugadzira, pamwe nekugadzira magadzirirwo ekugadzira nekutarisa zvinhu kuti zvibudirire muhutano, dzidzo, maindasitiri, hupfumi, tsika nedzimwe nzvimbo kubva kune imwe nyika kana dunhu kuenda kune imwe. Kufambira mberi kunoyerwa pasinei nenyika kana dunhu2. Kwemakore makumi matanhatu, masayendisiti ezvinhu akapedza nguva yakawanda pabasa guru rimwe chete: kutsvaga zvinhu zvitsva uye zvepamusoro. Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa yakatarisana nekuvandudza mhando uye mashandiro ezvinhu zviripo, pamwe nekugadzira nekugadzira mhando itsva yezvinhu.
Kuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvinosanganisa alloying, kugadziriswa kwe microstructure yezvinhu uye kushandiswa kwenzira dzekurapa dzinopisa, dzemakanika kana dzethermomechanical kwakaita kuti pave nekuvandudzika kukuru muhunhu hwemakanika, hwemakemikari uye hwepanyama hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Pamusoro pezvo, mishonga isingazivikanwe kusvika pari zvino yakagadzirwa zvinobudirira. Kuedza uku kwakaramba kuripo kwakapa mhuri itsva yezvinhu zvitsva zvinozivikanwa pamwe chete seAdvanced Materials2. Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, uye high-entropy alloys ingori mimwe mienzaniso yezvinhu zvepamusoro zvakaonekwa munyika kubva pakati pezana remakore rapfuura. Mukugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwe alloys itsva dzine hunhu hwakavandudzwa, mukugadzirwa kwekupedzisira uye muzvikamu zvepakati zvekugadzirwa kwayo, dambudziko rekusaenzana rinowanzowedzerwa. Nekuda kwekuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva hwekugadzira hunobvumira kutsauka kukuru kubva pakuenzana, boka idzva re metastable alloys, rinozivikanwa se metallic glasses, rakawanikwa.
Basa rake kuCaltech muna 1960 rakachinja pfungwa yesimbi dzakasanganiswa paakagadzira Au-25 at.% Si glassy alloys nekukurumidza kusimbisa mvura pamadhora anoda kusvika miriyoni pasekondi. 4 Kuwanikwa kwaProfessor Paul Duves hakuna kungoratidza kutanga kwenhoroondo yesimbi magirazi (MS), asiwo kwakatungamira kukuchinja kwemaonero evanhu nezvesimbi dzakasanganiswa. Kubva pakutsvaga kwekutanga mukugadzira MS alloys, magirazi ese esimbi akawanikwa zvachose achishandisa imwe yenzira dzinotevera: (i) kukurumidza kusimbisa kwekunyunguduka kana kupwanyika, (ii) atomic lattice disorder, (iii) solid-state amorphization reactions pakati pezvinhu zvesimbi zvakachena uye (iv) solid phase changes of metaltable phases.
MaMG anosiyaniswa nekushaikwa kweatomu refu-range inosanganiswa nemakristaro, inova ndiyo hunhu hunoratidza makristaro. Munyika yanhasi, kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mumunda wegirazi resimbi. Izvi zvinhu zvitsva zvine hunhu hunonakidza hunofadza kwete chete kune solid state physics, asiwo kune metallurgy, surface chemistry, tekinoroji, biology, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Rudzi urwu rutsva rwezvinhu rune hunhu hwakasiyana nesimbi dzakaoma, zvichiita kuti ive mukana unonakidza wekushandiswa kwetekinoroji muminda yakasiyana-siyana. Ane hunhu hunokosha: (i) ductility yepamusoro yemakanika uye simba rekugadzira, (ii) high magnetic permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) uncommon corrosion resistance, (v) kuzvimiririra pakupisa. Conductivity 6.7.
Kubatanidza michina (MA)1,8 inzira itsva, yakatanga kuunzwa muna 19839 naProf. KK Kok nevamwe vake. Vakagadzira hupfu hweNi60Nb40 husina morphous nekukuya musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakachena patembiricha yekunze iri pedyo netembiricha yemumba. Kazhinji, MA reaction inoitwa pakati pekusanganiswa kwehupfu hwe reactant mu reactor, inowanzo gadzirwa nesimbi isina ngura, mubhora mill. 10 (Mufananidzo 1a, b). Kubva ipapo, iyi mechanically induced solid state reaction method yakashandiswa kugadzira hupfu hutsva hwe amorphous/metallic glass alloy uchishandisa low (Mufananidzo 1c) uye high energy ball mills uye rod mills11,12,13,14,15,16. Kunyanya, iyi nzira yakashandiswa kugadzirira immiscible systems dzakadai seCu-Ta17 pamwe ne high melting point alloys dzakadai seAl-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb naTa)18,19 uye Fe-W20 systems. , iyo isingawanikwe uchishandisa nzira dzekubika dzechinyakare. Pamusoro pezvo, MA inoonekwa seimwe yezvishandiso zvine simba zvikuru zve nanotechnology pakugadzira zvikamu zveupfu zve nanocrystalline uye nanocomposite zvesimbi oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, pamwe nekudzikamisa kwakafara uchishandisa nzira yekubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. 1 uye matanho anochinjika.
Chimiro chinoratidza nzira yekugadzira yakashandiswa kugadzirira Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 metallic glass coating muchidzidzo chino. (a) Kugadzira MC alloy powders ine huwandu hwakasiyana hweNi x (x; 10, 20, 30, uye 40 at.%) uchishandisa nzira yekugaya bhora ine simba shoma. (a) Chinhu chekutanga chinoiswa mu tool cylinder pamwe chete nema tool steel balls uye (b) chakavharwa muHe atmosphere yakazara glove box. (c) Transparent model ye grinding concept inoratidzira kufamba kwebhora panguva yekugaya. Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira cheupfu chakawanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu chakashandiswa kuputira SUS 304 substrate nechando (d).
Kana zvasvika kune zvinhu zvakawanda (substrates), mainjiniya epamusoro anosanganisira kugadzira nekugadzirisa nzvimbo (substrates) kuti dzipe humwe hunhu hwepanyama, hwemakemikari, uye hwehunyanzvi husiri muzvinhu zvepakutanga. Zvimwe zvehunhu hunogona kuvandudzwa zvinobudirira kuburikidza nekurapa pamusoro zvinosanganisira kukwesha, oxidation uye corrosion resistance, coefficient of friction, bioinertness, hunhu hwemagetsi uye thermal insulation, kungodudza zvishomanana. Hunhu hwepamusoro hunogona kuvandudzwa nenzira dzesimbi, dzemakanika kana dzemakemikari. Senzira inozivikanwa, coating inongotsanangurwa sechikamu chimwe chete kana kupfuura chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira pamusoro pechinhu chikuru (substrate) chakagadzirwa kubva kune chimwe chinhu. Saka, coating inoshandiswa muchikamu kuti iwane hunhu hwehunyanzvi kana hwekushongedza hunodiwa, pamwe nekudzivirira zvinhu kubva pakudyidzana kunotarisirwa kwemakemikari nemuviri nenharaunda23.
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye matekiniki anogona kushandiswa kuisa zvidimbu zvekudzivirira zvakakodzera kubva kuma micrometer mashoma (ari pasi pe 10-20 micrometers) kusvika kuma micrometer anopfuura 30 kana kutoti ma millimeter akati wandei muukobvu. Kazhinji, maitiro ekuputira anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: (i) nzira dzekuputira dzakanyorova, dzinosanganisira electroplating, electroplating, uye hot dip galvanizing, uye (ii) nzira dzekuputira dzakaoma, dzinosanganisira soldering, hardfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD). ), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), matekiniki ekuputira zvinopisa, uye matekiniki ekuputira zvinotonhora munguva pfupi yapfuura 24 (Mufananidzo 1d).
Mafirimu eBio anotsanangurwa senzvimbo dzemabhakitiriya dzakabatana pamusoro uye dzakakomberedzwa nemapolymers ekunze anozvigadzira ega (EPS). Kuumbwa kwebiofilm yakakura zvishoma kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru mumaindasitiri mazhinji, kusanganisira kugadzira chikafu, masisitimu emvura, uye hutano. Muvanhu, nekuumbwa kwebiofilms, anopfuura 80% ezvirwere zvehutachiona (kusanganisira Enterobacteriaceae neStaphylococci) zvakaoma kurapa. Pamusoro pezvo, mabiofilms akura anonzi haagoni kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ka1000 kana tichienzanisa nemasero ebhakitiriya eplanktonic, ayo anoonekwa sedambudziko guru rekurapa. Munhoroondo, zvinhu zvinodzivirira mabhakitiriya zvinobva mumakemikari akajairika eorganic zvakashandiswa. Kunyangwe zvinhu zvakadaro zvichiwanzova nezvinhu zvine chepfu zvinogona kukuvadza vanhu,25,26 izvi zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira kutapurirana kwebhakitiriya uye kuora kwezvinhu.
Kusakwanisa kwebhakitiriya kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kwakapararira nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwebiofilm kwakaita kuti pave nekudiwa kwekugadzira nzvimbo ine hutachiona hwemabhakitiriya inogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka27. Kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo inorwisa mabhakitiriya kana yemakemikari iyo masero ebhakitiriya asingakwanise kusunga uye kugadzira biofilms nekuda kwekunamatira ndiyo nzira yekutanga mukuita uku27. Tekinoroji yechipiri ndeyekugadzira machira anoendesa makemikari anorwisa mabhakitiriya panzvimbo chaiyo yaanoda, muhuwandu hwakasimba uye hwakagadzirirwa. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana zvekuputira zvakaita segraphene/germanium28, black diamond29 uye ZnO30-doped diamond-like carbon coatings inodzivirira mabhakitiriya, tekinoroji inowedzera kukura kwechepfu uye kuramba nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwebiofilm. Pamusoro pezvo, machira ane makemikari anouraya mabhakitiriya anopa dziviriro yenguva refu kubva pakusvibiswa kwebhakitiriya ari kuwedzera kufarirwa. Kunyange zvazvo maitiro ese matatu achikwanisa kushandisa basa rekuuraya mabhakitiriya panzvimbo dzakaputirwa, imwe neimwe ine zvipingamupinyi zvayo zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo pakugadzira nzira yekushandisa.
Zvigadzirwa zviri pamusika parizvino zvinokanganiswa nekushaikwa kwenguva yekuongorora nekuyedza machira ekudzivirira ezvinhu zvinoshanda muhupenyu. Makambani anoti zvigadzirwa zvavo zvichapa vashandisi zvinhu zvinodiwa zvekushanda, zvisinei, izvi zvave chipingamupinyi pakubudirira kwezvigadzirwa zviri pamusika parizvino. Mishonga inobva kusirivha inoshandiswa mumishonga yakawanda inorwisa utachiona iripo kune vatengi. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza vashandisi kubva pakusangana nehutachiona hunogona kukuvadza. Kunonoka kwemhedzisiro yemishonga inorwisa utachiona uye chepfu yemakemikari esirivha zvinowedzera kumanikidzwa kwevaongorori kuti vagadzire imwe nzira isingakuvadzi36,37. Kugadzira pendi yepasi rose inorwisa utachiona inoshanda mukati nekunze kuchiri dambudziko. Izvi zvinouya nenjodzi dzehutano nekuchengetedza. Kuwana mushonga unorwisa utachiona usingakuvadzi vanhu zvakanyanya uye kutsvaga nzira yekuuisa mumidziyo inovhara ine hupenyu hwakareba chinangwa chinotsvakwa38. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinorwisa utachiona uye zvinorwisa biofilm zvakagadzirirwa kuuraya mabhakitiriya ari pedyo kungave nekubata zvakananga kana mushure mekuburitswa kwemushonga unoshanda. Vanogona kuita izvi nekudzivisa kubatana kwemabhakitiriya pakutanga (kusanganisira kudzivirira kuumbwa kwechikamu cheprotein pamusoro) kana nekuuraya mabhakitiriya nekukanganisa madziro esero.
Chaizvoizvo, kufukidza pamusoro inzira yekuisa rimwe jira pamusoro pechinhu kuti uvandudze hunhu hwepamusoro. Chinangwa chekuvhara pamusoro ndechekuchinja chimiro che microstructure uye/kana kuumbwa kwenzvimbo iri pedyo nepamusoro pechinhu39. Nzira dzekufukidza pamusoro dzinogona kukamurwa kuita nzira dzakasiyana, idzo dzakapfupikiswa muMufananidzo 2a. Kufukidza kunogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvekupisa, zvemakemikari, zvepanyama uye zvemagetsi zvichienderana nenzira inoshandiswa kugadzira kufukidza.
(a) Mufananidzo uri mukati unoratidza matekiniki makuru ekugadzira pamusoro, uye (b) zvakanakira nezvakaipa zvenzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora.
Tekinoroji yekupfapfaidza nechando ine zvakawanda zvakafanana netekinoroji dzechinyakare dzekupfapfaidza nekupisa. Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoita kuti maitiro ekupfapfaidza nechando nezvinhu zvekupfapfaidza nechando zvive zvakasiyana. Tekinoroji yekupfapfaidza nechando ichiri kutanga, asi ine ramangwana rakanaka. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, hunhu hwakasiyana hwekupfapfaidza nechando hune mabhenefiti makuru, kukunda miganhu yemaitiro echinyakare ekupfapfaidza nekupisa. Inokunda miganhu yakakosha yetekinoroji yechinyakare yekupfapfaidza nekupisa, umo hupfu hunofanira kunyungudutswa kuti huiswe pane substrate. Zviri pachena kuti maitiro aya echinyakare ekupfapfaidza haana kukodzera zvinhu zvinonzwa tembiricha zvakanyanya senge nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous uye metallic glasses40, 41, 42. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvekupfapfaidza nekupisa zvinogara zvine mwero wepamusoro we porosity uye oxides. Tekinoroji yekupfapfaidza nechando ine mabhenefiti akawanda akakosha pamusoro petekinoroji yekupfapfaidza nekupisa, senge (i) kupisa kushoma kunopinda mu substrate, (ii) kushanduka pakusarudza substrate coating, (iii) kusava nekuchinja kwechikamu uye kukura kwezviyo, (iv) simba rakawanda rekunamatira1 .39 (Mufananidzo 2b). Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvinoputira zvinotonhora zvine simba guru rekudzivirira ngura, simba guru uye kuomarara, simba guru remagetsi uye density yakakura41. Pasinei nemabhenefiti ekuita kuputira zvinotonhora, nzira iyi ichiri nedambudziko, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2b. Pakuputira hupfu hweceramic hwakachena hwakadai seAl2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, nezvimwewo, nzira yekuputira inotonhora haigone kushandiswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, hupfu hweceramic/simbi hunogona kushandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira kuputira. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune dzimwe nzira dzekuputira dzinopisa. Nzvimbo dzakaoma uye mukati mepombi zvichiri kuoma kupuruzira.
Tichifunga kuti basa riripo rakanangana nekushandiswa kwemetallic vitreous powders sezvinhu zvekutanga zvekuputira, zviri pachena kuti kupfapfaidza kwemafuta ezuva nezuva hakugone kushandiswa pachinangwa ichi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti metallic vitreous powders dzinoita crystallize pakupisa kwakanyanya1.
Zvizhinji zvezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvekurapa nezvekudya zvinogadzirwa nesimbi dzisina tsvina dzinonzi austenitic (SUS316 neSUS304) dzine chromium iri pakati pe12 ne20 wt.% yekugadzira zvishandiso zvekuvhiya. Zvinogamuchirwa kuti kushandiswa kwesimbi yechromium sechinhu chinobatanidza simbi musimbi kunogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kuramba kwesimbi dzakajairwa. Mashizha asina tsvina, pasinei nekuramba kwawo kwakanyanya, haana hunhu hwakakura hwekuuraya utachiona38,39. Izvi zvinopesana nekuramba kwawo kwakanyanya ngura. Mushure meizvozvo, zvinokwanisika kufanotaura kukura kwehutachiona nekuzvimba, izvo zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekunamatira kwebhakitiriya uye kugara pamusoro pezvinhu zvesimbi zvisina tsvina. Matambudziko makuru anogona kumuka nekuda kwematambudziko makuru ane chekuita nekunamatira kwebhakitiriya uye nzira dzekuumbwa kwebiofilm, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kuhutano husina kunaka, izvo zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakawanda inogona kukanganisa hutano hwevanhu zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga.
Chidzidzo ichi chikamu chekutanga chepurojekiti inotsigirwa nemari neKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), chibvumirano nhamba 2010-550401, chekuongorora mukana wekugadzira upfu hwesimbi hweCu-Zr-Ni hwakaita segirazi uchishandisa tekinoroji yeMA (tafura). 1) Kugadzira firimu/kuputira pamusoro peSUS304 antibacterial. Chikamu chechipiri chepurojekiti, chichatanga muna Ndira 2023, chichadzidza zvakadzama hunhu hwe galvanic corrosion uye hunhu hwe mechanical system. Kuongororwa kwakadzama kwe microbiological kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emabhakitiriya kuchaitwa.
Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura nezvemhedzisiro yehuwandu hweZr alloy pakugona kugadzira girazi (GFA) zvichibva pahunhu hwechimiro uye chimiro. Pamusoro pezvo, hunhu hwemabhakitiriya hwegirazi resimbi rakaputirwa nehupfu/SUS304 composite hwakakurukurwawo. Pamusoro pezvo, basa riri kuenderera mberi rakaitwa kuti riongorore mukana wekushanduka kwechimiro cheupfu hwegirazi resimbi hunoitika panguva yekupfapfaidza kunotonhora munzvimbo ine mvura inotonhorera yemagirazi esimbi akagadzirwa. Cu50Zr30Ni20 uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloys egirazi esimbi akashandiswa semuenzaniso unomiririra muchidzidzo ichi.
Chikamu chino chinoratidza shanduko dzechimiro chehupfu hwezvinhu zveCu, Zr neNi panguva yekugayiwa kwebhora risina simba rakawanda. Masisitimu maviri akasiyana anosanganisira Cu50Zr20Ni30 neCu50Zr40Ni10 achashandiswa semienzaniso yekuratidza. Maitiro eMA anogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana, sezvinoratidzwa ne metallographic characterization yehupfu hunowanikwa padanho rekugayiwa (Mufananidzo 3).
Hunhu hweMetallographic hwehupfu hwema mechanical alloys (MA) hunowanikwa mushure mematanho akasiyana-siyana ekukuya bhora. Mifananidzo yefield emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) yehupfu hweMA neCu50Zr40Ni10 hunowanikwa mushure mekukuya bhora nesimba shoma kwemaawa matatu, gumi nemaviri nemakumi mashanu inoratidzwa muna (a), (c) uye (e) yeCu50Zr20Ni30 system, iri paMA imwecheteyo. Mifananidzo inoenderana yeCu50Zr40Ni10 system inotorwa mushure menguva inoratidzwa muna (b), (d), uye (f).
Munguva yekugaya bhora, simba rekufamba rinoshanda rinogona kuendeswa kuhupfu hwesimbi rinokanganiswa nekusanganiswa kwezviyero, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 1a. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuroverana pakati pemabhora nehupfu, kudzvanywa kwehupfu hwakanamirwa pakati kana pakati pezvinhu zvinokuya, kukanganiswa nemabhora anodonha, kuchekwa uye kupera kunokonzerwa nekudhonzwa kwehupfu pakati pemiviri inofamba yemuchina wekugaya bhora, uye shock wave inopfuura nemabhora anodonha achipararira kuburikidza nekumera kwakazara (Mufananidzo 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образовасти крука мм в диаметре). Upfu hweCu, Zr, uye Ni hwakakanganisika zvakanyanya nekuda kwekukwesha kwemvura inotonhora pakutanga kweMA (maawa matatu), izvo zvakaita kuti pave nezvidimbu zvikuru zveupfu (> 1 mm mudhayamita).Zvidimbu zvikuru izvi zvinosanganiswa nekugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakakora zve alloying elements (Cu, Zr, Ni), sezvakaratidzwa pamufananidzo 3a, b. Kuwedzera kwenguva yeMA kusvika maawa gumi nemaviri (pakati pedanho) kwakaita kuti simba remagetsi riwedzere, izvo zvakaita kuti upfu hwakasanganiswa huve hupfu hudiki (husingasviki 200 μm), sezvakaratidzwa pamufananidzo 3c, guta. Padanho iri, simba rekucheka rinoita kuti pave nesimbi itsva ine zvikamu zvitete zveCu, Zr, Ni, sezvakaratidzwa pamufananidzo 3c, d. Semhedzisiro yekukuya kwezvikamu panzvimbo yeflakes, maitiro echikamu chakasimba anoitika nekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvitsva.
Pakupera kwemaitiro eMA (mushure memaawa makumi mashanu), flake metallography yakanga isinganyatsoonekwe (Mufananidzo 3e, f), uye mirror metallography yakaonekwa pamusoro pehupfu hwakaposhwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maitiro eMA akapedzwa uye chikamu chimwe chete chekuita chakagadzirwa. Kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvezvikamu zvinoratidzwa muMifananidzo 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) zvakaonekwa uchishandisa field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) pamwe chete ne energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). (IV).
Mutafura. Zvinhu zviviri zve alloying elements zvinoratidzwa sechikamu chehuwandu hwese hwenzvimbo yega yega yakasarudzwa mumufananidzo 3e, f. Kuenzanisa mhedzisiro iyi nezvikamu zvekutanga zveCu50Zr20Ni30 neCu50Zr40Ni10 zvakapihwa muTafura 1 zvinoratidza kuti zvikamu zvezvigadzirwa zviviri izvi zvekupedzisira zviri pedyo zvikuru nezvikamu zve nominal. Pamusoro pezvo, kukosha kwezvikamu zvenzvimbo dzakanyorwa muMufananidzo 3e, f hakurevi kuora kwakakosha kana kusiyana kwechimiro chemuenzaniso wega wega kubva kunzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuti hapana shanduko muchimiro kubva kunzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe. Izvi zvinoratidza kugadzirwa kweupfu hwe alloy hwakafanana sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 2.
Ma micrograph eFE-SEM eCu50(Zr50-xNix) eupfu hwekupedzisira hwechigadzirwa akawanikwa mushure me50 MA times, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 4a-d, apo x iri 10, 20, 30 uye 40 at.%, zvichiteerana. Mushure medanho iri rekukuya, upfu hunoungana nekuda kwemhedzisiro yevan der Waals, iyo inotungamira pakuumbwa kwezvikamu zvikuru zvinosanganisira zvidimbu zvidiki zvine dhayamita ye73 kusvika 126 nm, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 4.
Hunhu hwehupfu hweCu50(Zr50-xNix) hunowanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu eMA. Kune masisitimu eCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, mifananidzo yeFE-SEM yehupfu hunowanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu eMA inoratidzwa mu (a), (b), (c), uye (d), zvichiteerana.
Vasati vaisa hupfu mufiriji inotonhora, vakatanga vaisa sonic mu analytical grade ethanol kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu vozoomeswa pa150° C kwemaawa maviri. Danho iri rinofanira kutorwa kuti vabudirire kurwisa agglomeration, iyo inowanzo kukonzera matambudziko akawanda akakomba mukuputira. Mushure mekupedzwa kweMA process, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuti vaongorore homogeneity yehupfu hwe alloy. Pamufananidzo 5a–d inoratidza FE-SEM micrographs uye mifananidzo inoenderana yeEDS yezvinhu zveCu, Zr uye Ni alloying zveCu50Zr30Ni20 alloy zvakatorwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu M, zvichiteerana. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hupfu hwe alloy hwakawanikwa mushure medanho iri hwakafanana, sezvo husingaratidze chero kuchinja kwechimiro kupfuura sub-nanometer level, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 5.
Maitiro uye kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwezvinhu zviri muMG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder zvakawanikwa mushure me50 MA neFE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Kuongororwa kweSEM neX-ray EDS kwe (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, uye (d) Ni-Kα.
Mapatani eX-ray diffraction eupfu hweCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 hwakasanganiswa nemechanically alloy akawanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu eMA anoratidzwa muMifananidzo 6a–d, zvichiteerana. Mushure medanho iri rekugaya, sampuli dzese dzine huwandu hwakasiyana hweZr dzaive nezvivakwa zvisina chimiro zvine maitiro e halo diffusion anoratidzwa muMifananidzo 6.
Mapatani eX-ray eCu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) powders mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu. Patani ye halo-diffusion yakaonekwa musampuli dzese pasina kusiyanisa, zvichiratidza kuumbwa kwechikamu chisina chimiro.
Microscopy yemagetsi inoburitsa simba remagetsi (FE-HRTEM) yakashandiswa kuona shanduko dzemunzvimbo uye kunzwisisa chimiro chemunzvimbo cheupfu hunobva mukukuyiwa kwebhora panguva dzakasiyana dzeMA. Mifananidzo yeupfu hwakawanikwa nenzira yeFE-HRTEM mushure mematanho ekutanga (maawa matanhatu) uye epakati (maawa gumi nemasere) ekukuya upfu hweCu50Zr30Ni20 neCu50Zr40Ni10 inoratidzwa muMifananidzo 7a, zvichiteerana. Zvichienderana nemufananidzo webright-field (BFI) weupfu hwakawanikwa mushure memaawa matanhatu eMA, upfu hwacho hune zviyo zvakakura zvine miganhu yakajeka yezvinhu zvefcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, uye fcc-Ni, uye hapana zviratidzo zvekuumbwa kwechikamu che reaction, sezvakaratidzwa muMifananidzo 7a. Pamusoro pezvo, patani ye diffraction yenzvimbo yakasarudzwa (SADP) yakatorwa kubva munharaunda yepakati (a) yakaratidza patani ye diffraction yakapinza (Mifananidzo 7b) inoratidza kuvapo kwemakristaro makuru uye kusavapo kwechikamu che reactive.
Hunhu hwenzvimbo yeupfu hweMA hwakawanikwa mushure mezvikamu zvekutanga (maawa matanhatu) uye zvepakati (maawa gumi nemasere). (a) High resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) uye (b) diffractogram (SADP) yeupfu hweCu50Zr30Ni20 inoenderana mushure mekurapwa kweMA kwemaawa matanhatu. Mufananidzo weFE-HRTEM weCu50Zr40Ni10 wakawanikwa mushure memaawa gumi nemasere eMA unoratidzwa mu (c).
Sezvakaratidzwa pamufananidzo 7c, kuwedzera kwenguva yeMA kusvika maawa gumi nemasere kwakakonzera zvikanganiso zvakakomba zve lattice pamwe chete ne deformation yepurasitiki. Padanho iri repakati peMA process, zvikanganiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoonekwa muupfu, kusanganisira zvikanganiso zve stacking, zvikanganiso zve lattice, uye zvikanganiso zve point (Mufananidzo 7). Zvikanganiso izvi zvinokonzera kupatsanuka kwezviyo zvikuru pamiganhu yezviyo kuita zvidiki pane 20 nm muhukuru (Mufananidzo 7c).
Maumbirwo enzvimbo yeCu50Z30Ni20 powder yakagayiwa kwemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu MA anozivikanwa nekuumbwa kwe ultrafine nanograins dzakaiswa mu amorphous thin matrix, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 8a. Ongororo yenzvimbo yeEMF yakaratidza kuti nanoclusters dzakaratidzwa muFig. 8a dzakabatana neCu, Zr neNi powder alloys dzisina kurapwa. Zviri muCu mu matrix zvakasiyana kubva pa ~32 at.% (poor zone) kusvika pa ~74 at.% (rich zone), izvo zvinoratidza kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana. Pamusoro pezvo, SADPs dzinoenderana dzehupfu dzakawanikwa mushure mekugayiwa mudanho rino dzinoratidza primary nesecondary halo-diffusion amorphous phase rings dzakaputirana ne sharp points dzakabatana neizvi zvisina kugadziriswa alloying elements, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 8b.
Zvimiro zvemunzvimbo yeBeyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder. (a) Mufananidzo wakajeka (BFI) uye zvinoenderana (b) SADP yeCu50Zr30Ni20 powder yakawanikwa mushure mekukuyiwa kwemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu MA.
Pakupera kwemaitiro eMA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, uye 40 at.% powders, pasina kusiyanisa, dzine chimiro che labyrinthine chechikamu chisina chimiro, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo. Hapana point diffraction kana sharp annular patterns dzakaonekwa muSADS inoenderana yechinhu chimwe nechimwe. Izvi zvinoratidza kusavapo kwesimbi isina kugadziriswa, asi kuumbwa kweupfu hwe alloy husina chimiro. Aya maSADP akabatana anoratidza mapatani e halo diffusion akashandiswawo sehumbowo hwekuvandudzwa kwezvikamu zvisina chimiro muzvinhu zvekupedzisira zvechigadzirwa.
Maumbirwo enzvimbo yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira cheCu50 MS system (Zr50-xNix). FE-HRTEM uye mapatani e diffraction e nanobeam akabatana (NBDP) e (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, uye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 yakawanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu eMA.
Kushandisa differential scanning calorimetry, kugadzikana kwekupisa kwegirazi transition temperature (Tg), supercooled liquid region (ΔTx) uye crystallization temperature (Tx) zvakadzidzwa zvichienderana nezviri mukati meNi (x) muCu50(Zr50-xNix) amorphous system. (DSC) properties muHe gas flow. MaDSC curves ehupfu hweCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, uye Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys akawanikwa mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu anoratidzwa muMifananidzo 10a, b, e, zvichiteerana. Nepo DSC curve yeamorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 ichiratidzwa zvakasiyana muFig. 10th century. Panguva imwe chete, sampuro yeCu50Zr30Ni20 inopisa kusvika ~700°C muDSC inoratidzwa muFig. 10g.
Kugadzikana kwekupisa kweCu50(Zr50-xNix) MG powders inowanikwa mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu kunotsanangurwa nekupisa kwegirazi (Tg), kupisa kwekristallization (Tx) uye nzvimbo yemvura inotonhorera zvakanyanya (ΔTx). MaThermograms e differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) powders eCu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), uye (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) yeCu50Zr30Ni20 sample inopiswa kusvika ~700°C muDSC inoratidzwa muna (d).
Sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 10, makomba eDSC emhando dzese dzine nickel concentrations dzakasiyana (x) anoratidza zviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana, chimwe chiri endothermic uye chimwe chiri exothermic. Chiitiko chekutanga che endothermic chinoenderana neTg, uye chechipiri chinobatanidzwa neTx. Nzvimbo yespan yakatambanudzwa iripo pakati peTg neTx inonzi subcooled liquid area (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti Tg neTx zveCu50Zr40Ni10 sample (Mufananidzo 10a) zvakaiswa pa526°C uye 612°C zvinoshandura zviri mukati (x) kusvika pa20 pa% kuenda kudivi rekupisa rakaderera re482°C ne563°C. °C nekuwedzera kweNi content (x), zvichiteerana, sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 10b. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 inoderera kubva pa86°С (Mufananidzo 10a) kusvika pa81°С yeCu50Zr30Ni20 (Mufananidzo 10b). Kune MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, kudzikira kweTg, Tx, uye ΔTx kusvika pamazinga e447°С, 526°С, uye 79°С kwakaonekwawo (Mufananidzo 10b). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweNi kunotungamira kudzikira kwekugadzikana kwekupisa kweMS alloy. Kusiyana neizvi, kukosha kweTg (507 °C) yeMC Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy kwakaderera pane kweMC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; zvisinei, Tx yayo inoratidza kukosha kwakafanana nayo (612 °C). Saka, ΔTx ine kukosha kwakakwirira (87°C) sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo wezana remakore rechi10.
Sisitimu yeCu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, ichishandisa Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy semuenzaniso, inopenya kuburikidza ne sharp exothermic peak ichipinda mu fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, uye orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline phases (Mufananidzo 10c). Kuchinja uku kwechikamu kubva pa amorphous kuenda ku crystalline kwakasimbiswa ne X-ray diffraction analysis ye MG sample (Mufananidzo 10d) iyo yakapiswa kusvika 700 °C mu DSC.
Pamufananidzo 11 panoratidza mifananidzo yakatorwa panguva yekupfapfaidza kunotonhora kwakaitwa mubasa razvino. Muchidzidzo ichi, zvidimbu zveupfu hwesimbi zvakaita segirazi zvakagadzirwa mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu (zvichishandisa Cu50Zr20Ni30 semuenzaniso) zvakashandiswa sezvinhu zvinorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye ndiro yesimbi isina ngura (SUS304) yakaputirwa nechando. Nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora yakasarudzwa kuti ifukidzwe muchikamu chetekinoroji yekupisa nekuti ndiyo nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya muchikamu chetekinoroji yekupisa uko inogona kushandiswa pazvinhu zvinopisa zvesimbi zvakaita seamorphous uye nanocrystalline powders. Hazvichinjiki pakuchinja kwechikamu. Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru pakusarudza nzira iyi. Maitiro ekuiswa kwechando anoitwa uchishandisa zvidimbu zvinokurumidza kumhanyisa zvinoshandura simba rekinetic rezvikamu kuita plastic deformation, deformation uye heat on impact ne substrate kana zvidimbu zvakamboiswa.
Mifananidzo yemumunda inoratidza nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora yakashandiswa pakugadzirira kashanu kweMG/SUS 304 pa550°C.
Simba remagetsi rezvikamu, pamwe chete nekufamba kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe panguva yekuumbwa kwejira, zvinofanirwa kushandurwa kuita mamwe marudzi esimba kuburikidza nenzira dzakadai sekuchinja kwepurasitiki (zvikamu zvekutanga uye kusangana kwezvikamu mu matrix uye kusangana kwezvikamu), mafundo epakati pezvinhu zvakasimba, kutenderera pakati pezvikamu, kuchinja uye kudzikisa kupisa 39. Pamusoro pezvo, kana simba rese remagetsi rinopinda risingashandurwe kuita simba rekupisa uye simba rekuchinja, mhedzisiro yacho ichave kugongana kwe elastic, zvinoreva kuti zvikamu zvinongobhururuka mushure mekugumburwa. Zvakacherechedzwa kuti 90% yesimba remagetsi rinoshandiswa kune zvinhu zvezvikamu/substrate inoshandurwa kuita kupisa kwemuno 40. Pamusoro pezvo, kana kumanikidzwa kwemagetsi kuchishandiswa, mwero wepamusoro wepurasitiki unowanikwa munzvimbo yekubatana kwezvikamu/substrate munguva pfupi kwazvo 41,42.
Kushanduka kwepurasitiki kunowanzoonekwa senzira yekuparadza simba, kana kuti, senzvimbo yekupisa munzvimbo inopindirana. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwekupisa munzvimbo inopindirana hakukwani kuti pave nekunyunguduka kwepakati pemaatomu kana kukurudzira kukuru kwekupararira kwemaatomu. Hapana chinyorwa chinozivikanwa nevanyori chakaongorora mhedzisiro yehunhu hwemapoda aya esimbi evitreous pakunamatira kwehupfu uye kugara kwehupfu kunoitika kana uchishandisa nzira dzinotonhora dzekupfapfaidza.
BFI yeMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder inogona kuonekwa muFig. 12a, iyo yakaiswa paSUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b). Sezvatinoona kubva pamufananidzo, ma coated powders anochengetedza chimiro chawo chepakutanga chisina chimiro sezvo aine chimiro che labyrinth chisina hunyanzvi hwe crystalline kana lattice defects. Kune rumwe rutivi, mufananidzo unoratidza kuvapo kwechikamu chekune imwe nyika, sezvinoratidzwa ne nanoparticles dziri muMG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a). Mufananidzo 12c unoratidza indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) yakabatana nedunhu I (Fig. 12a). Sezvatinoona muFig. 12c, NBDP inoratidza weak halo-diffusion pattern yechimiro chisina chimiro uye inogara pamwe chete nemapoinzi akapinza anoenderana ne crystalline large cubic metastable Zr2Ni phase pamwe ne tetragonal CuO phase. Kuumbwa kweCuO kunogona kutsanangurwa nekuoxidation kweupfu pahunofamba kubva mumuromo wepfuti yekupfapfaidza kuenda kuSUS 304 mumhepo yakavhurika nekuyerera kwesimba repamusoro. Kune rumwe rutivi, kubudiswa kwehupfu hwesimbi hwakaita segirazi kwakaita kuti pave nezvikamu zvikuru zvemakubhiki mushure mekupfapfaidza kunotonhora pa550°C kwemaminitsi makumi matatu.
(a) Mufananidzo weFE-HRTEM weMG powder yakaiswa pa (b) SUS 304 substrate (Mufananidzo uri mukati). Nhamba yeNBDP yechiratidzo chakatenderera chinoratidzwa muna (a) inoratidzwa muna (c).
Kuti kuyedze nzira iyi inogona kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvikuru zveZr2Ni, kuyedza kwakazvimirira kwakaitwa. Mukuyedza uku, hupfu hwakapfapfaidzwa kubva kuatomizer pa550°C munzira yeSUS 304 substrate; zvisinei, kuti vaone kuti hupfu hwacho huchabviswa sei kubva muSUS304 strip nekukurumidza sezvinobvira (anenge masekondi makumi matanhatu). ). Imwe nhevedzano yekuyedza yakaitwa umo hupfu hwakabviswa kubva musubstrate anenge masekondi zana nemakumi masere mushure mekushandiswa.
Mifananidzo 13a,b inoratidza mifananidzo yeScanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) dark field (DFI) yezvinhu zviviri zvakapwanyika zvakaiswa paSUS 304 substrates kwemasekondi 60 nemasekondi 180, zvichiteerana. Mufananidzo weupfu wakaiswa kwemasekondi 60 hauna ruzivo rwechimiro, zvichiratidza kusava nechinhu (Mufananidzo 13a). Izvi zvakasimbiswawo neXRD, iyo yakaratidza kuti chimiro chose cheupfu uhwu chakanga chisina chimiro, sezvakaratidzwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro nehwechipiri hwe diffraction hwakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 14a. Izvi zvinoratidza kusavapo kwe metastable/mesophase precipitates, umo upfu hunochengetedza chimiro chahwo chepakutanga chisina chimiro. Kusiyana neizvi, upfu hwakaiswa patembiricha imwechete (550°C) asi hwakasiyiwa pasubstrate kwemasekondi 180 hwakaratidza kuiswa kwezviyo zvakakura, sezvakaratidzwa nemiseve iri muMufananidzo 13b.