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Biofilms ni ingenzi mu iterambere ry’indwara zidakira, cyane cyane iyo bigeze ku bikoresho by’ubuvuzi. Iki kibazo gitera ikibazo gikomeye ku rwego rw’ubuvuzi, kuko imiti isanzwe ishobora kwangiza biofilms gusa ku rugero ruto cyane. Gukumira ikorwa rya biofilm byatumye habaho uburyo butandukanye bwo gusiga n’ibikoresho bishya. Ubu buryo bugamije gusiga ubuso mu buryo budakora biofilm. Ibyuma bya vitreous metal, cyane cyane birimo umuringa na titaniyumu, byabaye imiti irwanya udukoko. Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti ikonje ryariyongereye kuko ari uburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ibikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe. Intego imwe y’ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugukora ikirahure gishya cy’icyuma cya antibacterial kigizwe na Cu-Zr-Ni ternary hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutera imiti. Ifu y’umubumbe igize umusaruro wa nyuma ikoreshwa nk’ibikoresho fatizo byo gutera imiti ikoreshwa mu ...
Mu mateka y’abantu, umuryango uwo ari wo wose washoboye guteza imbere no guteza imbere ishyirwaho ry’ibikoresho bishya kugira ngo bihuze n’ibyo ukeneye byihariye, bigatuma umusaruro wiyongera kandi ushyirwa mu mwanya mu bukungu bw’isi yose1. Byahoraga biterwa n’ubushobozi bw’abantu bwo gushushanya ibikoresho n’ibikoresho byo mu nganda, ndetse n’ibishushanyo mbonera byo gukora no kugena ibikoresho kugira ngo bigere ku buzima, uburezi, inganda, ubukungu, umuco n’ibindi bikorwa kuva mu gihugu kimwe cyangwa mu karere kamwe ujya mu kandi. Iterambere ripimirwa hatitawe ku gihugu cyangwa akarere2. Mu myaka 60 ishize, abahanga mu by’ibikoresho bamaze igihe kinini mu nshingano imwe nyamukuru: gushakisha ibikoresho bishya kandi bigezweho. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwibanze ku kunoza ireme n’imikorere y’ibikoresho bihari, ndetse no guhuza no kuvumbura ubwoko bushya bw’ibikoresho.
Kongeramo ibintu bivangavanze, guhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho ndetse no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe, ikoranabuhanga cyangwa thermomechanical byatumye habaho iterambere rikomeye mu miterere y’ibikoresho bitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bitari byamenyekana kugeza ubu byakozwe neza. Izi ngamba zidahwema zatumye habaho umuryango mushya w’ibikoresho bishya bizwi nka Advanced Materials2. Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metal indorerwamo, na high-entropy alloys ni bimwe mu bimenyetso by’ibikoresho bigezweho byagaragaye ku isi kuva hagati mu kinyejana gishize. Mu gukora no guteza imbere alloys nshya zifite imiterere myiza, haba mu musaruro wa nyuma ndetse no mu cyiciro cyo hagati cyo gukora, ikibazo cyo kutagira uburinganire gikunze kongerwaho. Kubera ishyirwaho ry’uburyo bushya bwo gukora butuma habaho gutandukana gukomeye n’uburinganire, habonetse ubwoko bushya bw’alloys zihindagurika, zizwi nka metal indorerwamo.
Akazi ke muri Caltech mu 1960 kahinduye igitekerezo cy’ibyuma ubwo yakoraga ibishushanyo mbonera bya Au-25 at.% Si by’ikirahuri binyuze mu gukonjesha vuba ibinyabutabire ku rugero rwa dogere miliyoni imwe ku isegonda. 4 Ubuvumbuzi bwa Porofeseri Paul Duves ntibwabaye intangiriro y’amateka y’ibirahuri by’icyuma (MS), ahubwo bwanatumye habaho impinduka mu buryo abantu batekereza ku bikoresho bikora. Kuva ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bw’ibanze mu gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bya MS, hafi ya byose byabonetse burundu hakoreshejwe bumwe muri ubu buryo bukurikira: (i) gukonjesha vuba kw’ingufu zishonga cyangwa umwuka, (ii) ikibazo cya atome, (iii) ingaruka zo guhinduka kw’imiterere y’ibintu by’icyuma bisukuye na (iv) impinduka z’ibyiciro bikomeye by’ibyiciro bishobora guhinduka.
MG zitandukanizwa no kutagira urutonde rw'atomu rurerure rufitanye isano na kristu, ari na cyo kiranga kristu. Mu isi ya none, hatewe intambwe nini mu bijyanye n'ibirahure by'icyuma. Ibi ni ibikoresho bishya bifite imiterere ishimishije idashishikajwe gusa na fiziki y'ibintu bikomeye, ahubwo no mu byuma, shimi yo hejuru, ikoranabuhanga, ibinyabuzima, n'ibindi byinshi. Ubu bwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho bufite imiterere itandukanye n'ibyuma bikomeye, bigatuma biba umukandida ushimishije mu ikoranabuhanga mu nzego zitandukanye. Bifite imiterere imwe n'imwe y'ingenzi: (i) ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo buhanitse n'imbaraga zo gutanga umusaruro, (ii) ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya rukuruzi bwinshi, (iii) ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo buciriritse, (iv) ubushobozi bwo kudakora ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe, (v) ubushobozi bwo kudakora ibintu mu buryo butari bwo. Uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu mu buryo buhanitse 6.7.
Uburyo bwo guhuza ibyuma (MA)1,8 ni uburyo bushya, bwatangijwe bwa mbere mu 19839 na Porofeseri KK Kok na bagenzi be. Bakoze ifu ya Ni60Nb40 idahinduka binyuze mu gusya uruvange rw'ibintu by'umwimerere ku bushyuhe bw'ikirere bwegereye cyane ubushyuhe bw'icyumba. Ubusanzwe, uburyo bwa MA bukorwa hagati yo guhuza ifu ya reactant muri reactor, ubusanzwe ikozwe mu cyuma kitagira umugese, mu ruganda rw'umupira. 10 (Ishusho ya 1a, b). Kuva icyo gihe, ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe mu buryo bwa tekiniki mu gutegura ifu nshya ya aloi y'ibirahure idahinduka/metallic hakoreshejwe imashini ntoya (Ishusho ya 1c) n'imashini zikora umupira n'inkoni zifite ingufu nyinshi11,12,13,14,15,16. By'umwihariko, ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe mu gutegura sisitemu zidahinduka nka Cu-Ta17 ndetse n'imashini zikora ahantu hanini ho gushonga nka Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb na Ta)18,19 na Fe-W20. , idashobora kuboneka hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo guteka. Byongeye kandi, MA ifatwa nk'imwe mu bikoresho bikomeye cyane bya nanotechnological mu gukora uduce tw'ifu ya nanocrystalline na nanocomposite ya oxyde z'ibyuma, carbides, nitrides, hydride, carbone nanotubes, nanodiamonds, ndetse no gushimangira hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuva hejuru kugeza hasi. Icyiciro cya 1 n'icyiciro cya metastable.
Igishushanyo kigaragaza uburyo bwo gukora bwakoreshejwe mu gutegura irangi ry'icyuma rya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) / SUS 304 muri ubu bushakashatsi. (a) Gutegura ifu ya MC alloy ifite ingano zitandukanye za Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, na 40 at.%) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusya umupira udakoresha ingufu nke. (a) Ibikoresho byo gutangira bishyirwa mu cyuma cy'ibikoresho hamwe n'udupira tw'icyuma kandi (b) bifunze mu gasanduku kuzuyemo uturindantoki twa He. (c) Icyuma gikoresha icyuma gisya kigaragaza uko umupira ugenda mu gihe cyo gusya. Ifu ya nyuma yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 50 yakoreshejwe mu gusiga SUS 304 mu buryo bukonje (d).
Ku bijyanye n'ubuso bw'ibikoresho byinshi (substrates), ubuhanga bwo gushushanya ubuso bukubiyemo igishushanyo mbonera n'impinduka z'ubuso (substrates) kugira ngo habeho imiterere imwe n'imwe ifatika, iy'imiti, n'iy'ikoranabuhanga itaraboneka mu bikoresho byinshi by'umwimerere. Zimwe mu miterere ishobora kunozwa neza binyuze mu gutunganya ubuso harimo kwangirika, okiside no kurwanya ingese, coefficient of friction, bioinertness, imiterere y'amashanyarazi n'ubushyuhe, gusa nka bike. Ubwiza bw'ubuso bushobora kunozwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa metallurgike, mekanike cyangwa shimi. Nk'uburyo buzwi cyane, gusiga bisobanurwa gusa nk'urwego rumwe cyangwa nyinshi z'ibikoresho bishyirwa ku buso bw'ikintu kinini (substrate) cyakozwe mu kindi gikoresho. Bityo, gusiga bikoreshwa igice kugira ngo bigere ku miterere ikenewe ya tekiniki cyangwa imitako, ndetse no kurinda ibikoresho imikoranire iteganijwe ya shimi n'iy'umubiri n'ibidukikije23.
Uburyo butandukanye n'ubuhanga bushobora gukoreshwa mu gushyiramo ibice bikwiye byo kurinda kuva kuri mikorometero nke (munsi ya mikorometero 10-20) kugeza kuri mikorometero zirenga 30 cyangwa milimetero nyinshi z'ubugari. Muri rusange, inzira zo gusiga zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: (i) uburyo bwo gusiga amazi butose, harimo gukoresha electroplating, electroplating, na hot dip galvanizing, na (ii) uburyo bwo gusiga amazi yumye, harimo gusodera, gukomeretsa, gushyira umwuka mu kirere (PVD).), gushyira umwuka mu kirere (CVD), uburyo bwo gusiga amazi mu kirere, n'uburyo bwo gusiga amazi mu kirere vuba aha 24 (Ishusho ya 1d).
Biofilms zisobanurwa nk'udukoko duto dufata ku buso ku buryo budasubirwaho kandi tukikijwe na polymeri zikora hanze y'umubiri (EPS). Ikorwa rya biofilm ikuze cyane rishobora gutera igihombo gikomeye mu nganda nyinshi, harimo gutunganya ibiribwa, inzira z'amazi, n'ubuvuzi. Ku bantu, hamwe no gukora biofilms, abantu barenga 80% bandura mikorobe (harimo Enterobacteriaceae na Staphylococci) biragoye kuvura. Byongeye kandi, biofilms zikuze byavuzwe ko zirwanya imiti ya antibiyotike inshuro 1000 ugereranije n'uturemangingo twa bagiteri twa planktonic, ibi bikaba bifatwa nk'ikibazo gikomeye mu kuvura. Mu mateka, ibikoresho byo gutwikira hejuru bya antibiyotike bikomoka ku bintu bisanzwe by'umwimerere byakoreshejwe. Nubwo ibikoresho nk'ibi akenshi biba birimo ibintu by'uburozi bishobora kwangiza abantu,25,26 ibi bishobora gufasha kwirinda kwandura bagiteri no kwangirika kw'ibintu.
Ubudahangarwa bwa bagiteri ku miti irwanya antibiyotike buterwa no gukora biofilm byatumye hakenerwa gukorwa ubuso butwikiriwe neza na antibiyotike bushobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwizewe27. Guteza imbere ubuso butwikiriwe cyangwa bukoreshwa na shimi burwanya koga aho uturemangingo twa bagiteri tudashobora gufata no gukora biofilm bitewe no gufatana ni bwo buryo bwa mbere muri ubu buryo27. Ikoranabuhanga rya kabiri ni uguteza imbere irangi ritanga imiti irwanya mikorobe aho ikenewe, mu bwinshi bunini kandi bukozwe neza. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu guteza imbere ibikoresho byihariye byo gusiga nka graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 na ZnO30-doped diamond-sake carbon coatings zirwanya bagiteri, ikoranabuhanga rituma habaho uburozi no kudahangana bitewe no gukora biofilm. Byongeye kandi, irangi ririmo imiti yica udukoko ritanga uburinzi bw'igihe kirekire ku kwanduza bagiteri riri kugenda rikundwa cyane. Nubwo uburyo bwose butatu bushobora gukoresha imikorere ya antibiyotike ku buso butwikiriwe, buri bumwe bufite imbogamizi zabwo zigomba kwitabwaho mu gutegura ingamba zo gukoresha.
Ibicuruzwa biri ku isoko ubu birabangamiwe no kubura umwanya wo gusesengura no gupima irangi ry’ibinyabutabire bikora ku binyabuzima. Ibigo bivuga ko ibicuruzwa byabo bizaha ababikoresha imikorere ikenewe, icyakora, ibi byabaye imbogamizi ku ntsinzi y’ibicuruzwa biri ku isoko ubu. Ibinyabutabire bikomoka kuri feza bikoreshwa mu miti myinshi irwanya udukoko iboneka ku baguzi. Ibi bicuruzwa byagenewe kurinda ababikoresha kwandura udukoko duto. Ingaruka za antibiyotike zitinze hamwe n’uburozi bujyana nabyo byuzura igitutu ku bashakashatsi cyo gushyiraho ubundi buryo budatera ingaruka mbi36,37. Gukora irangi ry’imiti irwanya udukoko ku isi rikora imbere n’inyuma biracyari ikibazo. Ibi bizana n’ingaruka zijyanye n’ubuzima n’umutekano. Kubona umuti urwanya udukoko udatera ingaruka mbi ku bantu no gushaka uburyo washyirwa mu bikoresho bikingira kandi bimara igihe kirekire ni intego ishakishwa cyane38. Ibikoresho bishya birwanya udukoko n’ibirwanya udukoko byagenewe kwica bagiteri hafi haba mu gukoraho cyangwa nyuma yo kurekura umuti uvura udukoko. Bashobora kubikora babuza ko bagiteri zifatana (harimo no gukumira ko urwego rwa poroteyine rubaho) cyangwa bakica bagiteri bivanga urukuta rw'uturemangingo.
Mu by’ukuri, gusiga hejuru ni inzira yo gushyira urundi rwego ku buso bw’igice kugira ngo kunoze imiterere y’ubuso. Intego yo gusiga hejuru ni uguhindura imiterere mito cyangwa imiterere y’agace k’ubuso bw’igice39. Uburyo bwo gusiga hejuru bushobora kugabanywamo uburyo butandukanye, bukubiye mu ishusho ya 2a. Gusiga hejuru bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro by’ubushyuhe, ibinyabutabire, ibinyabutabire n’ibinyabutabire bitewe n’uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gukora gusiga hejuru.
(a) Ishusho igaragaza tekiniki nyamukuru zo gukora ubuso, na (b) ibyiza n'ibibi byatoranijwe byo gukoresha uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje rifite byinshi rihuriyeho n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje. Ariko kandi, hari imiterere y’ingenzi ituma uburyo bwo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje n’ibikoresho bitera imiti mu buryo bukonje bidasanzwe. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje riracyari mu ntangiriro, ariko rifite ahazaza heza. Hari ubwo, imiterere yihariye yo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje itanga inyungu nini, irenga imbogamizi z’uburyo busanzwe bwo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje. Irenga imbogamizi zikomeye z’ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ryo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje, aho ifu igomba gushongeshwa kugira ngo ishyirwe ku kintu. Birumvikana ko ubu buryo busanzwe bwo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje budakwiriye ibikoresho bikunze kwibasirwa n’ubushyuhe nka nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous na metallic glasses40, 41, 42. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje bihora bifite urwego rwo hejuru rw’imyenge na oxydes. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje rifite inyungu nyinshi ziruta ikoranabuhanga ryo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje, nko (i) ubushyuhe buke bujya muri icyo kintu, (ii) korohera guhitamo uburyo bwo gutera imiti mu buryo bukonje, (iii) nta mpinduka mu byiciro no gukura kw’ingano, (iv) imbaraga nyinshi zo gufatana1 .39 (Ishusho ya 2b). Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gusiga ifu ikonje bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese nyinshi, imbaraga nyinshi n'ubukomere bwinshi, amashanyarazi menshi kandi bifite ubucucike bwinshi41. Nubwo hari ibyiza byo gusiga ifu ikonje, ubu buryo buracyafite ingorane zimwe na zimwe, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2b. Mu gusiga ifu ya keramike nziza nka Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, n'ibindi, uburyo bwo gusiga ifu ikonje ntibushobora gukoreshwa. Ku rundi ruhande, ifu ya keramike/icyuma ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gusiga ifu. Ni kimwe no ku bundi buryo bwo gutera ifu ishyushye. Ahantu hagoye no imbere mu miyoboro biragoye gutera ifu.
Ukurikije ko akazi kariho gashingiye ku ikoreshwa ry'ifu ya vitreous y'icyuma nk'ibikoresho byo gutangira gusiga irangi, biragaragara ko gutera ubushyuhe busanzwe ku buryo busanzwe bidashobora gukoreshwa muri iyi ntego. Ibi biterwa nuko ifu ya vitreous y'icyuma ihinduka ikirahuri iyo ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabije1.
Ibikoresho byinshi bikoreshwa mu buvuzi n'ibiribwa bikorwa mu byuma bitagira umugese (SUS316 na SUS304) bifite chromium iri hagati ya 12 na 20% mu gukora ibikoresho byo kubaga. Muri rusange byemewe ko ikoreshwa rya chromium metal nk'ikintu gitera umugese mu byuma bishobora kongera cyane ubudahangarwa bw'ibyuma bisanzwe. ibyuma bitagira umugese, nubwo birwanya umugese mwinshi, ntabwo bifite ubushobozi bunini bwo kurwanya umugese38,39. Ibi bitandukanye n'ubudahangarwa bwabyo bwinshi bwo kurwanya umugese. Nyuma y'ibyo, birashoboka kumenya iterambere ry'ubwandu n'ububyimbirwe, ahanini biterwa no gufatana kwa bagiteri no kwinjirira ku buso bw'ibikoresho by'ibyuma bitagira umugese. Ingorane zikomeye zishobora kuvuka bitewe n'ingorane zikomeye zijyanye no gufatana kwa bagiteri no gukora biofilm, bishobora gutera ubuzima bubi, bishobora kugira ingaruka nyinshi zishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima bw'abantu mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye.
Ubu bushakashatsi ni igice cya mbere cy'umushinga uterwa inkunga n'Ikigo cya Kuwait gishinzwe iterambere ry'ubumenyi (KFAS), amasezerano nimero 2010-550401, yo gusuzuma uburyo bwo gukora ifu ya Cu-Zr-Ni ternary y'icyuma ikoze mu kirahuri hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya MA (imbonerahamwe). 1) Ku bijyanye no gukora filimi/igitambaro cyo kurinda ubuso cya SUS304 gikingira bagiteri. Icyiciro cya kabiri cy'umushinga, kizatangira muri Mutarama 2023, kiziga birambuye imiterere ya galvanic corruption n'imiterere ya mekanike y'iyi sisitemu. Hazakorwa ibizamini birambuye bya mikorobe ku bwoko butandukanye bwa bagiteri.
Iyi nkuru ivuga ku ngaruka z'ingano ya Zr alloy ku bushobozi bwo gukora ikirahure (GFA) hashingiwe ku miterere n'imiterere y'imiterere. Byongeye kandi, imiterere ya antibiyotike y'ikirahure cy'icyuma gitwikiriwe n'ifu / SUS304 composite nayo yaganiriweho. Byongeye kandi, hakozwe akazi gakomeje ko gusuzuma niba ifu y'ikirahure cy'icyuma ishobora guhinduka mu gihe cyo gutera ifu mu gace k'amazi akonje cyane mu buryo bw'ikirahure cy'icyuma. Ingano za Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 zakoreshejwe nk'ingero zigaragaza muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Iki gice kigaragaza impinduka mu miterere y’ifu ya Cu, Zr na Ni mu gihe cyo gusya umupira ukoresha ingufu nke. Sisitemu ebyiri zitandukanye zigizwe na Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 zizakoreshwa nk'ingero z'icyitegererezo. Uburyo bwa MA bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu bitandukanye, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'imiterere y'ifu iboneka mu cyiciro cyo gusya (Ishusho ya 3).
Imiterere ya metallographic y'ifu ya alloys za mechanical (MA) iboneka nyuma y'ibyiciro bitandukanye byo gusya umupira. Amashusho ya microscopy ya electron scanning field emission (FE-SEM) y'ifu ya MA na Cu50Zr40Ni10 iboneka nyuma yo gusya umupira mu gihe cy'amasaha 3, 12 na 50 agaragara muri (a), (c) na (e) kuri sisitemu ya Cu50Zr20Ni30, mu gihe ari kuri MA imwe. Amashusho ajyanye na sisitemu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 yafashwe nyuma y'igihe agaragara muri (b), (d), na (f).
Mu gihe cyo gusya umupira, ingufu zikora neza zishobora koherezwa mu ifu y'icyuma zigirwaho ingaruka n'uruvange rw'ibipimo, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1a. Ibi birimo gukubitana hagati y'imipira n'ifu, gukanda ifu ipfutse hagati cyangwa hagati y'ibikoresho byo gusya, ingaruka zituruka ku mipira igwa, gukata no kwangirika biterwa no gukurura ifu hagati y'imibiri igenda y'uruganda rw'umupira, n'umuraba unyura mu mipira igwa ikwirakwira mu buryo bw'imitsi (Ishusho ya 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформирован из-за холодной сварки на ранней мдидии МА (3 ч), что привело к ковованию крупных частиц порошка (> 1 m в вамаметре). Ifu y’ibice bya Cu, Zr, na Ni yangiritse cyane bitewe no gusudira mu gihe cya MA (amasaha 3), byatumye habaho uduce duto tw’ifu (> mm 1 y’umurambararo).Utu duce tunini tw’ibice bivanze turangwa no kurema ibice binini by’ibintu bivanze (Cu, Zr, Ni), nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 3a, b. Kongera igihe cya MA kugeza ku masaha 12 (icyiciro cyo hagati) byatumye ingufu za kinetike z’icyuma cy’umupira ziyongera, byatumye ifu y’ibice bivanze ihinduka ifu nto (munsi ya 200 μm), nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 3c, umujyi. Muri iki cyiciro, imbaraga zo gukata zikoreshwa zituma habaho ubuso bushya bw’icyuma bufite ibice bito bya Cu, Zr, Ni, nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 3c, d. Kubera gusya ibice biri aho ibice bihurira, habaho ingaruka zikomeye hamwe no kurema ibice bishya.
Mu mpera y'igikorwa cya MA (nyuma y'amasaha 50), metallography y'ibice bya flake ntiyagaragaraga neza (Ishusho ya 3e, f), kandi metallography y'indorerwamo yagaragaye ku buso bwasekuye bw'ifu. Ibi bivuze ko igikorwa cya MA cyarangiye kandi hakozwe icyiciro kimwe cy'inyito. Imiterere y'ibice byagaragajwe ku mashusho ya 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) yagenwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya elegitoroniki yo gupima imyuka yo mu murima (FE-SEM) hamwe na energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). (IV).
Mu mbonerahamwe, ibipimo 2 by’ibice by’ingenzi by’ibintu bivanze bigaragazwa nk’ijanisha ry’uburemere bwose bwa buri gace katoranijwe mu ishusho ya 3e, f. Kugereranya ibi bisubizo n’ibice by’ibanze bya Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 byatanzwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 bigaragaza ko ibi bicuruzwa bibiri bya nyuma byegeranye cyane n’ibice by’ingenzi. Byongeye kandi, agaciro k’ibice by’uturere twavuzwe mu ishusho ya 3e, f ntibyerekana kwangirika gukomeye cyangwa ihinduka ry’ibice bya buri rugero kuva mu gace kamwe ujya mu kandi. Ibi bigaragazwa n’uko nta mpinduka mu bibigize kuva mu gace kamwe ujya mu kandi. Ibi bigaragaza ikorwa ry’ifu y’ibice bimwe nk’uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2.
Mikorografi za FE-SEM z'ifu ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ya nyuma y'ibicuruzwa yabonetse nyuma y'inshuro 50 za MA, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4a-d, aho x ari 10, 20, 30 na 40 kuri.%, uko bikurikirana. Nyuma y'iyi ntambwe yo gusya, ifu iraterana bitewe n'ingaruka za van der Waals, bigatuma habaho ikorwa ry'ibice binini bigizwe n'uduce duto cyane dufite umurambararo wa 73 kugeza 126 nm, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.
Imiterere y'imiterere y'ifu ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) yabonetse nyuma ya MA y'amasaha 50. Kuri sisitemu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, amashusho ya FE-SEM y'ifu yabonetse nyuma ya MA 50 agaragara muri (a), (b), (c), na (d), uko bikurikirana.
Mbere yo gushyira ifu mu cyuma gikonjesha, babanzaga gushyiramo ethanol mu buryo bwa analytical grade mu gihe cy'iminota 15 hanyuma bakayumisha kuri 150°C. mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Iyi ntambwe igomba gufatwa kugira ngo irwanye neza agglomeration, akenshi itera ibibazo byinshi bikomeye mu gikorwa cyo gusiga. Nyuma yo kurangiza igikorwa cya MA, hakozwe ubundi bushakashatsi kugira ngo harebwe uburyo ifu ya alloy ingana. Ku ishusho ya 5a–d hagaragazwa mikorographe za FE-SEM n'amashusho ya EDS ajyanye n'ibintu bya Cu, Zr na Ni alloying bya Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy byafashwe nyuma y'amasaha 50 M, uko bikurikirana. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ifu ya alloy yabonetse nyuma y'iyi ntambwe ari imwe, kuko nta mpinduka zigaragara zirenze urugero rwa sub-nanometer, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5.
Imiterere n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibintu biri mu ifu ya MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 byabonetse nyuma ya 50 MA hakoreshejwe FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Ishusho ya SEM na X-ray EDS ya (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, na (d) Ni-Kα.
Imiterere ya X-ray diffraction y'ifu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, na Cu50Zr20Ni30 yabonetse nyuma ya MA y'amasaha 50 igaragara ku ishusho ya 6a-d. Nyuma y'iki cyiciro cyo gusya, ingero zose zifite ingano zitandukanye za Zr zari zifite imiterere idahinduka ifite imiterere yihariye ya halo diffusion igaragara ku ishusho ya 6.
Imiterere ya X-ray diffraction ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), na Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) ifu nyuma ya MA mu gihe cy'amasaha 50. Imiterere ya halo-diffusion yagaragaye mu ngero zose nta kurobanura, igaragaza ikorwa ry'icyiciro kidahinduka.
Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yohereza imyuka ihumanya ikirere (FE-HRTEM) yakoreshejwe mu kureba impinduka mu miterere no gusobanukirwa imiterere y’aho ifu ituruka mu gusya umupira mu bihe bitandukanye bya MA. Amashusho y’ifu yabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa FE-HRTEM nyuma y’intambwe za mbere (amasaha 6) n’iziciriritse (amasaha 18) zo gusya ifu ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 agaragara ku ishusho ya 7a, uko bikurikirana. Dukurikije ishusho y’umurima w’ubushyuhe (BFI) y’ifu yabonetse nyuma y’amasaha 6 ya MA, ifu igizwe n’ibinyampeke binini bifite imbibi zisobanutse neza z’ibintu bya fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, na fcc-Ni, kandi nta bimenyetso byerekana ikorwa ry’icyiciro cyo gukora, nk’uko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 7a. Byongeye kandi, imiterere y’agace gatandukanye (SADP) yafashwe mu gace ko hagati (a) yagaragaje imiterere y’ubushyuhe bukabije (Ishusho ya 7b) igaragaza ko hari kristali nini kandi ko nta cyiciro cyo gukora.
Imiterere y'imiterere y'ifu ya MA yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 6 (amasaha 6) n'igihe cyo hagati (amasaha 18). (a) Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki yohereza imyuka ihumanya ikirere (FE-HRTEM) na (b) diffractogram y'ahantu hatoranijwe (SADP) y'ifu ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 nyuma yo kuvurwa na MA mu gihe cy'amasaha 6. Ishusho ya FE-HRTEM ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 18 ya MA igaragara muri (c).
Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 7c, kwiyongera k'igihe cya MA kugeza ku masaha 18 byatumye habaho inenge zikomeye za lattice hamwe n'ihindagurika rya pulasitiki. Muri iki cyiciro cyo hagati cy'imikorere ya MA, inenge zitandukanye zigaragara mu ifu, harimo amakosa yo gupfunyika, inenge za lattice, n'inenge z'ingingo (Ishusho ya 7). Izi nenge zituma ibinyampeke binini ku mbibi z'ibinyampeke bicikamo uduce duto turenze 20 nm (Ishusho ya 7c).
Imiterere y’aho ifu ya Cu50Z30Ni20 itunganywa mu masaha 36 MA irangwa no gukora uduce duto cyane tw’ingufu dushyizwe mu matrix yoroheje idahinduka, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8a. Isesengura ryakozwe ku buryo bwa EMF ryagaragaje ko uduce duto tw’ingufu tugaragara ku Ishusho ya 8a dufitanye isano n’uduce duto tw’ingufu twa Cu, Zr na Ni tutavuwe. Ingano ya Cu muri matrix yari kuva kuri ~32 at.% (akarere kabi) kugeza kuri ~74 at.% (akarere gakungahaye), bigaragaza ko habayeho imiterere itandukanye y’ibicuruzwa. Byongeye kandi, SADP zijyanye n’ingufu zabonetse nyuma yo gusya muri iyi ntambwe zigaragaza impeta z’ibanze n’iz’inyongera za halo-diffusion amorphous phase zifatanye n’ingingo zityaye zijyanye n’ibi bintu bitavuwe, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8b.
Imiterere y'imiterere y'ifu ya Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20. (a) Ishusho y'umurima ugaragara (BFI) n'ibijyanye nayo (b) SADP y'ifu ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 yabonetse nyuma yo kuyisya mu masaha 36 MA.
Mu mpera z'igikorwa cya MA (amasaha 50), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, na 40 at.% ifu, nta n'umwe udasanzwe, ifite imiterere ya labyrinthine y'icyiciro cya amorphous, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho. Nta ngingo n'imwe cyangwa imiterere ya annular ishaje byashoboraga kugaragara muri SADS ijyanye na buri gice. Ibi bigaragaza ko nta cyuma cya crystalline cyavuwe, ahubwo ko habayeho ifu ya alloy alloy. Izi SADP zijyanye zigaragaza imiterere ya halo diffusion nazo zakoreshejwe nk'ikimenyetso cy'iterambere ry'icyiciro cya amorphous mu bikoresho bya nyuma by'umusaruro.
Imiterere y'aho umusaruro wa nyuma wa sisitemu ya Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix) uherereye. Imiterere ya FE-HRTEM n'imiterere ya nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ya (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, na (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 yabonetse nyuma y'amasaha 50 ya MA.
Hakoreshejwe calorimetri yo gupima ibara ry’ikirahure (differential scanning calorimetry), uburyo ubushyuhe bw’impinduka y’ikirahure (Tg), ahantu hakonje cyane (ΔTx) n’ubushyuhe bwa crystallization (Tx) byizwe bitewe n’uko Ni (x) iri mu buryo bwa Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) butagira ihinduka. (DSC) mu mikorere ya gaze ya He. Imiterere ya DSC y’ifu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, na Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys yabonetse nyuma ya MA mu gihe cy’amasaha 50 igaragazwa ku ishusho ya 10a, b, e, uko bikurikirana. Mu gihe imiterere ya DSC ya Cu50Zr20Ni30 amorphous igaragazwa ukwayo ku ishusho ya 10. Hagati aho, icyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr30Ni20 gishyushye kugeza kuri ~700°C muri DSC kigaragazwa ku ishusho ya 10g.
Ubushyuhe bw'ifu ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG iboneka nyuma ya MA mu masaha 50 bugenwa n'ubushyuhe bw'ikirahure (Tg), ubushyuhe bwa crystallization (Tx) n'akarere k'amazi gakonjeshejwe cyane (ΔTx). Thermograms z'ifu ya calorimeter (DSC) ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), na (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powder nyuma ya MA mu masaha 50. Ishusho ya X-ray diffraction (XRD) y'icyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr30Ni20 gishyushye kugeza kuri ~700°C muri DSC igaragazwa muri (d).
Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 10, imiyoboro ya DSC y’ibice byose bifite igipimo cya nikeli gitandukanye (x) igaragaza ibintu bibiri bitandukanye, kimwe cya endothermike n’ikindi cya exothermike. Igikorwa cya mbere cya endothermike gihuye na Tg, naho icya kabiri gifitanye isano na Tx. Agace k’ubugari buri hagati ya Tg na Tx kitwa agace k’amazi gakonjeshejwe (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko Tg na Tx by’icyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Ishusho ya 10a) bishyizwe kuri 526°C na 612°C byimura ibikubiye (x) kugeza kuri 20 kuri % yerekeza ku ruhande rw’ubushyuhe buke bwa 482°C na 563°C. °C hamwe n’ibikubiye muri Ni (x) byiyongera, uko bikurikirana, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 10b. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 yagabanutse kuva kuri 86°С (Ishusho ya 10a) kugera kuri 81°С kuri Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Ishusho ya 10b). Ku bijyanye n'icyuma cya MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, hagaragaye igabanuka ry'agaciro ka Tg, Tx, na ΔTx ku rugero rwa 447°С, 526°С, na 79°С (Ishusho ya 10b). Ibi bigaragaza ko kwiyongera kw'ingano ya Ni bituma ubushyuhe bugabanuka. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, agaciro ka Tg (507 °C) k'icyuma cya MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 kari hasi ugereranyije n'ak'icyuma cya MC Cu50Zr40Ni10; nyamara, Tx yayo igaragaza agaciro kangana nayo (612 °C). Kubwibyo, ΔTx ifite agaciro kari hejuru (87°C) nk'uko bigaragara ku ishusho yo mu kinyejana cya 10.
Sisitemu ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MC, ikoresheje urugero rwa Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy, irakora neza binyuze mu gice cy’inyuma cy’izuba kijya mu byiciro bya fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, na orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline (Ishusho ya 10c). Iri hinduka ry’icyiciro kuva kuri amorphous kugera kuri crystalline ryemejwe n’isesengura rya X-ray diffraction ry’icyitegererezo cya MG (Ishusho ya 10d) cyashyushye kugeza kuri 700 °C muri DSC.
Ku ishusho ya 11 hagaragara amafoto yafashwe mu gihe cyo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje bwakozwe mu kazi ka none. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, uduce tw'ifu y'icyuma twakozwe mu buryo bw'ikirahure twakozwe nyuma ya MA mu gihe cy'amasaha 50 (hakoreshejwe urugero rwa Cu50Zr20Ni30) twakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho fatizo birwanya bagiteri, naho icyuma gifunga (SUS304) cyashyizwe mu buryo bukonje. Uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje bwatoranyijwe mu gutera umuti mu buryo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga rikoresha amashanyarazi kuko ari bwo buryo bwiza cyane mu buryo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga rikoresha amashanyarazi aho bushobora gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'icyuma bishobora kwangirika mu bushyuhe nk'ifu idafite imvange n'iy'ubushyuhe. Ntabwo ihinduka mu buryo bw'impinduka. Iki ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi mu guhitamo ubu buryo. Uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje bukorwa hakoreshejwe uduce twihuta cyane duhindura ingufu za kinetic z'uduce mu buryo bwa pulasitiki, guhindura imiterere n'ubushyuhe iyo bihuye n'uduce twashyizwemo cyangwa uduce twashyizwemo mbere.
Amafoto yo mu murima agaragaza uburyo bwo gutera umuti mu buryo bukonje bwakoreshejwe mu gutegura inshuro eshanu zikurikiranya MG/SUS 304 kuri 550°C.
Ingufu za kinetiki z'uduce, kimwe n'umuvuduko wa buri gace mu gihe cyo gukora irangi, bigomba guhindurwamo ubundi bwoko bw'ingufu binyuze mu buryo nk'ihindagurika rya pulasitiki (uduce tw'ibanze n'imikoranire hagati y'uduce muri matrix n'imikoranire y'uduce), amapfundo hagati y'ibintu bikomeye, kuzenguruka hagati y'uduce, guhinduka no kugabanya ubushyuhe 39. Byongeye kandi, niba imbaraga zose za kinetiki zinjira zihinduka ingufu z'ubushyuhe n'ihindagurika, ingaruka zizaba ukugongana kwa elastic, bivuze ko uduce duhita twiruka nyuma yo gukubita. Byagaragaye ko 90% by'ingufu zakoreshejwe ku duce/substrate zihinduka ubushyuhe bwo mu gace 40. Byongeye kandi, iyo hakoreshejwe imbaraga za pulasitiki, igipimo cyo hejuru cya pulasitiki kigerwaho mu gace gahuza uduce/substrate mu gihe gito cyane 41,42.
Guhindura imiterere ya pulasitiki bikunze gufatwa nk'inzira yo gukwirakwiza ingufu, cyangwa se nk'isoko y'ubushyuhe mu gace k'urusobe rw'amabara. Ariko, kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe mu gace k'urusobe rw'amabara ntabwo bihagije kugira ngo habeho gushonga hagati y'amabara cyangwa gukurura cyane ikwirakwira ry'atomu. Nta gitabo kizwi n'abanditsi cyakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'iyi fu ya vitreous y'icyuma ku gufatana kw'ifu no kwihuza kwayo iyo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutera ifu bukonje.
BFI y'ifu ya aloyi ya MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 igaragara ku ishusho ya 12a, yashyizwe ku gice cya SUS 304 (Ishusho ya 11, 12b). Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho, ifu zipfutse zigumana imiterere yazo ya mbere idahinduka kuko zifite imiterere yoroshye ya labyrinth idafite imiterere ya kristale cyangwa inenge za lattice. Ku rundi ruhande, ishusho igaragaza ko hari igice cy'amahanga, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'uduce duto turi muri matrix ya MG-coated powder (Ishusho ya 12a). Ishusho ya 12c igaragaza imiterere ya nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) ijyanye n'akarere ka I (Ishusho ya 12a). Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 12c, NBDP igaragaza imiterere idakomeye ya halo-diffusion y'imiterere idahinduka kandi ihura n'utudomo duto duhuye n'igice kinini cya crystalline metastable Zr2Ni hamwe n'igice cya tetragonal CuO. Ikorwa rya CuO rishobora gusobanurwa n'uburyo ifu iva mu ruziga rw'imbunda itera imiti ijya kuri SUS 304 mu kirere mu buryo bwa supersonic. Ku rundi ruhande, gutanga vitrification y'ifu y'icyuma isa n'ikirahure byatumye habaho ibice binini bya cubic nyuma yo gutera imiti ikonje kuri 550°C mu gihe cy'iminota 30.
(a) Ishusho ya FE-HRTEM y'ifu ya MG yashyizwe kuri (b) SUS 304 substrate (Ishusho iri imbere). Imbonerahamwe ya NBDP y'ikimenyetso cy'uruziga igaragara muri (a) igaragara muri (c).
Kugira ngo hagenzurwe ubu buryo bushoboka bwo gukora uduce duto twa Zr2Ni, hakozwe igerageza ryigenga. Muri iri gerageza, ifu yatewe muri atomizer kuri 550°C mu cyerekezo cya SUS 304 substrate; icyakora, kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka zo gukurura, ifu yakuwe ku gice cya SUS304 vuba bishoboka (hafi 60 s). Hakozwe ubundi bushakashatsi aho ifu yakuwe ku gice cya substrate mu masegonda 180 nyuma yo kuyikoresha.
Ishusho ya 13a, b yerekana amashusho ya Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) dark field (DFI) y'ibikoresho bibiri byacitse byashyizwe kuri SUS 304 substrates mu gihe cy'amasegonda 60 na 180, uko bikurikirana. Ishusho y'ifu yashyizwe mu masegonda 60 nta bisobanuro birambuye ku miterere yayo, bigaragaza ko nta miterere ifite (Ishusho ya 13a). Ibi kandi byemejwe na XRD, yagaragaje ko imiterere rusange y'iyi fu yari idafite ishusho, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'intambwe nini z'ibanze n'iza kabiri z'impinduka zigaragara ku Ishusho ya 14a. Ibi bigaragaza ko nta metastable/mesophase precipitates, aho ifu igumana imiterere yayo ya mbere idahinduka. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ifu yashyizwe ku bushyuhe bumwe (550°C) ariko isigara kuri substrate mu gihe cy'amasegonda 180 yagaragaje ko ibinyampeke bya nanosized byashyizwe, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'imyambi iri ku Ishusho ya 13b.