Mahalo no ke kipa ʻana iā Nature.com. Loaʻa i ka mana polokalamu kele pūnaewele āu e hoʻohana nei ke kākoʻo CSS palena. No ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, paipai mākou iā ʻoe e hoʻohana i kahi polokalamu kele pūnaewele i hōʻano hou ʻia (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ma Internet Explorer). I kēia manawa, no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kākoʻo mau, e hōʻike mākou i ka pūnaewele me ka ʻole o nā kaila a me JavaScript.
He mea nui nā Biofilms i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi mau, ʻoiai i ka wā e pili ana i nā mea lapaʻau. Hōʻike kēia pilikia i kahi pilikia nui i ke kaiāulu lapaʻau, ʻoiai hiki i nā antibiotics maʻamau ke luku wale i nā biofilms i kahi palena loa. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano uhi like ʻole a me nā mea hou. Manaʻo kēia mau ʻenehana e uhi i nā ʻili i kahi ʻano e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm. ʻO nā metala metala Vitreous, ʻoiai nā mea i loaʻa nā metala keleawe a me titanium, ua lilo i mau uhi antimicrobial kūpono. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana pīpī anu no ka mea he ala kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea koʻikoʻi o ka mahana. ʻO kahi hapa o ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi aniani metala antibacterial hou i haku ʻia me Cu-Zr-Ni ternary me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻohuihui mechanical. Hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka poepoe e hana ana i ka huahana hope loa ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka pīpī anu ʻana o nā ʻili kila kila ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa. Ua hiki i nā substrates i uhi ʻia i ke aniani metala ke hōʻemi nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm ma ka liʻiliʻi he 1 log i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila.
Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala kanaka, ua hiki i kekahi kaiāulu ke hoʻomohala a hoʻolaha i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā mea hou e hoʻokō i kāna mau koi kikoʻī, e hopena ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka huahana a me ke kūlana i loko o kahi hoʻokele waiwai honua1. Ua pili mau ia i ka hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻolālā i nā mea a me nā lako hana, a me nā hoʻolālā e hana a wehewehe i nā mea e hoʻokō ai i ke olakino, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka ʻoihana, ka hoʻokele waiwai, ka moʻomeheu a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe mai kekahi ʻāina a i kekahi ʻāina. Ana ʻia ka holomua me ka nānā ʻole i ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka ʻāina2. No 60 mau makahiki, ua hoʻolaʻa nā kānaka ʻepekema mea i ka manawa nui i hoʻokahi hana nui: ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hou a holomua. Ua kālele ka noiʻi hou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā mea e kū nei, a me ka synthesizing a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano mea hou loa.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka microstructure o ka mea a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā ʻano hana thermal, mechanical a thermomechanical paha i alakaʻi i kahi hoʻomaikaʻi koʻikoʻi i nā waiwai mechanical, kemika a me ke kino o nā mea like ʻole. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohui pono ʻia nā hui i ʻike ʻole ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa. Ua hāʻawi kēia mau hoʻoikaika mau i kahi ʻohana hou o nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia ʻo Advanced Materials2. ʻO Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, a me nā alloys high-entropy he mau laʻana wale nō o nā mea holomua i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua mai ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala. I ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā alloys hou me nā waiwai i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, ma ka huahana hope loa a ma nā pae waena o kāna hana ʻana, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka pilikia o ke kaulike ʻole. Ma muli o ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā ʻenehana hana hou e ʻae i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi mai ke kaulike, ua ʻike ʻia kahi papa hou o nā alloys metastable, i ʻike ʻia ʻo metallic glasses.
ʻO kāna hana ma Caltech i ka makahiki 1960 ua hoʻololi i ke kumumanaʻo o nā mea hao i ka wā i hana ai ʻo ia i nā mea hao aniani Au-25 ma.% Si ma o ka hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki ʻana i nā wai ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona degere i kekona. 4 ʻAʻole wale ka ʻike ʻana o Polofesa Paul Duves i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻaukala o nā aniani metala (MS), akā ua alakaʻi pū kekahi i kahi hoʻololi paradigm i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o ka poʻe e pili ana i nā mea hao. Mai ka noiʻi mua loa i ka synthesis o nā mea hao MS, ua loaʻa piha nā aniani metala āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi o kēia mau ʻano hana: (i) ka hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki ʻana o ka heheʻe a i ʻole ka mahu, (ii) ka maʻi lattice atomic, (iii) nā hopena amorphization solid-state ma waena o nā mea metala maʻemaʻe a me (iv) nā hoʻololi pae paʻa o nā pae metastable.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā MG ma ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kauoha atomika lōʻihi e pili ana me nā kristal, ʻo ia kahi ʻano wehewehe o nā kristal. I ke ao hou, ua holomua nui ka hana ma ke kahua o ke aniani metala. He mau mea hou kēia me nā waiwai hoihoi e hoihoi ʻole ana no ka physics paʻa, akā no ka metallurgy, kemika ʻili, ʻenehana, biology, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe he nui. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano mea hou nā waiwai ʻokoʻa mai nā metala paʻakikī, e lilo ia i moho hoihoi no nā noi ʻenehana ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau waiwai koʻikoʻi: (i) ke ductility mechanical kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika hua, (ii) ka permeability magnetic kiʻekiʻe, (iii) coercivity haʻahaʻa, (iv) ke kū'ē ʻana i ka corrosion maʻamau, (v) ke kūʻokoʻa o ka mahana. Conductivity 6.7.
ʻO ke ʻano hana hoʻohuihui mīkini (MA)1,8 he ʻano hana hou ia, i hoʻolauna mua ʻia i ka makahiki 19839 e Polopeka KK Kok a me kāna mau hoa hana. Ua hana lākou i nā pauka Ni60Nb40 amorphous ma ka wili ʻana i kahi hui o nā mea maʻemaʻe ma ka mahana ambient kokoke loa i ka mahana o ka lumi. ʻO ka maʻamau, hana ʻia ka hopena MA ma waena o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka diffusion o nā pauka reactant i loko o kahi reactor, i hana pinepine ʻia me ke kila kila, i loko o kahi wili pōpō. 10 (Kiʻi 1a, b). Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana hana paʻa i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka mīkini e hoʻomākaukau i nā pauka alloy aniani amorphous/metallic hou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wili pōpō ikehu haʻahaʻa (Kiʻi 1c) a me ke kiʻekiʻe a me nā wili koʻokoʻo 11,12,13,14,15,16. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻomākaukau i nā ʻōnaehana immiscible e like me Cu-Ta17 a me nā alloys melting point kiʻekiʻe e like me Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb a me Ta) 18,19 a me nā ʻōnaehana Fe-W20. , ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kuke kuʻuna. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo MA kekahi o nā mea hana nanotechnological ikaika loa no ka hana ʻana i ka nanocrystalline a me nā ʻāpana pauka nanocomposite o nā oxides metala, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ākea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala mai luna a i lalo. 1 a me nā pae metastable.
Hōʻike kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i ka uhi aniani metala Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 i kēia haʻawina. (a) Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pauka alloy MC me nā ʻano like ʻole o Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, a me 40 at.%) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano wili pōpō ikehu haʻahaʻa. (a) Hoʻouka ʻia ka mea hoʻomaka i loko o kahi cylinder mea hana me nā pōpō kila mea hana a (b) sila ʻia i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima i piha i ka lewa He. (c) Kumu hoʻohālike moakaka o ka ipu wili e hōʻike ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pōpō i ka wā wili. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka huahana pauka hope loa i loaʻa ma hope o 50 mau hola e uhi anuanu i ka substrate SUS 304 (d).
I ka wā e pili ana i nā ʻili mea nui (substrates), pili ka ʻenekinia ʻili i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻili (substrates) e hāʻawi i kekahi mau waiwai kino, kemika, a me nā ʻenehana i loaʻa ʻole i ka mea nui mua. ʻO kekahi o nā waiwai e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili e pili ana i ka abrasion, ka oxidation a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion, ka coefficient of friction, bioinertness, nā waiwai uila a me ka insulation thermal, e inoa wale i kekahi. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili e nā ʻano metallurgical, mechanical a i ʻole kemika. Ma ke ʻano he hana i ʻike nui ʻia, ua wehewehe wale ʻia ka uhi ʻana he hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā papa o ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili o kahi mea nui (substrate) i hana ʻia mai kahi mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā uhi ʻana ma kahi ʻāpana e hoʻokō i nā waiwai loea a hoʻonaninani paha i makemake ʻia, a me ka pale ʻana i nā mea mai nā pilina kemika a me ke kino i manaʻo ʻia me ke kaiapuni23.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana e hoʻopili ai i nā papa pale kūpono mai kekahi mau micrometer (ma lalo o 10-20 micrometer) a ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 micrometer a i ʻole kekahi mau millimeters i ka mānoanoa. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻina hana uhi i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: (i) nā ʻano uhi pulu, me ka electroplating, electroplating, a me ka hot dip galvanizing, a me (ii) nā ʻano uhi maloʻo, me ka soldering, hardfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD). ), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), nā ʻano hana pīpī wela, a me nā ʻano hana pīpī anu hou loa 24 (Kiʻi 1d).
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā Biofilms he mau kaiāulu microbial i hoʻopili mau ʻia i nā ʻili a hoʻopuni ʻia e nā polymers extracellular i hana ponoʻī ʻia (EPS). ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi biofilm makua ma luna hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pohō nui i nā ʻoihana he nui, me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, nā ʻōnaehana wai, a me ka mālama ola. I loko o ke kanaka, me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā biofilms, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o 80% o nā hihia o nā maʻi microbial (me Enterobacteriaceae a me Staphylococci). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā biofilms makua he 1000 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka antibiotic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā cell bacteria planktonic, kahi i manaʻo ʻia he pilikia therapeutic nui. I ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea uhi ʻili antimicrobial i loaʻa mai nā hui organik maʻamau. ʻOiai ʻo ia mau mea e loaʻa pinepine nā mea ʻawaʻawa i hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ke kanaka,25,26 hiki i kēia ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka bacteria a me ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mea.
ʻO ka laulā o ke kū'ē ʻana o ka bacteria i ka lāʻau antibiotic ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm ua alakaʻi i ka pono e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻili i uhi ʻia me ka membrane antimicrobial maikaʻi e hiki ke hoʻopili palekana ʻia27. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻili anti-adhesive kino a kemika paha kahi hiki ʻole i nā cell bacteria ke hoʻopaʻa a hana i nā biofilms ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana ke ala mua i kēia kaʻina hana27. ʻO ka lua o ka ʻenehana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā uhi e hāʻawi i nā kemika antimicrobial ma kahi e pono ai, ma nā nui i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia a kūpono hoʻi. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea uhi kū hoʻokahi e like me graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 a me nā uhi kalapona ZnO30-doped diamond-like i kū'ē i ka bacteria, kahi ʻenehana e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka toxicity a me ke kū'ē ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā uhi e loaʻa ana nā kemika germicidal e hāʻawi ana i ka pale lōʻihi e kūʻē i ka haumia bacteria e lilo nei i mea kaulana. ʻOiai hiki i nā kaʻina hana ʻekolu ke hoʻokō i ka hana antimicrobial ma nā ʻili i uhi ʻia, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kona mau palena ponoʻī e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i kahi hoʻolālā noi.
Ua hoʻopilikia ʻia nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke e ka nele o ka manawa e kālailai a hoʻāʻo i nā uhi pale no nā mea hana biologically. Ke koi nei nā ʻoihana e hāʻawi kā lākou huahana i nā mea hoʻohana me nā ʻano hana i makemake ʻia, akā naʻe, ua lilo kēia i mea keakea i ka holomua o nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hui i loaʻa mai ke kālā ma ka hapa nui o nā antimicrobial i loaʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku i kēia manawa. Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau huahana e pale i nā mea hoʻohana mai ka hōʻike ʻino ʻana i nā micro-organism. ʻO ka hopena antimicrobial lohi a me ka ʻawaʻawa pili o nā hui kālā e hoʻonui i ke kaomi ma luna o nā mea noiʻi e hoʻomohala i kahi koho ʻē aʻe ʻino ʻole36,37. ʻO ka hana ʻana i kahi uhi antimicrobial honua e hana ana i loko a i waho he mea paʻakikī. Hele mai kēia me nā pilikia olakino a me ka palekana e pili ana. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kahi mea antimicrobial i emi iki ka ʻino i nā kānaka a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana pehea e hoʻokomo ai i loko o nā substrates uhi me kahi ola papa lōʻihi he pahuhopu i ʻimi nui ʻia38. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea antimicrobial a me nā antibiofilm hou loa e pepehi i ka bacteria ma kahi kokoke ma o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana a i ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mea hana. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i kēia ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻopili mua ʻana o ka bacteria (me ka pale ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi papa protein ma luna o ka ʻili) a i ʻole ma ka pepehi ʻana i ka bacteria ma ke keakea ʻana i ka paia o ke kelepona.
ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi papa ʻē aʻe i ka ʻili o kahi ʻāpana e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano o ka ʻili. ʻO ke kumu o ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili, ʻo ia ke hoʻololi i ka microstructure a/a i ʻole ka haku mele ʻana o ka ʻāpana kokoke i ka ʻili o kahi ʻāpana39. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano uhi ʻili i nā ʻano like ʻole, i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2a. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā uhi ʻili i nā ʻāpana thermal, chemical, physical a me electrochemical ma muli o ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka uhi.
(a) He kiʻi hoʻokomo e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano hana hana ʻili nui, a me (b) nā pono a me nā hemahema i koho ʻia o ke ʻano pīpī anu.
He nui nā ʻano like o ka ʻenehana pīpī anu me nā ʻano hana pīpī wela kuʻuna. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau waiwai koʻikoʻi e hoʻolilo ai i ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu a me nā mea pīpī anu i mea kūikawā. Aia nō ka ʻenehana pīpī anu i kona wā kamaliʻi, akā he wā e hiki mai ana kona. I kekahi mau hihia, hāʻawi nā waiwai kūikawā o ka pīpī anu i nā pono nui, e lanakila ana i nā palena o nā ʻano hana pīpī wela kuʻuna. Lanakila ia i nā palena koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana pīpī wela kuʻuna, kahi e pono ai ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pauka e waiho ʻia ma luna o kahi substrate. ʻIke loa, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia kaʻina hana uhi kuʻuna no nā mea koʻikoʻi loa i ka mahana e like me nā nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous a me nā aniani metala40, 41, 42. Eia kekahi, loaʻa mau i nā mea uhi pīpī wela kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka porosity a me nā oxides. He nui nā pono koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana pīpī anu ma mua o ka ʻenehana pīpī wela, e like me (i) ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokomo wela i ka substrate, (ii) ka maʻalahi i ke koho ʻana i ka uhi substrate, (iii) ʻaʻohe hoʻololi pae a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, (iv) ka ikaika hoʻopili kiʻekiʻe1 .39 (Kiʻi 2b). Eia kekahi, he kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa o nā mea uhi pīpī anu i ka pala, ikaika a paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, conductivity uila kiʻekiʻe a me ka density kiʻekiʻe41. ʻOiai nā pono o ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu, aia nō kekahi mau hemahema o kēia ʻano hana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2b. I ka wā e uhi ai i nā pauka keramika maʻemaʻe e like me Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, a pēlā aku, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano pīpī anu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pauka hui keramika/metala ma ke ʻano he mea maka no nā uhi. Pēlā nō hoʻi no nā ʻano hana pīpī wela ʻē aʻe. He paʻakikī nō ka pīpī ʻana i nā ʻili paʻakikī a me nā loko o nā paipu.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei ua kuhikuhi ʻia kēia hana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pauka vitreous metala ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻomaka no nā uhi ʻana, ua maopopo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pīpī wela maʻamau no kēia kumu. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻopili ʻia nā pauka vitreous metala i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe1.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana lapaʻau a me nā meaʻai ua hana ʻia mai nā hui kila kila austenitic (SUS316 a me SUS304) me ka nui o ka chromium o 12 a 20 wt.% no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana ʻoki kino. Ua ʻae ʻia ma ke ʻano laulā e hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metala chromium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā hui kila ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala o nā hui kila maʻamau. ʻO nā hui kila kila, ʻoiai ko lākou kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka pala, ʻaʻohe o lākou mau waiwai antimicrobial koʻikoʻi38,39. Hoʻohālikelike kēia me ko lākou kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka pala. Ma hope o kēlā, hiki ke wānana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi a me ka mumū, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka bacteria a me ka kolone ʻana ma ka ʻili o nā biomaterials kila kila. Hiki ke kū mai nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ma muli o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka bacteria a me nā ala hana biofilm, hiki ke alakaʻi i ke olakino maikaʻi ʻole, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena he nui e hiki ke hoʻopilikia pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha i ke olakino kanaka.
ʻO kēia haʻawina ka pae mua o kahi papahana i kālā ʻia e ka Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), ʻaelike helu 2010-550401, e noiʻi i ka hiki ke hana i nā pauka ternary Cu-Zr-Ni aniani metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana MA (papa). 1) No ka hana ʻana o ka SUS304 antibacterial surface protection film/coating. ʻO ka pae ʻelua o ka papahana, e hoʻomaka ana i Ianuali 2023, e aʻo kikoʻī i nā ʻano galvanic corrosion a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana. E hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua microbiological kikoʻī no nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole.
Ke kūkākūkā nei kēia ʻatikala i ka hopena o ka nui o ka Zr alloy i ka hiki ke hana aniani (GFA) ma muli o nā ʻano morphological a me ke ʻano. Eia kekahi, ua kūkākūkā pū ʻia nā waiwai antibacterial o ke aniani metala i uhi ʻia i ka pauka/SUS304 composite. Eia kekahi, ua hana ʻia nā hana e hoʻomau nei e noiʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o nā pauka aniani metala e hana ʻia ana i ka wā o ka pīpī anu ʻana ma ka ʻāpana wai supercooled o nā ʻōnaehana aniani metala i hana ʻia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui aniani metala Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke ʻano he mau laʻana ma kēia haʻawina.
Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i nā loli morphological i loko o nā pauka o Cu, Zr a me Ni elemental i ka wā o ka wili pōpō haʻahaʻa ikehu. ʻElua mau ʻōnaehana like ʻole e pili ana iā Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau laʻana hoʻohālike. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana MA i ʻekolu mau pae kaʻawale, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ke ʻano metallographic o ka pauka i loaʻa i ke kahua wili (Kiʻi 3).
ʻO nā ʻano metallographic o nā pauka o nā mea hoʻohuihui mechanical (MA) i loaʻa ma hope o nā pae like ʻole o ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi microscopy electron scanning emission (FE-SEM) o nā pauka MA a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i loaʻa ma hope o ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō ikehu haʻahaʻa no 3, 12 a me 50 mau hola ma (a), (c) a me (e) no ka ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr20Ni30, ʻoiai ma ka MA like. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi pili o ka ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr40Ni10 i lawe ʻia ma hope o ka manawa ma (b), (d), a me (f).
I ka wā o ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ikehu kinetic kūpono e hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia i ka pauka metala e ka hui pū ʻana o nā palena, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1a. Hoʻokomo pū kēia me nā kuʻi ʻana ma waena o nā pōpō a me nā pauka, ka ʻoki ʻana o ka pauka i paʻa ma waena a i ʻole ma waena o nā mea wili, nā hopena mai nā pōpō hāʻule, ka ʻoki ʻana a me ke komo ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka huki pauka ma waena o nā kino e neʻe ana o kahi wili pōpō, a me kahi nalu haʻalulu e hele ana ma waena o nā pōpō hāʻule e hoʻolaha ana ma o ka moʻomeheu i hoʻouka ʻia (Kiʻi 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), локи крупных частиц порошка (> 1 мм в диаметре). Ua hoʻololi nui ʻia ke ʻano o nā pauka Cu, Zr, a me Ni ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe anu ʻana i ka wā mua o MA (3 h), ka mea i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana pauka nui (> 1 mm ke anawaena).ʻIke ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana hui nui e ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā papa mānoanoa o nā mea hoʻohuihui (Cu, Zr, Ni), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 3a,b. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa MA i 12 h (kahua waena) i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikehu kinetic o ka wili pōpō, ka mea i alakaʻi ai i ka palaho ʻana o ka pauka hui i loko o nā pauka liʻiliʻi (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 200 μm), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3c, kūlanakauhale . I kēia pae, ʻo ka ikaika shear i hoʻopili ʻia e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻili metala hou me nā papa Cu, Zr, Ni lahilahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3c, d. Ma muli o ka wili ʻana o nā papa ma ka interface o nā flakes, hana ʻia nā hopena pae paʻa me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā pae hou.
I ka piko o ke kaʻina hana MA (ma hope o 50 h), ʻaʻole ʻike nui ʻia ka metallography flake (Kiʻi 3e, f), a ua ʻike ʻia ka metallography aniani ma ka ʻili i wili ʻia o ka pauka. ʻO ke ʻano kēia ua pau ke kaʻina hana MA a ua hana ʻia kahi pae hoʻokahi. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka haku mele kumu o nā ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microscopy electron scanning emission field (FE-SEM) i hui pū ʻia me ka spectroscopy X-ray dispersive ikehu (EDS). (IV).
Ma ka papa ʻaina. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano kumu 2 o nā mea hoʻohuihui ma ke ʻano he pakeneka o ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i koho ʻia ma ke kiʻi 3e, f. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia mau hopena me nā haku mele mua o Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka Papa 1 e hōʻike ana ua kokoke loa nā haku mele o kēia mau huahana hope ʻelua i nā haku mele inoa. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā waiwai pili o nā ʻāpana no nā ʻāpana i helu ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3e,f ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka hōʻino nui a i ʻole ka loli ʻana o ka haku mele o kēlā me kēia laʻana mai kekahi ʻāpana a i kekahi. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe loli o ka haku mele mai kekahi ʻāpana a i kekahi. Hōʻike kēia i ka hana ʻana o nā pauka alloy like e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 2.
Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi micrograph FE-SEM o ka pauka huahana hope loa ʻo Cu50(Zr50-xNix) ma hope o 50 mau manawa MA, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4a-d, kahi ʻo x he 10, 20, 30 a me 40 at.%, kēlā me kēia. Ma hope o kēia hana wili, hōʻuluʻulu ka pauka ma muli o ka hopena van der Waals, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hōʻuluʻulu nui i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana ultrafine me ke anawaena o 73 a 126 nm, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4.
Nā ʻano morphological o nā pauka Cu50(Zr50-xNix) i loaʻa ma hope o 50 hola MA. No nā ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi FE-SEM o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 50 MA ma (a), (b), (c), a me (d), kēlā me kēia.
Ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pauka i loko o ka mea hānai pīpī anu, ua sonicated mua ʻia lākou i loko o ka ethanol papa analytical no 15 mau minuke a laila hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ma 150° C. no 2 mau hola. Pono e hana ʻia kēia hana e hakakā pono ai i ka agglomeration, kahi e hoʻoulu pinepine ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hana uhi. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana MA, ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina hou aʻe e noiʻi i ka homogeneity o nā pauka alloy. Ma ke kiʻi. 5a-d e hōʻike i nā micrographs FE-SEM a me nā kiʻi EDS e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui Cu, Zr a me Ni o ka Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy i lawe ʻia ma hope o 50 h manawa M, kēlā me kēia. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he homogeneous nā pauka alloy i loaʻa ma hope o kēia hana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻike i nā fluctuations composition ma mua o ka pae sub-nanometer, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka hoʻolaha kūloko o nā mea i loko o ka pauka MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 i loaʻa ma hope o 50 MA e ka FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) ke kiʻi SEM a me X-ray EDS o (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, a me (d) Ni-Kα.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano diffraction X-ray o nā pauka Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 i hoʻohui ʻia me ka mechanical i loaʻa ma hope o 50 hola MA ma nā Kiʻi 6a–d, kēlā me kēia. Ma hope o kēia pae wili, ua loaʻa i nā laʻana āpau me nā ʻano Zr like ʻole nā ​​​​​​hale amorphous me nā ʻano diffusion halo hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6.
Nā ʻano diffraction X-ray o nā pauka Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) ma hope o MA no 50 h. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano diffusion halo ma nā laʻana āpau me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pae amorphous.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka microscopy electron transmission field emission kiʻekiʻe (FE-HRTEM) e nānā i nā loli kūkulu a hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano kūloko o nā pauka i loaʻa mai ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō i nā manawa MA like ʻole. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi o nā pauka i loaʻa ma ke ʻano FE-HRTEM ma hope o nā pae mua (6 h) a me waena (18 h) o ka wili ʻana i nā pauka Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 ma nā Kiʻi 7a, kēlā me kēia. Wahi a ke kiʻi ʻālohilohi (BFI) o ka pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 6 h o MA, aia ka pauka i nā hua nui me nā palena i wehewehe pono ʻia o nā mea fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, a me fcc-Ni, a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pae hopena, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7a. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike kahi ʻano diffraction area i koho ʻia (SADP) i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻāpana waena (a) i kahi ʻano diffraction ʻoi (Kiʻi 7b) e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā crystallites nui a me ka ʻole o kahi pae reactive.
Nā ʻano kūkulu kūloko o ka pauka MA i loaʻa ma hope o nā pae mua (6 h) a me ka waena (18 h). (a) ʻO ka microscopy electron transmission field emission kiʻekiʻe (FE-HRTEM) a me (b) diffractogram wahi i koho ʻia (SADP) o ka pauka Cu50Zr30Ni20 ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā MA no 6 mau hola. Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi FE-HRTEM o Cu50Zr40Ni10 i loaʻa ma hope o 18-hola MA ma (c).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 7c, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lōʻihi o MA i 18 h i alakaʻi ai i nā hemahema lattice koʻikoʻi i hui pū ʻia me ka deformation plastic. Ma kēia pae waena o ke kaʻina hana MA, ʻike ʻia nā hemahema like ʻole i loko o ka pauka, me nā hemahema stacking, nā hemahema lattice, a me nā hemahema kiko (Kiʻi 7). ʻO kēia mau hemahema ke kumu o ka ʻāpana o nā hua nui ma nā palena hua i loko o nā subgrains liʻiliʻi ma mua o 20 nm ka nui (Kiʻi 7c).
ʻO ke ʻano kūloko o ka pauka Cu50Z30Ni20 i wili ʻia no 36 h MA ua hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā nanograins ultrafine i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix lahilahi amorphous, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8a. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi kūloko o ka EMF e pili ana nā nanoclusters i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 8a me nā mea hoʻohuihui pauka Cu, Zr a me Ni i mālama ʻole ʻia. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o Cu i loko o ka matrix mai ~32 at.% (ʻāpana ʻilihune) a i ~74 at.% (ʻāpana waiwai), e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā huahana heterogeneous. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā SADP e pili ana o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o ka wili ʻana i kēia ʻanuʻu e hōʻike ana i nā apo pae amorphous halo-diffusion mua a me ka lua e uhi ana me nā kiko ʻoi e pili ana me kēia mau mea hoʻohuihui i mālama ʻole ʻia, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8b.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonohonoho kūloko nanoscale o ka pauka Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20. (a) Kiʻi kahua ʻālohilohi (BFI) a me (b) SADP kūlike o ka pauka Cu50Zr30Ni20 i loaʻa ma hope o ka wili ʻana no 36 h MA.
Ma ka hopena o ke kaʻina hana MA (50 h), ʻo nā pauka Cu50(Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, a me 40 at.%, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole, he ʻano labyrinthine o ka pae amorphous, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi. . ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka diffraction kiko a me nā hiʻohiʻona annular ʻoi i loko o nā SADS like o kēlā me kēia haku mele. Hōʻike kēia i ka nele o ka metala crystalline i mālama ʻole ʻia, akā ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pauka alloy amorphous. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kēia mau SADP pili e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona diffusion halo ma ke ʻano he hōʻike no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pae amorphous i ka mea huahana hope loa.
ʻO ke ʻano kūloko o ka huahana hope loa o ka ʻōnaehana Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix). ʻO FE-HRTEM a me nā ʻano diffraction nanobeam i pili (NBDP) o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, a me (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 i loaʻa ma hope o 50 h o MA.
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka calorimetry scanning differential, ua aʻo ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg), ka ʻāpana wai supercooled (ΔTx) a me ka mahana crystallization (Tx) ma muli o ka ʻike o Ni (x) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana amorphous Cu50(Zr50-xNix). Nā waiwai (DSC) i ke kahe kinoea He. Hōʻike ʻia nā piʻo DSC o nā pauka o Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, a me Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys i loaʻa ma hope o MA no 50 h ma nā Kiʻi 10a, b, e, kēlā me kēia. ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia ka piʻo DSC o amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke Kiʻi 10 kenekulia I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi laʻana Cu50Zr30Ni20 i hoʻomehana ʻia i ~700°C ma DSC ma ke Kiʻi 10g.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa wela o nā pauka Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MG i loaʻa ma hope o MA no 50 mau hola ua hoʻoholo ʻia e ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg), ka mahana crystallization (Tx) a me ka ʻāpana wai supercooled (ΔTx). Nā Thermograms o nā pauka calorimeter scanning differential (DSC) o Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), a me (e) nā pauka alloy Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG ma hope o MA no 50 mau hola. Hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano diffraction X-ray (XRD) o kahi laʻana Cu50Zr30Ni20 i hoʻomehana ʻia i ~700°C ma DSC ma (d).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10, ʻo nā piʻo DSC no nā ʻano hana āpau me nā ʻano nickel like ʻole (x) e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau hihia like ʻole, hoʻokahi endothermic a ʻo kekahi exothermic. ʻO ka hanana endothermic mua e pili ana iā Tg, a ʻo ka lua e pili ana me Tx. ʻO ka ʻāpana ākea ākea e kū nei ma waena o Tg a me Tx ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻāpana wai subcooled (ΔTx = Tx - Tg). Hōʻike nā hopena e hoʻoneʻe ka Tg a me Tx o ka hāpana Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Kiʻi 10a) i kau ʻia ma 526°C a me 612°C i ka ʻike (x) a hiki i 20 ma % i ka ʻaoʻao mahana haʻahaʻa o 482°C a me 563°C. °C me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike Ni (x), kēlā me kēia, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10b. No laila, emi ka ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 mai 86°С (Kiʻi 10a) a i 81°С no Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Kiʻi 10b). No ka hui MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, ua ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai o Tg, Tx, a me ΔTx i nā pae o 447°С, 526°С, a me 79°С (Kiʻi 10b). Hōʻike kēia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike Ni e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ke kūpaʻa wela o ka hui MS. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai o Tg (507 °C) o ka hui MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma mua o ka hui MC Cu50Zr40Ni10; akā naʻe, hōʻike kāna Tx i kahi waiwai e like me ia (612 °C). No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai o ΔTx (87°C) e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi. kenekulia 10.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy ma ke ʻano he laʻana, e crystallizes ma o kahi piko exothermic ʻoi i loko o nā pae crystalline fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, a me orthorhombic-ZrNi (Kiʻi 10c). Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia hoʻololi pae mai ka amorphous a i ka crystalline e ka loiloi diffraction X-ray o ka laʻana MG (Kiʻi 10d) i hoʻomehana ʻia i 700 °C ma DSC.
Ma ke kiʻi 11 e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻi i lawe ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu i hana ʻia i ka hana o kēia manawa. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana pauka aniani metala i hana ʻia ma hope o MA no 50 mau hola (me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke ʻano he laʻana) ma ke ʻano he mea maka antibacterial, a ua uhi ʻia kahi papa kila kila (SUS304) i ka pīpī anu. Ua koho ʻia ke ʻano pīpī anu no ka uhi ʻana i ka moʻo ʻenehana pīpī wela no ka mea ʻo ia ke ʻano kūpono loa i ka moʻo ʻenehana pīpī wela kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea metala metastable wela e like me nā pauka amorphous a me nanocrystalline. ʻAʻole i pili i ka pae. nā hoʻololi. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui i ke koho ʻana i kēia ʻano. Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana waiho anu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe e hoʻololi i ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana i ka deformation plastic, deformation a me ka wela ma luna o ka hopena me ka substrate a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāpana i waiho mua ʻia.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi kula i ke kaʻina hana pīpī anu i hoʻohana ʻia no ʻelima mau hoʻomākaukau ʻana o MG/SUS 304 ma 550°C.
ʻO ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana, a me ka momentum o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka uhi ʻana, pono e hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe ma o nā ʻano hana e like me ka deformation plastic (nā ʻāpana mua a me nā pilina interparticle i loko o ka matrix a me nā pilina o nā ʻāpana), nā knots interstitial o nā solids, ka rotation ma waena o nā ʻāpana, deformation a me ka palena ʻana i ka hoʻomehana 39. Eia kekahi, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia nā ikehu kinetic e hiki mai ana i ka ikehu thermal a me ka ikehu deformation, ʻo ka hopena he collision elastic, ʻo ia hoʻi ke lele wale nei nā ʻāpana ma hope o ka hopena. Ua ʻike ʻia he 90% o ka ikehu hopena i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mea ʻāpana/substrate i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wela kūloko 40. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻopili ʻia ke kaumaha hopena, loaʻa nā helu strain plastic kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻāpana hoʻopili ʻāpana/substrate i kahi manawa pōkole loa 41,42.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka palakika i manaʻo pinepine ʻia he kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ikehu, a i ʻole, he kumu wela ma ka ʻāpana interfacial. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma ka ʻāpana interfacial no ka hanana ʻana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka interfacial a i ʻole ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o ka hoʻolaha like ʻana o nā ʻātoma. ʻAʻohe puke i ʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau i noiʻi i ka hopena o nā waiwai o kēia mau pauka vitreous metala ma ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka pauka a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻano hana pīpī anu.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka BFI o ka pauka hui MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke Kiʻi 12a, kahi i waiho ʻia ma luna o ka substrate SUS 304 (Kiʻi 11, 12b). E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, mālama nā pauka i uhi ʻia i ko lākou ʻano amorphous mua no ka mea he ʻano labyrinth palupalu ko lākou me ka ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona crystalline a i ʻole nā ​​​​hemahema lattice. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ke kiʻi i ke alo o kahi pae haole, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e nā nanoparticles i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka matrix pauka i uhi ʻia e MG (Kiʻi 12a). Hōʻike ke Kiʻi 12c i ke ʻano diffraction nanobeam indexed (NBDP) e pili ana me ka ʻāpana I (Kiʻi 12a). E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 12c, hōʻike ʻo NBDP i kahi ʻano halo-diffusion nāwaliwali o ke ʻano amorphous a noho pū me nā kiko ʻoi e pili ana i kahi pae Zr2Ni cubic metastable nui crystalline me kahi pae CuO tetragonal. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o CuO e ka oxidation o ka pauka i ka neʻe ʻana mai ka nozzle o ka pū pīpī i SUS 304 ma ka lewa ākea i loko o ke kahe supersonic. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka devitrification o nā pauka aniani metala i hopena i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana cubic nui ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ke anu ma 550°C no 30 min.
(a) Kiʻi FE-HRTEM o ka pauka MG i waiho ʻia ma luna o (b) substrate SUS 304 (Kiʻi inset). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka helu kuhikuhi NBDP o ka hōʻailona poepoe i hōʻike ʻia ma (a) ma (c).
No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kēia ʻano hana kūpono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā nanoparticles Zr2Ni cubic nui, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa. Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, ua pīpī ʻia nā pauka mai kahi atomizer ma 550°C ma ke kuhikuhi o ka substrate SUS 304; akā naʻe, no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hopena annealing, ua wehe ʻia nā pauka mai ke kaha SUS304 i ka wikiwiki loa (ma kahi o 60 s). ). Ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi moʻo o nā hoʻokolohua kahi i wehe ʻia ai ka pauka mai ka substrate ma kahi o 180 kekona ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Hōʻike nā Kiʻi 13a,b i nā kiʻi ʻeleʻele Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) (DFI) o ʻelua mau mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma nā substrates SUS 304 no 60 kekona a me 180 kekona, kēlā me kēia. ʻAʻohe kikoʻī morphological o ke kiʻi pauka i waiho ʻia no 60 kekona, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻole o ka hiʻohiʻona (Kiʻi 13a). Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia kēia e XRD, kahi i hōʻike ai he amorphous ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o kēia mau pauka, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā piko diffraction mua a me ka lua i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 14a. Hōʻike kēia i ka nele o nā metastable/mesophase precipitates, kahi e mālama ai ka pauka i kona ʻano amorphous mua. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka pauka i waiho ʻia ma ka mahana like (550°C) akā i waiho ʻia ma ka substrate no 180 kekona i hōʻike i ka waiho ʻana o nā hua nanosized, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā pua ma ke Kiʻi 13b.