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Ii-biofilms ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezingapheliyo, ingakumbi xa kuziwa kwizixhobo zonyango. Le ngxaki inika umngeni omkhulu kuluntu lwezonyango, njengoko ii-antibiotics eziqhelekileyo zinokutshabalalisa ii-biofilms kuphela ngomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo. Ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm kukhokelele ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugquma kunye nezinto ezintsha. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekugqumeni umphezulu ngendlela ethintela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ii-alloys zesinyithi ze-vitreous, ngakumbi ezo ziqulethe i-copper kunye ne-titanium metals, ziye zaba ziingubo ezifanelekileyo zokugquma iintsholongwane. Kwangaxeshanye, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo kuye kwanda njengoko kuyindlela efanelekileyo yokucubungula izinto ezinobushushu obuphantsi. Inxalenye yenjongo yolu phando yayikukuphuhlisa iglasi entsha yesinyithi yefilimu yokulwa neentsholongwane eyenziwe yi-Cu-Zr-Ni ternary kusetyenziswa iindlela zokudibanisa ngoomatshini. Umgubo ongqukuva owenza imveliso yokugqibela usetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza zokutshiza umphezulu wentsimbi engagqwaliyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ii-substrates zeglasi yesinyithi ezigqunywe ngeglasi zikwazile ukunciphisa kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-biofilm ubuncinane nge-log enye xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, naluphi na uluntu luye lwakwazi ukuphuhlisa nokukhuthaza ukungeniswa kwezinto ezintsha ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zalo ezithile, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kwemveliso kunye nokubekwa kwinqanaba kuqoqosho lwehlabathi1. Bekusoloko kubangelwa kubuchule bomntu bokuyila izinto kunye nezixhobo zokwenza, kunye noyilo lokuvelisa nokuchonga izixhobo zokufezekisa impilo, imfundo, ishishini, uqoqosho, inkcubeko kunye nezinye iinkalo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe okanye ummandla ukuya kwelinye. Inkqubela phambili ilinganiswa nokuba lilizwe okanye ummandla 2. Kangangeminyaka engama-60, izazinzulu zezinto zichithe ixesha elininzi kumsebenzi omnye ophambili: ukukhangela izinto ezintsha neziphucukileyo. Uphando lwakutshanje lugxile ekuphuculeni umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezinto ezikhoyo, kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokuyila iintlobo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo zezinto.
Ukongezwa kwezinto ezidibanisa i-alloying, ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sezinto kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zonyango lwe-thermal, mechanical okanye thermomechanical kukhokelele ekuphucukeni okukhulu kwiimpawu ze-mechanical, chemical kunye ne-physical zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-compounds ezingaziwa kude kube ngoku ziye zadalwa ngempumelelo. Le mizamo iqhubekayo ivelise usapho olutsha lwezixhobo ezintsha ezaziwa ngokuba zi-Advanced Materials2. Ii-Nanocrystals, ii-nanoparticles, ii-nanotubes, ii-quantum dots, ii-zero-dimensional, ii-amorphous metallic glasses, kunye nee-high-entropy alloys zezinye zezona zinto ziphambili ezivele ehlabathini ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane edlulileyo. Ekwenziweni nasekuphuhlisweni kwee-alloys ezintsha ezineempawu eziphuculweyo, kokubini kwimveliso yokugqibela nakwizigaba eziphakathi zemveliso yayo, ingxaki yokungalingani idla ngokongeza. Ngenxa yokungeniswa kweendlela ezintsha zokwenza ezivumela ukuphambuka okukhulu kwi-equilibrium, udidi olutsha lwe-metastable alloys, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-metallic glasses, luye lwafunyanwa.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 waguqula ingcamango yee-alloys zesinyithi xa wenza ii-alloys zeglasi ze-Au-25 at.% Si ngokudibanisa ngokukhawuleza ulwelo malunga nesigidi seedigri ngomzuzwana. 4 Ukufunyanwa kukaNjingalwazi uPaul Duves akuzange kubonakalise kuphela ukuqala kwembali yeeglasi zesinyithi (MS), kodwa kwakhokelela kutshintsho kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngee-alloys zesinyithi. Ukususela kuphando lokuqala oluphambili ekuhlanganisweni kwee-alloys ze-MS, phantse zonke iiglasi zesinyithi zifunyenwe ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo: (i) ukuqina ngokukhawuleza kokunyibilika okanye umphunga, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-atomic lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-solid-state amorphization phakathi kwezinto zesinyithi ezicocekileyo kunye (iv) utshintsho lwesigaba esiqinileyo sezigaba ezizinzileyo.
IiMG zahlulwe ngokungabikho komyalelo we-athomu ohlala ixesha elide onxulunyaniswa neekristale, oluphawu oluchaza iikristale. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kwenziwe inkqubela phambili enkulu kwicandelo leglasi yesinyithi. Ezi zizinto ezintsha ezineempawu ezinomdla ezinomdla kungekuphela nje kwifiziksi yesimo esiqinileyo, kodwa nakwi-metallurgy, ikhemistri yomphezulu, iteknoloji, i-biology, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi. Olu hlobo lutsha lwezinto luneempawu ezahlukileyo kwiisinyithi eziqinileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba lube ngumviwa onomdla kwizicelo zobuchwepheshe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Zineempawu ezibalulekileyo: (i) ukuguquguquka okuphezulu koomatshini kunye namandla okuvelisa, (ii) ukuqina okuphezulu kwemagnethi, (iii) ukunyanzeliswa okuphantsi, (iv) ukumelana nokugqwala okungaqhelekanga, (v) ukuzimela kobushushu. Ukuqhuba 6.7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 yindlela entsha, eyaqalwa ngo-19839 nguNjingalwazi KK Kok kunye noogxa bakhe. Bavelise iipowder ze-Ni60Nb40 ezingenamofu ngokugaya umxube wezinto ezicocekileyo kubushushu obukufutshane kakhulu nobushushu begumbi. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-MA reaction yenziwa phakathi kokudibanisa i-diffusion powders ye-reactant powders kwi-reactor, edla ngokwenziwa ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kwi-ball mill. 10 (Umzobo 1a, b). Ukususela ngoko, le ndlela ye-mechanically induced solid state reaction isetyenzisiwe ukulungiselela iipowders ezintsha ze-amorphous/metallic glass alloy powders kusetyenziswa ii-low (Umzobo 1c) kunye nee-ball mills ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nee-rod mills11,12,13,14,15,16. Ngokukodwa, le ndlela isetyenzisiwe ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezingenakudityaniswa ezifana ne-Cu-Ta17 kunye nee-alloys ze-melting point eziphezulu ezifana ne-Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb kunye ne-Ta)18,19 kunye neenkqubo ze-Fe-W20. , engafumanekiyo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokupheka eziqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, i-MA ithathwa njengenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla ze-nanotechnology zokuvelisa isikali semizi-mveliso yee-nanocrystalline kunye nee-nanocomposite powder particles ze-metal oxides, ii-carbides, ii-nitrides, ii-hydrides, ii-carbon nanotubes, ii-nanodiamonds, kunye nokuzinzisa okubanzi kusetyenziswa indlela ephezulu ukuya ezantsi. 1 kunye nezigaba ezizinzileyo.
Isicwangciso esibonisa indlela yokwenza esetyenzisiweyo ukulungiselela i-Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 metallic glass coating kolu phononongo. (a) Ukulungiswa kwee-MC alloy powders ezine-concentrations ezahlukeneyo ze-Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, kunye ne-40 at.%) kusetyenziswa indlela yokusila ibhola engenamandla aphantsi. (a) Izinto zokuqala zifakwa kwisilinda yesixhobo kunye neebhola zentsimbi yesixhobo kwaye (b) zivaliwe kwibhokisi yeglavu egcwele umoya we-He. (c) Imodeli ecacileyo yesitya sokusila ebonisa intshukumo yebhola ngexesha lokusila. Imveliso yokugqibela yomgubo efunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 isetyenziselwe ukutshiza i-SUS 304 substrate ebandayo (d).
Xa kufikwa kumphezulu wezinto ezisetyenziswa ngobuninzi (iisubstrates), ubunjineli bomphezulu bubandakanya uyilo kunye nokuguqulwa kwemiphezulu (iisubstrates) ukubonelela ngeempawu ezithile zomzimba, iikhemikhali, kunye nezobuchwephesha ezingekhoyo kwizinto zokuqala ezisetyenziswa ngobuninzi. Ezinye zeempawu ezinokuphuculwa ngempumelelo ngonyango lomphezulu ziquka ukukrala, ukuxinana kunye nokumelana nokugqwala, i-coefficient of friction, i-bioinertness, iipropati zombane kunye nokufakelwa kobushushu, ukubiza nje ezimbalwa. Umgangatho womphezulu unokuphuculwa ngeendlela ze-metallurgical, mechanical okanye chemical. Njengenkqubo eyaziwayo, ukugquma kuchazwa nje njengomaleko omnye okanye ngaphezulu wezinto ezisetyenziswa ngokwenziwa kumphezulu wento esetyenziswa ngobuninzi (isubstrate) eyenziwe kwenye into. Ke ngoko, ukugquma kusetyenziswa ngokuyinxenye ukufezekisa iipropati zobugcisa okanye zokuhombisa ezifunwayo, kunye nokukhusela izixhobo kwiindlela ezilindelekileyo zeekhemikhali kunye nezomzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo23.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zingasetyenziselwa ukufaka iileya ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ukusuka kwii-micrometer ezimbalwa (ngaphantsi kwee-micrometer ezili-10-20) ukuya kwii-micrometer ezingaphezu kwama-30 okanye ii-millimeter ezininzi ngobukhulu. Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo zokufaka i-coating zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: (i) iindlela zokufaka i-wet coating, kubandakanya i-electroplating, i-electroplating, kunye ne-hot dip galvanizing, kunye (ii) iindlela zokufaka i-dry coating, kubandakanya i-soldering, i-hardfacing, i-physical vapor deposition (PVD). ), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), iindlela zokufaka i-thermal spray, kunye neendlela zokufaka i-cold spray zakutshanje 24 (Umfanekiso 1d).
Ii-biofilms zichazwa njengeendawo zeentsholongwane ezinamathele ngokungenakuguquguquka kwiindawo eziphezulu kwaye zijikelezwe zii-polymers ezizivelisayo ngokwazo (i-EPS). Ukwenziwa kwe-biofilm ekhulileyo kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kumashishini amaninzi, kubandakanya ukucubungula ukutya, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. Kubantu, ngokwenziwa kwee-biofilms, ngaphezulu kwe-80% yamatyala osulelo lweentsholongwane (kubandakanya i-Enterobacteriaceae kunye ne-Staphylococci) kunzima ukunyanga. Ukongeza, ii-biofilms ezikhulileyo zixelwe ukuba zichasana ngokuphindwe kayi-1000 nonyango lwee-antibiotic xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zebhaktiriya zeplanktonic, nto leyo ethathwa njengomngeni omkhulu wonyango. Ngokwembali, izixhobo zokugquma umphezulu we-antimicrobial ezivela kwiikhompawundi eziqhelekileyo ze-organic ziye zasetyenziswa. Nangona ezi zinto zihlala ziqulathe izinto ezinobuthi ezinokuba yingozi ebantwini,25,26 oku kunokunceda ukunqanda ukudluliselwa kweentsholongwane kunye nokonakala kwezinto.
Ukuxhathisa iintsholongwane ngokubanzi kunyango lwee-antibiotic ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kukhokelele kwimfuneko yokuphuhlisa umphezulu ogqunywe yi-antimicrobial membrane osebenzayo onokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo27. Ukuphuhliswa komphezulu ochasene nokunamathelayo ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwekhemikhali apho iiseli zebhaktiriya zingenakubophelela kwaye zenze ii-biofilms ngenxa yokunamathela yindlela yokuqala kule nkqubo27. Itekhnoloji yesibini kukuphuhlisa ii-coating ezizisa iikhemikhali ze-antimicrobial kanye apho zifuneka khona, ngobuninzi obuxineneyo nobulungiselelweyo. Oku kufezekiswa ngokuphuhliswa kwezinto zokugquma ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-graphene/germanium28, i-black diamond29 kunye ne-ZnO30-doped diamond-like carbon coatings ezimelana neebhaktiriya, itekhnoloji ekhulisa uphuhliso lwetyhefu kunye nokuxhathisa ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm. Ukongeza, ii-coatings eziqulethe iikhemikhali ezibulala iintsholongwane ezibonelela ngokhuseleko lwexesha elide kungcoliseko lweebhaktiriya ziya zithandwa kakhulu. Ngelixa zonke iinkqubo ezintathu zikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi we-antimicrobial kwiindawo ezigqunywe, nganye inemida yayo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kuqulunqwa icebo lokufaka isicelo.
Iimveliso ezikwimarike ngoku zithintelwa kukungabikho kwexesha lokuhlalutya nokuvavanya izinto ezikhuselayo ezisetyenziswa kwi-biochemical coating. Iinkampani zithi iimveliso zazo ziya kubonelela abasebenzisi ngezinto ezifunekayo zokusebenza, nangona kunjalo, oku kube ngumqobo kwimpumelelo yeemveliso ezikwimarike ngoku. Iikhompawundi ezivela kwisilivere zisetyenziswa kwinani elikhulu lee-antimicrobial ezikhoyo kubathengi ngoku. Ezi mveliso zenzelwe ukukhusela abasebenzisi ekuvezweni okunokuba yingozi kwi-microorganisms. Isiphumo sokulwa ne-antimicrobial esilibazisekileyo kunye nobuthi obuhambelanayo beekhompawundi zesilivere kwandisa uxinzelelo kubaphandi ukuba baphuhlise enye indlela engonakalisiyo36,37. Ukudala i-antimicrobial coating yehlabathi esebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kusengumngeni. Oku kuza nemingcipheko yempilo nokhuseleko enxulumene nayo. Ukufumanisa i-antimicrobial agent engenabungozi kangako ebantwini kunye nokufumana indlela yokuyifaka kwi-substrates ze-coating enobomi obude beshelufu yinjongo efunwa kakhulu38. Izixhobo zamva nje ze-antimicrobial kunye ne-antibiofilm zenzelwe ukubulala iintsholongwane kufutshane nokuba kukudibana ngqo okanye emva kokukhululwa kwe-arhente esebenzayo. Banokukwenza oku ngokuthintela ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya ekuqaleni (kubandakanya ukuthintela ukwakheka komaleko weproteni kumphezulu) okanye ngokubulala iibhaktheriya ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokwenyani, ukugquma umphezulu yinkqubo yokufaka omnye umaleko kumphezulu wecandelo ukuphucula iimpawu zomphezulu. Injongo yokugquma umphezulu kukutshintsha isakhiwo se-microstructure kunye/okanye ukwakheka kommandla okufutshane nomphezulu wecandelo39. Iindlela zokugquma umphezulu zinokwahlulwahlulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezishwankathelwe kwiFig. 2a. Ukugquma kunokwahlulwahlulwa kwiindidi zobushushu, iikhemikhali, izinto zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali kuxhomekeke kwindlela esetyenzisiweyo ukwenza ukugquma.
(a) Umfanekiso ongezantsi obonisa iindlela eziphambili zokwenza umphezulu, kunye (b) iingenelo kunye neengxaki ezikhethiweyo zendlela yokutshiza ngokubandayo.
Iteknoloji yokutshiza ngobushushu ifana kakhulu neendlela zemveli zokutshiza ngobushushu. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho nezinye iimpawu eziphambili ezenza inkqubo yokutshiza ngobushushu kunye nezixhobo zokutshiza ngobushushu zibe zezodwa. Iteknoloji yokutshiza ngobushushu isesencinci, kodwa inekamva elihle. Kwezinye iimeko, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zokutshiza ngobushushu zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezinkulu, zoyisa imida yeendlela zemveli zokutshiza ngobushushu. Iyoyisa imida ebalulekileyo yeteknoloji yokutshiza ngobushushu yendabuko, apho umgubo kufuneka unyibilikiswe ukuze ubekwe kwisiseko. Ngokucacileyo, le nkqubo yokugquma yendabuko ayifanelekanga kwizinto ezinobushushu obuphezulu ezifana nee-nanocrystals, ii-nanoparticles, iiglasi ezi-amorphous kunye nezesinyithi40, 41, 42. Ukongeza, izixhobo zokutshiza ngobushushu zihlala zinezinga eliphezulu le-porosity kunye nee-oxides. Iteknoloji yokutshiza ngobushushu ineenzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kuneteknoloji yokutshiza ngobushushu, ezinje (i) ukungenisa ubushushu obuncinci kwisiseko, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhetheni isiseko sokugquma, (iii) akukho tshintsho lwesigaba kunye nokukhula kwengqolowa, (iv) amandla aphezulu okuncamathela1 .39 (Umzobo 2b). Ukongeza, izinto zokugquma ezicociweyo ngesitshizi esibandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima, ukuqhuba kombane okuphezulu kunye noxinano oluphezulu41. Nangona iingenelo zenkqubo yokugquma ebandayo, le ndlela iseneengxaki ezithile, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2b. Xa kugqunywa iipowder zeseramikhi ezicocekileyo ezifana ne-Al2O3, i-TiO2, i-ZrO2, i-WC, njl.njl., indlela yokugquma ebandayo ayinakusetyenziswa. Kwelinye icala, iipowder zeseramikhi/zesinyithi ezidityanisiweyo zingasetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza zokugquma. Kunjalo nakwezinye iindlela zokugquma ezishushu. Iindawo ezinzima kunye nangaphakathi kwepayipi kusenzima ukugquma.
Ekubeni lo msebenzi ujoliswe ekusebenziseni iipowder ze-vitreous zesinyithi njengezinto zokuqala zokugquma, kuyacaca ukuba ukutshiza okuqhelekileyo okushushu akunakusetyenziselwa le njongo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iipowder ze-vitreous zesinyithi ziyanyibilika kubushushu obuphezulu1.
Uninzi lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ezonyango nokutya zenziwe ngee-alloys ze-austenitic stainless steel (SUS316 kunye ne-SUS304) ezinomxholo we-chromium oyi-12 ukuya kwi-20 wt.% kwimveliso yezixhobo zotyando. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyamkelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-chromium metal njengento yokudibanisa kwii-alloys zentsimbi kunokuphucula kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwee-alloys zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo. Ii-alloys zentsimbi engagqwali, nangona zixhathisa ukugqwala okuphezulu, azinazo iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zokulwa ne-antimicrobial38,39. Oku kwahlukile kukumelana kwazo okuphezulu kokugqwala. Emva koko, kunokwenzeka ukuqikelela uphuhliso losulelo kunye nokudumba, okubangelwa ikakhulu kukunamathela kwebhaktiriya kunye nokufakwa kwayo kumphezulu wezinto eziphilayo zentsimbi engagqwali. Ubunzima obukhulu bunokuvela ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu obunxulumene nokunamathela kwebhaktiriya kunye neendlela zokwakheka kwe-biofilm, ezinokukhokelela kwimpilo embi, enokuba nemiphumo emininzi enokuchaphazela ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo impilo yabantu.
Olu phononongo lukwinqanaba lokuqala leprojekthi exhaswa yiKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), ikhontrakthi inombolo 2010-550401, ukuphanda ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuvelisa iipowder ze-Cu-Zr-Ni zeglasi zesinyithi kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ye-MA (itheyibhile). 1) Ukuveliswa kwefilimu/i-coating yokukhusela umphezulu we-antibacterial ye-SUS304. Inqanaba lesibini leprojekthi, eliza kuqala ngoJanuwari 2023, liza kufunda ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu zokubola kwe-galvanic kunye neempawu zoomatshini zenkqubo. Uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha ze-microbiological kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhaktheriya luya kwenziwa.
Eli nqaku lixoxa ngempembelelo yomxholo we-Zr alloy kwi-glass forming ability (GFA) ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ze-morphological kunye nezakhiwo. Ukongeza, iipropati ze-antibacterial ze-powder coated metal glass/SUS304 composite nazo zixoxiwe. Ukongeza, umsebenzi oqhubekayo uye wenziwa ukuphanda ukuba kungenzeka ukuba utshintsho lwesakhiwo lwe-metallic glass powders lwenzeke ngexesha lokutshiza okubandayo kwindawo yolwelo olupholileyo kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-metallic glass ezenziweyo. Ii-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys zisetyenziswe njengemizekelo emeleyo kolu phononongo.
Eli candelo libonisa utshintsho lwemo kwimibhobho ye-elemental Cu, Zr kunye ne-Ni ngexesha lokusila ibhola okunamandla aphantsi. Iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo eziquka i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziya kusetyenziswa njengemizekelo yokubonisa. Inkqubo ye-MA inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo, njengoko kungqinwa luphawu lwe-metallographic lomgubo ofunyenwe kwinqanaba lokusila (Umzobo 3).
Iimpawu zeMetallographic zeepowders ze-mechanical alloys (MA) ezifunyenwe emva kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okusila ibhola. Imifanekiso ye-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) yeepowders ze-MA kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezifunyenwe emva kokusila ibhola ngamandla aphantsi iiyure ezi-3, ezili-12 kunye nezingama-50 ziboniswe kwi-(a), (c) kunye ne-(e) kwinkqubo ye-Cu50Zr20Ni30, ngelixa zikwi-MA efanayo. Imifanekiso ehambelanayo yenkqubo ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ethathwe emva kwexesha iboniswe kwi-(b), (d), kunye ne-(f).
Ngexesha lokusila ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo anokudluliselwa kwi-metal powder achatshazelwa yindibaniselwano yeeparamitha, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 1a. Oku kuquka ukungqubana phakathi kweebhola kunye nee-powders, ukucinezelwa kwe-shear ye-powder enamathele phakathi okanye phakathi kwe-grinding media, iimpembelelo ezivela kwiibhola eziwayo, ukucheba kunye nokuguguleka okubangelwa kukurhuqwa kwe-powder phakathi kwemizimba ehambayo ye-ball mill, kunye ne-shock wave edlula kwiibhola eziwayo ezisasazeka kwi-compound culture elayishiweyo (Fig. 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образовастаны крук мм в диаметре). Iipowder ze-elemental Cu, Zr, kunye ne-Ni zaphazamiseka kakhulu ngenxa yokuwelda okubandayo kwinqanaba lokuqala le-MA (iiyure ezi-3), nto leyo eyakhokelela ekudalweni kwamasuntswana amakhulu e-powder (> 1 mm ububanzi).Ezi nxalenye zinkulu zidibeneyo zibonakaliswa kukwakheka kweengqimba ezinkulu zezinto ezidibanisayo (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 3a, b. Ukwanda kwexesha le-MA ukuya kwiiyure ezili-12 (isigaba esiphakathi) kukhokelele ekwandeni kwamandla e-kinetic e-ball mill, nto leyo ekhokelele ekuqhekekeni komgubo odibeneyo ube zii-powders ezincinci (ngaphantsi kwe-200 μm), njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 3c, city. Kweli nqanaba, amandla okusika asetyenziswayo akhokelela ekwakhiweni komphezulu omtsha wesinyithi onezingqimba ze-Cu, Zr, Ni ezibhityileyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 3c, d. Ngenxa yokusila kweengqimba kwindawo ejongene nee-flakes, ii-solid-phase reactions zenzeka ngokwenziwa kwezigaba ezintsha.
Kwincopho yenkqubo ye-MA (emva kweeyure ezingama-50), i-flake metallography yayingabonakali kangako (Umzobo 3e, f), kwaye i-mirror metallography yabonwa kumphezulu ocoliweyo we-powder. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ye-MA igqityiwe kwaye kwadalwa isigaba esinye sokusabela. Ulwakhiwo lwezinto ezisisiseko zemimandla eboniswe kwiMifanekiso 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) zachongwa kusetyenziswa i-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) kunye ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). (IV).
Kwitheyibhile. Iingqinisiso ezi-2 zezinto ezidityanisiweyo ziboniswa njengepesenti yobunzima obupheleleyo bommandla ngamnye okhethiweyo kumzobo 3e, f. Ukuthelekisa ezi ziphumo kunye neengqokelela zokuqala zeCu50Zr20Ni30 kunye neCu50Zr40Ni10 ezinikwe kwiTheyibhile 1 kubonisa ukuba ingqokelela yezi mveliso zimbini zokugqibela zisondele kakhulu kwiingqokelela eziqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, amaxabiso ahambelanayo eenxalenye zemimandla edweliswe kwiFig. 3e, f awabonisi ukuwohloka okukhulu okanye umahluko kwingqokelela nganye ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye. Oku kubonakaliswa yinto yokuba akukho tshintsho kwingqokelela ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye. Oku kubonisa ukuveliswa kweepowders ze-alloy ezifanayo njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 2.
Ii-micrograph ze-FE-SEM ze-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) powder yemveliso yokugqibela zifunyenwe emva kwamaxesha angama-50 e-MA, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 4a-d, apho u-x eyi-10, 20, 30 kunye no-40 kwi-.%, ngokulandelelana. Emva kweli nyathelo lokusila, i-powder iyahlangana ngenxa yesiphumo se-van der Waals, esikhokelela ekwakhiweni kwee-aggregates ezinkulu eziquka amasuntswana e-ultrafine anobubanzi obuyi-73 ukuya kwi-126 nm, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFigure 4.
Iimpawu zesimo semigubo yeCu50(Zr50-xNix) efunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 ze-MA. Kwiinkqubo zeCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, imifanekiso ye-FE-SEM yegubo efunyenwe emva kwe-50 MA iboniswe kwi (a), (b), (c), kunye (d), ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngaphambi kokufaka iipowders kwi-cold spray feeder, zaqala zafakwa kwi-analytical grade ethanol imizuzu eli-15 zaze zomiswa kwi-150° C kangangeeyure ezi-2. Eli nyathelo kufuneka lithathwe ukuze kuliwe ngempumelelo i-agglomeration, edla ngokubangela iingxaki ezininzi ezinzulu kwinkqubo yokugquma. Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo ye-MA, kwenziwe izifundo ezongezelelweyo ukuze kuphandwe ukuhambelana kweepowders ze-alloy. Kwifig. 5a–d kuboniswa ii-FE-SEM micrographs kunye nemifanekiso ehambelanayo ye-EDS yezinto ze-Cu, Zr kunye ne-Ni alloying ze-Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy ezithathwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 zexesha le-M, ngokulandelelana. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iipowders ze-alloy ezifunyenwe emva kweli nyathelo ziyafana, njengoko zingabonisi naluphi na utshintsho lolwakhiwo ngaphaya kwenqanaba le-sub-nanometer, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5.
Imofoloji kunye nokusasazwa kweendawo zezinto kwi-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kwe-50 MA yi-FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Umfanekiso we-SEM kunye ne-X-ray EDS we-(b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, kunye (d) Ni-Kα.
Iipateni ze-X-ray diffraction ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders ezifunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 ze-MA ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso 6a–d, ngokulandelelana. Emva kwesi sigaba sokusila, zonke iisampuli ezine-concentrations ezahlukeneyo ze-Zr zazinezakhiwo ezingafaniyo ezineepateni ze-halo diffusion eziboniswe kwiMifanekiso 6.
Iipateni ze-X-ray diffraction zeCu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kunye neCu50Zr20Ni30 (d) powders emva kwe-MA kangangeeyure ezingama-50. Ipateni ye-halo-diffusion ibonwe kuzo zonke iisampuli ngaphandle kokukhetha, nto leyo ebonisa ukwakheka kwesigaba esingaguqukiyo.
I-high resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yasetyenziswa ukujonga utshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nokuqonda ulwakhiwo lwendawo lweepowders ezibangelwa kukugaya ibhola ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo e-MA. Imifanekiso yeepowders ezifunyenwe ngendlela ye-FE-HRTEM emva kwamanqanaba okuqala (iiyure ezi-6) kunye naphakathi (iiyure ezili-18) okusila iipowders ze-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 7a, ngokulandelelana. Ngokomfanekiso we-bright-field (BFI) wepowders ezifunyenwe emva kweeyure ezi-6 ze-MA, ipowders iqulathe iinkozo ezinkulu ezinemida ecacileyo yezinto ze-fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, kunye ne-fcc-Ni, kwaye akukho zimpawu zokwakheka kwesigaba sokusabela, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiMifanekiso 7a. Ukongeza, ipateni ye-diffraction yendawo ekhethiweyo ekhethiweyo (SADP) ethathwe kummandla ophakathi (a) ityhile ipateni ye-diffraction ebukhali (Umzobo 7b) ebonisa ubukho beekristale ezinkulu kunye nokungabikho kwesigaba sokusabela.
Iimpawu zesakhiwo sendawo somgubo we-MA ofunyenwe emva kwamanqanaba okuqala (iiyure ezi-6) kunye namanqanaba aphakathi (iiyure ezili-18). (a) I-electron microscopy ye-electron transmission resolution ephezulu (FE-HRTEM) kunye (b) i-diffractogram yendawo ekhethiweyo (SADP) yomgubo we-Cu50Zr30Ni20 emva konyango lwe-MA iiyure ezi-6. Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM we-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ofunyenwe emva kweeyure ezili-18 ze-MA uboniswe ku-(c).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 7c, ukwanda kwexesha le-MA ukuya kwiiyure ezili-18 kukhokelele kwiziphene ezinkulu ze-lattice kunye nokuguqulwa kweplastiki. Kweli nqanaba liphakathi lenkqubo ye-MA, iziphene ezahlukeneyo ziyavela kumgubo, kubandakanya iimpazamo zokubeka izinto, iziphene ze-lattice, kunye neziphene zenqaku (Umfanekiso 7). Ezi ziphene zibangela ukuqhekeka kweenkozo ezinkulu ecaleni kwemida yeenkozo zibe ziinkozo ezincinci kune-20 nm ngobukhulu (Umfanekiso 7c).
Ulwakhiwo lwendawo yepowder yeCu50Z30Ni20 egayiweyo iiyure ezingama-36 ze-MA luphawulwa kukwenziwa kwee-nanograins ezi-ultrafine ezifakwe kwi-matrix ebhityileyo engaguqukiyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 8a. Uhlalutyo lwendawo lwe-EMF lubonise ukuba ii-nanoclusters eziboniswe kwiFig. 8a zidibene nee-alloys zepowder zeCu, Zr kunye neNi ezinganyangwanga. Umxholo weCu kwi-matrix wahluka ukusuka kwi-~32 at.% (indawo embi) ukuya kwi-~74 at.% (indawo etyebileyo), nto leyo ebonisa ukwakheka kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-SADPs ezifanelekileyo zeepowders ezifunyenwe emva kokugaywa kweli nyathelo zibonisa iiringi ze-halo-diffusion amorphous phase eziphambileyo neziphakathi ezigqunywe ngamanqaku abukhali anxulumene nezi zinto ze-alloying ezinganyangwanga, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 8b.
Iimpawu zesakhiwo sendawo esine-nanoscale se-Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder. (a) Umfanekiso oqaqambileyo webala (BFI) kunye nokuhambelanayo (b) I-SADP ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kokusila iiyure ezingama-36 ze-MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkqubo ye-MA (iiyure ezingama-50), ii-Cu50(Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, kunye ne-40 at.% powders, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zine-labyrinthine morphology ye-amorphous phase, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. Akukho point diffraction okanye iipatheni ezibukhali ze-annular ezifunyenweyo kwi-SADS ehambelanayo yesakhiwo ngasinye. Oku kubonisa ukungabikho kwe-crystalline metal enganyangwanga, kodwa endaweni yoko ukwenziwa kwe-amorphous alloy powder. Ezi SADPs zihambelanayo ezibonisa iipatheni ze-halo diffusion nazo zisetyenziswe njengobungqina bophuhliso lwe-amorphous phases kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Ulwakhiwo lwendawo yemveliso yokugqibela yenkqubo yeCu50 MS (Zr50-xNix). Iipateni ze-FE-HRTEM kunye neepatheni ze-nanobeam diffraction ezihambelanayo (NBDP) ze-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, kunye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 ezifunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 ze-MA.
Ukusebenzisa i-calorimetry yokuskena eyahlukileyo, uzinzo lobushushu bobushushu botshintsho lweglasi (Tg), indawo yolwelo olupholileyo kakhulu (ΔTx) kunye nobushushu bekristale (Tx) kufundwe ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo weNi (x) kwiinkqubo zeCu50(Zr50-xNix) amorphous system. (DSC) kwi-He gas flow. Ii-DSC curves zeepowders zeCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, kunye neCu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys ezifunyenwe emva kwe-MA kangangeeyure ezingama-50 ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso 10a, b, e, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngelixa i-DSC curve ye-amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 iboniswe ngokwahlukileyo kwiMifanekiso yenkulungwane ye-10. Okwangoku, isampuli yeCu50Zr30Ni20 eshushu ukuya kwi-~700°C kwi-DSC iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 10g.
Uzinzo lobushushu lweempuphu ze-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MG ezifunyenwe emva kwe-MA kangangeeyure ezingama-50 lumiselwa bubushushu bokutshintsha kweglasi (Tg), ubushushu bekristale (Tx) kunye nommandla wolwelo opholileyo (ΔTx). IiThermogram zeempuphu ze-calorimeter (DSC) zeCu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kunye (e) neempuphu ze-alloy ze-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG emva kwe-MA kangangeeyure ezingama-50. Ipatheni ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampuli ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshushu ukuya kwi-~700°C kwi-DSC iboniswe kwi-(d).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10, ii-DSC curves zazo zonke izinto eziqulathe i-nickel concentrations ezahlukeneyo (x) zibonisa iimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, enye i-endothermic kunye nenye i-exothermic. Isiganeko sokuqala se-endothermic sihambelana ne-Tg, kwaye esesibini sinxulunyaniswa ne-Tx. Indawo ethe tyaba ephakathi kwe-Tg kunye ne-Tx ibizwa ngokuba yindawo yolwelo epholileyo (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-Tg kunye ne-Tx yesampuli ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Umfanekiso 10a) ebekwe kwi-526°C kunye ne-612°C itshintsha umxholo (x) uye kwi-20 kwi-% ukuya kwicala lobushushu eliphantsi le-482°C kunye ne-563°C. °C kunye nomxholo we-Ni okhulayo (x), ngokulandelanayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10b. Ngenxa yoko, i-ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 yehla ukusuka kwi-86°С (Umzobo 10a) ukuya kwi-81°С kwi-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Umzobo 10b). Kwi-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, ukwehla kwamaxabiso e-Tg, Tx, kunye ne-ΔTx ukuya kumanqanaba e-447°С, 526°С, kunye ne-79°С kwabonwa (Umzobo 10b). Oku kubonisa ukuba ukunyuka komxholo we-Ni kukhokelela ekunciphiseni uzinzo lobushushu be-alloy ye-MS. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ixabiso le-Tg (507 °C) ye-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 liphantsi kunelo le-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10; nangona kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ibonisa ixabiso elifana nalo (612 °C). Ke ngoko, i-ΔTx inexabiso eliphezulu (87°C) njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo wenkulungwane ye-10.
Inkqubo ye-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, isebenzisa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy njengomzekelo, i-crystallizes nge-sharp exothermic peak iye kwi-fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, kunye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline phases (Umzobo 10c). Olu tshintsho lwesigaba ukusuka kwi-amorphous ukuya kwi-crystalline luqinisekiswe luhlalutyo lwe-X-ray diffraction lwesampuli ye-MG (Umzobo 10d) eyatshiswa ukuya kwi-700 °C kwi-DSC.
Kumfanekiso 11 ubonisa iifoto ezithathwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshiza okubandayo eyenziwa kumsebenzi wangoku. Kolu phononongo, amasuntswana e-metal glass powder enziwe emva kwe-MA iiyure ezingama-50 (kusetyenziswa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengomzekelo) asetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza ezilwa neentsholongwane, kwaye ipleyiti yentsimbi engagqwaliyo (SUS304) yayigqunywe nge-cold spray. Indlela yokutshiza okubandayo yakhethwa ukugquma kuthotho lwetekhnoloji yokutshiza okushushu kuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo kuthotho lwetekhnoloji yokutshiza okushushu apho ingasetyenziselwa izinto ezithambileyo zobushushu ezifana ne-amorphous kunye ne-nanocrystalline powders. Ayixhomekekanga kutshintsho lwesigaba. Le yeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni le ndlela. Inkqubo yokutshiza okubandayo yenziwa kusetyenziswa amasuntswana anesantya esiphezulu aguqula amandla e-kinetic amasuntswana abe yi-plastic deformation, deformation kunye nobushushu xa ichaphazeleka yi-substrate okanye amasuntswana abekwe ngaphambili.
Iifoto zasentsimini zibonisa inkqubo yokutshiza ngokubandayo esetyenzisiweyo kumalungiselelo amahlanu alandelelanayo e-MG/SUS 304 kwi-550°C.
Amandla e-kinetic ee-particles, kunye nomfutho we-particle nganye ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-coating, kufuneka aguqulwe abe zezinye iindlela zamandla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-plastic deformation (ii-particles eziphambili kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-interparticle kwi-matrix kunye nokusebenzisana kwee-particles), amaqhina e-interstitial of solids, ukujikeleza phakathi kwee-particles, ukuguquguquka kunye nokunciphisa ubushushu 39. Ukongeza, ukuba ayingawo onke amandla e-kinetic angenayo aguqulwa abe ngamandla obushushu kunye namandla okuguquguquka, isiphumo siya kuba kukungqubana kwe-elastic, okuthetha ukuba ii-particles zivele ziphume emva kwempembelelo. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba i-90% yamandla empembelelo asetyenziswa kwizinto ze-particle/substrate iguqulwa ibe bubushushu bendawo 40. Ukongeza, xa kusetyenziswa uxinzelelo lwempembelelo, amazinga aphezulu e-plastic strain afunyanwa kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano lwe-particle/substrate ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu 41,42.
Ukuguqulwa kweplastiki kudla ngokuthathwa njengenkqubo yokuchithwa kwamandla, okanye endaweni yoko, njengomthombo wobushushu kummandla ophakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kobushushu kummandla ophakathi akwanelanga ukuba kwenzeke ukunyibilika kwe-interfacial okanye ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kokusasazwa kweeathom. Akukho ncwadi eyaziwayo ngababhali ephande ngempembelelo yezi zixhobo ze-vitreous powders zesinyithi ekunamatheleni komgubo kunye nokuhlaliswa kwawo xa kusetyenziswa iindlela zokutshiza ezibandayo.
I-BFI yomgubo we-alloy we-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 inokubonwa kuMfanekiso 12a, owabekwa kwi-SUS 304 substrate (Umfanekiso 11, 12b). Njengoko kunokubonwa kumfanekiso, ii-powders ezigqunyiweyo zigcina isakhiwo sazo sokuqala esingenawo ulwelo njengoko zinesakhiwo esithambileyo se-labyrinth ngaphandle kweempawu zekristale okanye iziphene ze-lattice. Kwelinye icala, umfanekiso ubonisa ubukho besigaba sangaphandle, njengoko kungqinwa zii-nanoparticles ezifakwe kwi-MG-coated powder matrix (Umfanekiso 12a). Umfanekiso 12c ubonisa ipatheni ye-nanobeam diffraction echazwe kwi-indexed (NBDP) enxulumene nommandla I (Umfanekiso 12a). Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 12c, i-NBDP ibonisa ipatheni ye-halo-diffusion ebuthathaka yesakhiwo esingenawo ulwelo kwaye ihambelana namabala abukhali ahambelana nesigaba se-crystalline esikhulu se-cubic metastable Zr2Ni kunye nesigaba se-tetragonal CuO. Ukwakheka kweCuO kunokuchazwa yi-oxidation yomgubo xa usuka kwimpumlo yesibhamu sokutshiza uye kwi-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekileyo ngokuhamba kwe-supersonic. Kwelinye icala, ukunikezelwa kwe-vitrification yeepowders zeglasi zesinyithi kubangele ukwakheka kwezigaba ezinkulu ze-cubic emva konyango lwe-cold spray kwi-550°C imizuzu engama-30.
(a) Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM womgubo we-MG obekwe kwi-(b) i-SUS 304 substrate (Umfanekiso ongaphakathi). Isalathisi se-NBDP sophawu olungqukuva oluboniswe kwi-(a) siboniswe kwi-(c).
Ukuvavanya le ndlela inokwenzeka yokwenziwa kwee-nanoparticles ezinkulu ze-cubic Zr2Ni, kwenziwe uvavanyo oluzimeleyo. Kolu vavanyo, ii-powders zatshizwa kwi-atomizer kwi-550°C kwicala le-SUS 304 substrate; nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuchongwe isiphumo sokutsalwa kwe-annealing, ii-powders zasuswa kwi-SUS304 strip ngokukhawuleza kangangoko (malunga nemizuzwana engama-60). ). Olunye uthotho lwezilingo lwenziwe apho i-powder yasuswa kwi-substrate malunga nemizuzwana eli-180 emva kokusetyenziswa.
Imifanekiso 13a,b ibonisa imifanekiso ye-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) dark field (DFI) yezinto ezimbini ezitshiziweyo ezifakwe kwi-SUS 304 substrates kangangemizuzwana engama-60 kunye ne-180, ngokulandelelana. Umfanekiso we-powder ofakwe imizuzwana engama-60 awunazo iinkcukacha ze-morphological, obonisa ukungabi nampawu (Umzobo 13a). Oku kuqinisekiswe yi-XRD, eyabonisa ukuba ulwakhiwo lulonke lwale powders lwalungenamofu, njengoko kuboniswe ziincopho ezibanzi ze-diffraction eziphambili nezesibini eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 14a. Oku kubonisa ukungabikho kwe-metastable/mesophase precipitates, apho i-powder igcina isakhiwo sayo sokuqala esingamofu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-powder efakwe kubushushu obufanayo (550°C) kodwa eshiywe kwi-substrate kangangemizuzwana eli-180 ibonise ukubekwa kweenkozo ezincinci, njengoko kuboniswe ziintolo kuMfanekiso 13b.