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He wāhanga nui ngā kiriata koiora i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā mate pūmau, inā koa mō ngā taputapu hauora. He wero nui tēnei ki te hapori hauora, nā te mea he iti noa te kaha o ngā paturopi paerewa ki te whakangaro i ngā kiriata koiora. Nā te aukati i te hanganga kiriata koiora kua hua ake te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga paninga me ngā rauemi hou. Ko te whāinga o ēnei tikanga he pani i ngā mata i roto i te huarahi e ārai ana i te hanganga kiriata koiora. Ko ngā koranu whakarewa karaihe, inā koa ko ērā kei roto ko te parahi me te titanium, kua noho hei paninga paturopi pai rawa atu. I taua wā anō, kua piki ake te whakamahinga o te hangarau rehu matao nā te mea he tikanga pai mō te tukatuka i ngā rauemi tairongo pāmahana. Ko tētahi wāhanga o te whāinga o tēnei rangahau ko te whakawhanake i tētahi karāhe whakarewa kiriata paturopi hou i hangaia mai i te Cu-Zr-Ni ternary mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakakoi miihini. Ko te paura porowhita e hanga ana i te hua whakamutunga ka whakamahia hei rauemi mata mō te rehu matao o ngā mata kowiri tira i ngā pāmahana iti. I taea e ngā papa kua pania ki te karāhe whakarewa te whakaiti nui i te hanganga kiriata koiora mā te iti rawa 1 log ki te whakataurite ki te kowiri tira.
I roto i te hītori o te tangata, kua taea e tētahi hapori te whakawhanake me te whakatairanga i te whakaurunga o ngā rauemi hou hei whakatutuki i ōna whakaritenga motuhake, ā, ka hua ake te pikinga o te hua me te tūranga i roto i te ōhanga ao whānui1. Kua honoa tonutia tēnei ki te kaha o te tangata ki te hoahoa rauemi me ngā taputapu hanga, tae atu ki te hoahoa ki te hanga me te tautuhi i ngā rauemi hei whakatutuki i te hauora, te mātauranga, te ahumahi, te ōhanga, te ahurea me ētahi atu mara mai i tētahi whenua, rohe rānei ki tētahi atu. Ka inehia te ahunga whakamua ahakoa te whenua, te rohe rānei2. Mō ngā tau 60, kua whakatapua e ngā kaipūtaiao rauemi he nui te wā ki tētahi mahi matua: te rapu rauemi hou me ngā rauemi matatau. Kua arotahi ngā rangahau tata nei ki te whakapai ake i te kounga me te mahi a ngā rauemi o nāianei, me te hanga me te tito i ngā momo rauemi hou katoa.
Nā te tāpiritanga o ngā huānga whakarewa, te whakarerekētanga o te hanganga moroiti o te rauemi me te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga maimoatanga wera, miihini, werawera rānei kua hua ake he whakapainga nui ki ngā āhuatanga miihini, matū me te tinana o ngā momo rauemi. Hei tāpiritanga, kua angitu te hanga o ngā matū kāore i te mōhiotia i mua. Nā ēnei mahi tonu kua puta ake he whānau hou o ngā rauemi auaha e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko Ngā Rauemi Matatau2. Ko ngā nanocrystals, ngā nanoparticles, ngā nanotubes, ngā ira quantum, ngā karāhe konganuku kore-ahu, kore-āhua, me ngā koranu entropy teitei he tauira noa iho o ngā rauemi matatau kua puta mai i te ao mai i waenganui o te rautau kua hipa. I roto i te hanga me te whakawhanaketanga o ngā koranu hou me ngā āhuatanga kua whakapaitia, i roto i te hua whakamutunga me ngā wāhanga waenga o tōna hanga, ka tāpirihia te raruraru o te kore taurite. Nā te whakaurunga o ngā tikanga hanga hou e āhei ai te rerekētanga nui mai i te taurite, kua kitea he akomanga hou o ngā koranu metastable, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā karāhe konganuku.
Nā tana mahi i Caltech i te tau 1960 i huri te ariā o ngā konukōre whakarewa i tana hanga i ngā konukōre karāhe Au-25 at.% Si mā te whakatōtika tere i ngā wai tata ki te miriona nekehanga ia hekona. 4 Ko te kitenga a Ahorangi Paul Duves ehara i te mea ko te tīmatanga anake o te hītori o ngā karāhe whakarewa (MS), engari i ārahi hoki ki tētahi panonitanga o te whakaaro o te tangata mō ngā konukōre whakarewa. Mai i te rangahau tuatahi i roto i te hanga o ngā konukōre MS, tata ki ngā karāhe whakarewa katoa kua whiwhi katoa mā te whakamahi i tētahi o ngā tikanga e whai ake nei: (i) te whakatōtika tere o te rewa, te kohu rānei, (ii) te koretake o te whatunga ngota, (iii) ngā tauhohenga whakarērea totoka i waenga i ngā huānga whakarewa parakore me te (iv) ngā whakawhiti āhua totoka o ngā āhua pūmau.
He rerekē ngā MG i te korenga o te raupapa ngota roa e pā ana ki ngā tioata, he āhuatanga motuhake tēnei o ngā tioata. I te ao hou, he nui te ahunga whakamua kua puta i roto i te mara o te karāhe whakarewa. He rauemi hou ēnei me ngā āhuatanga whakamere e whai pānga ana ki te ahupūngao totoka, engari ki te mahi whakarewa, te matū mata, te hangarau, te koiora, me te maha atu o ngā mara. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o tēnei momo rauemi hou i ngā konganuku mārō, e waiho ana hei kaitono whakamere mō ngā tono hangarau i roto i ngā momo mara. He āhuatanga nui ō rātou: (i) te ngāwari o te miihini me te kaha tuku, (ii) te urunga aukume teitei, (iii) te iti o te kaha whakakorikori, (iv) te ātete waikura rerekē, (v) te motuhake o te pāmahana. Te kawe hiko 6.7.
He tikanga hou te whakakoi ā-ringa (MA)1,8, i whakaurua tuatahitia i te tau 19839 e Ahorangi KK Kok me āna hoa mahi. I hangaia e rātou ngā paura Ni60Nb40 kore-āhua mā te huri i te ranunga o ngā huānga parakore i te pāmahana taiao e tata ana ki te pāmahana rūma. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakahaerehia te tauhohenga MA i waenga i te hononga horapa o ngā paura tauhohenga i roto i te tauhohenga, he mea hanga ki te maitai kore-waikura, ki roto i te mira pōro. 10 (Pikitia 1a, b). Mai i taua wā, kua whakamahia tēnei tikanga tauhohenga āhua totoka i whakaohohia e te ā-ringa hei whakarite i ngā paura koranu karāhe kore-āhua/whakarewa hou mā te whakamahi i ngā mira pōro iti (Pikitia 1c) me te kaha teitei me ngā mira tokotoko11,12,13,14,15,16. Ina koa, kua whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei whakarite i ngā pūnaha kore-whakakoi pērā i te Cu-Ta17 me ngā koranu ira rewa teitei pērā i te konganuku whakawhiti-Al (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb me Ta)18,19 me ngā pūnaha Fe-W20. , kāore e taea te whiwhi mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tunu kai tuku iho. Hei tāpiri, ko te MA tetahi o ngā taputapu nanotechnological tino kaha mō te whakaputa i ngā matūriki paura nanocrystalline me nanocomposite o ngā waikura whakarewa, ngā carbide, ngā nitrides, ngā hydrides, ngā nanotubes waro, ngā nanodiamonds, me te whakapūmau whānui mā te whakamahi i te huarahi mai i runga ki raro. 1 me ngā wāhanga metastabil.
He kauwhata e whakaatu ana i te tikanga hanga i whakamahia hei whakarite i te paninga karāhe whakarewa Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 i roto i tēnei rangahau. (a) Te whakarite i ngā paura koranu MC me ngā kukū rerekē o te Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, me te 40 at.%) mā te whakamahi i te tikanga mira pōro iti-pūngao. (a) Ka utaina te rauemi tīmatanga ki roto i tētahi rango taputapu me ngā pōro maitai taputapu, ā, (b) ka hiritia ki roto i tētahi pouaka karapu kua whakakiia ki te hau He. (c) He tauira mārama o te oko huri e whakaatu ana i te nekehanga o te pōro i te wā e huri ana. Ko te paura whakamutunga i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 hāora i whakamahia hei paninga rehu makariri i te papa SUS 304 (d).
Mō ngā mata rauemi papatipu (papa), ko te hangarau mata e pā ana ki te hoahoa me te whakarerekē i ngā mata (papa) hei whakarato i ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū, me ā-hangarau kāore i roto i te rauemi papatipu taketake. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga ka taea te whakapai ake mā te maimoatanga mata ko te ātete ki te pakū, te ātete ki te waikura me te waikura, te tauwehenga o te waku, te koiora-kore, ngā āhuatanga hiko me te whakamarumaru wera, hei tauira noa iho. Ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o te mata mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakarewa, ā-mīhini, ā-matū rānei. Hei tukanga rongonui, ko te paninga he paparanga kotahi, neke atu rānei o te rauemi kua pania ki te mata o tētahi mea papatipu (papa) i hangaia mai i tētahi atu rauemi. Nō reira, ka whakamahia ngā paninga hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga hangarau, whakapaipai rānei e hiahiatia ana, me te tiaki hoki i ngā rauemi mai i ngā taunekeneke matū me ā-tinana e tumanakohia ana ki te taiao23.
He maha ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga ka taea te whakamahi hei tāpiri i ngā paparanga tiaki e tika ana mai i te torutoru maikiromita (i raro i te 10-20 maikiromita) ki te neke atu i te 30 maikiromita, tae atu ki ētahi mirimita te matotoru. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tukanga paninga ki ngā wāhanga e rua: (i) ngā tikanga paninga mākū, tae atu ki te whakakikorua hiko, te whakakikorua hiko, me te whakapūmau wera, me (ii) ngā tikanga paninga maroke, tae atu ki te whakapiri, te whakamaroke, te whakatakoto kohu ā-tinana (PVD). ), te whakatakoto kohu matū (CVD), ngā tikanga rehu wera, me ngā tikanga rehu makariri 24 i ēnei wā tata nei (Pikitia 1d).
Ko ngā kiriata koiora he hapori moroiti e piri tonu ana ki ngā mata, ā, e karapotia ana e ngā pūhui waho-pūnaha (EPS) i hangaia e rātou anō. Ka taea e te hanganga o tētahi kiriata koiora pakari te arahi ki ngā mate nui i roto i ngā ahumahi maha, tae atu ki te tukatuka kai, ngā pūnaha wai, me te hauora. I roto i te tangata, me te hanganga o ngā kiriata koiora, neke atu i te 80% o ngā mate moroiti (tae atu ki te Enterobacteriaceae me te Staphylococci) he uaua ki te rongoā. Hei tāpiri, kua pūrongohia ko ngā kiriata koiora pakeke he 1000 ngā wā he ātete ake ki te maimoatanga paturopi ki te whakataurite ki ngā pūtau huakita planktonic, e kiia ana he wero nui ki te rongoā. I ngā wā o mua, kua whakamahia ngā rauemi paninga mata paturopi i ahu mai i ngā matū waro noa. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā kei roto i aua rauemi ngā wāhanga paitini ka kino pea ki te tangata,25,26 ka taea e tēnei te āwhina i te karo i te tuku huakita me te pirau rauemi.
Nā te whānui o te ātete o ngā huakita ki te maimoatanga paturopi nā te hanganga o te kiriata koiora, kua ara ake te hiahia ki te whakawhanake i tētahi mata whai hua kua pania ki te kiriuhi patu huakita ka taea te whakamahi haumaru27. Ko te whakawhanake i tētahi mata ā-tinana, ā-matū rānei, e kore e taea e ngā pūtau huakita te here me te hanga kiriata koiora nā te piri, koia te huarahi tuatahi o tēnei tukanga27. Ko te hangarau tuarua ko te whakawhanake i ngā paninga e tuku ana i ngā matū patu huakita ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana, i roto i ngā rahinga tino kukū me te whakarite. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi paninga ahurei pēnei i te graphene/germanium28, te taimana pango29 me ngā paninga waro taimana-rite-ZnO30 e ātete ana ki ngā huakita, he hangarau e whakanui ana i te whanaketanga o te paitini me te ātete nā te hanganga kiriata koiora. Hei tāpiri, kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā paninga kei roto ngā matū patu huakita e whakarato ana i te tiakitanga roa ki te poke huakita. Ahakoa e taea ana e ngā tikanga e toru te whakamahi i te mahi patu huakita ki ngā mata kua pania, he huinga herenga anō tō ia tikanga me whakaaro i te wā e whakawhanake ana i tētahi rautaki tono.
Ko ngā hua kei te mākete i tēnei wā, e whakararuraruhia ana e te korenga o te wā ki te tātari me te whakamātautau i ngā paninga tiaki mō ngā kai koiora kaha. E kī ana ngā kamupene ka whakaratohia e ā rātou hua ngā āhuatanga mahi e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaiwhakamahi, heoi, kua waiho tēnei hei arai ki te angitu o ngā hua kei te mākete i tēnei wā. Ko ngā matū i ahu mai i te hiriwa e whakamahia ana i roto i te nuinga o ngā rongoā patu huakita e wātea ana ki ngā kaihoko i tēnei wā. Kua hangaia ēnei hua hei tiaki i ngā kaiwhakamahi mai i te pānga kino pea ki ngā moroiti. Ko te pānga patu huakita whakaroa me te paitini e pā ana ki ngā matū hiriwa ka whakanui ake i te pēhanga ki ngā kairangahau ki te whakawhanake i tētahi atu huarahi iti ake te kino36,37. Ko te waihanga i tētahi paninga patu huakita ā-ao e mahi ana i roto, i waho hoki he wero tonu. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā mōrearea hauora me te haumaru e pā ana. Ko te kimi i tētahi kaihoko patu huakita iti ake te kino ki te tangata me te rapu me pēhea te whakauru ki roto i ngā papa paninga he roa ake te wā e noho ana he whāinga e tino rapuhia ana38. Ko ngā rauemi patu huakita me ngā rauemi patu huakita hou kua hangaia hei patu i ngā huakita i te tawhiti tata mā te whakapā tika, i muri rānei i te tukunga o te kaihoko kaha. Ka taea tēnei e rātou mā te aukati i te piri o ngā huakita tuatahi (tae atu ki te aukati i te hanganga o tētahi paparanga pūmua i runga i te mata) mā te patu rānei i ngā huakita mā te whakararuraru i te pakitara pūtau.
Ko te tikanga, ko te paninga mata ko te tukanga o te paninga i tētahi atu paparanga ki te mata o tētahi wāhanga hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga o te mata. Ko te kaupapa o te paninga mata he whakarerekē i te hanganga moroiti me/ranei te hanganga o te rohe tata-mata o tētahi wāhanga39. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga paninga mata ki ngā tikanga rerekē, e whakarāpopototia ana i te Pikitia 2a. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā paninga ki ngā wāhanga wera, matū, ā-tinana me te hikohiko i runga i te tikanga i whakamahia hei hanga i te paninga.
(a) He whakaaturanga tāpiri e whakaatu ana i ngā tikanga hanga mata matua, me (b) ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga kua tohua o te tikanga rehu matao.
He maha ngā āhuatanga ōrite o te hangarau rehu matao ki ngā tikanga rehu wera tuku iho. Heoi, kei reira anō ētahi āhuatanga matua e tino motuhake ai te tukanga rehu matao me ngā rauemi rehu matao. Kei te tīmatanga tonu te hangarau rehu matao, engari he nui te heke mai. I ētahi wā, he nui ngā painga o ngā āhuatanga ahurei o te rehu matao, e wikitoria ana i ngā herenga o ngā tikanga rehu wera tuku iho. Ka wikitoria i ngā herenga nui o te hangarau rehu wera tuku iho, me rewa te paura kia whakatakotoria ki runga i te papa. He mārama, kāore tēnei tukanga paninga tuku iho i te pai mō ngā rauemi tino pāngia e te pāmahana pērā i ngā nanocrystals, ngā nanoparticles, ngā karāhe amorphous me ngā karāhe whakarewa40, 41, 42. Hei tāpiri, he nui tonu te taumata o te porosity me ngā waikura o ngā rauemi paninga rehu wera. He maha ngā painga nui o te hangarau rehu matao i te hangarau rehu wera, pērā i (i) te iti o te whakauru wera ki te papa, (ii) te ngāwari ki te whiriwhiri i te paninga papa, (iii) te kore huringa āhua me te tipu witi, (iv) te kaha piri teitei1 .39 (Pikitia 2b). Hei tāpiritanga, he nui te ātete ki te waikura, he kaha me te pakeke, he nui te kawe hiko, ā, he nui te mātotoru41. Ahakoa ngā painga o te tukanga rehu makariri, kei tēnei tikanga tonu ētahi ngoikoretanga, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2b. Ina pania ngā paura uku parakore pērā i te Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, me ētahi atu, kāore e taea te whakamahi i te tikanga rehu makariri. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā paura hiato uku/whakarewa hei rauemi mata mō ngā paninga. Pērā anō hoki mō ētahi atu tikanga rehu wera. He uaua tonu te rehu i ngā mata uaua me ngā roto o ngā paipa.
I te mea e aro ana tēnei mahi ki te whakamahinga o ngā paura karaihe whakarewa hei rauemi tīmatanga mō ngā paninga, e mārama ana kāore e taea te whakamahi i te rehu wera tikanga mō tēnei kaupapa. Nā te mea ka whakatio ngā paura karaihe whakarewa i ngā pāmahana teitei1.
Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi hauora me te kai he mea hanga mai i ngā koranu maitai kore waikura austenitic (SUS316 me SUS304) me te ihirangi chromium o te 12 ki te 20 wt.% mō te hanga taputapu pokanga. E whakaaetia whānuitia ana ko te whakamahinga o te konganuku chromium hei huānga koranu i roto i ngā koranu maitai ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o ngā koranu maitai paerewa. Ahakoa te ātete waikura teitei o ngā koranu maitai kore waikura, kāore he āhuatanga antimicrobial nui38,39. He rerekē tēnei ki te ātete waikura teitei. Whai muri i tēnā, ka taea te matapae i te whanaketanga o te mate me te mumura, ko te nuinga o ēnei ko te piri o te huakita me te noho ki runga i te mata o ngā rauemi koiora maitai kore waikura. Tērā pea ka puta he uauatanga nui nā te uauatanga nui e pā ana ki te piri o te huakita me ngā ara hanganga biofilm, ka arahi pea ki te hauora kino, ka puta he maha ngā hua ka pā tika, ka pā ā-kore rānei ki te hauora o te tangata.
Ko tēnei rangahau te wāhanga tuatahi o tētahi kaupapa i tautokona e te Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), nama kirimana 2010-550401, hei tirotiro i te whaihua o te whakaputa paura Cu-Zr-Ni karāhe whakarewa mā te whakamahi i te hangarau MA (tīpā). 1) Mō te whakaputa i te kiriata/paninga tiaki mata huakita SUS304. Ko te wāhanga tuarua o te kaupapa, e tika ana kia tīmata i te marama o Hānuere 2023, ka akohia ngā āhuatanga waikura galvanic me ngā āhuatanga miihini o te pūnaha. Ka whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau moroiti taipitopito mō ngā momo huakita.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga te pānga o te nui o te koranu Zr ki te kaha hanga karāhe (GFA) i runga i ngā āhuatanga āhua me te hanganga. I tua atu, i matapakihia hoki ngā āhuatanga patu huakita o te karāhe whakarewa pania paura/SUS304. I tua atu, kua mahia tonutia ngā mahi hei tirotiro i te āheinga o te panoni hanganga o ngā paura karāhe whakarewa i te wā e rehu ana i te makariri i roto i te rohe wai tino makariri o ngā pūnaha karāhe whakarewa kua hangaia. I whakamahia ngā koranu karāhe whakarewa Cu50Zr30Ni20 me Cu50Zr20Ni30 hei tauira māngai i roto i tēnei rangahau.
E whakaatu ana tēnei wāhanga i ngā panonitanga āhua o ngā paura o te Cu, Zr me te Ni i te wā o te mira pōro iti-pūngao. E rua ngā pūnaha rerekē, arā, ko Cu50Zr20Ni30 me Cu50Zr40Ni10, ka whakamahia hei tauira whakamārama. Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga MA kia toru ngā wāhanga motuhake, e whakaatuhia ana e te āhua whakarewa o te paura i whiwhihia i te wāhanga huri (Pikitia 3).
Ko ngā āhuatanga whakarewa o ngā paura o ngā koranu miihini (MA) i whiwhihia i muri i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te huri pōro. Ko ngā whakaahua o te karu hiko matawai tukunga mara (FE-SEM) o ngā paura MA me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i whiwhihia i muri i te huri pōro iti-pūngao mō ngā haora 3, 12 me te 50 e whakaaturia ana i (a), (c) me (e) mō te pūnaha Cu50Zr20Ni30, i runga i te MA kotahi. Ko ngā whakaahua e rite ana o te pūnaha Cu50Zr40Ni10 i tangohia i muri i te wā e whakaaturia ana i (b), (d), me (f).
I te wā e mira ana i te pōro, ka pāngia te kaha nekeneke whai hua ka taea te whakawhiti ki te paura whakarewa e te huinga o ngā tawhā, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1a. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā tukinga i waenga i ngā pōro me ngā paura, te pēhanga kutikuti o te paura e piri ana i waenga i ngā rauemi huri, ngā pānga mai i ngā pōro e hinga ana, te kutikuti me te kakahu i puta mai i te tōia paura i waenga i ngā tinana neke o te mira pōro, me te ngaru ru e haere ana i roto i ngā pōro e hinga ana e horapa ana i roto i te ahurea kua utaina (Pikitia 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), лочиозок крупных частиц порошка (> 1 мм в диаметре). I tino rerekē te āhua o ngā paura Cu, Zr, me Ni nā te whakarewanga makariri i te wā tōmua o te MA (3 hāora), ā, i hua ake ai te hanganga o ngā matūriki paura nui (> 1 mm te whānui).Ko ēnei matūriki hiato nui e tohuhia ana e te hanganga o ngā paparanga matotoru o ngā huānga whakarewa (Cu, Zr, Ni), e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 3a,b. Nā te pikinga o te wā MA ki te 12 h (wāhanga waenga) i piki ake ai te kaha nekeneke o te mira pōro, i hua ake ai te pirau o te paura hiato ki ngā paura iti ake (iti iho i te 200 μm), e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 3c, tāone . I tēnei wā, ko te kaha kutikuti i whakamahia ka hua ake he mata whakarewa hou me ngā paparanga Cu, Zr, Ni angiangi, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 3c, d. Nā te hurihanga o ngā paparanga i te atanga o ngā maramara, ka puta ngā tauhohenga ā-wāhanga totoka me te hanganga o ngā ā-wāhanga hou.
I te mutunga o te tukanga MA (i muri i te 50 h), kāore i tino kitea te hanganga whakarewa maramara (Pikitia 3e, f), ā, i kitea te hanganga whakarewa whakaata i runga i te mata o te paura kua orohia. Ko te tikanga tēnei kua oti te tukanga MA, ā, kua hangaia he wāhanga tauhohenga kotahi. Ko te hanganga huānga o ngā rohe i tohua i roto i ngā Pikitia 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) i whakatauhia mā te whakamahi i te karu hiko matawai tukunga mara (FE-SEM) me te whakamahi tahi me te karu X-ray horapa pūngao (EDS). (IV).
I roto i te ripanga. E whakaatuhia ana ngā kukū huānga e 2 o ngā huānga whakarewa hei ōrau o te papatipu katoa o ia rohe i tīpakohia i te pikitia 3e, f. Mā te whakataurite i ēnei hua ki ngā hanganga ingoa tuatahi o Cu50Zr20Ni30 me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i homai i te Ripanga 1 e whakaatu ana he tino tata ngā hanganga o ēnei hua whakamutunga e rua ki ngā hanganga ingoa. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā uara whanaunga o ngā wāhanga mō ngā rohe kua whakarārangihia i te Pikitia 3e, f kāore e kī ana he nui te hekenga, te rerekētanga rānei o te hanganga o ia tauira mai i tētahi rohe ki tētahi atu. E whakaatuhia ana tēnei e te meka kāore he huringa o te hanganga mai i tētahi rohe ki tētahi atu. E tohu ana tēnei i te whakaputanga o ngā paura whakarewa ōrite e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 2.
I whiwhihia ngā whakaahua iti FE-SEM o te paura hua whakamutunga o Cu50(Zr50-xNix) i muri i ngā wā 50 MA, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4a-d, ko x te 10, 20, 30 me te 40 at.%, ia. I muri i tēnei taahiraa huri, ka kohikohi te paura nā te pānga van der Waals, ka hua ake he kohikohinga nui kei roto ko ngā matūriki tino pai me te diameter o te 73 ki te 126 nm, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4.
Ngā āhuatanga āhuahanga o ngā paura Cu50(Zr50-xNix) i whiwhihia i muri i te 50-hāora MA. Mō ngā pūnaha Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, ko ngā whakaahua FE-SEM o ngā paura i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 MA e whakaaturia ana i roto i (a), (b), (c), me (d), ia.
I mua i te utaina o ngā paura ki roto i te whāngai rehu makariri, i tuatahitia kia sonicated ki roto i te etanoru tātari mō te 15 meneti, kātahi ka whakamarokehia ki te 150° C mō te 2 hāora. Me mahi tēnei taahiraa hei ārai angitu i te kohikohinga, e puta ai ngā raruraru nui i roto i te tukanga paninga. I muri i te otinga o te tukanga MA, i mahia ētahi atu rangahau hei tirotiro i te ōritetanga o ngā paura koranu. I runga i te pikitia 5a–d, whakaaturia ngā whakaahua iti FE-SEM me ngā whakaahua EDS e rite ana o ngā huānga koranu Cu, Zr me Ni o te koranu Cu50Zr30Ni20 i tangohia i muri i te 50 h te wā M, ia. Me mōhio ko ngā paura koranu i whiwhihia i muri i tēnei taahiraa he ōrite, nā te mea kāore e whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga hanganga i tua atu i te taumata sub-nanometer, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5.
Te āhua me te tohatoha ā-rohe o ngā huānga i roto i te paura MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 MA mā te FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). (a) Te whakaahua SEM me te X-ray EDS o (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, me (d) Ni-Kα.
Ko ngā tauira whakarara hihi-X o ngā paura Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, me Cu50Zr20Ni30 kua whakakoitia ki te miihini i whiwhi i muri i te 50-haora MA e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 6a–d. I muri i tēnei wāhanga huri, ko ngā tauira katoa me ngā kukū Zr rerekē he hanganga kore-āhua me ngā tauira horapa halo āhuatanga e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Pikitia 6.
Ngā tauira whakarara hihi-X o ngā paura Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), me Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) i muri i te MA mō te 50 hāora. I kitea he tauira horapa-ā-roto i roto i ngā tauira katoa, kāore he okotahi, e tohu ana i te hanganga o tētahi āhua kore-āhua.
I whakamahia te karu hiko tuku tukunga mara teitei (FE-HRTEM) hei tirotiro i ngā huringa hanganga me te mārama ki te hanganga ā-rohe o ngā paura i puta mai i te mira pōro i ngā wā MA rerekē. Ko ngā whakaahua o ngā paura i whiwhihia mā te tikanga FE-HRTEM i muri i ngā wāhanga tōmua (6 hāora) me te takawaenga (18 hāora) o te huri i ngā paura Cu50Zr30Ni20 me Cu50Zr40Ni10 e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 7a. E ai ki te whakaahua mara kanapa (BFI) o te paura i whiwhihia i muri i te 6 hāora o te MA, ko te paura he kōpura nui me ngā rohe kua tautuhia mārama o ngā huānga fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, me te fcc-Ni, ā, kāore he tohu o te hanganga o te wāhanga tauhohenga, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Pikitia 7a. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e te tauira diffraction rohe kua tīpakohia (SADP) i tangohia mai i te rohe waenga (a) he tauira diffraction koi (Pikitia 7b) e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā tioata nui me te ngaro o te wāhanga tauhohenga.
Ngā āhuatanga hanganga ā-rohe o te paura MA i whiwhihia i muri i ngā wāhanga tōmua (6 hāora) me ngā wāhanga waenga (18 hāora). (a) Te karu hiko tuku tukunga mara taumira teitei (FE-HRTEM) me te (b) te diffractogram rohe kua tīpakohia (SADP) o te paura Cu50Zr30Ni20 i muri i te maimoatanga MA mō ngā hāora 6. Ko te ahua FE-HRTEM o Cu50Zr40Ni10 i whiwhihia i muri i te MA 18-hāora e whakaaturia ana i (c).
E ai ki te pikitia 7c, ko te pikinga o te roanga o te MA ki te 18 hāora i hua ake ai ngā hapa whatu nui me te whakarerekētanga kirihou. I tēnei wāhanga waenga o te tukanga MA, ka puta mai ngā hapa maha i roto i te paura, tae atu ki ngā hapa whakarārangi, ngā hapa whatu, me ngā hapa pūwāhi (Pikitia 7). Mā ēnei hapa ka pakaru ngā kakano nui i ngā rohe kakano ki ngā kakano iti iho i te 20 nm te rahi (Pikitia 7c).
Ko te hanganga ā-rohe o te paura Cu50Z30Ni20 i mirahia mō te 36 h MA e tohuhia ana e te hanganga o ngā nanograins tino pai kua whakauruhia ki roto i tētahi matrix angiangi kore-āhua, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8a. I whakaatuhia e tētahi tātari ā-rohe o te EMF ko ngā nanoclusters e whakaaturia ana i ngā Pikitia 8a e hono ana ki ngā koranu paura Cu, Zr me Ni kāore i rongoātia. Ko te ihirangi o te Cu i roto i te matrix i rerekē mai i te ~32 at.% (rohe rawakore) ki te ~74 at.% (rohe whai rawa), e tohu ana i te hanganga o ngā hua kanorau. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā SADP e rite ana o ngā paura i whiwhihia i muri i te mira i tēnei taahiraa e whakaatu ana i ngā mowhiti wāhanga kore-āhua tuatahi me te tuarua e taupatupatu ana ki ngā pito koi e hono ana ki ēnei huānga koranu kāore i rongoātia, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8b.
Ngā āhuatanga hanganga ā-rohe nano o te paura Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20. (a) Whakaahua mara kanapa (BFI) me (b) SADP e rite ana o te paura Cu50Zr30Ni20 i whiwhihia i muri i te mira mō te 36 h MA.
I te mutunga o te tukanga MA (50 h), ko ngā paura Cu50(Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, me te 40 at.%, kāore he okotahi, he āhua rite ki te āhua o te wāhanga kore-āhua, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia . Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga pūwāhi, he rerekētanga porowhita koi rānei i roto i ngā SADS e rite ana o ia hanganga. E tohu ana tēnei i te korenga o te konganuku tioata kāore i rongoatia, engari ko te hanganga o te paura koranu kore-āhua. I whakamahia hoki ēnei SADP e hono ana e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira horapa halo hei taunakitanga mō te whanaketanga o ngā wāhanga kore-āhua i roto i te rauemi hua whakamutunga.
Hanganga ā-rohe o te hua whakamutunga o te pūnaha Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix). FE-HRTEM me ngā tauira diffraction nanobeam (NBDP) e hono ana o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, me (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 i whiwhihia i muri i te 50 hāora o te MA.
Mā te whakamahi i te calorimetry matawai rerekētanga, i akohia te pumau wera o te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe (Tg), te rohe wai matao rawa (ΔTx) me te pāmahana tioata (Tx) i runga i te ihirangi o te Ni (x) i roto i te pūnaha kore-āhua Cu50(Zr50-xNix). Ngā āhuatanga (DSC) i roto i te rere o te hau He. Ko ngā ānau DSC o ngā paura o ngā koranu kore-āhua Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, me te Cu50Zr10Ni40 i whiwhihia i muri i te MA mō te 50 h e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 10a, b, e. Ahakoa e whakaaturia motuhaketia ana te ānau DSC o te Cu50Zr20Ni30 kore-āhua i roto i te Pikitia rautau 10. I taua wā, e whakaaturia ana he tauira Cu50Zr30Ni20 i werahia ki te ~700°C i roto i te DSC i roto i te Pikitia 10g.
Ko te pumau wera o ngā paura Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MG i whiwhihia i muri i te MA mō ngā hāora 50 ka whakatauhia e te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe (Tg), te pāmahana tioata (Tx) me te rohe wai tino makariri (ΔTx). Ko ngā karamu wera o ngā paura ine matawai rerekētanga (DSC) o ngā paura koranu Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), me te (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG i muri i te MA mō ngā hāora 50. Kei te whakaatuhia i roto i te (d) he tauira diffraction X-ray (XRD) o tētahi tauira Cu50Zr30Ni20 kua werahia ki te ~700°C i roto i te DSC.
E ai ki te Pikitia 10, ko ngā kōpiko DSC mō ngā hanganga katoa me ngā kukū nikara rerekē (x) e tohu ana i ngā kēhi e rua rerekē, ko tētahi he endothermic, ko tētahi he exothermic. Ko te takahanga endothermic tuatahi e rite ana ki a Tg, ā, ko te tuarua e hono ana ki a Tx. Ko te horahanga whānui whakapae kei waenganui i a Tg me Tx e kiia ana ko te horahanga wai whakamatao-iti (ΔTx = Tx – Tg). E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko te Tg me te Tx o te tauira Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Pikitia 10a) i whakanohoia ki te 526°C me te 612°C ka neke i te ihirangi (x) ki te 20 i te % ki te taha pāmahana iti o te 482°C me te 563°C. °C me te piki haere o te ihirangi Ni (x), ia, e ai ki te Pikitia 10b. Nō reira, ka heke te ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 mai i te 86°C (Pikitia 10a) ki te 81°C mō Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Pikitia 10b). Mō te koranu MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, i kitea anō te hekenga o ngā uara o Tg, Tx, me ΔTx ki ngā taumata o te 447°C, 526°C, me te 79°C (Pikitia 10b). E tohu ana tēnei ko te pikinga o te ihirangi Ni ka heke te pumau wera o te koranu MS. I te ritenga kē, ko te uara o Tg (507 °C) o te koranu MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 he iti iho i te koranu MC Cu50Zr40Ni10; heoi anō, ko tōna Tx he uara e rite ana ki a ia (612 °C). Nō reira, he nui ake te uara o ΔTx (87°C) e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia. rautau 10.
Ko te pūnaha Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, mā te whakamahi i te koranu Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC hei tauira, ka whakatio mā roto i te tihi werawera koi ki roto i ngā āhua tioata fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, me orthorhombic-ZrNi (Pikitia 10c). I whakaūtia tēnei whakawhiti āhua mai i te kore āhua ki te tioata mā te tātaritanga hihi-X o te tauira MG (Pikitia 10d) i whakamahanatia ki te 700 °C i roto i te DSC.
Kei te pikitia 11 ngā whakaahua i tangohia i te wā o te tukanga rehu matao i mahia i roto i te mahi o nāianei. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia ngā matūriki paura karāhe whakarewa i hangaia i muri i te MA mō te 50 hāora (mā te whakamahi i te Cu50Zr20Ni30 hei tauira) hei rauemi mata ārai mate huakita, ā, i pania he pereti maitai kore waikura (SUS304) ki te rehu matao. I whiriwhiria te tikanga rehu matao mō te paninga i roto i te raupapa hangarau rehu wera nā te mea koinei te tikanga tino whai hua i roto i te raupapa hangarau rehu wera ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā rauemi tairongo wera whakarewa pumau pērā i ngā paura amorphous me te nanocrystalline. Kāore e pāngia e ngā whakawhiti āhua. Koinei te mea matua i roto i te whiriwhiri i tēnei tikanga. Ka mahia te tukanga whakatakotoranga matao mā te whakamahi i ngā matūriki tere-teitei e huri ana i te kaha nekeneke o ngā matūriki ki te whakarerekētanga kirihou, te whakarerekētanga me te wera i te pānga ki te papa, ki ngā matūriki rānei kua whakatakotoria i mua.
E whakaatu ana ngā whakaahua o te parae i te tukanga rehu matao i whakamahia mō ngā whakaritenga e rima o MG/SUS 304 i te 550°C.
Ko te pūngao nekeneke o ngā matūriki, me te nekehanga o ia matūriki i te wā e hangaia ana te paninga, me huri hei momo pūngao kē atu mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakarerekētanga kirihou (ngā taunekeneke matūriki tuatahi me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā matūriki i roto i te matrix me ngā taunekeneke o ngā matūriki), ngā pona interstitial o ngā totoka, te hurihanga i waenga i ngā matūriki, te whakarerekētanga me te whakawhāiti i te wera 39. Hei tāpiri, ki te kore e hurihia te pūngao nekeneke katoa e haere mai ana hei pūngao wera me te pūngao whakarerekētanga, ko te mutunga he tukinga rapa, ko te tikanga ka peke noa ngā matūriki i muri i te pānga. Kua kitea ko te 90% o te pūngao pānga e whakamahia ana ki te matūriki/rawa papa ka hurihia hei wera ā-rohe 40. Hei tāpiri, ina whakamahia te ahotea pānga, ka tutuki ngā reiti taumahatanga kirihou teitei i roto i te rohe whakapā matūriki/papa i roto i te wā poto rawa 41,42.
Ko te whakarerekētanga kirihou e whakaarohia ana he tukanga whakamararatanga pūngao, he pūtake wera rānei i te rohe ā-kanohi. Heoi, ko te pikinga o te pāmahana i te rohe ā-kanohi kāore e ranea hei puta i te rewa ā-kanohi, hei whakaohooho nui rānei i te horapa o ngā ngota. Kāore he tuhinga e mōhiotia ana e ngā kaituhi kua rangahau i te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o ēnei paura karaihe whakarewa ki te piri me te taunga o te paura e puta ana i te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rehu makariri.
Ka kitea te BFI o te paura koranu MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i te Pikitia 12a, i whakatakotoria ki runga i te papa SUS 304 (Pikitia 11, 12b). E kitea ana i te pikitia, ka mau tonu te hanganga kore-āhua taketake o ngā paura pania nā te mea he hanganga labyrinth ngawari tō rātou, kāore he āhuatanga tioata, he hapa whatunga rānei. I tētahi atu taha, e tohu ana te pikitia i te aroaro o tētahi wāhanga ke, e whakaatuhia ana e ngā matūriki nano kei roto i te matrix paura pania-MG (Pikitia 12a). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 12c i te tauira diffraction nanobeam indexed (NBDP) e hono ana ki te rohe I (Pikitia 12a). E whakaatuhia ana i te pikitia 12c, e whakaatu ana te NBDP i tētahi tauira halo-diffusion ngoikore o te hanganga kore-āhua, ā, e noho tahi ana me ngā ira koi e rite ana ki tētahi wāhanga Zr2Ni metastable nui metastable me te wāhanga CuO tetragonal. Ka taea te whakamārama i te hanganga o te CuO mā te waikura o te paura i te nekehanga mai i te pū o te pū rehu ki te SUS 304 i te rangi tuwhera i roto i te rere supersonic. I tētahi atu taha, ko te tango i ngā paura karāhe whakarewa i hua ake ai te hanganga o ngā āhua porowhita nui i muri i te maimoatanga rehu matao i te 550°C mō te 30 meneti.
(a) Whakaahua FE-HRTEM o te paura MG i whakatakotoria ki runga i te (b) papa SUS 304 (whakaahua whakauru). Ko te tohu NBDP o te tohu porowhita e whakaaturia ana i (a) e whakaaturia ana i (c).
Hei whakamātautau i tēnei tikanga pea mō te hanganga o ngā matūriki Zr2Ni pūtoru nui, i whakahaerehia he whakamātautau motuhake. I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, i rehuhia ngā paura mai i te atomizer i te 550°C i te ahunga o te papa SUS 304; heoi, hei whakatau i te pānga whakamahana, i tangohia ngā paura mai i te rīpene SUS304 i te tere tonu (tata ki te 60 hēkona). I whakahaerehia tētahi atu raupapa whakamātautau i tangohia ai te paura mai i te papa tata ki te 180 hēkona i muri i te paninga.
E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 13a,b i ngā whakaahua mara pōuri (DFI) o ngā rauemi e rua kua whakapūpūtia ki runga i ngā papa SUS 304 mō te 60 hēkona me te 180 hēkona. Kāore he taipitopito āhua o te ahua o te paura i whakapūpūtia mō te 60 hēkona, e whakaatu ana i te korenga o ngā āhuatanga (Pikitia 13a). I whakaūtia hoki tēnei e te XRD, i whakaatu ai he kore āhua te hanganga whānui o ēnei paura, e whakaaturia ana e ngā tihi whānui tuatahi me te tuarua i whakaaturia i te Pikitia 14a. E tohu ana tēnei i te korenga o ngā matūriki metastable/mesophase, e mau tonu ana te hanganga kore āhua taketake o te paura. He rerekē, ko te paura i whakapūpūtia i te pāmahana kotahi (550°C) engari i waiho ki runga i te papa mō te 180 hēkona i whakaatu i te whakapūpūtanga o ngā kakano nano-rahi, e whakaaturia ana e ngā pere i te Pikitia 13b.