Imigqa ye-hydraulic yendabuko isebenzisa uhlangothi olulodwa oluvuthayo futhi ivame ukukhiqizwa ku-SAE-J525 noma ku-ASTM-A513-T5, izinto okunzima ukuzithenga ngaphakathi. Ama-OEM afuna abahlinzeki basekhaya angafaka esikhundleni se-tube eyenziwe ku-SAE-J356A specifications futhi ivalwe nge-O-ring face seals, njengoba kuboniswe. Yenziwe yi-Tru-Line.
Inothi Lomhleli: Lesi sihloko singesokuqala ochungechungeni olunezingxenye ezimbili emakethe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemigqa yokudlulisa uketshezi yezicelo zokucindezela okuphezulu. Ingxenye yokuqala ixoxa ngesimo sezisekelo zokuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo evamile yasekhaya neyakwamanye amazwe. Ingxenye yesibili ixoxa ngemininingwane yemikhiqizo engavamile kakhulu eqondiswe kule makethe.
Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lubangele ushintsho olungalindelekile ezimbonini eziningi, okuhlanganisa uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwamapayipi ensimbi kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza amapayipi. Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2019 kuze kube manje, imakethe yamapayipi ibhekane nezinguquko eziphazamisayo kokubili ekusebenzeni kwefektri kanye nokwezokuthutha. Inkinga ethathe isikhathi eside ivele obala.
Abasebenzi manje babaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Lo bhubhane uyinkinga yabantu, futhi ukubaluleka kwempilo kushintshe ibhalansi yomsebenzi-impilo-yokudlala kwabaningi, uma kungebona bonke. Inani labasebenzi abanamakhono lehlile ngenxa yomhlalaphansi, abanye abasebenzi abakwazi ukubuyela emisebenzini emidala noma ukuthola imisebenzi emisha embonini efanayo nakwezinye izici eziningi. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zalolu bhubhane, ukushoda kwabasebenzi kwakugxile kakhulu ezimbonini ezincike emsebenzini ophambili, njengokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nokuthengisa, kuyilapho abasebenzi bokukhiqiza babesemsebenzini wokuphumula noma amahora okusebenza ancishisiwe kakhulu. Abakhiqizi manje banenkinga yokuqasha nokugcina abasebenzi, okuhlanganisa nabasebenzi abanolwazi bomshini wokugaya amapayipi. Ukukhiqiza amashubhu ikakhulukazi umsebenzi osebenza ngezandla odinga umzamo onzima endaweni elawulwa yisimo sezulu. Gqoka imishini yokuzivikela eyengeziwe (okungukuthi imaski) ukuze unciphise ukutheleleka futhi ulandele imithetho eyengeziwe, njengokuhlala amamitha ayi-6 ubude. Ibanga eliqondile ukusuka kwabanye lingangeza ukucindezeleka emsebenzini osevele unezindlela eziningi zokuphakamisa ukucindezeleka.
Izindleko zokuhlinzekwa kwensimbi kanye nezindleko zensimbi eluhlaza nazo zishintshile ngesikhathi sobhubhane. Kwabaningi abasebenza ngamapayipi, insimbi iyona ebiza kakhulu ingxenye. Njengomthetho, insimbi ibiza u-50% wezindleko ngonyawo ngalunye lwepayipi. Kuze kube yikota yesine ka-2020, amanani ensimbi yasekhaya yase-US acishe abe ngu-$800/t iminyaka emithathu. Ekupheleni kuka-2021, amanani ehla afinyelela ku-$2,200 ngethani.
Njengoba lezi zici ezimbili zishintshe kanjani ngesikhathi sobhubhane, izinkampani ezimakethe yamapayipi zisabela kanjani? Yimuphi umthelela lezi zinguquko ezinawo ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwamapayipi, futhi yisiphi isiqondiso esiwusizo esikhona embonini ukuze iphume kule nkinga?
Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, umphathi omkhulu wefektri yamapayipi wafingqa indima yenkampani yakhe embonini: “Senza izinto ezimbili kuphela lapha - senza amapayipi, futhi siyawathengisa.” , iziphazamiso eziningi kakhulu, izinto eziningi kakhulu ezenza buthaka izindinganiso eziyinhloko zenkampani, noma inkinga yamanje (noma zonke lezi zinto, okuvame ukuba njalo) iwusizo kubaphathi abaphethe abakhungathekile.
Kubalulekile ukufeza nokugcina ukulawula ngokugxila kulokho okubalulekile: izici ezithinta ukukhiqiza nokuthengisa amashubhu asezingeni eliphezulu. Uma imizamo yenkampani ingagxilile kule misebenzi emibili, sekuyisikhathi sokubuyela ezisekelweni.
Njengoba ubhubhane lubhebhetheka, isidingo samapayipi kwezinye izimboni sehle safinyelela cishe ku-zero. Izimboni zezimoto nezinkampani kwezinye izimboni ezibhekwa njengezingabalulekile azisebenzi. Kwakukhona isikhathi lapho abaningi embonini bengazange bawenze amapayipi futhi bengazange bawathengise. Imakethe yamapayipi iyaqhubeka nokuba khona kwamabhizinisi ambalwa abalulekile.
Ngenhlanhla, abantu benza into yabo. Abanye abantu bathenga amafriji engeziwe ukuze bagcine ukudla. Imakethe yezindlu iqala kamuva futhi abantu bavame ukuthenga ezinye noma eziningi zikagesi ezintsha lapho bethenga ikhaya, ngakho-ke zombili lezi zindlela zisekela isidingo samapayipi amancane. Imboni yemishini yezolimo iqala ukululama, ngabanikazi abaningi ngokwengeziwe abafuna amatrakta amancane noma imishini yokugunda utshani engaguquki. Imakethe yezimoto yabe isiqala kabusha, yize ngesivinini esincane ngenxa yezici ezifana nokuntuleka kwama-chip.
Umfanekiso 1. I-SAE-J525 kanye ne-ASTM-A519 zisungulwe njengezithasiselo ezijwayelekile ze-SAE-J524 kanye ne-ASTM-A513T5. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi i-SAE-J525 kanye ne-ASTM-A513T5 zihlanganisiwe, azinamthungo. Ubunzima bokuthola izinto ezifana nezikhathi zokuhola zezinyanga eziyisithupha budale amathuba eminye imikhiqizo emibili yamashubhu, i-SAE-J356 (elethwa ngeshubhu eqondile) kanye ne-SAE-J356A (elethwa ngekhoyili), ehlangabezana nezimfuneko eziningi ezifanayo.
Imakethe ishintshile, kodwa iziqondiso ziyafana. Akukho okubaluleke ngaphezu kokugxila ekwenzeni nasekuthengiseni amapayipi ngokwezidingo zemakethe.
Umbuzo othi “yenza noma thenga” uphakama lapho imisebenzi yokukhiqiza ibhekene nezindleko eziphezulu zabasebenzi kanye nezinsizakusebenza zangaphakathi ezizinzile noma ezinciphayo.
Ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yeshubhu esanda kushiswa kudinga izinsiza ezibalulekile. Kuye ngomkhiqizo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesitshalo, ngezinye izikhathi kuyinzuzo engabizi ukusika imicu ebanzi ngaphakathi endlini. Kodwa-ke, ukusika kwangaphakathi kungaba umthwalo, uma ubheka izidingo zabasebenzi, izidingo zempahla yamathuluzi kanye nezindleko zempahla ye-broadband.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusika amathani angu-2,000 ngenyanga kuphumela emathani angu-5,000 ensimbi esitokweni, okuthatha imali eningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imali encane kakhulu edingekayo ukuze kuthengwe insimbi esikiwe ngokusheshisa. Eqinisweni, njengoba umkhiqizi wamapayipi engakwazi ukuxoxisana ngemibandela yesikweletu nomshini wokusika, empeleni kungalibazisa imali esetshenzisiwe. Yonke imishini yamapayipi ihlukile kulokhu, kodwa kuphephile ukusho ukuthi cishe wonke umkhiqizi wamapayipi uthintekile ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 uma kuqhathaniswa nokutholakala kwabasebenzi abanamakhono, izindleko zensimbi, kanye nokugeleza kwemali.
Kunjalo nangokukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ngokwawo, kuye ngesimo. Izinkampani ezinezinkambo eziningi zenani elingeziwe zingase zikhethe ukuphuma ebhizinisini lokukhiqiza amapayipi. Esikhundleni sokwenza amapayipi bese ziwagoba, ziwamboze futhi zenze ama-sub-assembly kanye nama-assembly, thenga ipayipi bese ugxila kweminye imisebenzi.
Izinkampani eziningi ezikhiqiza izingxenye ze-hydraulic noma ama-tube bundle okuphatha uketshezi lwezimoto zinezindawo zazo zokugaya ama-tube. Amanye ala mafektri manje ayizikweletu kunokuba yimpahla. Abathengi esikhathini sobhubhane bavame ukudonsa kancane, futhi izibikezelo zokuthengisa izimoto zihlukile kakhulu emazingeni angaphambi kobhubhane. Imakethe yezimoto ihlotshaniswa namagama amabi njengokuvalwa, ukwehla okukhulu kanye nokuntuleka. Akukho okuphakamisa ukuthi isimo sokuhlinzekwa kwama-OEM ezimoto kanye nabaphakeli bazo sizoshintsha kakhulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ama-EV amaningi kakhulu kule makethe anezingxenye ezimbalwa ze-powertrain ye-tube yensimbi.
Ama-tube mill abanjwayo avame ukwakhiwa ngemiklamo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso. Lokhu kuyinzuzo yokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe - ukwenza amapayipi okusetshenziswa okuthile - kodwa kuyiphutha ngokwezinga lomnotho. Isibonelo, cabanga nge-tube mill eyenzelwe ukwenza imikhiqizo ye-OD engu-10mm yephrojekthi yezimoto eyaziwayo. Uhlelo luqinisekisa izilungiselelo ezisekelwe kubuningi. Kamuva, inqubo encane kakhulu yengezwe kwenye i-tube enobubanzi obufanayo bangaphandle. Isikhathi sidlulile, uhlelo lokuqala lwaphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi inkampani yayingenalo ivolumu eyanele yokuchaza uhlelo lwesibili. Izindleko zokusetha nezinye ziphakeme kakhulu ukucacisa. Kulokhu, uma inkampani ingathola umhlinzeki onekhono, kufanele izame ukunikeza iphrojekthi ngaphandle.
Vele, ukubala akupheli lapho kuqedwa khona. Izinyathelo zokuqeda ezifana nokumboza, ukusika ubude kanye nokupakisha kwengeza izindleko ezinkulu. Njengoba isisho sisho, izindleko ezinkulu ezifihliwe zokukhiqiza amapayipi ukuphatha. Ithubhu lisuswa esigayweni liye endaweni yokugcina impahla, lapho lisuswa khona bese lifakwa ebhentshini lokusebenzela ukuze lisikwe ubude bokugcina, bese amathubhu ehlelwa ngezingqimba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amathubhu afakwa emshinini wokusika ngamunye ngamunye - konke lokhu Izinyathelo zonke zidinga abasebenzi. Lezi zindleko zomsebenzi zingase zingabonwa ngumgcini zincwadi, kodwa ziza ngesimo somqhubi we-forklift owengeziwe noma umuntu owengeziwe emnyangweni wezokuthutha.
Umfanekiso 2. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwe-SAE-J525 kanye ne-SAE-J356A kucishe kufane, okusiza okwesibili ukuthi kuthathe indawo yesokuqala.
Amapayipi e-hydraulic abe khona iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. AbaseGibhithe bakha ucingo lwethusi eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-4,000 eyedlule. Amapayipi e-bamboo ayesetshenziswa eShayina ngesikhathi soBukhosi bukaXia, cishe ngo-2000 BC, futhi kamuva izinhlelo zokufaka amapayipi zamaRoma zakhiwa ngamapayipi e-lead, umkhiqizo obangelwe inqubo yokuncibilikisa isiliva.
Amapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo esimanje aqala ukusebenza eNyakatho Melika ngo-1890. Kusukela ngo-1890 kuze kube namuhla, izinto zokusetshenziswa zale nqubo ziyi-billet eqinile eyindilinga. Ukusungulwa kokuphonswa okuqhubekayo ngawo-1950 kwaholela ekuguqulweni kwamapayipi angenamthungo kusukela kuma-ingot kuya kulokho okwakuyizinto zokusetshenziswa zensimbi ezishibhile, ama-billet. Esikhathini esidlule namanje, amapayipi e-hydraulic enziwa ngokudonsa okubandayo imigodi engenamthungo ekhiqizwa yile nqubo. Emakethe yaseNyakatho Melika, ihlukaniswa njenge-SAE-J524 yi-Society of Automotive Engineers kanye ne-ASTM-A519 yi-American Society for Testing and Materials.
Ukukhiqiza amapayipi e-hydraulic angenamthungo kuvame ukuba inqubo edinga umsebenzi omningi, ikakhulukazi kumadayamitha amancane. Kudinga amandla amaningi futhi kudinga isikhala esiningi.
Ukushisela. Ngawo-1970, imakethe yashintsha. Ngemva kokubusa imakethe yamapayipi ensimbi iminyaka ecishe ibe yi-100, ukushelela okungenamthungo. Yasuswa yipayipi elishisiwe, okwatholakala ukuthi lifanele ukusetshenziswa kwemishini eminingi emakethe yokwakha nezimoto. Kwaze kwathatha indawo ethile endaweni eyayiyizwe elingcwele - umkhakha wamapayipi kawoyela negesi.
Izinto ezimbili ezintsha zibe negalelo kulolu shintsho emakethe. Enye yazo ihilela ukuphonswa kwe-slab okuqhubekayo, okuvumela imishini yensimbi ukuthi ikhiqize umugqa oyisicaba osezingeni eliphezulu ngempumelelo. Enye inqubo eyenza ukushisela ukumelana nemvamisa ephezulu kube inqubo efanelekile embonini yamapayipi. Umphumela uba umkhiqizo omusha: ukusebenza kahle njengepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo efanayo engenamthungo, futhi ngezindleko eziphansi. Leli payipi lisakhiqizwa nanamuhla futhi lihlukaniswa njenge-SAE-J525 noma i-ASTM-A513-T5 emakethe yaseNyakatho Melika. Ngenxa yokuthi ipayipi liyadonswa futhi lifakwe i-anneal, liwumkhiqizo odinga izinsiza eziningi. Lezi zinqubo azidingi abasebenzi kanye nemali njengezinqubo ezingenamthungo, kodwa izindleko ezihambisana nazo zisaphezulu.
Kusukela ngawo-1990 kuze kube manje, iningi lamapayipi olayini we-hydraulic asetshenziswa emakethe yasekhaya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi adonswe ngaphandle komthungo (SAE-J524) noma adonswe nge-welded (SAE-J525), angeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kungaba umphumela womehluko omkhulu ezindleleni zomsebenzi kanye nezindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa zensimbi phakathi kwe-US kanye namazwe athumela kwamanye amazwe. Eminyakeni engama-30 kuya kwengama-40 edlule, le mikhiqizo ibilokhu itholakala kubakhiqizi basekhaya, kodwa ayikaze ikwazi ukuziveza njengevelele kule makethe. Izindleko ezinhle zemikhiqizo engeniswa kwamanye amazwe ziyisithiyo esikhulu.
imakethe yamanje. Ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo ongenamthungo, odonswe futhi ofakwe i-anneal J524 kuye kwehla eminyakeni edlule. Usatholakala futhi unendawo emakethe yomugqa we-hydraulic, kodwa ama-OEM avame ukukhetha i-J525 uma umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe, odonswe futhi ofakwe i-anneal J525 utholakala kalula.
Ubhubhane luyahlasela futhi imakethe iyashintsha futhi. Ukunikezwa kwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke, insimbi kanye ne-logistics kwehla cishe ngesivinini esifanayo nokwehla kwesidingo sezimoto okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla. Kunjalo nangokunikezwa kwamashubhu e-hydraulic e-J525 angeniswayo. Ngenxa yalezi zenzakalo, imakethe yasekhaya ibonakala ilungele olunye ushintsho lwemakethe. Ukulungele ukukhiqiza omunye umkhiqizo, ongasebenzi kakhulu kuneshubhu yokushisela, yokudonsa kanye neyokufaka insimbi? Ukhona, yize ungasetshenziswa njalo. Yi-SAE-J356A, ehlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-hydraulic (bheka uMfanekiso 1).
Imininingwane eshicilelwe yi-SAE ivame ukuba mfushane futhi ilula, njengoba incazelo ngayinye ichaza inqubo eyodwa kuphela yokwenza ipayipi. Inkinga ukuthi i-J525 ne-J356A zinokuhlangana okukhulu ngobukhulu, izakhiwo zemishini, njll., ngakho-ke imininingwane ivame ukutshala imbewu yokudideka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-J356A iwumkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe wemigqa ye-hydraulic enobubanzi obuncane futhi iyinhlobo ye-J356, okuwumkhiqizo wepayipi eliqondile osetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemigqa ye-hydraulic enobubanzi obukhulu.
Isithombe 3. Nakuba amashubhu adonswe nge-welded kanye nabandayo ebhekwa ngabaningi njengangcono kunamashubhu afakwe nge-welded kanye nabandayo, izakhiwo zemishini zemikhiqizo yamashubhu amabili ziyafana. Qaphela: Inani lobukhosi ku-PSI ukuguqulwa okuthambile kwencazelo, kuyinani le-metric ku-MPa.
Abanye onjiniyela bakholelwa ukuthi i-J525 iphumelela kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-hydraulic okunomfutho ophezulu, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa emishinini esindayo. I-J356A ayaziwa kangako, kodwa futhi iyincazelo yokuthwala uketshezi olunomfutho ophezulu. Ngezinye izikhathi izidingo zokugcina zokwakheka zihlukile: I-J525 ayinayo i-ID bead, kuyilapho i-J356A ilawulwa yi-flash futhi ine-ID bead encane.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zinezakhiwo ezifanayo (bheka uMfanekiso 2). Umehluko omncane ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali uhlobene nezakhiwo zemishini ezifunwayo. Ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo ezithile zemishini, njengokuqina kokuphuka ekucindezelweni noma amandla okuqina okugcina (i-UTS), ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali noma ukwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi kunqunyelwe ukukhiqiza imiphumela ethile.
Izinhlobo zamapayipi zabelana ngesethi efanayo yamapharamitha okusebenza okufanayo kwemishini, okwenza zikwazi ukushintshaniswa ezinhlelweni eziningi (bheka uMfanekiso 3). Ngamanye amazwi, uma eyodwa ingatholakali, enye cishe izohlangabezana nezidingo. Akekho odinga ukuvuselela isondo; imboni isivele inesethi yamasondo aqinile, alinganiselayo angasetshenziswa.
I-Tube & Pipe Journal yaba umagazini wokuqala ozinikele ekukhonzeni imboni yamapayipi ensimbi ngo-1990. Namuhla, isalokhu iyincwadi kuphela eNyakatho Melika ezinikele embonini futhi isibe umthombo wolwazi othembekile kakhulu kochwepheshe bamapayipi.
Manje ngokufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-FABRICATOR, ukufinyelela okulula ezinsizeni ezibalulekile zemboni.
Uhlelo lwedijithali lwe-The Tube & Pipe Journal seluyatholakala ngokugcwele manje, lunikeza ukufinyelela okulula ezinsizeni ezibalulekile zemboni.
Jabulela ukufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-STAMPING Journal, oluhlinzeka ngentuthuko yakamuva kwezobuchwepheshe, imikhuba emihle kanye nezindaba zemboni zemakethe yokunyathela insimbi.
Manje ngokufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-The Fabricator ngesi-Español, ukufinyelela okulula ezinsizeni ezibalulekile zemboni.