Mitsetse yemvura yechinyakare inoshandisa mugumo mumwe chete wakapfurwa uye inowanzogadzirwa zvichienderana neSAE-J525 kana ASTM-A513-T5, zvinhu zvakaoma kuwana munyika. MaOEMs ari kutsvaga vatengesi vemuno anogona kutsiva machubhu akagadzirwa neSAE-J356A specifications uye akavharwa neO-ring face seals, sezvakaratidzwa. Yakagadzirwa neTru-Line.
Chinyorwa cheMupepeti: Chinyorwa ichi ndechekutanga muzvikamu zviviri zviri pamusoro pemusika uye kugadzirwa kwemitsetse yekufambisa mvura inoshandiswa pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Chikamu chekutanga chinokurukura mamiriro ezvinhu ezvigadzirwa zvemuno nekunze kwenyika. Chikamu chechipiri chinokurukura zvakadzama nezvezvigadzirwa zvisingawanzoitiki zvakanangana nemusika uyu.
Denda reCOVID-19 rakakonzera shanduko dzisingatarisirwi mumaindasitiri mazhinji, kusanganisira nzira dzekugadzira mapaipi esimbi uye nzira dzekugadzira mapaipi. Kubva pakupera kwa2019 kusvika pari zvino, musika wemachubhu wakasangana nekuchinja kwakakanganisa mashandiro efekitori neekufambisa zvinhu. Nyaya yagara ichinetsa kwenguva refu yave kutaurwa nezvayo.
Vashandi vava kukosha kupfuura kare. Denda iri idambudziko revanhu, uye kukosha kwehutano kwakachinja kuenzana kwebasa-hupenyu-kutamba kune vazhinji, kana vasiri vese. Huwandu hwevashandi vane hunyanzvi hwakaderera nekuda kwekurega basa, vamwe vashandi vasingakwanise kudzokera kumabasa ekare kana kuwana mabasa matsva muindasitiri imwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Mumazuva ekutanga edenda, kushomeka kwevashandi kwainyanya kutariswa mumaindasitiri anovimba nebasa repamberi, senge kurapwa nekutengesa, ukuwo vashandi vekugadzira vaive pazororo rebasa kana maawa ekushanda akaderedzwa zvakanyanya. Vagadziri vava kunetseka nekutsvaga nekuchengeta vashandi, kusanganisira vane ruzivo mukugadzira mapaipi. Kugadzira machubhu ibasa rinoitwa nemaoko rinoda kushanda nesimba munzvimbo inodzorwa nemamiriro ekunze. Pfeka michina yekudzivirira (kureva masiki) kuderedza hutachiona uye kutevedzera mitemo yakawedzerwa, senge kugara kwemamita matanhatu pakureba. Kureba kubva kune vamwe kunogona kuwedzera kushushikana kubasa ratove nemidziyo yakawanda yekubvisa kushushikana.
Kuwanikwa kwesimbi uye mitengo yesimbi isina kugadzirwa zvakachinjawo panguva yedenda. Kune vazhinji vanogadzira machubhu, simbi ndiyo inodhura zvakanyanya. Kazhinji, simbi inobhadhara 50% yemutengo pa futi imwe neimwe yepombi. Kusvika muchikamu chechina cha2020, mitengo yesimbi inogadzirwa muUS yaisvika pamadhora mazana masere ($800/t) kwemakore matatu. Pakupera kwa2021, mitengo yakaderera kusvika pamadhora zviuru zviviri nemazana maviri ($2,200) patani.
Zvichienderana nekuchinja kwakaita zvinhu zviviri izvi panguva yedenda, makambani ari mumusika wemachubhu ari kupindura sei? Shanduko idzi dziri kukanganisa sei ketani yekupa machubhu, uye ndeapi mazano anobatsira aripo kuti indasitiri ibude mudambudziko iri?
Makore mazhinji apfuura, mukuru wefekitori yemapombi akapfupikisa basa rekambani yake muindasitiri iyi achiti: “Tinoita zvinhu zviviri chete pano - tinogadzira mapombi, uye tinoatengesa.” , zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoderedza tsika dzekambani, kana dambudziko riripo (kana zvinhu izvi zvese, izvo zvinowanzoitika) zvakakosha kune vatungamiriri vemapombi vanoremerwa.
Zvakakosha kuwana nekuchengetedza kutonga nekutarisa pane zvakakosha: zvinhu zvinokanganisa kugadzira nekutengesa machubhu emhando yepamusoro. Kana kuedza kwekambani kusina kutarisana nemabasa maviri aya, inguva yekudzokera kune zvekutanga.
Sezvo denda riri kupararira, kudiwa kwemapombi mune mamwe maindasitiri kwaderera kusvika pazero. Mafekitori emota nemakambani ari mune mamwe maindasitiri anoonekwa seasina basa ari kugara asina basa. Paiva nenguva apo vazhinji vari muindasitiri iyi vasina kugadzira mapombi kana kuatengesa. Musika wemapombi uchiripo kune mabhizinesi mashoma akakosha chete.
Nerombo rakanaka, vanhu vari kuita zvavanoda. Vamwe vanhu vanotenga mamwe mafiriji ekuchengetera chikafu. Musika wedzimba unotanga kushanda gare gare uye vanhu vanowanzo tenga mimwe midziyo mitsva kana yakawanda pavanotenga imba, saka maitiro ese ari maviri anotsigira kudiwa kwemachubhu madiki. Indasitiri yemidziyo yekurima iri kutanga kupora, varidzi vakawanda vachida matrakita madiki kana michina yekucheka uswa isina kutendeuka. Musika wemotokari wakabva watangazve, kunyangwe zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita sekushaikwa kwemachipisi.
Mufananidzo 1. SAE-J525 neASTM-A519 zvakaiswa senzvimbo dzinotsiva SAE-J524 neASTM-A513T5. Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti SAE-J525 neASTM-A513T5 zvakasungirirwa, hazvina musono. Matambudziko ekuwana zvinhu zvakaita senguva yekutungamira kwemwedzi mitanhatu akagadzira mikana yezvimwe zvigadzirwa zviviri zvemachubhu, SAE-J356 (zvinounzwa muchubhu yakatwasuka) uye SAE-J356A (zvinounzwa mucoil), zvinosangana nezvakawanda zvakafanana.
Musika wakachinja, asi nhungamiro dzakafanana. Hapana chinonyanya kukosha kupfuura kutarisa pakugadzira nekutengesa mapaipi zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemusika.
Mubvunzo wekuti "gadzira kana kutenga" unomuka kana mabasa ekugadzira akatarisana nemitengo yakakwira yevashandi uye zviwanikwa zvemukati zvakagadzika kana kuderera.
Kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemachubhu zvakasungirirwa mushure mekusveta zvinoda mari yakawanda. Zvichienderana nezvinobuda uye kugadzirwa kwechirimwa, dzimwe nguva zvinobatsira kucheka mitsetse yakafara mumba. Zvisinei, kucheka mukati kunogona kuva mutoro, tichifunga nezvezvinodiwa nevashandi, zvinodiwa nemari yekushandisa uye mari yekuisa zvinhu paindaneti.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kucheka matani zviuru zviviri pamwedzi kunoguma nematani zviuru zvishanu esimbi aripo, zvichitora mari yakawanda. Kune rumwe rutivi, mari shoma inodiwa kutenga simbi yakachekwa nekukasika. Kutaura zvazviri, sezvo mugadziri wemachubhu achigona kutaurirana nezvechikwereti nevanobvisa machubhu, zvinogona kunonotsa mari inoshandiswa. Chigayo chega chega chemachubhu chakasiyana panyaya iyi, asi zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti anenge mugadziri wese wemachubhu akakanganiswa nedenda reCOVID-19 zvichienzaniswa nekuwanikwa kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi, mitengo yesimbi, uye kufamba kwemari.
Izvi zvinoshandawo pakugadzira machubhu, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Makambani ane macheni akawanda anowedzera kukosha anogona kusarudza kubuda mubhizinesi rekugadzira machubhu. Pane kugadzira machubhu wozoakombamisa, kuaputira nekugadzira ma sub-assemblies ne assemblies, tengai machubhu motarisa pane zvimwe zviitiko.
Makambani mazhinji anogadzira zvikamu zve hydraulic kana machubhu ekubata machubhu emotokari ane machubhu avo. Mamwe emafekitori aya ikozvino atova nemhosva kwete midziyo. Vatengi munguva yedenda vanowanzo tyaira zvishoma, uye fungidziro dzekutengesa mota dzakasiyana zvikuru nedzepamberi pedenda. Musika wemotokari une chekuita nemashoko asina kunaka akadai sekuvharwa, kudzikira kwakanyanya uye kushomeka. Hapana chinoratidza kuti mamiriro ekuwanikwa kwemakambani emotokari eOEM nevatengesi vavo achachinja zvakanyanya munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti maEV akawanda mumusika uyu ane zvikamu zvishoma zvesimba rechubhu resimbi.
Zvigayo zvemachubhu zvinotorwa zvinowanzovakwa kubva pamagadzirirwo akagadzirwa. Izvi zvinobatsira pakushandiswa kwazvinoda - kugadzira mapaipi ekushandisa - asi hazvina kunaka maererano nehukuru hwezvinhu. Semuenzaniso, funga nezvechigayo chemachubhu chakagadzirirwa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zve10mm OD zvepurojekiti inozivikanwa yemotokari. Chirongwa ichi chinovimbisa marongero akavakirwa pahuwandu. Gare gare, maitiro madiki akawedzerwa kune imwe chubhu ine dhayamita rekunze rakafanana. Nguva yakapfuura, chirongwa chekutanga chakapera, uye kambani yakanga isina huwandu hwakakwana hwekutsigira chirongwa chechipiri. Mari yekugadzirisa nedzimwe mari dzakanyanya kudhura zvekuti hazvigoneke. Muchiitiko ichi, kana kambani ikakwanisa kuwana mutengesi anokwanisa, inofanira kuedza kupa basa kune imwe purojekiti.
Ehe, kuverenga hakugumiri pamugumo. Matanho ekupedzisa akadai sekuputira, kucheka kusvika pakureba uye kurongedza zvinowedzera mari yakawanda. Sezvinotaurwa, mutengo mukuru wakavanzika wekugadzira mapaipi kubata. Chubhu inotamiswa kubva paguyo kuenda kuwarehouse, kwainobviswa yoiswa pabhenji rekushandira kuti ichekerwe kusvika pakureba, ipapo machubhu anoiswa jira kuitira kuti machubhu apinzwe mumuchina wekucheka rimwe nerimwe - zvese izvi Matanho ese anoda basa. Mari iyi yebasa inogona kusaonekwa nemuakaunti, asi inouya muchimiro chemushandi weforklift kana mumwe munhu mudhipatimendi rekutakura.
Mufananidzo 2. Makemikoro eSAE-J525 neSAE-J356A akafanana, zvichibatsira kuti ekupedzisira atsive ekutanga.
Machubhu emvura anoshandiswa nemagetsi eHydraulic avepo kwezviuru zvemakore. VaIjipita vaigadzira waya dzemhangura makore anopfuura 4,000 apfuura. Mapaipi emhangura aishandiswa muChina panguva yeXia Dynasty, kunenge muna 2000 BC, uye gare gare masisitimu emvura eRoma akavakwa nemapaipi emota, chimwe chezvinhu zvakabva mukunyungudutsa sirivha.
Mapaipi esimbi asina musono emazuva ano akatanga kushandiswa kuNorth America muna 1890. Kubva muna 1890 kusvika nhasi, zvinhu zvekushandisa pakuita izvi ibhillet yakasimba yakatenderera. Kuvandudzwa kwekukanda zvinhu nguva dzose muma1950 kwakaita kuti machubhu asina musono ashandurwe kubva kuma ingots kuenda kune yaimbova simbi isingadhuri, billets. Kare nemazuva ano, machubhu e hydraulic anogadzirwa nekudhonza maburi asina musono akagadzirwa nemaitiro aya. Mumusika weNorth America, inoiswa muchikamu cheSAE-J524 neSociety of Automotive Engineers uye ASTM-A519 neAmerican Society for Testing and Materials.
Kugadzira machubhu ehydraulic asina musono kunowanzova basa rinoda simba guru, kunyanya kune dhayamita diki. Zvinoda simba rakawanda uye zvinoda nzvimbo yakawanda.
Kupinza. Mumakore ekuma1970, musika wakachinja. Mushure mekunge watonga musika wemapaipi esimbi kwemakore anoda kusvika zana, kutsvedza kusina musono. Wakabviswa nepaipi yakasungirirwa, iyo yakawanikwa yakakodzera kushandiswa kwemakanika akawanda mumisika yekuvaka nemotokari. Yakatotora nzvimbo yakati wandei munzvimbo yaimbova tsvene - chikamu chemapaipi emafuta negesi.
Zvinhu zviviri zvitsva zvakabatsira pakuchinja uku mumusika. Chimwe chazvo chinosanganisira kukanda simbi nesimbi nguva dzose, izvo zvinoita kuti zvigayo zvesimbi zvikwanise kugadzira tambo yepamusoro-soro. Imwe nzira inoita kuti welding yesimbi irambe yakasimba ive nzira inoshanda kuindasitiri yemapombi. Mugumisiro wacho chigadzirwa chitsva: kushanda zvakanaka sepombi yesimbi isina musono kana tichienzanisa nezvigadzirwa zvakafanana zvisina musono, uye nemutengo wakaderera. Chubhu iyi ichiri kugadzirwa nanhasi uye inorongwa seSAE-J525 kana ASTM-A513-T5 mumusika weNorth America. Nekuti chubhu iyi inodhonzwa uye inonamirwa, chigadzirwa chinoda mari yakawanda. Maitiro aya haadi mari yakawanda semaitiro asina musono, asi mari inobatanidzwa nawo ichiri yakakwira.
Kubva kuma1990 kusvika pari zvino, mapaipi mazhinji ehydraulic line anoshandiswa mumusika wemuno, angave akadhonzwa zvisina musono (SAE-J524) kana akadhonzwa nesimbi (SAE-J525), anopinzwa kunze kwenyika. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nemusiyano mukuru mumitengo yezvinhu zvebasa nesimbi pakati peUS nenyika dzinotumira kunze kwenyika. Kwemakore makumi matatu kusvika makumi mana apfuura, zvigadzirwa izvi zvave zvichiwanikwa kubva kuvagadziri vemuno, asi hazvisati zvambokwanisa kuzvisimbisa senzvimbo huru mumusika uyu. Mutengo wakanaka wezvigadzirwa zvinopinzwa kunze kwenyika idambudziko guru.
musika uripo. Kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chisina musono, chakakwezvwa uye chakanamirwa J524 kwave kuchidzikira nekufamba kwemakore. Chichiri kuwanikwa uye chine nzvimbo mumusika we hydraulic line, asi ma OEM anowanzo sarudza J525 kana chigadzirwa chakakwezvwa, chakakwezvwa uye chakanamirwa J525 chiripo zviri nyore.
Denda iri rasvika uye musika unochinja zvakare. Kuwanikwa kwevashandi, simbi uye zvinhu pasi rose kuri kudzikira nepadanho rakafanana nekudzikira kwekudiwa kwemotokari kwataurwa pamusoro apa. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitikawo pakuwanikwa kwemachubhu emvura eJ525 anotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Zvichitevera zviitiko izvi, musika wemuno unoita sewakagadzirira imwe shanduko yemusika. Wakagadzirira kugadzira chimwe chigadzirwa, chisina basa rakawanda kupfuura chubhu yewelding, drawing uye annealing? Chimwe chiripo, kunyange hazvo chisingawanzo shandiswa. NdiSAE-J356A, iyo inosangana nezvinodiwa zvemashandisirwo akawanda emvura (ona Mufananidzo 1).
Magadzirirwo akabudiswa neSAE anowanzova mapfupi uye ari nyore, sezvo gadziriso yega yega inotsanangura maitiro ekugadzira pombi imwe chete. Dambudziko nderekuti J525 neJ356A zvine hukama hwakakura muhukuru, hunhu hwemakanika, nezvimwewo, saka gadziriso dzinowanzo dyara mbeu yekuvhiringidzika. Pamusoro pezvo, J356A chigadzirwa chakakomberedzwa chemitsetse midiki ye hydraulic uye imhando yeJ356, inova chigadzirwa chepombi yakatwasuka chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira mitsetse mikuru ye hydraulic.
Mufananidzo 3. Kunyange zvazvo machubhu akasungirirwa neakadhonzwa achitonhora achionekwa nevakawanda seakanakisa kupfuura machubhu akasungirirwa neakaiswa muchando, hunhu hwemachubhu maviri aya hwakafanana. Cherechedza: Kukosha kwehumambo muPSI kushandurwa kwakapfava kwechirevo, ichiyero cheMPa.
Mamwe mainjiniya anotenda kuti J525 inobudirira mukushandiswa kwehydraulic ine simba guru, senge inoshandiswa mumidziyo inorema. J356A hainyanyo kuzivikanwa, asi zvakare imhando yekutakura mvura ine simba guru. Dzimwe nguva zvinodiwa pakugadzira zvakasiyana: J525 haina ID bead, nepo J356A ichidzorwa ne flash uye ine ID bead diki.
Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvine hunhu hwakafanana (ona Mufananidzo 2). Misiyano midiki mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari ine chekuita nehunhu hwemakanika hunodiwa. Kuti uwane hunhu hwemakanika, hwakadai sekupwanya simba mukumanikidzwa kana simba rekupedzisira rekudhonza (UTS), kugadzirwa kwemakemikari kana kurapwa kwekupisa kwesimbi kunogumira pakuburitsa mhedzisiro yakati.
Mhando dzemachubhu dzine seti yakafanana yemaparamita ekushanda kwemakanika akafanana, zvichiita kuti akwanise kuchinjaniswa mumashandisirwo akawanda (ona Mufananidzo 3). Nemamwe mashoko, kana rimwe risipo, rimwe ringangosangana nezvinodiwa. Hapana anoda kugadzirazve vhiri; indasitiri iyi yatove nemavhiri akasimba, akaenzana.
Tube & Pipe Journal yakava magazini yekutanga yakatsaurirwa kushandira indasitiri yemapombi esimbi muna 1990. Nhasi uno, ichiri magazini yega muNorth America yakatsaurirwa indasitiri iyi uye yave sosi yeruzivo rwakavimbika kune nyanzvi dzemapombi.
Iye zvino nekuwana zvizere chinyorwa chedhijitari cheThe FABRICATOR, zviri nyore kuwana zviwanikwa zvinokosha zveindasitiri.
Chinyorwa chedhijitari cheThe Tube & Pipe Journal chave kuwanikwa zvizere, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuwana zviwanikwa zvinokosha zveindasitiri.
Nakidzwai nekuwana zvizere chinyorwa chedigital cheSTAMPING Journal, icho chinopa kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, maitiro akanakisa uye nhau dzeindasitiri dzemusika wesimbi.
Iye zvino nekuwana zvizere chinyorwa chedhijitari cheThe Fabricator en Español, zviri nyore kuwana zviwanikwa zvinokosha zveindasitiri.