Ko ngā raina waipēhi tuku iho he pito kotahi te whānui, ā, he mea hanga kia rite ki te SAE-J525, ki te ASTM-A513-T5 rānei, arā, he rauemi uaua ki te tiki mai i te kāinga. Ka taea e ngā OEM e rapu ana i ngā kaiwhakarato kāinga te whakakapi i ngā ngongo i hangaia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga SAE-J356A, ā, ka hiritia ki ngā hiri mata O-ring, e whakaaturia ana. I hangaia e Tru-Line.
Tuhipoka a te Etita: Ko tēnei tuhinga te tuatahi o tētahi raupapa wāhanga-rua mō te mākete me te hanga o ngā raina whakawhiti wai mō ngā tono pēhanga teitei. E matapakihia ana e te wāhanga tuatahi te āhua o ngā pūtake tuku hua tuku iho o roto me tāwāhi. E matapakihia ana e te wāhanga tuarua ngā taipitopito o ngā hua iti ake te tikanga e aro ana ki tēnei mākete.
Nā te mate urutā COVID-19 kua puta he panoni ohorere i roto i te maha o ngā ahumahi, tae atu ki te mekameka tuku paipa rino me te tukanga hanga paipa. Mai i te mutunga o te tau 2019 ki nāianei, kua pāngia te mākete ngongo e ngā panonitanga whakararuraru ki ngā mahi wheketere me ngā mahi kawe. Kua puta ake he take kua roa e koropupū ana.
He mea nui ake te hiranga o te hunga mahi i tēnei wā. He mate urutā tēnei, ā, kua rerekē te hiranga o te hauora i te taurite o te mahi, te oranga, me te takaro mō te nuinga, ki te kore te katoa. Kua heke te maha o ngā kaimahi pūkenga nā te reti, kāore e taea e ētahi kaimahi te hoki ki ngā mahi tawhito, te kimi mahi hou rānei i roto i te umanga kotahi, me te maha atu o ngā āhuatanga. I ngā rā tōmua o te mate urutā, ko te korenga o ngā kaimahi i aro nui ki ngā umanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mahi o mua, pērā i te tiaki hauora me te hokohoko, i te wā e noho ana ngā kaimahi hanga i runga i te wā hararei, i te wā rānei e whakaitihia ana ngā hāora mahi. Kei te raru ngā kaihanga ki te kimi me te pupuri i ngā kaimahi, tae atu ki ngā kaiwhakahaere mira paipa mātau. Ko te hanga ngongo he mahi ā-ringa e hiahia ana ki te whakapau kaha i roto i te taiao e whakahaerehia ana te āhuarangi. Kakahuria he taputapu tiaki whaiaro tāpiri (arā, ko ngā kopare) hei whakaiti i te mate me te whai i ngā ture tāpiri, pērā i te noho 6 putu te roa. Ka taea e te tawhiti raina mai i ētahi atu te tāpiri i te ahotea ki tētahi mahi kua maha ngā mea hei hiki i te ahotea.
Kua rerekē hoki ngā utu mō te tuku maitai me te utu mō te maitai mata i te wā o te mate urutā. Mō te nuinga o ngā ngongo, ko te maitai te utu nui rawa atu mō ngā wāhanga. Hei tikanga whānui, e 50% o te utu mō ia putu o te paipa te maitai. Tae noa ki te hauwhā tuawhā o te tau 2020, ko te toharite o ngā utu mō te maitai matao hurihanga ā-rohe o Amerika he $800/t mō ngā tau e toru. I te mutunga o te tau 2021, kua heke ngā utu ki te $2,200 mō ia tana.
I runga i te āhua o te panonitanga o ēnei āhuatanga e rua i te wā o te mate urutā, me pēhea te urupare a ngā kamupene i te mākete ngongo? He aha te pānga o ēnei panonitanga ki te mekameka tuku ngongo, ā, he aha ngā aratohu whai hua hei āwhina i te umanga kia puta mai i tēnei raruraru?
He maha ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, i whakarāpopototia e tētahi kaiwhakahaere matua o te wheketere paipa te tūranga o tana kamupene i roto i te umanga: "E rua noa ngā mea e mahia ana e mātou i konei – ka hanga paipa mātou, ā, ka hokona atu e mātou." , he maha rawa ngā mea hei whakararuraru, he maha rawa ngā āhuatanga e ngoikore ai ngā uara matua o te kamupene, he mea nui rānei te raruraru o nāianei (ngā āhuatanga katoa rānei, koinei te nuinga o te wā) ki ngā kaiwhakahaere e taumaha ana.
He mea nui kia tutuki me te pupuri i te mana whakahaere mā te arotahi ki ngā mea nui: ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te hanga me te hoko i ngā ngongo kounga. Mena kāore ngā mahi a te kamupene e arotahi ana ki ēnei mahi e rua, kua tae ki te wā ki te hoki ki ngā kaupapa taketake.
I te horapa o te mate urutā, kua heke te hiahia mō ngā paipa i roto i ētahi ahumahi ki te tata kore. Kei te noho mangere ngā wheketere motuka me ngā kamupene i roto i ētahi atu ahumahi i kiia he iti noa iho. I mua he wā kāore i hangaia, kāore hoki i hokona e te tini o te umanga. Kei te noho tonu te mākete paipa mō ētahi pakihi nui noa iho.
Waimarie, kei te mahi te iwi i tā rātou e mahi nei. Ka hoko ētahi i ngā pouaka tio tāpiri hei penapena kai. Ka tīmata te mākete whare i muri mai, ā, ka hoko te iwi i ētahi, i ētahi rānei taputapu hou ina hoko whare rātou, nō reira e tautoko ana ngā ia e rua i te tono mō ngā ngongo iti ake te diameter. Kei te tīmata te ahumahi taputapu ahuwhenua ki te ora ake, me te nui haere o ngā rangatira e hiahia ana ki ngā tarakihana iti, ki ngā mīhini tapahi tarutaru kore-hurihuri rānei. Kātahi ka tīmata anō te mākete motuka, ahakoa he puhoi ake te tere nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te korenga o ngā maramara.
Pikitia 1. Kua whakatūria a SAE-J525 me ASTM-A519 hei whakakapinga whānui mō SAE-J524 me ASTM-A513T5. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te SAE-J525 me ASTM-A513T5 he mea whakarewa, ehara i te mea he hononga kore. Nā ngā uauatanga o te rapu rauemi pēnei i ngā wā arahi e ono marama kua waihangahia he whai wāhitanga mō ētahi atu hua ngongo e rua, arā, ko SAE-J356 (e tukuna ana i roto i te ngongo tika) me SAE-J356A (e tukuna ana i roto i te koiri), e tutuki ana i te nuinga o ngā Whakaritenga ōrite.
Kua rerekē te mākete, engari he rite tonu ngā aratohu. Kāore he mea nui atu i te arotahi ki te hanga me te hoko paipa i runga i ngā hiahia o te mākete.
Ka ara ake te pātai "hanga, hoko rānei" ina nui ake ngā utu mahi me ngā rauemi ā-roto kua pumau, kua heke rānei ki ngā mahi whakanao.
He nui ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i ngā hua ngongo i muri i te whakarewa. I runga i te putanga me te whakaputanga o te tipu, he painga ōhanga i ētahi wā te tapahi i ngā rīpene whānui i roto i te whare. Heoi, he taumaha pea te tapahi ā-roto, i runga i ngā whakaritenga mahi, ngā whakaritenga whakapaipai taputapu me ngā utu rarangi whānui.
I tētahi taha, mā te tapahi i te 2,000 tāne i te marama ka hua ake he 5,000 tāne o te maitai kei roto i te taonga, he nui te moni e pau ana. I tētahi atu taha, he iti noa te moni e hiahiatia ana hei hoko maitai tapahi whānui i roto i te whakaritenga tere. Inaa, i te mea ka taea e te kaihanga ngongo te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga nama me te kaiwhatu, ka taea e ia te whakaroa i te whakapaunga moni. He ahurei ia mira ngongo i tēnei whakaaro, engari he tika ki te kī kua pāngia tata ia kaihanga ngongo e te mate urutā COVID-19 e pā ana ki te wātea o ngā kaimahi pūkenga, ngā utu maitai, me te rere o te moni.
Pērā anō hoki mō te hanga ngongo, i runga i te āhuatanga. Tērā pea ka kōwhiri ngā kamupene he nui ā rātou mekameka uara tāpiri kia kaua e uru ki te pakihi hanga paipa. Engari i te hanga paipa, kātahi ka piko, ka pania, ka hanga huihuinga iti, hokoa te paipa ka arotahi ki ētahi atu mahi.
He maha ngā kamupene e whakaputa ana i ngā wāhanga waipēhi, i ngā paihere ngongo whakahaere wai rānei, he mira ngongo anō ā rātou. Ko ētahi o ēnei wheketere he nama inaianei, ehara i te rawa. Ko ngā kaihoko i te wā o te mate urutā ka iti ake te taraiwa, ā, he rerekē rawa ngā matapae hoko waka i ngā taumata i mua i te mate urutā. E hono ana te mākete waka ki ngā kupu kino pērā i te kati, te hekenga nui me te korenga. Kāore he mea e kī ana ka tino rerekē te āhua o te tuku o ngā OEM motuka me ā rātou kaiwhakarato i roto i ngā wā tata nei. He mea nui, he maha ake ngā EV i tēnei mākete he iti ake ngā wāhanga hiko ngongo maitai.
Ko ngā mira ngongo here ka hangaia i ngā hoahoa ritenga. He painga tēnei mō tōna whakamahinga – te hanga paipa mō tētahi tono motuhake – engari he ngoikoretanga i runga i ngā ōhanga tauine. Hei tauira, whakaarohia he mira ngongo i hangaia hei hanga hua OD 10mm mō tētahi kaupapa motuka e mōhiotia ana. Ka whakamanahia e te kaupapa ngā tautuhinga e hangai ana ki te rahinga. I muri mai, ka tāpirihia he tukanga iti ake mō tētahi atu ngongo he rite te diameter o waho. I pahemo te wā, ka pau te mahere tuatahi, ā, kāore i te nui te rahinga o te kamupene hei whakamana i te mahere tuarua. He nui rawa ngā utu whakatū me ētahi atu utu hei whakamana. I tēnei take, ki te kitea e te kamupene he kaiwhakarato kaha, me ngana ki te tuku i te kaupapa ki waho.
Ae, kāore te tatau e mutu i te mutunga. Ko ngā mahi whakaoti pēnei i te paninga, te tapahi kia roa, me te tākai ka nui ake te utu. E ai ki te kōrero, ko te utu huna nui rawa atu o te hanga paipa ko te whakahaere. Ka nekehia te ngongo mai i te mira ki te whare putunga, ka tangohia, ka utaina ki runga i te papa mahi hei tapahi i te roa whakamutunga, kātahi ka paparuatia ngā ngongo kia whāngaihia ngā ngongo ki roto i te mīhini tapahi takitahi – ko ēnei katoa he mahi katoa. Tērā pea kāore e kitea tēnei utu mahi e te kaikaute, engari ka puta mai i te ahua o tētahi kaiwhakahaere forklift tāpiri, o tētahi atu tangata rānei i roto i te tari kawe waka.
Pikitia 2. He tata rite tonu ngā hanganga matū o SAE-J525 me SAE-J356A, ā, mā tēnei ka whakakapia te SAE-J525 me SAE-J356A.
Kua whakamahia ngā ngongo waipēhi mō ngā mano tau. Neke atu i te 4,000 tau ki muri i patu ngā Ihipiana i te waea parahi. I whakamahia ngā paipa pāmu i Haina i te wā o te Whare Ariki Xia, i te tau 2000 BC pea, ā, i muri mai ka hangaia ngā pūnaha paipa Rōmana me ngā paipa mata, he hua taha o te tukanga whakarewa hiriwa.
He tuimotu. I puta tuatahi mai ngā paipa rino tuimotu o Amerika Te Raki i te tau 1890. Mai i te tau 1890 ki tēnei rā, ko te rauemi mata mō tēnei tukanga he porowhita totoka. Nā ngā mahi auaha i roto i te whakarewatanga tonu i ngā tau 1950 i huri ai ngā ngongo tuimotu mai i ngā ingots ki te mea i taua wā he rauemi mata rino utu iti, arā, ngā pireti. I ngā wā o mua me ēnei rā, ka hangaia ngā ngongo waipēhi mā te kukume makariri i ngā kōhao tuimotu i hangaia e tēnei tukanga. I te mākete o Amerika Te Raki, kua whakarōpūtia hei SAE-J524 e te Society of Automotive Engineers me ASTM-A519 e te American Society for Testing and Materials.
He mahi nui te hanga ngongo waipēhi tuimotu, inā koa mō ngā diameter iti. He nui te pūngao e hiahiatia ana, ā, he nui hoki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana.
te whakarewa. I ngā tau 1970, i rerekē te mākete. Whai muri i te whakahaere i te mākete paipa rino mō te tata ki te 100 tau, ka paheke pai. I pakaruhia e te paipa whakarewa, i kitea he pai mō ngā tono miihini maha i roto i ngā mākete hanga me te motuka. I tangohia e ia ētahi rohe i roto i te whenua tapu i mua - te rāngai paipa hinu me te hau.
E rua ngā auahatanga i whai wāhi ki tēnei panonitanga o te mākete. Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te whakarewatanga pereti tonu, e āhei ai ngā mira maitai ki te whakaputa papatipu i te rīpene papatahi kounga teitei. Ko tētahi atu tukanga e hanga ana i te whakarewa ātete auau teitei hei tukanga whai hua mō te umanga paipa. Ko te hua he hua hou: he pai te mahi pērā i te paipa maitai tuitui ki ngā hua tuitui rite, ā, he iti ake te utu. Kei te hangaia tonutia tēnei ngongo i ēnei rā, ā, kua whakarōpūtia ko SAE-J525, ASTM-A513-T5 rānei i te mākete o Amerika Te Raki. Nā te mea ka toia te ngongo me te whakamahana, he hua e nui ana te rauemi. Kāore ēnei tukanga i te nui te mahi me te whakapaipai pērā i ngā tukanga tuitui, engari he nui tonu ngā utu e pā ana ki a rātou.
Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1990 ki nāianei, ko te nuinga o ngā paipa raina waipēhi e whakamahia ana i te mākete o roto, ahakoa he paipa tuia kore hononga (SAE-J524) he paipa tuia whakarewa rānei (SAE-J525), he mea kawemai. Tērā pea koinei te hua o te rerekētanga nui o ngā utu mahi me ngā rauemi mata maitai i waenga i te US me ngā whenua kaweake. Mō ngā tau 30 ki te 40 kua pahure ake nei, kua wātea ēnei hua mai i ngā kaihanga o roto, engari kāore anō kia taea e rātou te whakatū i a rātou anō hei rangatira i roto i tēnei mākete. Ko te utu pai o ngā hua kawemai he arai nui.
mākete o nāianei. Kua heke te whakamahinga o te hua J524, he mea whakarewa, he mea kumea, he mea whakamahana hoki, i roto i ngā tau. Kei te wātea tonu, ā, he wāhi tōna i roto i te mākete raina waipēhi, engari ko te tikanga ka whiriwhiria e ngā OEM te J525 mēnā kei te wātea te hua J525 kua whakarewaina, kua kumea, kua whakamahana hoki.
Ka pā mai te mate urutā, ā, ka huri anō te mākete. Kei te heke te tuku mahi, te maitai me ngā mahi kawe waka o te ao, tata ki te tere o te hekenga o te hiahia mō ngā motuka i whakahuatia ake nei. He rite tonu te tuku o ngā ngongo waipēhi J525 kawemai. I runga i ēnei kaupapa, te āhua nei kua rite te mākete ā-rohe mō tētahi atu nekehanga mākete. Kua rite ki te whakaputa i tētahi atu hua, he iti ake te mahi nui atu i te whakarewa, te tuhi me te ngongo whakamahana? Kei te wātea tētahi, ahakoa kāore i te whakamahia whānuitia. Ko te SAE-J356A, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te maha o ngā tono waipēhi (tirohia te Pikitia 1).
He poto, he māmā hoki ngā whakaritenga i whakaputaina e te SAE, nā te mea kotahi anake te tukanga hanga paipa e tautuhia ana e ia whakaritenga. Ko te ngoikoretanga he nui te taupatupatu o ngā rahi, ngā āhuatanga miihini, me ērā atu mea a J525 me J356A, nō reira ka puta ake ngā hua o te whakapoauau i ngā whakaritenga. Hei tāpiri, he hua kopikopiko a J356A mō ngā raina waipēhi iti te diameter, ā, he momo rerekē o J356, he hua paipa tika e whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te hanga raina waipēhi nui te diameter.
Pikitia 3. Ahakoa e whakaarohia ana e te tini he pai ake ngā ngongo whakarewa me ngā ngongo kumea matao i ngā ngongo whakarewa me ngā ngongo huinga matao, he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā hua ngongo e rua. Kia mōhio: Ko te uara imperial i roto i te PSI he huringa ngohengohe o te whakatakotoranga, he uara ine i roto i te MPa.
E whakapono ana ētahi miihini he tino pai te J525 mō ngā tono waipēhi pēhanga teitei, pērā i ngā mea e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu taumaha. Kāore i te tino mōhiotia te J356A, engari he whakaritenga kawe wai pēhanga teitei anō hoki. I ētahi wā he rerekē ngā whakaritenga hanga whakamutunga: kāore he pīrere ID a te J525, ko te J356A ia he mea whakahaere uira, ā, he iti ake te pīrere ID.
He rite tonu ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi mata (tirohia te Pikitia 2). Ko ngā rerekētanga iti o te hanganga matū e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha e hiahiatia ana. Hei whakatutuki i ētahi āhuatanga ā-pūkaha, pērā i te kaha pakaru i te kume, i te kaha kume mutunga rānei (UTS), ka whakawhāitihia te hanganga matū, te maimoatanga wera rānei o te maitai kia puta ai ētahi hua.
He rite tonu ngā tawhā mahi ā-mīhini o ngā momo ngongo, ā, ka taea te whakawhiti i roto i ngā tono maha (tirohia te Pikitia 3). Arā, ki te kore e wātea tētahi, tera pea ka tutuki i tētahi atu ngā whakaritenga. Kāore he take ki te hanga anō i te wira; kua wātea kē te umanga ki tētahi huinga wira kaha, taurite.
I te tau 1990, ko Tube & Pipe Journal te maheni tuatahi i whakatapua ki te mahi ki te umanga paipa whakarewa. I ēnei rā, koinei anake te pukapuka i Amerika Te Raki i whakatapua ki te umanga, ā, kua noho hei puna mōhiohio tino pono mō ngā tohunga paipa.
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