Wagenzuye ko ibice byakozwe mubisobanuro.Noneho menya neza ko ufata ingamba zo kurinda ibi bice mubidukikije abakiriya bawe bategereje.# base
Passivation iracyari intambwe yingenzi mugukwirakwiza ruswa yibice hamwe ninteko zakozwe mubyuma bitagira umwanda.Ibi birashobora gukora itandukaniro hagati yimikorere ishimishije no gutsindwa imburagihe.Passivation itari yo irashobora gutera ruswa.
Passivation nubuhanga bwa nyuma yo guhimba bugabanya cyane kwangirika kwangirika kwangirika kwibyuma bidafite ingese biva mubikorwa.Ibi ntibimanuka cyangwa gushushanya.
Nta bwumvikane ku buryo nyabwo bukoreshwa na passivation.Ariko birazwi neza ko hari firime irinda okiside hejuru yicyuma kitagira umwanda.Iyi firime itagaragara ngo ni ntoya cyane, munsi ya 0.0000001 z'ubugari, ikaba igera kuri 1/100.000 z'ubugari bwimisatsi yumuntu!
Igice gisukuye, gikozwe neza, gisukuye, cyangwa cyuzuyemo ibyuma bitagira umwanda bizahita bigura iyi firime ya okiside kubera guhura na ogisijeni yo mu kirere.Mubihe byiza, iyi oxyde ikingira igizwe rwose nubuso bwigice.
Mu myitozo ariko, umwanda nkumwanda wuruganda cyangwa ibyuma biva mubikoresho byo gutema birashobora kugera hejuru yibice byicyuma mugihe cyo gutunganya.Niba bidakuweho, iyi mibiri yamahanga irashobora kugabanya imikorere ya firime yumwimerere irinda.
Mugihe cyo gutunganya, ibimenyetso byicyuma byubusa birashobora gukurwa mubikoresho hanyuma bikimurirwa hejuru yicyuma kidafite ingese.Rimwe na rimwe, urwego ruto rushobora kugaragara ku gice.Mubyukuri, iyi niyo kwangirika kwicyuma cyibikoresho, ntabwo icyuma fatizo.Rimwe na rimwe, ibice biva mu byuma byashizwemo ibikoresho byo gukata cyangwa ibicuruzwa byabo bishobora kwangirika igice ubwacyo.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uduce duto twumwanda wa ferrous metallurgical urashobora kwizirika hejuru yigice.Nubwo icyuma gishobora kugaragara neza muburyo bwuzuye, nyuma yo guhura numwuka, ibice bitagaragara byicyuma cyubusa birashobora gutera ingese.
Sulfide yashyizwe ahagaragara irashobora kandi kuba ikibazo.Byakozwe mukongeramo sulfuru ibyuma bidafite ingese kugirango bitezimbere imashini.Sulfide yongerera ubushobozi amavuta yo gukora chip mugihe cyo kuyitunganya, ishobora gukurwa rwose mubikoresho byo gutema.Niba ibice bidahwitse neza, sulfide irashobora kuba intangiriro yo kwangirika kwubutaka bwibicuruzwa byinganda.
Muri ibyo bihe byombi, passivation irasabwa kugirango irusheho kwangirika kwangirika kwicyuma.Ikuraho ibintu byanduye nkibice byicyuma nuduce twicyuma mubikoresho byo gutema bishobora gukora ingese cyangwa bigahinduka intangiriro yo kwangirika.Passivation ikuraho kandi sulphide iboneka hejuru yubutaka bwakuweho ibyuma bidafite ibyuma.
Inzira ebyiri zintambwe zitanga uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ruswa: 1. Isuku, inzira nyamukuru, ariko rimwe na rimwe yirengagizwa 2. Kwiyuhagira Acide cyangwa passivation.
Isuku igomba guhora yibanze.Ubuso bugomba guhanagurwa neza kumavuta, gukonjesha cyangwa ibindi bisigazwa kugirango habeho kurwanya ruswa.Gukora imyanda cyangwa undi mwanda wuruganda urashobora guhanagurwa buhoro buhoro igice.Kwangiza ubucuruzi cyangwa gusukura birashobora gukoreshwa mugukuraho amavuta cyangwa ibicurane.Ibintu byamahanga nka okiside yumuriro birashobora gukenera gukurwaho muburyo bwo gusya cyangwa gutoragura.
Rimwe na rimwe, umukoresha wa mashini arashobora gusiba isuku yibanze, yibeshya ko isuku na passivation bizabera icyarimwe, nukwinjiza igice cyamavuta mubwogero bwa aside.Ntabwo bizabaho.Ibinyuranye, amavuta yanduye akora na acide kugirango akore umwuka mubi.Ibibyimba byegeranya hejuru yumurimo kandi bikabangamira passivation.
Ikibabaje kurushaho, ni uko kwanduza ibisubizo bya passivation, rimwe na rimwe bikubiyemo ibintu byinshi bya chloride, bishobora gutera “flash”.Bitandukanye no gukora firime ya oxyde yifuzwa hamwe nubushuhe, busukuye, burwanya ruswa, flash flash irashobora kuvamo kwishongora cyane cyangwa kwirabura hejuru yubuso - kwangirika mubuso passiyo yagenewe gukora neza.
Ibice bya Martensitike bitagira umuyonga [magnetique, birwanya ruswa iringaniye, bitanga imbaraga zigera ku bihumbi 280 psi (1930 MPa)] bizimya ubushyuhe bwinshi hanyuma bigahinduka kugirango bitange ubukana hamwe nubukanishi.Imvura ikaze ivanze (ifite imbaraga nziza no kurwanya ruswa kurusha amanota ya martensitike) irashobora gukemurwa, kuvurwa igice, gusaza mubushyuhe buke, hanyuma bikarangira.
Muri iki gihe, igice kigomba gusukurwa neza hamwe na degreaser cyangwa isuku mbere yo kuvura ubushyuhe kugirango ukureho ibimenyetso byose byo gutema amazi.Bitabaye ibyo, coolant isigaye kuruhande irashobora gutera okiside ikabije.Iyi miterere irashobora gutuma amenyo yibumbira mubice bito nyuma yo kumanuka ukoresheje aside cyangwa uburyo bwo gukuramo.Niba ibicurane bisigaye ku bice bikomye cyane, nko mu itanura rya vacuum cyangwa mu kirere gikingira, karburisiyasi irashobora kubaho, bikaviramo gutakaza imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa.
Nyuma yo gukora isuku neza, ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora kwibizwa mubwogero bwa acide.Uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose butatu burashobora gukoreshwa - passivation hamwe na acide ya nitric, passivation hamwe na acide nitric hamwe na sodium dichromate, na passivation hamwe na acide citric.Nubuhe buryo bwo gukoresha buterwa nurwego rwibyuma bidafite ingese hamwe nibisabwa byemewe.
Ibyiciro byinshi birwanya ruswa ya nikel chromium irashobora gutwarwa muri 20% (v / v) kwiyuhagira aside nitricike (Ishusho 1).Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe, ibyuma bidashobora kwihanganira ibyuma bishobora kwanduzwa no kongeramo sodium dichromate mu bwogero bwa acide ya nitricike kugirango igisubizo kirusheho kuba okiside kandi ibashe gukora firime itambuka hejuru yicyuma.Ubundi buryo bwo gusimbuza aside nitric na sodium chromate ni ukongera ingufu za acide ya nitric kugeza kuri 50% mubunini.Byombi byongewemo sodium dichromate hamwe nubunini bwinshi bwa acide nitricike bigabanya amahirwe ya flash idakenewe.
Uburyo bwa passivation yuburyo bwimashini idashobora kwangirika (nayo igaragara ku gishushanyo 1) iratandukanye gato nuburyo bwo gukora ibyuma bitagira imashini.Ibi ni ukubera ko mugihe cya passivation mubwogero bwa acide ya nitric bimwe cyangwa byose bikoreshwa mumashanyarazi arimo sulfide irimo sulfide ikurwaho, bigatuma habaho microscopique inhomogeneities hejuru yakazi.
Ndetse mubisanzwe amazi meza yoza arashobora gusiga aside isigaye muri uku guhagarara nyuma ya passivation.Iyi aside izatera hejuru yigice niba itabogamye cyangwa ikuweho.
Kugirango passivasi neza yicyuma cyoroshye-imashini idafite ibyuma, Umubaji yateje imbere inzira ya AAA (Alkaline-Acide-Alkaline), itesha aside aside isigaye.Ubu buryo bwa passivation burashobora kurangira mumasaha atarenze 2.Dore intambwe ku ntambwe:
Nyuma yo kwangirika, shyira ibice 5% bya hydroxide ya sodium kuri 160 ° F kugeza 180 ° F (71 ° C kugeza 82 ° C) muminota 30.Noneho kwoza ibice neza mumazi.Noneho shira igice muminota 30 mumuti wa 20% (v / v) acide ya nitric irimo sodium ya oz oz / gal 3 (22 g / l) dichromate ya 120 ° F kugeza 140 ° F (49 ° C) kugeza 60 ° C.) Nyuma yo gukuramo igice mu bwogero, kwoza amazi, hanyuma ubishire mumuti wa sodium hydroxide muminota 30.Ongera wongere igice n'amazi hanyuma wumuke, urangize uburyo bwa AAA.
Passivation ya Citricike iragenda ikundwa cyane nababikora bashaka kwirinda ikoreshwa rya acide minerval cyangwa ibisubizo birimo sodium dichromate, hamwe nibibazo byo kujugunya hamwe nibibazo byumutekano bijyana no kubikoresha.Acide Citric ifatwa nkibidukikije muri byose.
Mugihe pasitoro ya citricike itanga inyungu zidukikije zidukikije, amaduka yagize intsinzi hamwe na acide organic organique kandi nta mpungenge z'umutekano arashobora gushaka gukomeza amasomo.Niba aba bakoresha bafite iduka rifite isuku, ibikoresho bimeze neza kandi bifite isuku, coolant nta bubiko bwa ferrous bwabitswe, kandi inzira iratanga umusaruro mwiza, ntihashobora gukenerwa rwose impinduka.
Kwiyuhagira kwa acide ya Citricike byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro kumurongo mugari wibyuma bitagira umwanda, harimo ibyiciro byinshi byihariye byibyuma bitagira umwanda, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2. Kugira ngo byorohe, Ishusho 2. 1 ikubiyemo uburyo gakondo bwo gutambutsa aside aside.Menya ko aside ya nitricike ishaje igaragazwa nkijanisha ryijwi ryubunini, mugihe aside irike ya citricike igaragazwa nkijanisha kubwinshi.Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mugihe ukora ubu buryo, uburinganire bwitondewe bwigihe cyo gushiramo, ubushyuhe bwo koga, hamwe nibitekerezo ni ngombwa kugirango wirinde "gucana" byasobanuwe haruguru.
Passivation iratandukanye bitewe nibirimo chromium nibiranga ibintu bitandukanye.Reba inkingi zuburyo bumwe cyangwa inzira 2. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3, Igikorwa 1 gifite intambwe nke ugereranije na 2.
Ibizamini bya laboratoire byagaragaje ko inzira ya pasitike ya citricike ikunda “guteka” kuruta aside nitricike.Ibintu byagize uruhare muri iki gitero harimo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo kwiyuhagira, umwanya muremure cyane, hamwe no kwanduza.Ibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri acide ya Citricike irimo ibiyobya ruswa hamwe nibindi byongerwaho nkibikoresho byo guhanagura biraboneka mubucuruzi kandi bivugwa ko bigabanya “flash corrosion”.
Guhitamo kwa nyuma uburyo bwa passivation bizaterwa nibipimo byemewe byashyizweho nabakiriya.Reba ASTM A967 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye.Irashobora kuboneka kuri www.astm.org.
Ibizamini bikunze gukorwa kugirango harebwe ubuso bwibice byashize.Ikibazo kigomba gusubizwa ni “Passivation ikuraho icyuma cyubusa kandi igahindura uburyo bwo kwangirika kwangirika kwamavuta yo gukata byikora?”
Ni ngombwa ko uburyo bwikizamini buhura nicyiciro gisuzumwa.Ibizamini bikaze ntabwo bizatsinda ibikoresho byiza rwose, mugihe ibizamini bifite intege nke cyane bizatsinda ibice bidashimishije.
PH hamwe nogukora byoroshye 400 serie idafite ibyuma bisuzumwa neza mubyumba bishobora kugumana ubushuhe 100% (sample wet) mumasaha 24 kuri 95 ° F (35 ° C).Igice cyambukiranya ni ubuso bukomeye cyane cyane kubiciro byo gukata kubuntu.Impamvu imwe yabyo nuko sulphide ikururwa mu cyerekezo cyimashini hejuru yubuso.
Ubuso bukomeye bugomba guhagarikwa hejuru, ariko ku mfuruka ya dogere 15 kugeza kuri 20 uhereye kuri vertical, kugirango habeho gutakaza ubushuhe.Ibikoresho byuzuye neza ntibishobora kubora, nubwo utudomo duto dushobora kugaragara kuri yo.
Icyiciro cya Austenitike idafite ibyuma birashobora kandi gusuzumwa no gupima ubushuhe.Muri iki kizamini, ibitonyanga byamazi bigomba kuba hejuru yicyitegererezo, byerekana ibyuma byubusa haba hari ingese.
Uburyo bwa passivation kubisanzwe bikoreshwa byikora kandi byintoki bitagira umuyonga muri citric cyangwa nitric acide bisaba inzira zitandukanye.Ku mutini.3 hepfo iratanga ibisobanuro birambuye kubijyanye no guhitamo inzira.
(a) Hindura pH hamwe na hydroxide ya sodium.(b) Reba umutini.3 (c) Na2Cr2O7 ni 3 oz / gal (22 g / L) sodium dichromate muri 20% acide ya nitric.Ubundi buryo buvanze ni 50% acide nitric idafite sodium dichromate.
Uburyo bwihuse ni ugukoresha ASTM A380, Imyitozo isanzwe yo kweza, kumanura, no gutambutsa ibice byibyuma, ibikoresho, na sisitemu.Ikizamini kirimo guhanagura igice hamwe n'umuti wa sulfate wa sulfate / sulfurike, kugumya kumara iminota 6, no kureba icyuma cy'umuringa.Ubundi, igice gishobora kwibizwa mubisubizo muminota 6.Niba icyuma gishonga, habaho umuringa.Iki kizamini ntikurikizwa hejuru yibice bitunganya ibiryo.Na none, ntigomba gukoreshwa kumurongo 400 ya martensitike cyangwa ibyuma bya chromium ferritic nkeya kuko ibisubizo byiza bishobora kubaho.
Amateka, ikizamini cya spray 5% kuri 95 ° F (35 ° C) nacyo cyakoreshejwe mugusuzuma ingero za pasiporo.Iki kizamini kirakomeye cyane kubihingwa bimwe na bimwe kandi ntibisabwa kwemeza imikorere ya passivation.
Irinde gukoresha chloride irenze, ishobora gutera inkongi y'umuriro.Koresha amazi meza gusa afite ibice bitarenze 50 kuri miliyoni (ppm) chloride igihe cyose bishoboka.Kanda amazi mubisanzwe birahagije, kandi hamwe na hamwe birashobora kwihanganira ibice bigera kuri magana kuri miriyoni ya chloride.
Ni ngombwa gusimbuza ubwogero buri gihe kugirango udatakaza ubushobozi bwa passivation, bushobora gutera inkuba no kwangiza ibice.Kwiyuhagira bigomba kubikwa ku bushyuhe bukwiye, kuko ubushyuhe butagenzuwe bushobora gutera ruswa.
Ni ngombwa gukurikiza gahunda yihariye yo guhindura ibisubizo mugihe kinini cyo gukora kugirango ugabanye amahirwe yo kwanduzwa.Icyitegererezo cyo kugenzura cyakoreshejwe kugirango hamenyekane neza ubwogero.Niba icyitegererezo cyaratewe, igihe kirageze cyo gusimbuza ubwogero.
Nyamuneka menya ko imashini zimwe zitanga ibyuma gusa;koresha icyuma gikonjesha kimwe cyo gukata ibyuma bitagira umwanda kugirango usibye ibindi byuma byose.
Ibice bya DO rack bikozwe muburyo butandukanye kugirango birinde ibyuma guhura.Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane kubuntu bwubusa bwibyuma bidafite umwanda, kuko pasivasi yoroshye-gutemba byoroshye hamwe nibisubizo bisabwa kugirango bikwirakwize ibicuruzwa byangirika bya sulfide kandi birinde gukumira umufuka wa aside.
Ntugahinyure karburize cyangwa nitride ibice byicyuma.Kurwanya ruswa yibice bivurwa murubu buryo birashobora kugabanuka kuburyo bishobora kwangirika mubwogero bwa passivation.
Ntukoreshe ibikoresho bya fer fer mugihe cyamahugurwa adafite isuku cyane.Amashanyarazi arashobora kwirindwa ukoresheje karbide cyangwa ibikoresho bya ceramic.
Menya ko ruswa ishobora kugaragara mubwogero bwa passivation niba igice kitarakozwe neza.Impamyabumenyi ya Martensitike irimo karubone nyinshi hamwe na chromium igomba gukomera kugirango irwanye ruswa.
Ubusanzwe Passivation ikorwa nyuma yubushyuhe bukurikira kubushyuhe bukomeza kurwanya ruswa.
Ntukirengagize ubunini bwa acide ya nitric mu bwogero bwa passivation.Kugenzura ibihe bigomba gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gutanga titre bwatanzwe na Carpenter.Ntugahinyure ibyuma birenze kimwe icyarimwe.Ibi birinda urujijo ruhenze kandi birinda reaction ya galvanic.
Kubyerekeye Abanditsi: Terry A. DeBold numuhanga mubyuma bya R&D na James W. Martin numuhanga mubyuma bya Metallurgie muri Carpenter Technology Corp.(Gusoma, Pennsylvania).
Ni bangahe?Nkeneye umwanya angahe?Ni ibihe bibazo by'ibidukikije nzahura nabyo?Ni ubuhe buryo bukomeye bwo kwiga?Niki mubyukuri?Hano haribisubizo kubibazo byambere bya ba shebuja kubyerekeye anodizing imbere.
Kubona ibisubizo bihamye, byujuje ubuziranenge biva murwego rwo gusya bidafite ishingiro bisaba gusobanukirwa shingiro.Byinshi mubibazo byo gusaba bifitanye isano no gusya bidafite ishingiro biva kubwo kudasobanukirwa ibyingenzi.Iyi ngingo isobanura impamvu inzira idafite ubwenge ikora nuburyo bwo kuyikoresha neza mumahugurwa yawe.