Wamaze kwemeza ko ibice byakozwe ku buryo bukwiye. Noneho menya neza ko wafashe ingamba zo kurinda ibi bice mu bidukikije abakiriya bawe biteze. #base
Gukoresha icyuma gishyuha biracyari intambwe y'ingenzi mu kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese ku bice n'amatsinda yakozwe mu byuma bitagira umugese. Ibi bishobora gutandukanya imikorere ishimishije no kwangirika vuba. Gukoresha icyuma gishyuha nabi bishobora gutera ingese.
Passivation ni uburyo bwo gukora nyuma yo gukora butuma ibikoresho by'icyuma kitagira umugese bidashobora kwangirika. Ibi si ugukuraho cyangwa gusiga irangi.
Nta mpungenge ihari ku buryo nyabwo bwo gukoresha passivation. Ariko bizwi neza ko hari agace ka oxide gakingira hejuru y'icyuma kidakora. Iyi filime itagaragara bivugwa ko ari nto cyane, ifite ubugari buri munsi ya santimetero 0.000000, ni ukuvuga hafi 1/100.000 cy'ubunini bw'umusatsi w'umuntu!
Igice cy'icyuma gisukuye, gishya cyakozwe mu mashini, gisukuye, cyangwa cyavanzwe neza kizahita kibona iyi firime ya okiside bitewe no guhumeka na ogisijeni yo mu kirere. Mu bihe byiza, uru rukuta rwa okiside rurinda rutwikira ubuso bwose bw'igice.
Ariko mu by’ukuri, imyanda nk’umwanda wo mu ruganda cyangwa uduce tw’icyuma duturuka ku bikoresho byo gukata ishobora kugera ku gice cy’icyuma kidashonga mu gihe cyo gutunganya. Iyo idakuweho, iyi miyoboro y’amahanga ishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwa firime y’umwimerere yo kurinda.
Mu gihe cyo gukora imashini, uduce tw’icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishobora gukurwa mu gikoresho kigashyirwa hejuru y’icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma kitagira umugese. Hari ubwo hashobora kugaragara ingese nto ku gice. Mu by’ukuri, iyi ni ingese y’icyuma cy’igikoresho, ntabwo ari icyuma cy’ibanze. Hari igihe imvune zituruka ku duce tw’icyuma twakuwe mu bikoresho byo gukata cyangwa ibikoresho byabyo bishobora kwangiza igice ubwacyo.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uduce duto tw'imyanda ikomoka kuri fer dushobora gufata ku buso bw'igice. Nubwo icyuma gishobora kugaragara nk'ikimuri mu gihe cyarangiye, nyuma yo guhumeka ku mwuka, uduce tutagaragara tw'icyuma gishobora gutera ingese ku buso.
Sulfide zigaragara nazo zishobora kuba ikibazo. Zikorwa hakoreshejwe sulfure mu cyuma kitagira umwanda kugira ngo zirusheho gukora neza. Sulfide yongera ubushobozi bw'icyuma cyo gukora uduce duto mu gihe cyo gukora, dushobora gukurwaho burundu mu gikoresho cyo gukata. Iyo ibice bidakoreshejwe neza, sulfide zishobora kuba intandaro yo kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa by'inganda.
Muri ibyo bihe byombi, gukoresha icyuma gishyuha (passivation) birakenewe kugira ngo icyuma gishyuha (stainless steel) kirusheho kugira ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ingufu karemano. Bikuraho imyanda yo ku buso nk'uduce tw'icyuma n'uduce tw'icyuma mu bikoresho byo gukata bishobora gutera ingese cyangwa bikaba intandaro yo kwangirika. Gukoresha icyuma gishyuha (passivation) kandi bikuraho sulfide ziboneka ku buso bw'ibyuma bifunguye.
Uburyo bw'intambwe ebyiri butanga uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ingese: 1. Gusukura, uburyo bw'ingenzi, ariko rimwe na rimwe bukirengagizwa 2. Koga aside cyangwa gukoresha passivation.
Isuku igomba kuba ikintu cy'ingenzi igihe cyose. Ahantu hagomba gusukurwa neza amavuta, icyuma gikonjesha cyangwa indi myanda kugira ngo habeho kurwanya ingese neza. Imyanda yo mu mashini cyangwa indi myanda yo mu ruganda ishobora gukurwaho buhoro buhoro. Imashini zisukura cyangwa imashini zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi zishobora gukoreshwa mu gukuraho amavuta cyangwa imashini zikonjesha. Ibintu by'inyuma nka okiside z'ubushyuhe bishobora gukenera gukurwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo nko gusya cyangwa gusya.
Hari igihe umukoresha w’imashini ashobora kureka isuku y’ibanze, yibeshya ko isuku no gusohora umwuka bizajya bibaho icyarimwe, mu kwinjiza igice cyasizwe amavuta mu mwobo wa aside. Ntabwo bizabaho. Ku rundi ruhande, amavuta yanduye ahura na aside agakora udupfumu tw’umwuka. Utwo dupfumu duhurira ku buso bw’ibikoresho kandi tukabangamira gusohora umwuka.
Ikirushijeho kuba kibi kurushaho, kwanduzwa n’ibisubizo bya passivation, rimwe na rimwe birimo chloride nyinshi, bishobora gutera "flash". Bitandukanye no gukora filime ya oxyde ikenewe ifite ubuso burabagirana, busukuye kandi burwanya ingese, flashing ishobora gutuma ubuso bucika cyangwa bukagira umukara cyane - kwangirika k’ubuso ku buryo passivation igamije kunoza.
Ibice by'icyuma kidashonga cya Martensitic [gikoresha ingufu za rukuruzi, kirwanya ingese ku rugero, gitanga imbaraga zigera kuri psi ibihumbi 280 (1930 MPa)] birazimwa ku bushyuhe bwinshi hanyuma bigakonjeshwa kugira ngo bitange ubukana n'imiterere ya mekanike byifuzwa. Ibyuma bikomeye by'imvura (bifite imbaraga kandi birwanya ingese kurusha ibya martensitic) bishobora kuvurwa, bigakorwaho imashini ntoya, bigasazwa ku bushyuhe buri hasi, hanyuma bikarangira.
Muri iki gihe, igice kigomba gusukurwa neza hakoreshejwe icyuma gikuraho amavuta cyangwa isukura mbere yo gukoresha ubushyuhe kugira ngo hakurweho ibisigazwa by'amazi yaciwe. Bitabaye ibyo, icyuma gikonjesha gisigaye ku gice gishobora gutera ogisijeni nyinshi. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma ibice bito bihinduka nyuma yo kuva mu gipimo hakoreshejwe aside cyangwa uburyo bwo gukurura. Iyo icyuma gikonjesha gisigaye ku bice bikonjesha, nko mu itanura rikoresha umwuka cyangwa mu kirere kirinda, carburisation yo hejuru ishobora kubaho, bigatuma habaho kubura ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese.
Nyuma yo gusukurwa neza, ibice by'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishobora kwinjizwa mu bwogero bwa aside ikoreshwa mu buryo butatu. Uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose muri ubu butatu bushobora gukoreshwa - gukoresha aside nitrike, gukoresha aside nitrike hamwe na dichromate ya sodium, no gukoresha aside citric. Uburyo bwo gukoresha buterwa n'urwego rw'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma n'ibipimo byagenwe byo kwemerwa.
Ingano nyinshi za nikeli chromium zirwanya ingese zishobora gukurwa mu bwogero bwa aside nitrike ya 20% (v/v) (Ishusho ya 1). Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe, ibyuma bidapfa kwihagararaho bishobora gukurwa mu bwogero hakoreshejwe dikromete ya sodiyumu mu bwogero bwa aside nitriyumu kugira ngo umuti ube mwiza kandi ushobora gukora agace gapfa kwihagararaho ku buso bw'icyuma. Ubundi buryo bwo gusimbuza aside nitriyumu na kromete ya sodiyumu ni ukongera urugero rwa aside nitriyumu kugeza kuri 50% by'ingano. Kongeramo dikromete ya sodiyumu ndetse n'urugero rwinshi rwa aside nitriyumu bigabanya amahirwe yo gushya bidakenewe.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umushongi (nabyo bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1) butandukanye gato n'uburyo bwo gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umushongi bitakoreshwa. Ibi biterwa nuko mu gihe cyo gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umushongi mu bwogero bwa aside nitrike, bimwe cyangwa byose bya sulfure bikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma, bigatuma habaho ubusumbane buke ku buso bw'igikoresho.
Nubwo gukaraba amazi neza bishobora gusiga aside isigaye muri ibyo bice nyuma yo gucika intege. Iyi aside izibasira igice niba idafunguwe cyangwa ngo ivanweho.
Kugira ngo icyuma kidashonga cyoroshye gukoresha mu mashini gikoreshwe neza, Carpenter yateguye uburyo bwa AAA (Alkaline-Acide-Alkaline), butuma aside isigaye igabanuka. Ubu buryo bwo gusohora aside bushobora kurangira mu masaha atarenze 2. Dore intambwe ku yindi:
Nyuma yo gukuraho amavuta, shyira ibice mu gipimo cya 5% cya sodium hydroxide kuri 160°F kugeza 180°F (71°C kugeza 82°C) mu gihe cy'iminota 30. Hanyuma oza ibice neza mu mazi. Hanyuma shyira igice mu minota 30 mu gipimo cya 20% (v/v) cya aside nitrike irimo 3 oz/gal (22 g/l) ya sodium dichromate kuri 120°F kugeza 140°F (49°C) kugeza 60°C. ) Nyuma yo gukura igice mu bwogero, oza n'amazi, hanyuma ukinjize mu gipimo cya sodium hydroxide mu minota 30. Ongera woze igice n'amazi hanyuma wumishe, urangize uburyo bwa AAA.
Gukoresha aside citric mu gusohora aside citric birimo gukundwa cyane n’inganda zishaka kwirinda gukoresha aside mineral cyangwa imiti irimo sodium dichromate, ndetse n’ibibazo byo kuyijugunya mu mvange ndetse n’ibibazo by’umutekano bijyana no kuyikoresha. Aside citric ifatwa nk’itangiza ibidukikije muri byose.
Nubwo gukwirakwiza aside citric bitanga inyungu zishimishije ku bidukikije, amaduka yabashije gukoresha aside inorganic kandi nta mpungenge afite ku mutekano ashobora gushaka gukomeza gukoresha. Niba aba bakoresha bafite iduka risukuye, ibikoresho biri mu buryo bwiza kandi bisukuye, icyuma gikonjesha nta feri irimo mu ruganda, kandi inzira ikaba itanga umusaruro mwiza, nta mpamvu nyayo yo guhindura ibintu.
Gukoresha aside citrike mu bwogero byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro ku byuma byinshi bitagira umugese, harimo n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibyuma bitagira umugese, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2. Kugira ngo byorohe, Ishusho ya 2. 1 irimo uburyo gakondo bwo gukoresha aside nitrike. Menya ko imiterere ya aside nitrike ishaje igaragazwa nk'ijanisha hakurikijwe ingano, mu gihe ingano nshya ya aside citrike igaragazwa nk'ijanisha hakurikijwe uburemere. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu gihe cyo gukora ibi bikorwa, uburinganire bwitondewe bw'igihe cyo kwiyuhagira, ubushyuhe bwo kwiyuhagira, n'ubwinshi bw'ibice ni ngombwa kugira ngo hirindwe "gushya" byavuzwe haruguru.
Passivation iratandukanye bitewe n'ingano ya chromium n'imiterere y'uburyo buri bwoko butunganywa. Reba inkingi z'Inzira ya 1 cyangwa Inzira ya 2. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3, Inzira ya 1 ifite intambwe nke ugereranyije n'Inzira ya 2.
Ibizamini byo muri laboratwari byagaragaje ko inzira yo gusohora aside citric ikunze kugaragara cyane kurusha inzira ya aside nitrique. Ibintu bigira uruhare muri iki gitero birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo koga, igihe kirekire cyo kwiyuhagira, n'ubwandu bwo mu bwogero. Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri aside citric birimo imiti igabanya ingese n'ibindi bintu nk'ibinyabutabire bitose biraboneka ku isoko kandi bivugwa ko bigabanya ibyago byo "gutwika".
Uburyo bwa nyuma bwo guhitamo uburyo bwo gukoresha passivation buzaterwa n'ibipimo byemewe n'umukiriya. Reba ASTM A967 kugira ngo umenye byinshi. Ushobora kuyibona kuri www.astm.org.
Ibizamini bikunze gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuso bw'ibice byangiritse. Ikibazo gikwiye gusubizwa ni "Ese gushyushya bikuraho icyuma kidakoreshejwe kandi bigafasha mu kurwanya ingese mu buryo bwikora?"
Ni ngombwa ko uburyo bwo gukora ikizamini buhura n'isomo ririmo gusuzumwa. Ibizamini bikomeye cyane ntibizatsinda ibikoresho byiza rwose, mu gihe ibizamini bike cyane bizatsinda ibice bidashimishije.
Ingano ya PH n'ibyuma 400 byoroshye gukoresha mu byuma bita flue stainless steels bipimwa neza mu cyumba gishobora kugumana ubushuhe 100% (icyitegererezo cy'ubushyuhe) mu gihe cy'amasaha 24 kuri 95°F (35°C). Igice cyambukiranya akenshi ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane, cyane cyane ku buryo bwo gukata neza. Impamvu imwe ni uko sulfide ikururwa mu cyerekezo cy'imashini muri ubwo buso.
Ubuso bw'ingenzi bugomba gushyirwa hejuru, ariko ku nguni ya dogere 15 kugeza 20 uvuye ku ruhande ruhagaze, kugira ngo habeho gutakaza ubushuhe. Ibikoresho bidafite ingese neza ntibishobora kugwa, nubwo hari utudomo duto dushobora kugaragaraho.
Ingano y'icyuma kitagira umugese cya Austenitic ishobora no gupimwa hakoreshejwe isuzuma ry'ubushuhe. Muri iki kizamini, ibitonyanga by'amazi bigomba kuba biri ku buso bw'ingero, bigaragaza ko icyuma kirimo ingese iyo ari yo yose.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibyuma bikoresha ibyuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya "automatic" n'ibikoresha intoki mu bisubizo bya "citric" cyangwa "nitric acid" bisaba uburyo butandukanye. Ku ishusho ya 3 hepfo hatangwa ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwo guhitamo uburyo bwo gukoresha.
(a) Hindura pH ukoresheje sodium hydroxide. (b) Reba ishusho ya 3(c) Na2Cr2O7 ni 3 oz/gal (22 g/L) sodium dichromate muri aside nitrike 20%. Ubundi buryo bwo gusimbura ubu ruvange ni aside nitrike 50% idafite sodium dichromate.
Uburyo bwihuse ni ugukoresha ASTM A380, Ihame ry’Isuku, Gukuraho no Gushyira mu Kantu ibice by’icyuma kitagira umugese, ibikoresho, n’imikorere yacyo. Ikizamini kirimo guhanagura igice ukoresheje umuti wa aside sulfuriki n’umuringa, ukagikomeza gutose mu gihe cy’iminota 6, no kureba aho icyuma gishyirwa mu muringa. Ubundi buryo, igice gishobora kwinjizwa mu muti mu gihe cy’iminota 6. Iyo icyuma gishongeshejwe, icyuma gishyirwa mu muringa. Iki kizamini ntikigomba gukoreshwa ku buso bw’ibice bitunganya ibiribwa. Nanone, ntikigomba gukoreshwa ku byuma 400 bya martensitic cyangwa ibyuma bifite ferritiki nkeya kuko bishobora kubaho ibisubizo bitari byo.
Mu mateka, ikizamini cya 5% cy'umunyu ku bushyuhe bwa 95°F (35°C) cyakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma ingero zangiritse. Iki kizamini kirakomeye cyane ku moko amwe kandi muri rusange ntigisabwa kugira ngo hemezwe akamaro ka passivation.
Irinde gukoresha chloride nyinshi, zishobora gutera ubushyuhe bukomeye. Koresha amazi meza gusa afite munsi ya 50 pa miliyoni (ppm) ya chloride igihe cyose bishoboka. Amazi yo mu ijosi akenshi aba ahagije, kandi rimwe na rimwe ashobora kwihanganira ibice bigera ku magana kuri miliyoni ya chloride.
Ni ngombwa gusimbuza ubwogero buri gihe kugira ngo udatakaza ubushobozi bwo gucika intege, bishobora gutera inkuba no kwangiza ibice. Ubwogero bugomba kuguma ku bushyuhe bukwiye, kuko ubushyuhe budagenzurwa bushobora gutera ingese mu gace runaka.
Ni ngombwa gukurikiza gahunda yihariye yo guhindura ibisubizo mu gihe cy'umusaruro munini kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago byo kwandura. Icyitegererezo cyo kugenzura cyakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane niba ubwogero bukora neza. Niba ubwogero bwaratewe, ni cyo gihe cyo gusimbuza ubwogero.
Menya ko hari imashini zimwe na zimwe zikora ibyuma bitagira umugese gusa; koresha icyuma gikonjesha kimwe ukunda mu gukata ibyuma bitagira umugese uretse ibindi byuma byose.
Ibice bya DO rack bikozwe ukwabyo kugira ngo icyuma kidakora ku cyuma. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane mu gutunganya ibyuma bidakora neza, kuko hakenewe uburyo bworoshye bwo gusohora no gusohora amazi kugira ngo ibintu bya sulfide bikwirakwizwe kandi birinde ikorwa ry’aside.
Ntugashyire ibice by'icyuma gikozwe muri karuburi cyangwa nitride mu cyuma kidashyuha. Ubudahangarwa bw'ibice byavuwe muri ubu buryo bushobora kugabanuka ku buryo bishobora kwangirika mu bwogero bwo gushyuha mu cyuma.
Ntugakoreshe ibikoresho by'icyuma bya fer mu gihe cyo gukoreramo kitarimo isuku cyane. Uduce tw'icyuma dushobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya karubide cyangwa ibya ceramic.
Menya ko ingese ishobora kubaho mu bwogero bwo gushyushya iyo igice kitavuwe neza n'ubushyuhe. Ingano za Martensitic zifite karubone nyinshi na chromium zigomba gukomera kugira ngo zirwanye ingese.
Gushyushya ubusanzwe bikorwa nyuma yo gushyushya ubushyuhe bukomeza kurwanya ingese.
Ntukirengagize ubwinshi bwa aside nitrike mu bwogero bwo gusohora umwuka. Igenzura rigomba gukorwa buri gihe hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gupima imiterere y'amazi bwatanzwe na Carpenter. Ntugakoreshe ibyuma birenga kimwe icyarimwe. Ibi birinda urujijo ruhenze kandi bikarinda ingaruka za galvanic.
Ku byerekeye Abanditsi: Terry A. DeBold ni Inzobere mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibikoresho by'ibyuma bitagira icyuma, naho James W. Martin ni Inzobere mu by'ibyuma by'umwobo muri Carpenter Technology Corp.(Reading, Pennsylvania).
Ni angahe? Nkeneye umwanya ungana iki? Ni ibihe bibazo by'ibidukikije nzahura nabyo? Uburyo bwo kwigiramo buhanitse gute? Kunoza ni iki mu by'ukuri? Hasi hari ibisubizo by'ibibazo bya mbere by'abahanga ku bijyanye no kunoza imbere.
Kubona ibisubizo bihoraho kandi byujuje ubuziranenge bivuye mu nzira yo gusya idafite aho iherereye bisaba gusobanukirwa by'ibanze. Ibibazo byinshi byo gukoresha bifitanye isano no gusya idafite aho iherereye bituruka ku kudasobanukirwa neza iby'ibanze. Iyi nkuru isobanura impamvu inzira idafite aho ihuriye n'ubwenge ikora n'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha neza mu iduka ryawe.