Ua hōʻoia ʻoe ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana i nā kikoʻī.I kēia manawa e hana ʻoe i nā hana e pale ai i kēia mau ʻāpana i ke kaiapuni i manaʻo ʻia e kāu mea kūʻai.#kumu
He hana koʻikoʻi ka passivation i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūpaʻa corrosion o nā ʻāpana a me nā hui i hana ʻia mai ke kila kila.Hiki i kēia ke hana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hana ʻoluʻolu a me ka hāʻule mua.Hiki i ka passivation hewa ke kumu ʻino.
ʻO ka passivation kahi ʻenehana hana hope e hoʻonui ai i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion kūʻokoʻa o nā ʻāpana kila kila kahi i hana ʻia ai ka mea hana.ʻAʻole kēia he descaling a pena paha.
ʻAʻohe manaʻo kuʻikahi e pili ana i ka mīkini pololei e hana ai ka passivation.Akā ua ʻike maopopo ʻia aia kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni pale ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kila stainless steel.Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻike ʻole ʻia he lahilahi loa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 0.0000001 iniha ka mānoanoa, ʻo ia ka 1/100,000 ka mānoanoa o ka lauoho kanaka!
ʻO kahi ʻāpana kila kila maʻemaʻe, hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou ʻia, ʻoliʻoli ʻia a i ʻoki ʻia paha e loaʻa koke kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana i ka oxygen ea.Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, ua uhi piha kēia ʻāpana oxide pale i nā ʻili āpau o ka ʻāpana.
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa naʻe, hiki ke loaʻa nā mea haumia e like me ka lepo o ka hale hana a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hao mai nā mea ʻoki ʻoki i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana kila kila i ka wā e hana ai.Inā ʻaʻole i wehe ʻia, hiki i kēia mau kino ʻē ke hōʻemi i ka pono o ke kiʻi pale mua.
I ka wā o ka mīkini, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā ʻāpana hao manuahi mai ka mea hana a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka ʻili o ka mea hana kila kila.I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka ʻōpala ma ka ʻaoʻao.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia ka corrosion o ke kila mea hana, ʻaʻole ka metala kumu.I kekahi manawa, hiki i nā māwae mai nā ʻāpana kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā mea ʻoki ʻoki a i ʻole kā lākou huahana corrosion hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ʻāpana ponoʻī.
Pēlā nō, hiki i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka lepo ferrous metallurgical ke pili i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana.ʻOiai ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻālohilohi o ka metala i kona kūlana paʻa, ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana i ka ea, hiki i nā ʻāpana ʻike ʻole o ka hao manuahi ke hoʻoulu i ka pala.
Hiki i nā sulfide i hōʻike ʻia ke pilikia.Hana ʻia lākou ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka sulfur i ke kila kila e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinability.Hoʻonui ka Sulfides i ka hiki ke hana i nā ʻāpana i ka wā o ka mīkini, hiki ke hoʻopau loa ʻia mai ka mea ʻoki.Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi pono ʻia nā ʻāpana, hiki i nā sulfides ke lilo i wahi hoʻomaka no ka corrosion ili o nā huahana ʻoihana.
I nā hihia ʻelua, koi ʻia ka passivation e hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa corrosion kūlohelohe o ke kila kila.Wehe ia i nā mea ʻino o ka ʻili e like me nā ʻāpana hao a me nā ʻāpana hao i nā mea ʻoki ʻoki i hiki ke hana i ka ʻōpala a i ʻole ke kumu hoʻomaka no ka ʻino.Hoʻopau pū ka Passivation i nā sulphides i loaʻa ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana kila kuhili ʻoki wehe.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana ʻelua e hāʻawi i ka pale corrosion maikaʻi loa: 1. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ke kaʻina hana nui, akā i kekahi manawa i mālama ʻole ʻia 2. ʻauʻau wai a i ʻole passivation.
Pono ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i mea nui.Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻili i ka momona, ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.Hiki ke holoi mālie ʻia nā ʻōpala mīkini a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala ʻē aʻe o ka hale hana.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā degreasers a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe no ka wehe ʻana i nā aila kaʻina a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻomaha.Pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā mea ʻē e like me ka thermal oxides e nā ʻano e like me ka wili a i ʻole pickling.
I kekahi manawa hiki i ka mea hoʻohana mīkini ke hoʻopololei i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau, me ka manaʻo hewa e hiki mai ana ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka passivation i ka manawa like, ma ka hoʻokomo wale ʻana i ka ʻāpana ʻaila i loko o ka wai ʻauʻau.ʻAʻole e hiki.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻopili ʻia ka momona i hoʻohaumia ʻia me ka waika e hana i nā ʻōhū ea.E hōʻiliʻili kēia mau ʻōpū ma ka ʻili o ka mea hana a hoʻopilikia i ka passivation.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi loa, ʻo ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o nā hopena passivation, i kekahi manawa he kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā chlorides, hiki ke hana i kahi "flash".He ʻokoʻa i ka hana ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni i makemake ʻia me ka ʻili ʻālohilohi, maʻemaʻe, kūpaʻa i ka corrosion, hiki i ka etching flash ke hopena i ka etching koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka ʻeleʻele o ka ʻili-he pōʻino o ka ʻili i hoʻolālā ʻia e passivation e hoʻomaikaʻi.
ʻO nā ʻāpana kila kuhili ʻole Martensitic [magnetic, moderately corrosion resistant, yield strength up to 280 tausani psi (1930 MPa)] ua kinai ʻia ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe a laila hoʻomāliʻi ʻia e hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī a me nā waiwai mechanical.Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa o ka ua (ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma mua o nā māka martensitic) i hoʻoponopono ʻia, hana ʻia me ka mīkini ʻāpana, ʻelemakule ma nā wela haʻahaʻa, a laila hoʻopau ʻia.
I kēia hihia, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻāpana me ka degreaser a i ʻole ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela e wehe i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻoki wai.A i ʻole, hiki i ka mea hoʻoluʻu e waiho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao ke kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.Hiki i kēia kūlana ke hana i nā niho ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma hope o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana me nā ʻano abrasive.Inā waiho ʻia ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma nā ʻāpana ʻālohilohi, e like me ka umu ahi a i ʻole i kahi lewa pale, hiki ke hana ka carburization o ka ʻili, e hopena i ka nalowale o ke kūpaʻa ʻana.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana kila kila i loko o ka wai ʻauʻau passivating.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano ʻekolu - passivation me ka waikawa nitric, passivation me ka waikawa nitric me ka sodium dichromate, a me ka passivation me ka waikawa citric.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana e pili ana i ka pae o ke kila kila a me nā koina ʻae ʻia.
Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā māka nickel chromium kūpaʻa i ka corrosion ma kahi ʻauʻau wai nitric 20% (v/v) (Figure 1).E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka papaʻaina, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā mea kila kuhili liʻiliʻi ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka sodium dichromate i loko o ka wai ʻauʻau nitric e hana i ka hoʻonā ʻoi aku ka oxidizing a hiki ke hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passivating ma ka ʻili metala.ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka waikawa nitric me ka sodium chromate ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka neʻe o ka waikawa nitric i 50% e ka nui.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka sodium dichromate a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka nitric acid e hōʻemi i ka likelika o kahi uila makemake ʻole.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana passivation no nā kila kuhili ʻole machinable (hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 1) he ʻokoʻa iki mai ke kaʻina hana no nā māka kila kuhili ʻole.ʻO kēia no ka mea i ka wā o ka passivation i loko o ka wai nitric ʻauʻau ʻauʻau kekahi a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea machinable sulfur-containing sulfides, e hana ana i nā microscopic inhomogeneities ma ka ʻili o ka mea hana.
Hiki i ka holoi wai ma'amau ke waiho i ke koena waika i loko o kēia mau ho'opau ma hope o ka passivation.E hoʻouka kēia waikawa i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a wehe ʻia paha.
No ka passivation pono o ke kila kuhiliʻole maʻalahi i ka mīkini, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Carpenter i ke kaʻina AAA (Alkaline-Acid-Alkaline), kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ke koena ʻakika.Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia kēia ʻano passivation ma lalo o 2 mau hola.Eia ke kaʻina hana ʻanuʻu:
Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e hoʻomoʻa i nā ʻāpana i loko o ka solution 5% sodium hydroxide ma 160°F a 180°F (71°C a 82°C) no 30 mau minuke.A laila holoi pono i nā ʻāpana i ka wai.A laila, e hoʻokomo i ka ʻāpana no 30 mau minuke i loko o kahi solution 20% (v/v) nitric acid me 3 oz/gal (22 g/l) sodium dichromate ma 120°F a 140°F (49°C) a 60°C.) Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻāpana mai ka ʻauʻau, holoi me ka wai, a laila e hoʻokomo i loko o kahi solution sodium hydroxide no 30 mau minuke.E holoi hou i ka ʻāpana me ka wai a maloʻo, e hoʻopau i ke ʻano AAA.
Ke ulu nui nei ka passivation acid citric me nā mea hana e makemake e pale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waikawa mineral a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻoluʻolu i loaʻa ka sodium dichromate, a me nā pilikia hoʻohemo a me nā hopohopo palekana e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻohana.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Citric acid i ka pili o ke kaiapuni ma nā ʻano āpau.
ʻOiai ke hāʻawi nei ka citric acid passivation i nā pōmaikaʻi kaiapuni maikaʻi, makemake paha nā hale kūʻai i kūleʻa me ka passivation acid inorganic a ʻaʻohe pilikia palekana.Inā loaʻa i kēia mau mea hoʻohana kahi hale kūʻai maʻemaʻe, maikaʻi a maʻemaʻe nā mea hana, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoheheʻe i nā waihona ferrous hale hana, a ke hoʻopuka nei ke kaʻina hana i nā hopena maikaʻi, ʻaʻole paha he pono maoli no ka hoʻololi.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka passivation ʻauʻau citric acid no kahi ākea o nā kila kuhili ʻole, me kekahi mau māka pākahi o ke kila kila, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Figure 2. No ka ʻoluʻolu, ʻo ka Figure 2. 1 ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka passivation me ka waikawa nitric.E hoʻomanaʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana waika nitric kahiko ma ke ʻano he pākēneka ma ka leo, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ka waikawa citric hou e hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pākēneka ma ka nuipaʻa.He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka wā e hana ai i kēia mau kaʻina hana, he mea koʻikoʻi ke kaulike o ka manawa wai, ka mahana ʻauʻau, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e pale aku i ka "flashing" i hōʻike ʻia ma luna.
Hoʻololi ka passivation ma muli o ka ʻike chromium a me nā ʻano hana o kēlā me kēia ʻano.E nānā i nā kolamu no ka Kaʻina Hana 1 a i ʻole ka Kaʻina Hana 2. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke Kaʻina Hana 1 ma mua o ke Kaʻina 2.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Laboratory e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana passivation citric acid i ka "hoʻolapalapa" ma mua o ke kaʻina hana wai nitric.ʻO nā kumu e pili ana i kēia hoʻouka ʻana, ʻo ia ka wela ʻauʻau kiʻekiʻe, lōʻihi ka manawa hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me ka haumia ʻauʻau.ʻO nā huahana citric acid-based i loaʻa nā mea hoʻopaneʻe corrosion a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i loaʻa i ke kālepa a hōʻike ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hiki ʻana o ka "flash corrosion".
ʻO ke koho hope loa o ke ʻano passivation e hilinaʻi ʻia ma nā pae hoʻokipa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka mea kūʻai.E nānā i ka ASTM A967 no nā kikoʻī.Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ma www.astm.org.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e loiloi i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana passivated.ʻO ka nīnau e pane ʻia, "E wehe anei ka passivation i ka hao manuahi a hoʻopaʻa i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o nā alloys no ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻana?"
He mea nui ka ho'āʻo ʻana e like me ka papa e loiloi ʻia nei.ʻO nā hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole e hala i nā mea maikaʻi loa, ʻoiai nā hoʻāʻo nāwaliwali loa e hele i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO ka PH a me ka hana maʻalahi 400 series stainless steels e loiloi maikaʻi ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena hiki ke mālama i ka 100% humidity (kahi maʻamau) no 24 mau hola ma 95 ° F (35 ° C).ʻO ka ʻāpana keʻa ka ʻili koʻikoʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā māka ʻoki manuahi.ʻO kekahi kumu o kēia, ʻo ia ka huki ʻana o ka sulphide i ka ʻaoʻao mīkini ma luna o kēia ʻili.
Pono e hoʻonoho ʻia nā ʻaoʻao koʻikoʻi i luna, akā ma kahi kihi o 15 a 20 degere mai ke kūpaʻa, e ʻae i ka nalowale o ka makū.ʻAʻole ʻeleʻele nā ​​mea i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia, ʻoiai aia nā kiko liʻiliʻi ma luna.
Hiki ke loiloi ʻia nā māka kila kila Austenitic e ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka wai.I kēia hoʻāʻo ʻana, pono e loaʻa nā kulu o ka wai ma ka ʻili o ka specimen, e hōʻike ana i ka hao manuahi ma ke alo o kekahi ʻōpala.
Pono nā kaʻina hana passivation no nā kila kuhili ʻole maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka citric a i ʻole ka nitric acid solution.Ma ka fig.3 ma lalo e hāʻawi i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ke koho kaʻina hana.
(a) Hoʻoponopono i ka pH me ka sodium hydroxide.(b) E nana fig.3(c) Na2Cr2O7 he 3 oz/gal (22 g/L) sodium dichromate i loko o 20% nitric acid.ʻO kahi koho i kēia hui ʻana he 50% nitric acid me ka sodium dichromate.
ʻO kahi ala wikiwiki loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ASTM A380, Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻoneʻe ʻana, a me ka passivation o nā ʻāpana kila kila, nā lako, a me nā ʻōnaehana.ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻāpana me kahi solution copper sulfate/sulfuric acid, mālama i ka pulu no 6 mau minuke, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka pā keleawe.ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻāpana i loko o ka hopena no 6 mau minuke.Inā hoʻoheheʻe ka hao, hana ʻia ke keleawe keleawe.ʻAʻole pili kēia hoʻāʻo i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana hana meaʻai.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia ma nā kila martensitic series 400 a i ʻole nā ​​kila ferritic chromium haʻahaʻa no ka mea e hiki mai ana nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.
Ma ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka paʻakai paʻakai 5% ma 95°F (35°C) no ka loiloi ʻana i nā laʻana passivated.He paʻakikī loa kēia hoʻāʻo no kekahi mau mea kanu a ʻaʻole pono e hōʻoia i ka pono o ka passivation.
E hōʻalo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā chlorides keu, hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻāʻī.E hoʻohana wale i ka wai kūlana kiʻekiʻe me ka liʻiliʻi o 50 mau ʻāpana o ka miliona (ppm) chloride ke hiki.Ua lawa ka wai paila, a ma kekahi mau mea hiki ke pale aku a hiki i na haneri hapa o ka miliona o na chlorides.
He mea nui e hoʻololi pinepine i ka ʻauʻau i ʻole e nalowale ka passivation hiki ke alakaʻi i ka uila a me ka pōʻino i nā ʻāpana.Pono e mālama ʻia ka ʻauʻau i ka mahana kūpono, no ka mea, hiki i nā mahana ke hoʻomalu ʻole ʻia ke kumu o ka corrosion localized.
He mea nui ka hahai ʻana i kahi papa hoʻololi hoʻololi kikoʻī loa i ka wā o ka hana nui e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hoʻohaumia.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi laʻana mana e hoʻāʻo i ka pono o ka ʻauʻau.Inā ua hoʻouka ʻia ka specimen, ʻo ia ka manawa e pani ai i ka ʻauʻau.
E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau mīkini i ke kila kuhili wale;e hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa like ʻole no ka ʻoki ʻana i ke kila kuhili ʻole me ka ʻole o nā metala ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana rack DO i mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻopili metala i ka metala.He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka mīkini manuahi o ke kila kila, no ka mea, pono ka passivation maʻalahi a me ka hoʻonā flushing e hoʻopuehu i nā huahana corrosion sulfide a pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻeke waikawa.
Mai hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana kila kuhili ʻole i kālai ʻia a nitrided.Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka pale ʻana o ka corrosion o nā ʻāpana i mālama ʻia i kēia ala i hiki ke hōʻino ʻia i ka ʻauʻau passivation.
Mai hoʻohana i nā mea metala ferrous i nā kūlana hana ʻaʻole maʻemaʻe loa.Hiki ke pale ʻia nā ʻāpana kila ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka carbide a i ʻole nā ​​mea hana seramika.
E makaʻala e hiki ke ʻino i ka ʻauʻau passivation inā ʻaʻole i mālama pono ʻia ka ʻāpana.Pono e paʻakikī nā māka martensitic me ke kalapona kiʻekiʻe a me ka chromium no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka passivation ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mahana e mālama ai i ke kūpaʻa corrosion.
Mai haʻalele i ka neʻe ʻana o ka waikawa nitric i ka ʻauʻau passivation.Pono e hana ʻia nā loiloi manawa me ke kaʻina hana titration maʻalahi i ʻōlelo ʻia e Carpenter.Mai hoʻokaʻawale i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kila kila i ka manawa.Mālama kēia i ka huikau nui a pale i nā hopena galvanic.
E pili ana i nā mea kākau: ʻO Terry A. DeBold he mea loea R&D Alloys Stainless Steel a ʻo James W. Martin kahi loea Bar Metallurgy ma Carpenter Technology Corp.(Heluhelu, Pennsylvania).
Ehia ia?ʻEhia ka nui o kaʻu e pono ai?He aha nā pilikia kaiapuni aʻu e kū ai?Pehea ke kiʻekiʻe o ke aʻo ʻana?He aha ka anodizing?Ma lalo iho nei nā pane i nā nīnau mua a nā haku e pili ana i ka anodizing o loko.
Pono ka ʻike kumu no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hualoaʻa kiʻekiʻe mai ke kaʻina wili waena.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pilikia noi e pili ana i ka wili ʻana me ka ʻole o ka ʻike ʻole i nā kumu.Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala i ke kumu e hana ai ke kaʻina hana noʻonoʻo ʻole a pehea e hoʻohana pono ai i kāu papa hana.