Kua manatokohia e koe kua hangaia ngā wāhanga kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga. Inaianei, me whakarite kia mahi koe i ngā mahi hei tiaki i ēnei wāhanga i roto i te taiao e tumanakohia ana e ō kiritaki. #turanga
He mea nui tonu te whakakorenga i te waikura hei whakanui ake i te ātete ki te waikura o ngā wāhanga me ngā huihuinga i hangaia mai i te maitai kore waikura. Mā tēnei ka rerekē te mahi pai me te pakaru wawe. Ka taea e te whakakorenga hē te waikura.
Ko te whakangāwari he tikanga i muri i te hanga e whakanui ana i te ātete waikura o ngā koranu maitai kore waikura e hangaia ai te mea mahi. Ehara tēnei i te tango i te tauine, i te peita rānei.
Kāore he whakaae whānui mō te tikanga tuturu o te mahi a te whakakorenga. Engari e mōhiotia ana he kiriata waikura tiaki kei runga i te mata o te maitai kore waikura kua whakakorea. E kiia ana he tino angiangi tēnei kiriata kāore e kitea, he iti iho i te 0.0000001 inihi te matotoru, arā, tata ki te 1/100,000 o te matotoru o te makawe tangata!
Ka kapi aunoatia tēnei kiriata waikura e tētahi wāhanga maitai kore waikura ma, kua oti te mīhini, te oro, te whakakoi rānei nā te pānga ki te hāora o te hau. I raro i ngā āhuatanga pai, ka kapi katoa ngā mata katoa o te wāhanga i tēnei paparanga waikura tiaki.
Heoi, i roto i te mahi, ka taea e ngā poke pēnei i te paru wheketere, ngā matūriki rino rānei mai i ngā taputapu tapahi te eke ki te mata o ngā wāhanga maitai kore waikura i te wā e tukatukahia ana. Ki te kore e tangohia, ka whakaitihia pea e ēnei mea ke te whai huatanga o te kiriata tiaki taketake.
I te wā e mahi ana i te mīhini, ka taea te tango i ngā toenga o te rino kore utu mai i te taputapu ka whakawhitia ki te mata o te mea mahi kowiri tira. I ētahi wā, ka puta he paparanga waikura angiangi ki te wāhanga. Inaa, ko te waikura tēnei o te maitai taputapu, ehara i te konganuku turanga. I ētahi wā ka taea e ngā kapiti mai i ngā matūriki maitai kua whakauruhia mai i ngā taputapu tapahi, i ō rātou hua waikura rānei te whakangaro i te wāhanga tonu.
Waihoki, ka taea e ngā matūriki iti o te paru whakarewa rino te piri ki te mata o te wāhanga. Ahakoa te āhua kanapa o te whakarewa i tōna āhua oti, i muri i te pānga ki te hau, ka taea e ngā matūriki rino kore e kitea te waikura o te mata te whakapūmau i te waikura.
He raruraru anō hoki ngā whanariki kua kitea. Ka hangaia ēnei mā te tāpiri i te whanariki ki te maitai kore waikura hei whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te miihini. Ka whakanui ake ngā whanariki i te kaha o te koranu ki te hanga maramara i te wā e miihinihia ana, ka taea te tango katoa mai i te taputapu tapahi. Mena kāore ngā wāhanga i te tika te whakakorenga, ka taea e ngā whanariki te noho hei tīmatanga mō te waikura o te mata o ngā hua ahumahi.
I ngā āhuatanga e rua, me whakakore te haunga hei whakanui ake i te ātete waikura tūturu o te maitai kore waikura. Ka tangohia e ia ngā poke mata pērā i ngā matūriki rino me ngā matūriki rino i roto i ngā taputapu tapahi ka taea te hanga waikura, te tīmatanga rānei o te waikura. Ka tangohia hoki e te whakakorenga ngā whanariki e kitea ana i runga i te mata o ngā koranu maitai kore waikura kua tapahia tuwhera.
Mā te tukanga e rua ngā taahiraa ka pai rawa te ātete ki te waikura: 1. Te horoi, te tukanga matua, engari i ētahi wā ka warewarehia 2. Te kaukau waikawa, te whakakorenga rānei.
Me waiho te horoi hei kaupapa matua. Me tino horoia ngā mata i te hinu, i te wai whakamatao, i ētahi atu para rānei kia pai ai te ātete ki te waikura. Ka taea te muru mārire i ngā para mīhini, i ētahi atu paru wheketere rānei i te wāhanga. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tango hinu arumoni, i ngā kaihoroi rānei hei tango i ngā hinu tukatuka, i ngā wai whakamatao rānei. Me tango pea ngā mea ke pēnei i ngā waikura wera mā ngā tikanga pēnei i te huri, te whakapūkara rānei.
I ētahi wā, ka wareware pea te kaiwhakahaere mīhini i te horoinga taketake, me te whakaaro hē ka puta te horoinga me te whakakorenga i te wā kotahi, mā te tuku noa i te wāhanga kua pania ki te hinu ki roto i te kaukau waikawa. Kāore e tupu. I tetahi atu taha, ka tauhohe te hinu poke ki te waikawa hei hanga mirumiru hau. Ka kohia ēnei mirumiru ki runga i te mata o te mea mahi, ā, ka whakararuraru i te whakakorenga.
Ko te mea kino rawa atu, ko te poke o ngā otinga passivation, he nui ngā kukū o te chloride i ētahi wā, ka puta he "flash". He rerekē ki te whakaputa i te kiriata waikura e hiahiatia ana me te mata kanapa, ma, ātete-waikura, ka taea e te whakairo mura te hua o te whakairo kino, te mangu rānei o te mata—he pirau o te mata e hangaia ana te passivation kia arotau.
Ka tineia ngā wāhanga maitai kore waikura martensitic [aukume, ātete ki te waikura āhua, kaha whakaputa tae atu ki te 280 mano psi (1930 MPa)] i ngā pāmahana teitei, kātahi ka whakamahanatia kia puta ai te pakeketanga me ngā āhuatanga hangarau e hiahiatia ana. Ka taea te tukatuka i ngā koranu whakapakeke ua (he kaha ake, he ātete ki te waikura i ngā taumata martensitic) ki te otinga, te mīhini wāhanga, te pakeke i ngā pāmahana iti iho, kātahi ka oti.
I tēnei wā, me horoi pai te wāhanga ki te tango hinu, ki te kaihoroi rānei i mua i te whakamahana hei tango i ngā toenga o te wai tapahi. Ki te kore, ka nui rawa te waikura i te toenga o te wai matao i runga i te wāhanga. Ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te hanga i ngā pakaru ki ngā wāhanga iti ake i muri i te tango i te tauine mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga waikawa, i ngā tikanga whakakoi rānei. Mena ka waiho te wai matao ki runga i ngā wāhanga kanapa kua whakapakeketia, pērā i roto i te oumu korehau, i roto rānei i te hau tiaki, ka puta te whakakākā o te mata, ka ngaro te ātete ki te waikura.
I muri i te horoinga tino pai, ka taea te tuku i ngā wāhanga kowiri tira ki roto i te kaukau waikawa whakakore. Ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi o ngā tikanga e toru – te whakakorenga ki te waikawa hauota, te whakakorenga ki te waikawa hauota ki te konutai dichromate, me te whakakorenga ki te waikawa citric. Ko te tikanga hei whakamahi ka whakawhirinaki ki te kounga o te kowiri tira me ngā paearu whakaae kua tohua.
Ka taea te whakakore i ngā momo nickel chromium e ātete ana ki te waikura i roto i te kaukau waikawa hauota 20% (v/v) (Pikitia 1). E ai ki te ripanga, ka taea te whakakore i ngā maitai kore waikura iti ake te ātete mā te tāpiri i te konutai dichromate ki te kaukau waikawa hauota kia nui ake te waikura o te otinga, kia taea ai te hanga i tētahi kiriata whakakore i runga i te mata whakarewa. Ko tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i te waikawa hauota ki te konutai chromate ko te whakanui ake i te kukū o te waikawa hauota ki te 50% mā te rōrahi. Mā te tāpiri i te konutai dichromate me te kukū teitei ake o te waikawa hauota ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te mura e kore e hiahiatia.
He rerekē paku te tukanga whakakorenga mō ngā maitai kore waikura ka taea te miihini (e whakaaturia ana hoki i te Pikitia 1) i te tukanga mō ngā momo maitai kore waikura kāore e taea te miihini. Nā te mea i te wā whakakorenga i roto i te kaukau waikawa hauota ka tangohia ētahi, te katoa rānei o ngā whanariki kei roto i te whanariki ka taea te miihini, ka hangaia he āhua kore ōrite mōkito i runga i te mata o te mea mahi.
Ahakoa te horoinga wai e whai hua ana i te nuinga o te wā, ka waiho pea he waikawa toenga i roto i ēnei momo koretake i muri i te whakakorenga. Ka pā tēnei waikawa ki te mata o te wāhanga mēnā kāore e whakakorea, e tangohia rānei.
Mō te whakakorenga pai o te maitai kore waikura ngāwari ki te mīhini, kua whakawhanakehia e Carpenter te tukanga AAA (Waikawa-Kawakore-Kawakore), e whakakore ana i te waikawa toenga. Ka taea te whakaoti i tēnei tikanga whakakorenga i roto i te iti iho i te 2 hāora. Anei te tukanga taahiraa i te taahiraa:
I muri i te tango i te hinu, rumakina ngā wāhanga ki te wairewa konutai hauwai 5% i te 71°C ki te 82°C mō te 30 meneti. Kātahi ka horoia rawatia ngā wāhanga ki te wai. Kātahi ka rumakina te wāhanga mō te 30 meneti ki roto i te wairewa waikawa hauota 20% (v/v) kei roto ko te 22 karamu/rita konutai dichromate i te 49°C ki te 60°C. ) I muri i te tango i te wāhanga mai i te kaukau, horoia ki te wai, kātahi ka rumakina ki roto i te wairewa konutai hauwai mō te 30 meneti. Horoia anō te wāhanga ki te wai, ka whakamaroke, ka whakaoti i te tikanga AAA.
Kei te piki haere te rongonui o te whakakorenga waikawa citric i waenga i ngā kaihanga e hiahia ana ki te karo i te whakamahinga o ngā waikawa kohuke, ngā otinga rānei kei roto ko te konutai dichromate, tae atu ki ngā raruraru whakakorenga me te pikinga ake o ngā āwangawanga haumaru e pā ana ki te whakamahinga. E kiia ana he pai te waikawa citric mō te taiao i ngā āhuatanga katoa.
Ahakoa he pai ngā painga taiao o te whakakorenga waikawa citric, ko ngā toa kua angitu ki te whakakorenga waikawa inorganic, ā, kāore he āwangawanga mō te haumaru, ka hiahia pea rātou ki te noho tonu i tēnei huarahi. Mena he ma te toa o ēnei kaiwhakamahi, kei te pai te āhua o ngā taputapu, kāore he putunga ferrous o te wheketere i roto i te wai whakamatao, ā, kei te pai ngā hua o te tukanga, kāore pea he take tūturu mō te whakarerekētanga.
Kua kitea he whai hua te whakakorenga o te kaukau waikawa citric mō te whānuitanga o ngā maitai kore waikura, tae atu ki ētahi momo maitai kore waikura takitahi, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2. Hei whakangāwari, kei roto i te Pikitia 2.1 te tikanga tuku iho o te whakakorenga me te waikawa hauota. Kia mahara ko ngā whakatakotoranga waikawa hauota tawhito e whakaatuhia ana hei ōrau mā te rōrahi, ko ngā kukū waikawa citric hou e whakaatuhia ana hei ōrau mā te papatipu. He mea nui kia mōhio i te wā e mahi ana i ēnei tikanga, he mea nui te taurite tupato o te wā rumaki, te pāmahana kaukau, me te kukū hei karo i te "kanapa" kua whakaahuatia i runga ake nei.
Ka rerekē te whakapūmau i runga i te nui o te chromium me ngā āhuatanga tukatuka o ia momo. Mātakitakihia ngā pou mō te Tukanga 1, mō te Tukanga 2 rānei. E ai ki te Pikitia 3, he iti ake ngā hikoinga o te Tukanga 1 i te Tukanga 2.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga he ngāwari ake te tukanga whakakore waikawa citric ki te "kohua" i te tukanga waikawa hauota. Ko ngā āhuatanga e whai wāhi ana ki tēnei whakaeke ko te pāmahana kaukau teitei rawa, te roa rawa o te wā rumaki, me te poke o te kaukau. Kei te wātea ngā hua waikawa citric kei roto ngā aukati waikura me ētahi atu tāpiringa pēnei i ngā kaihoko whakamakuku, ā, e pūrongohia ana ka whakaiti i te āheinga ki te "waikura tere".
Ko te kōwhiringa whakamutunga o te tikanga whakakorenga ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā paearu whakaae kua whakatakotoria e te kiritaki. Tirohia te ASTM A967 mō ētahi atu kōrero. Ka taea te uru atu ki www.astm.org.
He maha ngā whakamātautau e whakahaerehia ana hei aromatawai i te mata o ngā wāhanga kua pāngia. Ko te pātai hei whakautu ko "Ka tangohia e te pāngia te rino kore utu, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura o ngā koranu mō te tapahi aunoa?"
He mea nui kia ōrite te tikanga whakamātautau ki te akomanga e arotakehia ana. Ko ngā whakamātautau tino kaha rawa e kore e eke ki ngā rauemi tino pai, ko ngā whakamātautau ngoikore rawa ia ka eke ki ngā wāhanga kāore i te pai.
Ko te PH me ngā maitai kore waikura raupapa 400 ngāwari-mīhini ka pai ake te aromatawai i roto i tētahi rūma e kaha ana ki te pupuri i te 100% haumākū (mākū tauira) mō ngā hāora 24 i te 95°F (35°C). Ko te wāhanga whakawhiti te mata tino nui, inā koa mō ngā momo tapahi kore utu. Ko tētahi take mō tēnei ko te kume o te whanariki i te ahunga mīhini puta noa i tēnei mata.
Me whakanoho ngā mata tino nui ki runga, engari kia koki 15 ki te 20 nekehanga mai i te poutū, kia kore ai e ngaro te makuku. E kore rawa e waikura te rauemi kua tika te whakakorenga, ahakoa ka puta pea he ira iti ki runga.
Ka taea hoki te aromatawai i ngā tohu o te maitai kore waikura austenitic mā te whakamātautau makuku. I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, me kitea he pata wai ki runga i te mata o te tauira, hei tohu i te rino kore utu mā te noho mai o te waikura.
He rerekē ngā tukanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā maitai kore waikura aunoa me ngā maitai ā-ringa e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā otinga waikawa citric, waikawa hauota rānei. Kei te pikitia 3 i raro nei ngā taipitopito mō te kōwhiringa tukanga.
(a) Whakatikatikahia te pH ki te hauwai konutai. (b) Tirohia te pikitia 3(c) Ko te Na2Cr2O7 he 3 oz/gal (22 g/L) te konutai dichromate i roto i te 20% waikawa hauota. Ko tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i tēnei ranunga ko te 50% waikawa hauota me te kore he konutai dichromate.
Ko te huarahi tere ake ko te whakamahi i te ASTM A380, te Mahi Paerewa mō te Horoi, te Tango Tauine, me te Whakakore i ngā Wāhanga, Taputapu, me ngā Pūnaha Kowiri tira. Kei roto i te whakamātautau te muru i te wāhanga ki te otinga konukura whanariki/waikawa whanariki, te pupuri kia mākū mō te 6 meneti, me te tirotiro i te whakakikoruatanga parahi. Tērā atu huarahi, ka taea te rumaki i te wāhanga ki roto i te otinga mō te 6 meneti. Mena ka rewa te rino, ka puta te whakakikoruatanga parahi. Kāore tēnei whakamātautau e pā ki ngā mata o ngā wāhanga tukatuka kai. Waihoki, kaua e whakamahia ki ngā maitai martensitic raupapa 400, ki ngā maitai ferritic chromium iti rānei, nā te mea ka puta pea ngā hua teka.
I ngā wā o mua, ko te whakamātautau rehu tote 5% i te 95°F (35°C) i whakamahia anō hoki hei aromatawai i ngā tauira kua pāngia. He tino uaua rawa tēnei whakamātautau mō ētahi momo, ā, kāore i te hiahiatia kia whakaū i te whai huatanga o te pāngia.
Kaua e whakamahi i te nui rawa o te hauota, ka pā mai pea ngā mura kino. Whakamahia noa te wai kounga teitei me te iti iho i te 50 wāhanga ia miriona (ppm) o te hauota i ngā wā katoa e taea ana. He nui te wai puna, ā, i ētahi wā ka taea e ia te tu atu ki te maha rau wāhanga ia miriona o te hauota.
He mea nui kia whakakapia te kaukau i ia wā, i ia wā, kia kore ai e ngaro te kaha o te whakakorenga, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te whiunga uira me te kino o ngā wāhanga. Me pupuri tonu te kaukau i te pāmahana tika, nā te mea ka taea e ngā pāmahana kāore e whakahaeretia te whakararu i te rohe.
He mea nui kia whai i tētahi kaupapa whakawhiti otinga tino motuhake i ngā wā whakaputa nui hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te poke. I whakamahia he tauira whakahaere hei whakamātautau i te whai huatanga o te kaukau. Mena kua whakaekea te tauira, kua tae ki te wā ki te whakakapi i te kaukau.
Kia mōhio mai ko ētahi mīhini he kowiri tira anake te mea e hangaia ana; whakamahia te whakamatao e pai ana mō te tapahi i te kowiri tira, engari kaua e whakamahia ngā konganuku kē atu.
Ka mīhinihia motuhaketia ngā wāhanga whatanga DO kia kore ai e pā te konganuku ki te konganuku. He mea nui rawa tēnei mō te mīhini kore utu o te kowiri tira, nā te mea e hiahiatia ana ngā otinga whakakorekore me te horoi ngāwari hei whakamarara i ngā hua waikura whanariki me te ārai i te hanganga o ngā pute waikawa.
Kaua e whakakāhoretia ngā wāhanga maitai kore waikura kua whakakāhoretia, kua whakakāhoretia rānei ki te hauota. Ka taea te whakaiti i te ātete waikura o ngā wāhanga e tukatukahia ana i tēnei ara kia kino rawa atu i roto i te kaukau whakakāhoretia.
Kaua e whakamahia ngā taputapu whakarewa rino i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te awheawhe kāore i te tino ma. Ka taea te karo i ngā maramara maitai mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu carbide, uku rānei.
Kia tūpato ka puta te waikura i roto i te kaukau whakakorekore mena kāore te wāhanga i tukatukahia kia tika te wera. Me whakapakeke ngā momo martensitic he nui te waro me te chromium kia ātete ai ki te waikura.
I te nuinga o te wā ka mahia te whakakorenga i muri i te whakamakuku i ngā pāmahana e mau tonu ai te ātete ki te waikura.
Kaua e warewarehia te kukū o te waikawa hauota i roto i te kaukau whakangāwari. Me tirotiro i ia wā mā te whakamahi i te tikanga titration māmā i tūtohutia e Carpenter. Kaua e whakangāwari i te neke atu i te kotahi te maitai kore waikura i te wā kotahi. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te pōhēhē utu nui, ā, ka ārai hoki i ngā tauhohenga konukōre.
Mō ngā Kaituhi: He Tohunga R&D a Terry A. DeBold mō ngā Koranu Kowiri tira, ā, he Tohunga Whakarewa Pae a James W. Martin i Carpenter Technology Corp.(Reading, Pennsylvania).
E hia te utu? E hia te wāhi e hiahiatia ana e au? He aha ngā take taiao ka pā mai ki ahau? E hia te tere o te ako? He aha tonu te mea nei ko te whakaanodizing? Kei raro nei ngā whakautu ki ngā pātai tuatahi a ngā tohunga mō te whakaanodizing i te roto.
Ko te whiwhi hua kounga teitei, pumau hoki mai i te tukanga huri kore-waenga me mātua mārama ki ngā āhuatanga taketake. Ko te nuinga o ngā raruraru tono e pā ana ki te huri kore-waenga ka puta mai i te kore mārama ki ngā āhuatanga taketake. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga he aha te mahi a te tukanga kore-whakaaro me pēhea te whakamahi pai i roto i tō awheawhe.