Waona kuti zvikamu izvi zvakagadzirwa zvichienderana nezvakatsanangurwa. Iye zvino ita shuwa kuti watora matanho ekudzivirira zvikamu izvi munzvimbo inotarisirwa nevatengi vako. #base
Kunyudza kuchiri danho rakakosha mukuwedzera kusimba kwezvikamu nemidziyo yakagadzirwa nesimbi isingatsvi. Izvi zvinogona kuita mutsauko pakati pekushanda zvakanaka nekutadza kushanda zvakanaka nguva isati yakwana. Kunyudza kusingakoshi kunogona kukonzera ngura.
Kuisa pasi inzira yekugadzira mushure mekugadzira iyo inowedzera kuramba kwesimbi isina ngura iyo workpiece yakagadzirwa nayo. Izvi hazvisi kubvisa kana kupenda.
Hapana kubvumirana pane mashandiro chaiwo anoitwa passivation. Asi zvinozivikanwa zvechokwadi kuti pane firimu rekudzivirira oxide pamusoro pesimbi isina tsvina isina kupiswa. Firimu iri risingaonekwe rinonzi rakatetepa zvikuru, riri pasi pe 0.0000000 inch, iro riri pa1/100,000th ukobvu hwebvudzi remunhu!
Chikamu chesimbi isina tsvina chakachena, chitsva chakagadziriswa, chakakweshwa, kana chakabikwa munyu chinozowana firimu re oxide iyi otomatiki nekuda kwekusangana nemhepo inotonhorera. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, chikamu ichi che oxide chinodzivirira chinofukidza zvachose nzvimbo dzese dzechikamu chacho.
Zvisinei, mukuita, tsvina yakaita sevhu remufekitori kana zvidimbu zvesimbi zvinobva muzvishandiso zvekucheka zvinogona kupinda pamusoro pezvikamu zvesimbi isingatsvedzi panguva yekugadzirisa. Kana zvikasabviswa, zvinhu izvi zvekunze zvinogona kuderedza kushanda kwefirimu rekudzivirira rekutanga.
Panguva yekugadzirwa kwesimbi, zvisaririra zvesimbi zvinogona kubviswa kubva pamudziyo woendeswa pamusoro pechinhu chesimbi chisina ngura. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ngura yakatetepa inogona kuoneka pachikamu chacho. Kutaura zvazviri, uku ndiko ngura yesimbi yemudziyo, kwete simbi yekutanga. Dzimwe nguva zvidimbu zvesimbi zvakaputirwa kubva pamidziyo yekucheka kana zvigadzirwa zvayo zvengura zvinogona kuparadza chikamu chacho pachacho.
Saizvozvowo, zvidimbu zvidiki zvevhu resimbi rine simbi zvinogona kunamira pamusoro pechinhu chacho. Kunyange zvazvo simbi yacho ingaita seyakapenya kana yapera, mushure mekusangana nemhepo, zvidimbu zvisingaoneki zvesimbi yakasununguka zvinogona kukonzera ngura pamusoro.
Masulfide akafumurwa anogonawo kuva dambudziko. Anogadzirwa nekuwedzera sarufa kusimbi isingatsvi kuti michina ishande zvakanaka. Masulfide anowedzera kugona kwesimbi kugadzira machipisi panguva yekugadzirwa, ayo anogona kubviswa zvachose kubva pamudziyo wekucheka. Kana zvikamu zvisina kupfava zvakanaka, masulfide anogona kuva pokutangira ngura pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri.
Muzviitiko zvese izvi, kunyungudutsa kunodiwa kuti simbi isingatsvinyike irambe yakasimba. Inobvisa tsvina yepamusoro yakaita sesimbi nezvimedu zvesimbi muzvishandiso zvekucheka zvinogona kugadzira ngura kana kuva pokutangira kunyungudutsa. Kunyungudutsa kunobvisawo sulphides inowanikwa pamusoro pesimbi isingatsvinyike yakavhurika.
Maitiro ane matanho maviri anopa simba rakanakisisa rekudzivirira ngura: 1. Kuchenesa, ndiyo nzira huru, asi dzimwe nguva inoregeredzwa 2. Kugeza neasidhi kana kuti kunyura.
Kuchenesa kunofanira kugara kuri chinhu chinonyanya kukosheswa. Nzvimbo dzinofanira kucheneswa zvakakwana kubva mumafuta, chinotonhodza kana mamwe marara kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti ngura haipindike zvakanaka. Marara emuchina kana rimwe tsvina yemufekitori anogona kubviswa zvinyoro nyoro kubva muchikamu chacho. Zvinobvisa mafuta kana zvinochenesa zvemabhizimisi zvinogona kushandiswa kubvisa mafuta ekugadzira kana zvinotonhodza. Zvinhu zvekunze zvakaita se thermal oxides zvingada kubviswa nenzira dzakadai sekukuya kana kusvina.
Dzimwe nguva mushandisi wemuchina anogona kukanganwa kuchenesa zvinhu zvishoma, achifungidzira zvisiri izvo kuti kuchenesa nekupfapfaidza zvichaitika panguva imwe chete, nekungonyudza chikamu chakazorwa mafuta mubhavhu rine acid. Hazvizoitiki. Kusiyana neizvi, mafuta ane tsvina anosangana neacid kuti agadzire mabubble emhepo. Mabubble aya anoungana pamusoro pebasa uye anopindirana nekupfapfaidza.
Zvakatoipisisa, kusvibiswa kwemvura inonyungudutsa, iyo dzimwe nguva ine huwandu hwakawanda hwema chloride, kunogona kukonzera "flash". Kusiyana nekugadzira firimu re oxide rinodiwa rine pamusoro unopenya, wakachena, unodzivirira ngura, kupenya kunogona kukonzera kusviba kwakanyanya kana kuti kusviba kwenzvimbo - kuora kwenzvimbo uko kusvibiswa kwakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa.
Zvidimbu zvesimbi isina ngura zveMartensitic [zvine magineti, zvinodzivirira ngura zvine mwero, zvinopa simba rinosvika 280 thousand psi (1930 MPa)] zvinodzimwa pakupisa kwakanyanya uye zvinozodzimwa kuti zvipe kuomarara kwaunoda uye hunhu hwemakanika. Ma alloys akaomarara emvura (ane simba riri nani uye anodzivirira ngura kupfuura martensitic grades) anogona kugadziriswa, kugadzirwa muchina zvishoma, kucheneswa pakupisa kwakaderera, uye obva apedzwa.
Muchiitiko ichi, chikamu chinofanira kucheneswa zvakanaka ne degreaser kana cleaner usati wapisa kuti ubvise chero zvisaririra zvemvura inochekwa. Zvikasadaro, coolant inosara pachikamu inogona kukonzera oxidation yakawandisa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera maburi kuumbwa pazvikamu zvidiki mushure mekubviswa paganda ne acid kana nzira dzekukwesha. Kana coolant ikasiyiwa pazvikamu zvakaomeswa zvinopenya, senge mu vacuum fire kana mumhepo inodzivirira, carburization yepamusoro inogona kuitika, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa nekudzivirira ngura.
Mushure mekucheneswa kwakanyatsoitwa, zvikamu zvesimbi isina ngura zvinogona kunyudzwa mubhavhu rinopisa asidhi. Chero nzira nhatu dzinogona kushandiswa - kupfapfaidza ne nitric acid, kupfapfaidza ne nitric acid ne sodium dichromate, uye kupfapfaidza ne citric acid. Nzira yekushandisa inoenderana nerudzi rwesimbi isina ngura uye zvinodiwa zvakatarwa.
Magiredhi akawanda e nickel chromium anodzivirira ngura anogona kupfachurwa mubhavhu re 20% (v/v) nitric acid (Mufananidzo 1). Sezvakaratidzwa mutafura, simbi dzisina ngura dzisingapfachurwi dzinogona kupfachurwa nekuwedzera sodium dichromate mubhavhu re nitric acid kuti mhinduro iwedzere oxidizing uye ikwanise kugadzira firimu rinopfachukira pamusoro pesimbi. Imwe sarudzo yekutsiva nitric acid ne sodium chromate ndeyekuwedzera huwandu hwe nitric acid kusvika 50% nevhoriyamu. Kuwedzerwa kwe sodium dichromate uye huwandu hwakawanda hwe nitric acid zvinoderedza mukana wekuti pave ne flash isingadiwe.
Maitiro ekushandisa simbi dzisina tsvina dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira (anoratidzwawo muMufananidzo 1) akasiyana zvishoma nemaitiro ekushandisa simbi dzisina tsvina dzisingashandisi pakugadzira. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti panguva yekushanda mubhavhu re nitric acid mamwe kana ese ma sulfide ane sulfur anobviswa, zvichiita kuti pave nekusawirirana kudiki pamusoro pechinhu chebasa.
Kunyangwe kugeza nemvura kunoshanda zvakanaka kunogona kusiya asidhi yasara muzvirambidzo izvi mushure mekupfava. Asidhi iyi inorwisa pamusoro pechikamu kana ikasabviswa kana kusunungurwa.
Kuti simbi isingatsvi ishande zvakanaka, Carpenter akagadzira nzira yeAAA (Alkaline-Acid-Alkaline), iyo inobvisa acid yakasara. Nzira iyi yekubvisa acid inogona kupedzwa muasingasviki maawa maviri. Heino nzira yedanho nedanho:
Mushure mekudzima mafuta, nyika zvikamu mu 5% sodium hydroxide solution pa 160°F kusvika 180°F (71°C kusvika 82°C) kwemaminitsi makumi matatu. Wobva wasuka zvikamu zvakanaka mumvura. Wobva wanyika chikamu kwemaminitsi makumi matatu mumushonga we 20% (v/v) nitric acid une 3 oz/gal (22 g/l) sodium dichromate pa 120°F kusvika 140°F (49°C) kusvika 60°C. ) Mushure mekubvisa chikamu mubhavhu, chisuke nemvura, wobva wachinyika mumushonga we sodium hydroxide kwemaminitsi makumi matatu. Sukurudza chikamu chacho zvakare nemvura wochiomesa, uchipedzisa nzira yeAAA.
Kushandiswa kweCitric acid passivation kuri kuwedzera kufarirwa nevagadziri vanoda kudzivirira kushandisa mineral acids kana mhinduro dzine sodium dichromate, pamwe nematambudziko ekurasa zvinhu uye kuwedzera kwekusachengetedzwa kwezvinokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwazvo. Citric acid inoonekwa seyakachengeteka zvakatipoteredza munzira dzese.
Kunyange zvazvo kunyungudutsa kwe citric acid kuchipa mabhenefiti akanaka kune nharaunda, zvitoro zvakabudirira nekunyungudutsa kwe inorganic acid uye zvisina hanya nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvingada kuramba zvichienderera mberi. Kana vashandisi ava vaine chitoro chakachena, michina iri mumamiriro akanaka uye yakachena, chinotonhodza chisina ferrous deposits yefekitori, uye maitiro acho ari kuburitsa mhedzisiro yakanaka, pangave pasina chikonzero chaicho chekuchinja.
Kushandiswa kweCitric acid mubhavhu kwakawanikwa kuchibatsira kune simbi dzakasiyana-siyana dzisina ngura, kusanganisira mhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi dzisina ngura, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2. Kuti zvive nyore, Mufananidzo 2. 1 unosanganisira nzira yechinyakare yekushandiswa kweNitric Acid. Cherechedza kuti maformula ekare eNitric Acid anoratidzwa semapercentages nevolume, nepo huwandu hutsva hweCitric Acid hunoratidzwa semapercentages nehukuru. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pakuita maitiro aya, kuyera nguva yekunyorova, tembiricha yekugeza, uye huwandu hwakakosha kudzivirira "kupenya" kwakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa.
Passivation inosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwechromium uye hunhu hwekugadzirisa hwemhando yega yega. Cherechedza makoramu eProcess 1 kana Process 2. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3, Process 1 ine matanho mashoma pane Process 2.
Kuongororwa kwemurabhoritari kwakaratidza kuti maitiro ekubvisa citric acid anogona "kufashaira" kupfuura maitiro e nitric acid. Zvinhu zvinokonzera kurwiswa uku zvinosanganisira kupisa kwakanyanya kwekugezera, nguva yakareba yekunyikwa mumvura, uye kusvibiswa kwemubhavhu. Zvigadzirwa zve citric acid zvine zvinodzivirira ngura nezvimwe zvinowedzera zvakaita se wetting agents zvinowanikwa kutengeswa uye zvinonzi zvinoderedza mukana we "flash corrosion".
Sarudzo yekupedzisira yenzira yepassivation inoenderana nezvinodiwa nemutengi. Ona ASTM A967 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo. Inogona kuwanikwa pa www.astm.org.
Miedzo inowanzoitwa kuti iongorore pamusoro pezvikamu zvisina simba. Mubvunzo unofanirwa kupindurwa ndewekuti "Ko kudzima simba kunobvisa simbi isina simba here uye kunogadzirisa kuramba kwengura kwezvichekwa zvemagetsi here?"
Zvakakosha kuti nzira yekuyedza ienderane nekirasi iri kuongororwa. Miedzo yakanyanya kuoma haizopfuure zvinhu zvakanaka, nepo bvunzo dzisina kusimba dzichizopfuura zvikamu zvisingagutsi.
PH uye simbi dzisina ngura dzemhando ye400 series dzinoshandiswa zviri nyore kugadzira zvinoongororwa zvakanaka mukamuri inokwanisa kuchengetedza hunyoro hwe100% (sample wet) kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana pa95°F (35°C). Chikamu chakachinjika ndicho chinonyanya kukosha, kunyanya pakucheka pasina muripo. Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti sulphide inodhonzwa muchina uchiyambuka nzvimbo iyi.
Nzvimbo dzakakosha dzinofanira kuiswa mudenga, asi pakona yemadhigirii 15 kusvika 20 kubva kumusoro, kuitira kuti hunyoro husapere. Zvinhu zvisina kunyorova zvakanaka hazvizomboiti ngura, kunyange zvazvo madonhwe madiki anogona kuonekwa pazviri.
Magiredhi esimbi isina ngura yeAustenitic anogonawo kuongororwa nekuongororwa kwehunyoro. Mukuedzwa uku, madonhwe emvura anofanira kunge aripo pamusoro pemuenzaniso, zvichiratidza kuti simbi yakasununguka iripo nekuvapo kwengura.
Maitiro ekushandisa simbi dzisina ngura dzinongoerekana dzashandiswa otomatiki nedzinoshandiswa nemaoko mumhinduro dze citric kana nitric acid anoda maitiro akasiyana. Pamufananidzo 3 pazasi pane ruzivo rwekusarudza maitiro.
(a) Gadzirisa pH ne sodium hydroxide. (b) Ona mufananidzo 3(c) Na2Cr2O7 i 3 oz/gal (22 g/L) sodium dichromate mu 20% nitric acid. Imwe nzira yekuchinjana iyi i 50% nitric acid isina sodium dichromate.
Nzira inokurumidza ndeyekushandisa ASTM A380, Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems. Kuedza uku kunosanganisira kupukuta chikamu ichi ne copper sulfate/sulfuric acid solution, kuchichengetedza chakanyorova kwemaminitsi matanhatu, uye kutarisa copper plating. Neimwe nzira, chikamu ichi chinogona kunyudzwa mumushonga kwemaminitsi matanhatu. Kana iron ikanyunguduka, copper plating inoitika. Kuedza uku hakushande pamusoro pezvikamu zvekugadzira chikafu. Zvakare, hakufanirwe kushandiswa pa400 series martensitic steels kana low chromium ferritic steels sezvo mhedzisiro yenhema inogona kuitika.
Kare, bvunzo ye5% yemunyu inopfapfaidzwa pa95°F (35°C) yakashandiswawo kuongorora sampuli dzisina kupfapfaidzwa. Bvunzo iyi yakanyanya kuoma kune dzimwe mhando dzemiti uye kazhinji haidiwi kusimbisa kushanda kwemvura isina kupfapfaidzwa.
Dzivisa kushandisa machloride akawandisa, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kutsva kweganda. Shandisa mvura yemhando yepamusoro chete ine chloride isingasviki 50 parts per million (ppm) pese pazvinogoneka. Mvura yepombi inowanzo kukwana, uye mune dzimwe nguva inogona kutsungirira kusvika kumazana ezvikamu pamamiriyoni emachloride.
Zvakakosha kutsiva imba yekugezera nguva nenguva kuitira kuti isarasikirwa nekwaniso yekunyura, izvo zvinogona kukonzera mheni uye kukuvara kwezvikamu. Imba yekugezera inofanira kuchengetedzwa patembiricha yakakodzera, sezvo tembiricha isingadzoreki inogona kukonzera ngura munzvimbo iyoyo.
Zvakakosha kutevedzera purogiramu chaiyo yekuchinja mhinduro panguva yekugadzira yakakura kuti kuderedza mukana wekusvibiswa. Muenzaniso wekuongorora wakashandiswa kuyedza kushanda kwebhavhu. Kana muenzaniso wacho wakarwiswa, inguva yekutsiva bhavhu.
Ndapota cherechedzai kuti mimwe michina inogadzira simbi isingatsvi; shandisai chinhu chimwe chete chinotonhodza simbi isingatsvi, muchisiya dzimwe simbi dzese.
Zvikamu zveDO rack zvinogadzirwa zvakasiyana kuti simbi isabatane nesimbi. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru pakugadzira simbi isina ngura isina ngura, sezvo mhinduro dzinoyerera zviri nyore uye dzinosukwa dzichidiwa kuti dziparadzire zvigadzirwa zve sulfide ngura uye kudzivirira kuumbwa kwe acid pockets.
Usashandise zvikamu zvesimbi isina ngura zvakakangwa kana kuti zvakacheneswa ne nitride. Kusagona ngura kwezvikamu zvakagadziriswa nenzira iyi kunogona kuderedzwa zvekuti zvinogona kukuvara mubhavhu rekushambira.
Usashandise maturusi esimbi ane ferrous munzvimbo dzisina kuchena zvakanyanya. Zvimedu zvesimbi zvinogona kudzivirirwa nekushandisa maturusi ecarbide kana ceramic.
Zivai kuti ngura inogona kuitika mubhavhu repasi kana chikamu chacho chisina kugadziriswa zvakanaka nekupisa. Magiredhi eMartensitic ane kabhoni yakawanda uye chromium anofanirwa kuomeswa kuti arambe ngura.
Kudzikisa kunowanzoitwa mushure mekudzikisa tembiricha dzinochengetedza ngura.
Usaregeredza kuunganidzwa kwe nitric acid mubhavhu repasi. Kuongorora nguva nenguva kunofanirwa kuitwa uchishandisa nzira iri nyore ye titration yakakurudzirwa naCarpenter. Usapfuure simbi dzinopfuura imwe chete panguva imwe chete. Izvi zvinodzivirira kuvhiringidzika kunodhura uye zvinodzivirira galvanic reactions.
NezveVanyori: Terry A. DeBold inyanzvi yekuongorora nekugadzira Stainless Steel Alloys uye James W. Martin inyanzvi yeBar Metallurgy kuCarpenter Technology Corp.(Reading, Pennsylvania).
Mari yacho yakawanda sei? Ndinoda nzvimbo yakakura sei? Ndichasangana nematambudziko api ezvakatipoteredza? Nzira yekudzidza yakamanikana zvakadini? Chii chinonzi anodizing? Pazasi pane mhinduro dzemibvunzo yekutanga yenyanzvi nezvekuzora mukati.
Kuwana mhedzisiro yakanaka uye inogara iripo kubva mukuita kwekukuya kusina pakati kunoda kunzwisisa kwakakosha. Matambudziko mazhinji ekushandisa ane chekuita nekukuya kusina pakati anobva mukushaikwa kwekunzwisisa zvinhu zvakakosha. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura kuti sei maitiro asina pfungwa achishanda uye kuti ungaashandisa sei zvinobudirira muworkshop yako.