Inothi Lomhleli: Lesi sihloko singesesibili ochungechungeni olunezingxenye ezimbili emakethe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemigqa yokudlulisa uketshezi enobubanzi obuncane ukuze kusetshenziswe umfutho ophezulu. Isigaba sokuqala sixoxa ngokutholakala kwemikhiqizo evamile yalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngaphakathi ezweni, okuyizinto ezingavamile. Ingxenye yesibili ixoxa ngemikhiqizo emibili engeyona eyendabuko kule makethe.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zamapayipi e-hydraulic ahlanganisiwe aqokwe yi-Society of Automotive Engineers – SAE-J525 kanye ne-SAE-J356A – abelana ngomthombo ofanayo, njengoba kunjalo nangemininingwane yawo ebhaliwe. Imicu yensimbi eyisicaba iyasikwa ibe ububanzi futhi yenziwe amashubhu ngokuwafaka iphrofayili. Ngemva kokuba imiphetho yestrip ipholishiwe ngethuluzi eligoqiwe, ipayipi liyashiswa ngokuwasha okumelana nemvamisa ephezulu bese lihlanganiswa phakathi kwama-pressure rolls ukuze kwakhiwe i-weld. Ngemva kokuwasha, i-OD burr isuswa ngesibambi, esivame ukwenziwa nge-tungsten carbide. I-flash yokuhlonza iyasuswa noma ilungiswe ibe ukuphakama okuphezulu komklamo kusetshenziswa ithuluzi lokukhiya.
Incazelo yale nqubo yokushisela ijwayelekile, futhi kunezinhlobo eziningi zomehluko emincane yenqubo ekukhiqizweni kwangempela (bheka uMfanekiso 1). Kodwa-ke, babelana ngezakhiwo eziningi zemishini.
Ukwehluleka kwamapayipi kanye nezindlela ezivamile zokwehluleka kungahlukaniswa ngemithwalo yokudonsa kanye neyokucindezela. Ezintweni eziningi, ukucindezeleka kokudonsa kuphansi kunokucindezeleka kokucindezela. Kodwa-ke, izinto eziningi ziqine kakhulu ekucindezelweni kunasekucindezelweni. Ikhonkrithi iyisibonelo. Icindezelwa kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kokuthi ibunjwe ngenethiwekhi yangaphakathi yemigoqo yokuqinisa (ama-rebars), kulula ukuyiphula. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, insimbi ihlolwa ukuze kutholakale amandla ayo okudonsa aphezulu (i-UTS). Wonke amasayizi amathathu epayipi le-hydraulic anezidingo ezifanayo: i-310 MPa (45,000 psi) UTS.
Ngenxa yamandla amapayipi okucindezela ukumelana nokucindezela kwe-hydraulic, kungase kudingeke ukubala okuhlukile kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhluleka, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kokuqhuma,. Izibalo zingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukucindezela kokuqhuma okuphelele okucatshangelwayo, kucatshangelwa ukujiya kodonga, i-UTS kanye nobubanzi bangaphandle bezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngenxa yokuthi ipayipi le-J525 kanye nepayipi le-J356A kungaba usayizi ofanayo, okuwukuphela kwento eguquguqukayo yi-UTS. Inikeza amandla okudonsa ajwayelekile angu-50,000 psi ngokucindezela kokuqhuma okubikezelayo okungu-0.500 x 0.049 in. Ipayipi liyafana kuyo yomibili imikhiqizo: 10,908 psi.
Nakuba izibikezelo ezibaliwe zifana, umehluko owodwa ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo ubangelwa ubukhulu bodonga bangempela. Ku-J356A, i-burr yangaphakathi ilungiselelwa usayizi omkhulu kuye ngobubanzi bombhobho njengoba kuchaziwe kuncazelo. Kumikhiqizo ye-J525 ekhishwe imfucuza, inqubo yokususa imfucuza ivame ukunciphisa ngamabomu ububanzi bangaphakathi cishe ngamasentimitha angu-0.002, okuholela ekunciphiseni udonga endaweni yokushisela. Nakuba ubukhulu bodonga bugcwele ukusebenza okubandayo okulandelayo, ukucindezeleka okusele kanye nokuma kwezinhlamvu kungahluka ensimbini eyisisekelo, futhi ubukhulu bodonga bungaba buncane kancane kunepayipi elifanayo elichazwe ku-J356A.
Kuye ngokusetshenziswa kokugcina kwepayipi, i-burr yangaphakathi kumele isuswe noma ibekwe phansi (noma ibekwe phansi) ukuze kuqedwe izindlela ezingase zivuthe, ikakhulukazi amafomu okuphela okuvuthelwe odongeni olulodwa. Nakuba i-J525 ivame ukukholelwa ukuthi ine-ID ebushelelezi ngakho-ke ayivuthi, lokhu kuyiphutha elingalungile. Ipayipi le-J525 lingakha imivimbo ye-ID ngenxa yokusebenza okungalungile kokubanda, okuholela ekuvutheni lapho kuxhumaniswa.
Qala ukususa amalahle ngokusika (noma ukuklwebha) ubuhlalu bokushisela odongeni olungaphakathi olunobubanzi. Ithuluzi lokuhlanza linamathele ku-mandrel esekelwa ama-roller ngaphakathi kwepayipi, ngemuva nje kwesiteshi sokushisela. Ngesikhathi ithuluzi lokuhlanza lisusa ubuhlalu bokushisela, ama-roller ajika ngokungaqondile phezu kwe-spatter yokushisela, okwenza ukuba ishaye ubuso be-ID yepayipi (bheka Umfanekiso 2). Lena inkinga yamapayipi akhiwe kancane njengamapayipi aphendulwe noma acijile.
Ukususa i-flash epayipini akulula. Inqubo yokusika iguqula i-glitter ibe yintambo ende, ephithene yensimbi ebukhali. Nakuba ukususa kuyimfuneko, ukususa ngokuvamile kuyinqubo eyenziwa ngesandla futhi engaphelele. Izingxenye zamapayipi esikhafu ngezinye izikhathi zishiya indawo yomkhiqizi wamapayipi bese zithunyelwa kumakhasimende.
Ilayisi. 1. Izinto ze-SAE-J525 zikhiqizwa ngobuningi, okudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kanye nomsebenzi. Imikhiqizo efanayo ye-tubular eyenziwe kusetshenziswa i-SAE-J356A ifakwa ngokuphelele emishinini yokugaya amashubhu e-annealing, ngakho-ke isebenza kahle kakhulu.
Kumapayipi amancane, njengemigqa yoketshezi engaphansi kuka-20 mm ububanzi, ukususa ama-ID ngokuvamile akubalulekile njengoba lawa ma-diameter engadingi isinyathelo esengeziwe sokuqeda i-ID. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu ukuthi umsebenzisi wokugcina udinga kuphela ukucabangela ukuthi ukuphakama kokulawula i-flash okuhlala njalo kuzodala inkinga.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulawula ilangabi le-ID buqala ngokulungiswa kwe-strip okunembile, ukusika kanye nokushisela. Eqinisweni, izakhiwo zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-J356A kumele zibe nzima kakhulu kune-J525 ngoba i-J356A inemikhawulo eminingi ngobukhulu bezinhlamvu, ukufakwa kwe-oxide kanye neminye imingcele yokwenza insimbi ngenxa yenqubo yobukhulu obubandayo ehilelekile.
Okokugcina, ukushisela i-ID kuvame ukudinga i-coolant. Izinhlelo eziningi zisebenzisa i-coolant efanayo nethuluzi le-windrow, kodwa lokhu kungadala izinkinga. Naphezu kokuhluzwa nokusulwa kwamafutha, ama-coolant okugaya avame ukuqukethe inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya zensimbi, amafutha ahlukahlukene namafutha, kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo. Ngakho-ke, ipayipi le-J525 lidinga umjikelezo wokuwasha oshisayo noma esinye isinyathelo sokuhlanza esifanayo.
Ama-condenser, izinhlelo zezimoto, nezinye izinhlelo ezifanayo zidinga ukuhlanzwa kwamapayipi, futhi ukuhlanzwa okufanele kungenziwa emshinini wokugaya. I-J356A ishiya ifektri inembobo ehlanzekile, okuqukethwe komswakama okulawulwayo kanye nensalela encane. Okokugcina, kuyinto evamile ukugcwalisa ithubhu ngalinye ngegesi engangenisi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugqwala futhi kuboshwe iziphetho ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
Amapayipi e-J525 ayalungiswa ngemva kokushisela bese efakwa emakhazeni (edonswa). Ngemva kokusebenza emakhazeni, ipayipi liyalungiswa futhi ukuze lihlangabezane nazo zonke izidingo zomshini.
Izinyathelo zokulungisa, ukudweba ngocingo kanye nezinyathelo zesibili zokulungisa zidinga ukuthutha ipayipi liye esithandweni somlilo, esiteshini sokudweba bese libuyiselwa esithandweni somlilo. Kuye ngokuthi yikuphi ukusebenza, lezi zinyathelo zidinga ezinye izinyathelo ezincane ezihlukile njengokukhomba (ngaphambi kokupenda), ukuqopha nokuqondisa. Lezi zinyathelo ziyabiza futhi zidinga isikhathi esiningi, abasebenzi kanye nezinsizakusebenza zemali. Amapayipi adonswa ngokubandayo ahlotshaniswa nesilinganiso sokulahlwa esingu-20% ekukhiqizweni.
Ipayipi le-J356A liyalungiswa endaweni yokugoqa ngemva kokushisela. Ipayipi alithinti phansi futhi lihamba lisuka ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokwakha liye epayipini eliqediwe ngokulandelana okuqhubekayo kwezinyathelo endaweni yokugoqa. Amapayipi ashiselwe njenge-J356A anokumosheka okungu-10% ekukhiqizweni. Zonke ezinye izinto zilingana, lokhu kusho ukuthi izibani ze-J356A zishibhile ukuzikhiqiza kunezibani ze-J525.
Nakuba izakhiwo zale mikhiqizo emibili zifana, azifani ngokombono we-metallurgical.
Amapayipi e-J525 adonswa ngokubandayo adinga ukwelashwa okubili kokuqala kokujwayela: ngemva kokushisela kanye nangemva kokudonsa. Amazinga okushisa okujwayela (1650°F noma 900°C) abangela ukwakheka kwama-oxide angaphezulu, avame ukususwa nge-mineral acid (ngokuvamile i-sulfuric noma i-hydrochloric) ngemva kokufaka i-anneal. Ukufaka i-pickling kunomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo maqondana nokukhishwa komoya kanye nemifudlana yemfucuza egcwele insimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenziwa kwesimo esijwayelekile sokushisa emoyeni oncishisiwe wesithando somlilo esijikelezayo kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwekhabhoni ebusweni bensimbi. Le nqubo, i-decarburization, ishiya ungqimba olungaphezulu olubuthakathaka kakhulu kunezinto zokuqala (bheka uMfanekiso 3). Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumapayipi odonga amancane. Ngobukhulu bodonga obungu-0.030″, ngisho nongqimba oluncane lwe-decarburization olungu-0.003″ luzonciphisa udonga olusebenzayo ngo-10%. Amapayipi anjalo abuthakathaka angahluleka ngenxa yokucindezeleka noma ukudlidliza.
Umfanekiso 2. Ithuluzi lokuhlanza i-ID (aliboniswanga) lisekelwa ama-roller ahamba eduze kwe-ID yepayipi. Umklamo omuhle we-roller unciphisa inani le-welding spatter eligoqeka odongeni lwepayipi. Amathuluzi e-Nielsen
Amapayipi e-J356 acutshungulwa ngamaqoqo futhi adinga ukunamathiselwa esithandweni somlilo esinama-roller, kodwa lokhu akugcini lapho. Uhlobo, i-J356A, lusebenza ngokuphelele emshinini wokugoqa kusetshenziswa ukufakelwa okwakhelwe ngaphakathi, inqubo yokushisa eshesha kakhulu kunesithando somlilo esinama-roller. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokunamathisela, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ithuba lokususa ama-carburization kusukela kumaminithi (noma ngisho namahora) kuya kumasekhondi. Lokhu kunikeza i-J356A ukunamathisela okufanayo ngaphandle kwe-oxide noma i-decarburization.
Amapayipi asetshenziselwa imigqa ye-hydraulic kumele abe nokuguquguquka ngokwanele ukuze agobe, anwetshwe futhi akheke. Amagobe ayadingeka ukuze kuthathwe uketshezi lwe-hydraulic kusuka endaweni A kuya endaweni B, kudlule emagobeni ahlukahlukene kanye nokujika endleleni, futhi ukufutha kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlinzeka ngendlela yokuxhuma ekugcineni.
Esimweni senkukhu noma iqanda, amashimoni aklanyelwe ukuxhumanisa isishisi sodonga olulodwa (ngaleyo ndlela abe nobubanzi obubushelelezi bangaphakathi), noma kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke okuphambene nalokho. Kulesi simo, ubuso bangaphakathi bepayipi bufanelana kahle nesokhethi yesixhumi sephini. Ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwensimbi nensimbi, ubuso bepayipi kumele bube bushelelezi ngangokunokwenzeka. Lesi sisekeli savela ngawo-1920 e-US Air Force Air Division esafufusa. Lesi sisekeli kamuva saba yi-flare ejwayelekile yama-degree angu-37 esetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi se-COVID-19, ukunikezwa kwamapayipi adonswayo anobubanzi obubushelelezi bangaphakathi kwehle kakhulu. Izinto ezitholakalayo zivame ukuba nezikhathi zokulethwa ezinde kunangesikhathi esidlule. Lolu shintsho kumaketanga okuhlinzeka lungaxazululwa ngokuklama kabusha ukuxhumana kokuphela. Isibonelo, i-RFQ edinga isishisi sodonga esisodwa futhi icacisa ukuthi i-J525 iyindlela yokushintsha isishisi sodonga esiphindwe kabili. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwepayipi le-hydraulic lungasetshenziswa nalolu xhumano lokuphela. Lokhu kuvula amathuba okusebenzisa i-J356A.
Ngaphezu kokuxhumeka kwe-flare, izivalo ze-o-ring mechanical nazo zivamile (bheka isithombe 5), ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokucindezela okuphezulu. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumeka alugcini nje ngokuba luqinile kakhulu kune-flare enodonga olulodwa ngoba lusebenzisa izivalo ze-elastomeric, kodwa futhi lunokuguquguquka okuningi—lungakhiwa ekugcineni kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo oluvamile lwepayipi le-hydraulic. Lokhu kunikeza abakhiqizi bamapayipi amathuba amakhulu ochungechunge lokuhlinzeka kanye nokusebenza okungcono kwezomnotho kwesikhathi eside.
Umlando wezimboni ugcwele izibonelo zemikhiqizo yendabuko eqala ukumila ngesikhathi lapho kunzima khona emakethe ukushintsha indlela. Umkhiqizo oncintisanayo - ngisho noma ushibhile kakhulu futhi uhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomkhiqizo wokuqala - kungaba nzima ukuthola indawo emakethe uma kuvela izinsolo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho i-ejenti yokuthenga noma unjiniyela obekiwe ecabanga ngokuthatha indawo yomkhiqizo osuvele ukhona. Bambalwa abazimisele ukuzifaka engozini yokutholakala.
Kwezinye izimo, izinguquko zingase zingadingeki nje kuphela, kodwa zidingekile. Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lubangele izinguquko ezingalindelekile ekutholakaleni kwezinhlobo ezithile zamapayipi nosayizi wamapayipi ensimbi. Izindawo zomkhiqizo ezithintekile yilezo ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni, zikagesi, emishinini esindayo kanye nanoma yiziphi ezinye izimboni zokukhiqiza amapayipi ezisebenzisa imigqa yokucindezela okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi imigqa ye-hydraulic.
Lesi sikhala singavalwa ngezindleko eziphansi ngokubheka uhlobo lwepayipi lensimbi olusekhona kodwa olukhethekile. Ukukhetha umkhiqizo ofanele wohlelo lokusebenza kudinga ucwaningo oluthile ukuze kutholakale ukuhambisana koketshezi, ingcindezi yokusebenza, umthwalo womshini, kanye nohlobo lokuxhuma.
Ukubheka ngokucophelela imininingwane kukhombisa ukuthi i-J356A ingalingana ne-J525 yangempela. Naphezu kobhubhane, isatholakala ngentengo ephansi ngochungechunge lokuhlinzeka oluqinisekisiwe. Uma ukuxazulula izinkinga zokugcina kungadingi umsebenzi omningi kunokuthola i-J525, kungasiza ama-OEM ukuxazulula izinselele zezokuthutha esikhathini se-COVID-19 nangale kwalokho.
I-Tube & Pipe Journal 于1990 年成為第一本致力于為金属管材行业服务的杂志. Ijenali Ye-Tube & Pipe kusukela ngo-1990 Ijenali ye-Tube & Pipe стал первым журналом, посвященным индустрии металлических труб в 1990 году. I-Tube & Pipe Journal yaba umagazini wokuqala ozinikele embonini yamapayipi ensimbi ngo-1990.Namuhla, isalokhu iyincwadi yodwa embonini eNyakatho Melika futhi isibe umthombo wolwazi othembekile kakhulu kochwepheshe bemboni yamapayipi.
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