Inqaku loMhleli: Eli nqaku lelesibini kuthotho olunamacandelo amabini olukwimarike kunye nokuveliswa kwemigca yokudlulisa ulwelo enobubanzi obuncinci yokusetyenziswa koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Icandelo lokuqala lixoxa ngokufumaneka kwemveliso eqhelekileyo yasekhaya kwezi zicelo, ezinqabileyo. Icandelo lesibini lixoxa ngeemveliso ezimbini ezingezizo ezemveli kule marike.
Iindidi ezimbini zeepayipi ze-hydraulic ezidityanisiweyo ezichongiwe yi-Society of Automotive Engineers – SAE-J525 kunye ne-SAE-J356A – zabelana ngomthombo ofanayo, njengoko kunjalo nangeenkcukacha zazo ezibhaliweyo. Imicu yentsimbi ethe tyaba iyasikwa ububanzi ize yenziwe ibe ziityhubhu ngokuzibeka kwiprofayili. Emva kokuba imiphetho yestrip ipholishiwe ngesixhobo esinamafindo, umbhobho ufudunyezwa nge-welding yokumelana ne-frequency ephezulu kwaye yenziwe phakathi kwee-pressure rolls ukuze kwenziwe i-weld. Emva kwe-welding, i-OD burr isuswa ngesibambi, esihlala senziwe nge-tungsten carbide. I-flash yokuchonga iyasuswa okanye ilungiswe ukuya kubude obuphezulu boyilo kusetyenziswa isixhobo sokutshixa.
Inkcazo yale nkqubo yokuwelda ibanzi, kwaye kukho umahluko omncinci wenkqubo kwimveliso yokwenyani (jonga uMfanekiso 1). Nangona kunjalo, babelana ngeempawu ezininzi zoomatshini.
Ukusilela kwemibhobho kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokungaphumeleli zinokwahlulwa zibe yimithwalo yokutsalwa kunye neyokuxinwa. Kwizinto ezininzi, uxinzelelo lokutsalwa luphantsi kunoxinzelelo lokuxinwa. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezinto zinamandla kakhulu xa zixinwa kunaxa zixinwa. Ikhonkrithi ngumzekelo. Ixinwa kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba ibunjwe ngenethiwekhi yangaphakathi yeebha zokuqinisa (ii-rebars), kulula ukuyiqhekeza. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, intsimbi ivavanywa ukuze kuchongwe amandla ayo okugqibela okutsalwa (ii-UTS). Zonke ubungakanani bepayipi ye-hydraulic ezintathu zinemfuno ezifanayo: i-310 MPa (45,000 psi) UTS.
Ngenxa yokuba imibhobho yoxinzelelo iyakwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic, uvavanyo olwahlukileyo lokubala kunye nokusilela, olwaziwa ngokuba luvavanyo lokuqhuma, lunokufuneka. Ukubala kungasetyenziselwa ukumisela uxinzelelo olupheleleyo lokuqhuma, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubukhulu bodonga, i-UTS kunye nobubanzi bangaphandle bezinto. Ngenxa yokuba ityhubhu ye-J525 kunye netyhubhu ye-J356A zinokuba nobukhulu obufanayo, inguqu kuphela yi-UTS. Ibonelela ngamandla okutsalwa aqhelekileyo angama-50,000 psi kunye noxinzelelo lokuqhuma oluqikelelweyo lwe-0.500 x 0.049 in. Ityhubhu iyafana kuzo zombini ezi mveliso: 10,908 psi.
Nangona uqikelelo olubaliweyo lufana, umahluko omnye kwindlela yokusebenza ubangelwa bubukhulu bodonga bokwenyani. Kwi-J356A, i-burr yangaphakathi ihlengahlengiswa ukuya kubukhulu obukhulu ngokuxhomekeke kububanzi bombhobho njengoko kuchaziwe kwinkcazo. Kwiimveliso ze-J525 ezisusiweyo, inkqubo yokususa ii-burr idla ngokunciphisa ngabom ububanzi bangaphakathi malunga ne-0.002 intshi, okubangela ukuncitshiswa kodonga kwindawo ethile kwindawo yokuwelda. Nangona ubukhulu bodonga buzaliswe kukusebenza okubandayo okulandelayo, uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo kunye nokujongwa kwengqolowa kunokwahluka kwisinyithi esisisiseko, kwaye ubukhulu bodonga bunokuba buncinci kancinci kunombhobho ofanayo ochazwe kwi-J356A.
Ngokuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kombhobho ekupheleni, i-internal burr kufuneka isuswe okanye ithatyathwe (okanye ithatyathwe) ukuze kususwe iindlela ezinokubangela ukuvuza, ikakhulu iifom zodonga olulodwa ezivuthayo. Nangona i-J525 ikholelwa ukuba ine-ID egudileyo kwaye ngenxa yoko ayivuzi, le yingcamango ephosakeleyo. I-J525 tube inokwenza imiqolo ye-ID ngenxa yokusebenza kakubi kokubanda, oku kukhokelela ekuvuthweni kwindawo yokudibanisa.
Qalisa ukususa iimbumbulu ngokusika (okanye ukukrwela) i-weld bead eludongeni olungaphakathi olunobubanzi. Isixhobo sokucoca sinamathele kwi-mandrel exhaswa zii-roller ngaphakathi kombhobho, ngasemva nje kwesitishi sokuwelda. Ngelixa isixhobo sokucoca sasisusa i-weld bead, ii-roller zaqengqeleka ngempazamo phezu kwe-welding spatter ethile, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ibethe kumphezulu we-ID yombhobho (jonga uMfanekiso 2). Le yingxaki kwimibhobho eyenziwe kancinci efana nemibhobho ejikiweyo okanye ehonjisiweyo.
Ukususa ifleshi kwityhubhu akulula. Inkqubo yokusika iguqula i-glitter ibe yintambo ende, edibeneyo yentsimbi ebukhali. Nangona ukususa kuyimfuneko, ukususa kudla ngokuba yinkqubo eyenziwa ngesandla kwaye engagqibelelanga. Amacandelo eetyhubhu zesikhafu ngamanye amaxesha ashiya umhlaba womenzi weetyhubhu aze athunyelwe kubathengi.
Irayisi. 1. Izinto ze-SAE-J525 ziveliswa ngobuninzi, nto leyo efuna utyalo-mali olukhulu kunye nomsebenzi. Iimveliso ezifanayo zeetyhubhu ezenziwe kusetyenziswa i-SAE-J356A zenziwe ngomatshini ngokupheleleyo kwii-in-line annealing tube mills, ngoko ke zisebenza kakuhle ngakumbi.
Kwimibhobho emincinci, efana nemigca yolwelo engaphantsi kwe-20 mm ububanzi, ukususwa kwe-ID akusoloko kubaluleke kangako njengoko ezi dayamitha zingadingi nyathelo lokugqiba i-ID elongezelelweyo. Isilumkiso kuphela kukuba umsebenzisi wokugqibela kufuneka aqwalasele kuphela ukuba ukuphakama kokulawula i-flash okuhlala kusenzeka kuya kudala ingxaki.
Ubuchule bokulawula ilangatye le-ID buqala ngokulungiswa kwemigca, ukusika kunye nokuwelda ngokuchanekileyo. Enyanisweni, iipropati zezinto eziluhlaza ze-J356A kufuneka zibe ngqongqo ngakumbi kune-J525 kuba i-J356A inemiqathango emininzi kubungakanani beenkozo, ukufakwa kwe-oxide kunye nezinye iiparameter zokwenza intsimbi ngenxa yenkqubo yobukhulu obubandayo ebandakanyekayo.
Okokugqibela, ukuwelda nge-ID kudla ngokufuna i-coolant. Uninzi lweenkqubo zisebenzisa i-coolant efanayo nesixhobo se-windrow, kodwa oku kunokubangela iingxaki. Nangona zihluzwa kwaye zisuswa amafutha, i-mill coolants zihlala ziqulathe inani elikhulu lamasuntswana esinyithi, ii-oyile ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-oyile, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo. Ke ngoko, ityhubhu ye-J525 ifuna umjikelo wokuhlamba oshushu okanye elinye inyathelo lokucoca elilinganayo.
IiCondenser, iinkqubo zeemoto, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifanayo zifuna ukucocwa kwemibhobho, kwaye ukucocwa okufanelekileyo kungenziwa kwindawo yokusila. I-J356A ishiya umzi-mveliso inembobo ecocekileyo, umxholo womswakama olawulwayo kunye nentsalela encinci. Okokugqibela, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuzalisa ityhubhu nganye ngegesi engangeniyo ukuthintela ukugqwala kunye nokuvala iziphelo ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe.
Imibhobho ye-J525 ilungiswa emva kokuwelda ize ivulwe ngokubandayo (itsalwe). Emva kokusebenza ngokubandayo, umbhobho uphinde ulungiswe ukuze uhlangabezane nazo zonke iimfuno zoomatshini.
Amanyathelo okulungisa, ukuzoba ucingo kunye namanyathelo esibini okulungisa afuna ukuthuthwa kombhobho uye kwisithando somlilo, ukuya kwindawo yokutsala aze awubuyisele kwisithando somlilo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zomsebenzi, la manyathelo afuna amanye amanyathelo angaphantsi ahlukeneyo afana nokukhomba (ngaphambi kokupeyinta), ukukrola kunye nokulungisa. La manyathelo abiza kakhulu kwaye afuna ixesha elininzi, abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo zemali. Iipayipi ezitsalwa ngokubandayo zinxulunyaniswa nezinga lenkunkuma eliyi-20% kwimveliso.
Umbhobho we-J356A ulungiswa kwindawo yokuqengqeleka emva kokuwelda. Umbhobho awuchukumisi umhlaba kwaye uhamba ukusuka kumanyathelo okuqala okwakha ukuya kumbhobho ogqityiweyo ngokulandelelana okuqhubekayo kwamanyathelo kwindawo yokuqengqeleka. Imibhobho edibeneyo efana ne-J356A inokuchithwa kwe-10% kwimveliso. Zonke ezinye izinto zilingana, oku kuthetha ukuba izibane ze-J356A zibiza kancinci ukuzenza kunezibane ze-J525.
Nangona iimpawu zezi mveliso zimbini zifana, azifani ngokwembono ye-metallurgical.
Iipayipi ze-J525 ezitsalwa ngokubandayo zifuna unyango oluphindwe kabini lokuqala lokulungisa: emva kokuwelda nasemva kokutsala. Amaqondo obushushu okulungisa (1650°F okanye 900°C) abangela ukwakheka kwee-oxides eziphezulu, ezihlala zisuswa nge-mineral acid (ngesiqhelo i-sulfuric okanye i-hydrochloric) emva kokufaka i-anneal. I-Pickling inempembelelo enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo ngokubhekiselele ekukhutshweni komoya kunye nemijelo yenkunkuma etyebileyo kwisinyithi.
Ukongeza, ukulungelelaniswa kobushushu kwindawo encitshiswayo yesithando somlilo esijikelezayo kukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwekhabhoni kumphezulu wentsimbi. Le nkqubo, yokususa iikhabhoni, ishiya umaleko womphezulu obuthathaka kakhulu kunezinto zokuqala (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiipayipi zodonga ezibhityileyo. Kubukhulu bodonga obuyi-0.030″, nokuba umaleko omncinci wokususa iikhabhoni obuyi-0.003″ uya kunciphisa udonga olusebenzayo nge-10%. Iipayipi ezinjalo ezibuthathaka zinokungasebenzi ngenxa yoxinzelelo okanye ukungcangcazela.
Umfanekiso 2. Isixhobo sokucoca i-ID (asiboniswanga) sixhaswa zii-roller ezihamba ecaleni kwe-ID yombhobho. Uyilo oluhle lwe-roller lunciphisa inani le-welding spatter eqengqeleka eludongeni lombhobho. Izixhobo zeNielsen
Iipayipi ze-J356 zicutshungulwa ngokwamaqela kwaye zifuna ukuqhoboshelwa kwisithando somlilo esijikelezayo, kodwa oku akupheleli apho. Olu hlobo, i-J356A, lusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwisixhobo sokuqengqeleka kusetyenziswa i-induction eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, inkqubo yokufudumeza ekhawulezayo kakhulu kunesithando somlilo esijikelezayo. Oku kunciphisa ixesha lokuqhoboshelwa, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ithuba lokukhupha iikhabhoni ukusuka kwimizuzu (okanye iiyure) ukuya kwimizuzwana. Oku kubonelela i-J356A ngokuqhoboshelwa okufanayo ngaphandle kwe-oxide okanye i-decarburization.
Iityhubhu ezisetyenziselwa imigca ye-hydraulic kufuneka zibe bhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuba zigotywe, zandiswe kwaye zenziwe. Iigobe ziyimfuneko ukuze kufunyanwe ulwelo lwe-hydraulic ukusuka kwindawo A ukuya kwindawo B, zidlule kwiigobe ezahlukeneyo kunye neejika endleleni, kwaye ukutshaya ngundoqo ekuboneleleni ngendlela yokudibanisa ekupheleni.
Kwimeko yenkukhu okanye iqanda, iitshimini zenzelwe ukuqhagamshela izitshisi zodonga olunye (ngaloo ndlela zinobubanzi obuthambileyo ngaphakathi), okanye kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke umva. Kule meko, umphezulu wangaphakathi wetyhubhu uhambelana kakuhle nesokhethi yesixhumi sephini. Ukuqinisekisa ukuqhagamshela okuqinileyo phakathi kwentsimbi nesinyithi, umphezulu wepayipi kufuneka ube bushelelezi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Esi sincedisi savela ngeminyaka yoo-1920 kwi-US Air Force Air Division esandula ukuqalisa. Esi sincedisi kamva saba yi-flare eqhelekileyo ye-37-degree esetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha le-COVID-19, ukunikezelwa kwemibhobho etsalwayo enobubanzi obuthambileyo bangaphakathi kunciphe kakhulu. Izixhobo ezikhoyo zihlala zinexesha elide lokuhambisa kunangaphambili. Olu tshintsho kwimixokelelwane yokubonelela lunokulungiswa ngokuyila ngokutsha uqhagamshelo lwasekupheleni. Umzekelo, i-RFQ efuna i-wall burner enye kwaye icacisa ukuba i-J525 ifanelekile ukutshintsha i-wall burner kabini. Naluphi na uhlobo lombhobho we-hydraulic lungasetyenziswa kunye noqhagamshelo lwasekupheleni. Oku kuvula amathuba okusebenzisa i-J356A.
Ukongeza kwiintambo zokuqhagamshela, iintambo zokutywina ze-o-ring nazo zixhaphakile (jonga umfanekiso 5), ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Olu hlobo loqhagamshelo alugcini nje ngokuba luqinile kakhulu kunentambo yokuqhagamshela enodonga olunye kuba lusebenzisa iintambo zokutywina ze-elastomeric, kodwa lukwanokuguquguquka ngakumbi—lunokwenziwa ekupheleni kwalo naluphi na uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lombhobho we-hydraulic. Oku kunika abavelisi beentambo amathuba amakhulu okuhambisa kunye nokusebenza okungcono kwexesha elide kwezoqoqosho.
Imbali yemizi-mveliso izele yimizekelo yeemveliso zemveli eziqala ukukhula ngexesha apho kunzima kwimarike ukutshintsha indlela. Imveliso ekhuphisanayo - nokuba ixabisa kancinci kwaye ihlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zemveliso yokuqala - kunokuba nzima ukufumana indawo kwimarike ukuba kuvela amathandabuzo. Oku kudla ngokwenzeka xa iarhente yokuthenga okanye injineli emiselweyo icinga ngokutshintsha imveliso esele ikho. Bambalwa abazimisele ukufumanisa ukuba baya kufunyanwa.
Kwezinye iimeko, utshintsho lusenokungabi lolona lufunekayo nje kuphela, kodwa lube lolona lufunekayo. Ubhubhane we-COVID-19 ubangele utshintsho olungalindelekanga ekufumanekeni kweentlobo ezithile zemibhobho kunye nobukhulu bemibhobho yolwelo lwentsimbi. Iindawo zemveliso ezichaphazelekayo zezo zisetyenziswa kwiimoto, izixhobo zombane, izixhobo ezinzima kunye nayo nayiphi na eminye imizi-mveliso yemibhobho esebenzisa imibhobho yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ingakumbi imibhobho ye-hydraulic.
Esi sikhewu singavalwa ngexabiso eliphantsi xa kujongwa uhlobo lombhobho wentsimbi olusele lukhona kodwa lukwinqanaba elithile. Ukukhetha imveliso efanelekileyo yesicelo kufuna uphando oluthile ukuze kuchongwe ukuhambelana kolwelo, uxinzelelo lokusebenza, umthwalo woomatshini, kunye nohlobo loqhagamshelo.
Ukujonga ngokusondeleyo iinkcukacha kubonisa ukuba i-J356A inokulingana ne-J525 yokwenyani. Nangona kukho ubhubhane, isafumaneka ngexabiso eliphantsi ngekhonkco lokubonelela eliqinisekisiweyo. Ukuba ukusombulula imiba yokugqibela akudingi msebenzi mkhulu kunokufumana i-J525, kunokunceda ii-OEM zisombulule imingeni yezothutho kwixesha le-COVID-19 nangaphaya.
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