Tuhipoka a te Etita: Ko tēnei tuhinga te tuarua o ngā wāhanga e rua mō te mākete me te hanga i ngā raina whakawhiti wai iti te whānui mō ngā tono pēhanga teitei. E matapakihia ana e te wāhanga tuatahi te wātea o ngā hua tuku iho mō ēnei tono i roto i te whare, he mea onge. E matapakihia ana e te wāhanga tuarua ngā hua kore tuku iho e rua i roto i tēnei mākete.
Ko ngā momo paipa waipēhi e rua kua whakarewahia kua tohua e te Society of Automotive Engineers – SAE-J525 me SAE-J356A – he pūtake kotahi, me ā rātou whakaritenga tuhituhi. Ka tapahia ngā rīpene maitai papatahi kia whānui, ka hangaia hei ngongo mā te whakakōrero. I muri i te whakakanapa i ngā taha o te rīpene ki te taputapu whai tara, ka whakamahanahia te paipa mā te whakarewa ātete auau teitei, ka hangaia i waenga i ngā rōra pēhanga hei hanga whakarewa. I muri i te whakarewa, ka tangohia te pūwero OD me te pupuri, he mea hanga ki te tungsten carbide. Ka tangohia, ka whakatikatikaina rānei te rama tautuhi ki te teitei hoahoa mōrahi mā te whakamahi i te taputapu raka.
He whānui te whakaahuatanga o tēnei tukanga whakarewa, ā, he maha ngā rerekētanga iti o ngā tukanga i roto i te whakaputanga tuturu (tirohia te Pikitia 1). Heoi, he maha ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha e rite ana.
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pakaru o ngā paipa me ngā momo pakaru noa ki ngā kawenga kume me ngā kawenga pēhi. I roto i te nuinga o ngā rauemi, he iti ake te ahotea kume i te ahotea pēhi. Heoi, he kaha ake te kōpeketanga o te nuinga o ngā rauemi i te kume. Hei tauira, he konutea te konutea. He tino ngāwari te pēhi, engari ki te kore e hangaia he whatunga ā-roto o ngā pae whakakaha (ngā reera), he ngāwari te pakaru. Mō tēnei take, ka whakamatautauria te rino kia kume hei whakatau i tōna kaha kume mutunga (UTS). He rite tonu ngā whakaritenga mō ngā rahi ngongo waipēhi e toru: 310 MPa (45,000 psi) UTS.
Nā te kaha o ngā paipa pēhanga ki te tu atu i te pēhanga waipēhi, me whai tatau motuhake me te whakamātautau rahunga, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamātautau pahū. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tatau hei whakatau i te pēhanga pahū mutunga ariā, me te whakaaro ki te matotoru o te pakitara, te UTS me te diameter o waho o te rauemi. Nā te mea he rite te rahi o ngā ngongo J525 me ngā ngongo J356A, ko te taurangi anake ko te UTS. Ka whakarato i te kaha kume noa o te 50,000 psi me te pēhanga pahū matapae o te 0.500 x 0.049 inihi. He rite tonu te ngongo mō ngā hua e rua: 10,908 psi.
Ahakoa he rite tonu ngā matapae i tatauhia, kotahi te rerekētanga i roto i te tono mahi nā te matotoru o te pakitara tuturu. I runga i te J356A, ka taea te whakarite i te kōhao o roto ki te rahi mōrahi i runga i te diameter o te paipa e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i roto i te whakatakotoranga. Mō ngā hua J525 kua tangohia te kōhao, ko te tukanga tango kōhao ka whakaiti i te diameter o roto mā te 0.002 inihi, ka hua ake te angiangi o te pakitara ā-rohe i te rohe whakarewa. Ahakoa kua whakakīia te matotoru o te pakitara e te mahi makariri i muri mai, tera pea ka rerekē te ahotea toenga me te whakatakotoranga o te kōhao mai i te konganuku turanga, ā, tera pea ka paku angiangi te matotoru o te pakitara i te paipa rite kua tohua i roto i te J356A.
I runga i te whakamahinga whakamutunga o te paipa, me tango, me whakaparaha rānei (me whakaparaha rānei) ngā kōhao o roto kia kore ai e turuturu pea, ko te nuinga he pakitara kotahi te pito e puea ana. Ahakoa e whakaponohia ana he maeneene te ID o te J525, nō reira kāore e turuturu, he whakaaro hē tēnei. Ka puta pea ngā kōhao ID i roto i ngā ngongo J525 nā te mahi makariri hē, ka puta he turuturu i te hononga.
Tīmata te tango i ngā pakaru mā te tapahi (te waru rānei) i te poro whakarewa mai i te pakitara o roto. Ka tāpirihia te taputapu horoi ki tētahi mandrel e tautokona ana e ngā roera i roto i te paipa, i muri tata i te teihana whakarewa. I a te taputapu horoi e tango ana i te poro whakarewa, ka takahurihia e ngā roera ētahi o te paru whakarewa, ka pā ki te mata o te paipa ID (tirohia te Pikitia 2). He raruraru tēnei mō ngā paipa kua ngāwari te mīhini pērā i ngā paipa kua hurihia, kua whakakoihia rānei.
Ehara i te mea ngāwari te tango i te rama mai i te ngongo. Mā te tukanga tapahi ka huri te kanapa hei aho roa, whiri, o te maitai koi. Ahakoa he mea whakarite te tango, he mahi ā-ringa te tango, ā, he mahi tino koretake. I ētahi wā ka wehe atu ētahi wāhanga o ngā ngongo hāri i te rohe o te kaihanga ngongo, ka tukuna ki ngā kaihoko.
Raihi. 1. He mea hanga papatipu te rauemi SAE-J525, e hiahia ana ki te haumi nui me te mahi nui. Ko ngā hua ngongo rite i hangaia mā te whakamahi i te SAE-J356A ka mīhinihia katoatia i roto i ngā mira ngongo whakamahana ā-roto, nō reira he pai ake te mahi.
Mō ngā paipa iti ake, pērā i ngā raina wai he iti iho i te 20 mm te whānui, kāore i te tino hira te tango i ngā pakaru ID nā te mea kāore ēnei whānui e hiahiatia he taahiraa whakaoti ID tāpiri. Ko te whakatūpato anake, me whakaaro noa te kaiwhakamahi whakamutunga mēnā ka puta he raruraru i te teitei whakahaere mura rite tonu.
Ko te hiranga o te whakahaere mura ID ka tīmata mā te whakatikatika tika i ngā rīpene, te tapahi me te whakarewa. Inaa, me tino kaha ake ngā āhuatanga rauemi mata o J356A i te J525 nā te mea he nui ake ngā herenga o te J356A ki te rahi o te witi, ngā whakaurunga waikura me ētahi atu tawhā hanga maitai nā te tukanga rahi makariri e whai wāhi ana.
Hei whakamutunga, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he whakamatao mō te whakarewa ID. He maha ngā pūnaha e whakamahi ana i te whakamatao kotahi me te taputapu windrow, engari ka taea e tēnei te hanga raruraru. Ahakoa kua tātarihia, kua tangohia te hinu, he maha ngā matūriki whakarewa, ngā momo hinu me ngā hinu, me ētahi atu poke kei roto i ngā whakamatao mira. Nō reira, me whakamahi te ngongo J525 i tētahi huringa horoi wera, i tētahi atu mahi horoi rite rānei.
Me horoi ngā paipa whakapūmau, ngā pūnaha motuka, me ētahi atu pūnaha rite, ā, ka taea te horoi tika i te mira. Ka wehe te J356A i te wheketere me te poka ma, te nui o te makuku e whakahaeretia ana, me te iti o ngā toenga. Hei whakamutunga, he mahi noa te whakakī i ia ngongo ki te hau kore mahi hei ārai i te waikura me te hiri i ngā pito i mua i te tuku.
Ka whakatikatikahia ngā paipa J525 i muri i te whakarewanga, kātahi ka mahi matao (toia). I muri i te mahi matao, ka whakatikatikahia anō te paipa kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga miihini katoa.
Ko ngā mahi whakatikatika, te kukume waea me te whakatikatika tuarua me kawe te paipa ki te oumu, ki te teihana kukume, ā, me hoki ki te oumu. I runga i ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te mahi, me whai wāhi atu ēnei mahi ki ētahi atu mahi iti pēnei i te tohu (i mua i te peita), te whakairo me te whakatikatika. He nui te utu mō ēnei mahi, ā, he nui te wā, te mahi me ngā rauemi moni e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā paipa e kukumea ana i te matao e pā ana ki te 20% o te auau para i roto i te whakaputanga.
Ka whakatikatikahia ngā paipa J356A i te mira hurihuri i muri i te whakarewa. Kāore te paipa e pā ki te whenua, ā, ka haere mai i ngā mahi hanga tuatahi ki te paipa kua oti i roto i tētahi raupapa tonu o ngā mahi i roto i te mira hurihuri. E 10% te moumou moni mō ngā paipa whakarewa pērā i te J356A i roto i te hanga. Mēnā he rite tonu ngā mea katoa, ko te tikanga he iti ake te utu hanga mō ngā rama J356A i ngā rama J525.
Ahakoa he rite ngā āhuatanga o ēnei hua e rua, kāore i te rite mai i te tirohanga whakarewa.
E rua ngā maimoatanga whakatikatika tuatahi mō ngā paipa J525 kua tōia matao: i muri i te whakarewa me muri i te tōia. Ko ngā pāmahana whakatikatika (1650°F, 900°C rānei) ka hua ake te hanganga o ngā waikura mata, ka tangohia i te nuinga o te wā me te waikawa kohuke (te nuinga o te wā he whanariki, he hauwaihauora rānei) i muri i te whakamahana. He nui te pānga o te whakapūkara ki te taiao e pā ana ki ngā tukunga hau me ngā awa para nui-konganuku.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te whakatikatika i te pāmahana i roto i te hau whakaiti o te oumu rori ka arahi ki te kai waro i runga i te mata o te maitai. Ko tēnei tukanga, ko te tango waro, ka waiho he paparanga mata he ngoikore rawa atu i te rauemi taketake (tirohia te Pikitia 3). He mea nui rawa atu tēnei mō ngā paipa pakitara angiangi. I te matotoru o te pakitara 0.030″, ahakoa he paparanga tango waro iti 0.003″ ka whakaiti i te pakitara whai hua mā te 10%. Ka taea e ēnei paipa ngoikore te pakaru nā te ahotea, te wiri rānei.
Pikitia 2. He taputapu horoi ID (kāore i whakaaturia) e tautokona ana e ngā roera e neke ana i te ID o te paipa. Mā te hoahoa roera pai ka whakaitihia te nui o te parai whakarewa e huri ana ki te pakitara o te paipa. Ngā taputapu Nielsen
Ka tukatukahia ngā paipa J356 i roto i ngā puranga, ā, me whakamahana i roto i te oumu karāhe hurihuri, engari kāore i te herea ki tēnei. Ko te momo, J356A, ka mīhinihia katoatia i roto i te mira hurihuri mā te whakamahi i te whakapūngao kua hangaia ki roto, he tukanga whakamahana tere ake i te oumu karāhe hurihuri. Ka whakapotohia te wā whakamahana, ā, ka whakawhāitihia te matapihi whai wāhi mō te tango waro mai i ngā meneti (tae noa ki ngā hāora) ki ngā hēkona. Mā tēnei ka hoatu ki a J356A he whakamahana ōrite me te kore he waikura, he tango waro rānei.
Me ngāwari ngā ngongo e whakamahia ana mō ngā raina waipēhi kia taea ai te piko, te whakawhanui, me te hanga. Me piko kia puta ai te waipēhi mai i te pūwāhi A ki te pūwāhi B, kia tika ai mā roto i ngā piko me ngā kokonga rerekē i te huarahi, ā, ko te mura te mea nui hei whakarato i tētahi tikanga hononga mutunga.
I roto i te āhua heihei, hua manu rānei, i hangaia ngā auahi mō ngā hononga mura kotahi-pātū (nō reira he maeneene te diameter o roto), i te āhua kē rānei i puta. I tēnei wā, ka piri pai te mata o roto o te ngongo ki te pū o te hononga titi. Hei whakarite i te hononga pūmau o te konganuku-ki-te-konganuku, me maeneene te mata o te paipa. I puta mai tēnei taputapu i ngā tau 1920 mō te US Air Force Air Division hou. Nō muri mai ka noho tēnei taputapu hei mura paerewa 37-tohu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ēnei rā.
Mai i te tīmatanga o te wā COVID-19, kua tino heke te tuku o ngā paipa kua kumea me ngā diameter o roto maeneene. Ko ngā rauemi e wātea ana he roa ake te wā tuku i tērā o mua. Ka taea te whakatika i tēnei huringa o ngā mekameka tuku mā te whakahou anō i ngā hononga pito. Hei tauira, ko te RFQ e hiahia ana ki tētahi mura pakitara kotahi, ā, e kī ana ko J525 he kaitono hei whakakapi i tētahi mura pakitara takirua. Ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi momo paipa waipēhi me tēnei hononga pito. Mā tēnei ka huaki ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakamahi i te J356A.
Haunga ngā hononga mura, he mea noa hoki ngā hiri miihini o-ring (tirohia te ahua 5), ​​inā koa mō ngā pūnaha pēhanga teitei. Ehara i te mea he iti ake te turuturu o tēnei momo hononga i te mura pakitara kotahi nā te mea e whakamahi ana i ngā hiri elastomeric, engari he maha atu anō hoki ngā whakamahinga - ka taea te hanga ki te pito o tētahi momo paipa waipēhi noa. Mā tēnei ka nui ake ngā whai wāhitanga mekameka tuku me te pai ake o te mahi ōhanga mō te wā roa ki ngā kaihanga paipa.
Kī tonu te hītori ahumahi i ngā tauira o ngā hua tuku iho e tīmata ana i te wā e uaua ana ki te mākete te huri i te huarahi. Mēnā ka puta he whakapae, ka uaua pea te whai tūranga ki te mākete i tētahi hua whakataetae – ahakoa he iti ake te utu, ā, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga katoa o te hua taketake. Ka puta tēnei i te nuinga o te wā ina whakaarohia ana e te kaihoko, e te miihini rānei kua tohua tētahi whakakapinga rerekē mō tētahi hua o nāianei. He iti noa iho te hunga e pai ana ki te tūpono kia kitea.
I ētahi wā, kāore pea ngā huringa e tika ana, engari he mea nui. Nā te mate urutā COVID-19 kua puta he huringa ohorere i roto i te wātea o ētahi momo paipa me ngā rahi mō ngā paipa wai rino. Ko ngā wāhanga hua e pāngia ana ko ngā mea e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi hanga paipa motuka, hiko, taputapu taumaha me ētahi atu ahumahi hanga paipa e whakamahi ana i ngā raina pēhanga teitei, inā koa ko ngā raina waipēhi.
Ka taea te whakakī i tēnei āputa i te utu whānui iti ake mā te whakaaro ki tētahi momo paipa rino kua roa e whakamahia ana engari he motuhake. Me rangahau te whiriwhiri i te hua tika mō tētahi tono hei whakatau i te hototahitanga o te wai, te pēhanga whakahaere, te kawenga miihini, me te momo hononga.
Mā te tirotiro tata atu ki ngā whakatakotoranga e whakaatu ana ka taea e te J356A te rite ki te J525 tūturu. Ahakoa te mate urutā, kei te wātea tonu i te utu iti iho mā te mekameka tuku kua whakamātauhia. Mena he iti ake te mahi e hiahiatia ana mō te whakaoti rapanga āhua whakamutunga i te kimi i te J525, ka taea e ia te āwhina i ngā OEM ki te whakaoti rapanga whakahaere i te wā o te COVID-19 me tua atu.
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