Chidziwitso cha Mkonzi: Nkhaniyi ndi yachiwiri pamndandanda wa magawo awiri pamsika ndikupanga mizere yaying'ono yotumizira madzi yopangidwa ndi mainchesi awiri kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Gawo loyamba likufotokoza za kupezeka kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe m'dziko muno, zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri. Gawo lachiwiri likufotokoza za zinthu ziwiri zomwe si zachikhalidwe pamsika uno.
Mitundu iwiri ya mapaipi a hydraulic olumikizidwa omwe adasankhidwa ndi Society of Automotive Engineers - SAE-J525 ndi SAE-J356A - ali ndi gwero lofanana, komanso zomwe adalemba. Zingwe zachitsulo zosalala zimadulidwa m'lifupi mwake ndikupanga machubu powapanga. M'mphepete mwa mzerewo mutapukutidwa ndi chida chopindika, chitolirocho chimatenthedwa ndi welding yolimba kwambiri ndikupangidwa pakati pa mipiringidzo yokakamiza kuti apange weld. Pambuyo pa welding, OD burr imachotsedwa ndi chogwirira, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi tungsten carbide. Kuwala kozindikiritsa kumachotsedwa kapena kusinthidwa kufika kutalika kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito chida chotseka.
Kufotokozera kwa njira yowotcherera iyi ndi kwachisawawa, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa njira zogwirira ntchito pakupanga kwenikweni (onani Chithunzi 1). Komabe, ali ndi makhalidwe ambiri ofanana ndi makina.
Kulephera kwa mapaipi ndi njira zofala zolephera zitha kugawidwa m'magulu omangika ndi omangika. Muzinthu zambiri, kupsinjika kwa ma tensile kumakhala kotsika kuposa kupsinjika kwa ma tensile. Komabe, zinthu zambiri zimakhala zolimba kwambiri pakukanikiza kuposa pakukanikiza. Konkire ndi chitsanzo. Ndi yomangika kwambiri, koma pokhapokha ngati yapangidwa ndi netiweki yamkati ya mipiringidzo yolimbitsa (rebars), ndi yosavuta kusweka. Pachifukwa ichi, chitsulo chimayesedwa kuti chidziwe mphamvu yake yolimba kwambiri (UTS). Makulidwe onse atatu a payipi ya hydraulic ali ndi zofunikira zomwezo: 310 MPa (45,000 psi) UTS.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa mapaipi opanikizika kupirira kupsinjika kwa hydraulic, kuwerengera kosiyana ndi mayeso olephera, komwe kumadziwika kuti kuphulika, kungafunike. Kuwerengera kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa kupsinjika komaliza kwa kuphulika, poganizira makulidwe a khoma, UTS ndi m'mimba mwake wakunja kwa chinthucho. Chifukwa machubu a J525 ndi machubu a J356A akhoza kukhala ofanana kukula, chosinthika chokhacho ndi UTS. Amapereka mphamvu yokhazikika ya 50,000 psi yokhala ndi kupsinjika koyambirira kwa kuphulika kwa 0.500 x 0.049 in. Machubu ndi ofanana pazinthu zonse ziwiri: 10,908 psi.
Ngakhale kuti maulosi owerengedwa ndi ofanana, kusiyana kumodzi pakugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni kumachitika chifukwa cha makulidwe enieni a khoma. Pa J356A, burr yamkati imatha kusinthidwa kukhala kukula kwakukulu kutengera kukula kwa chitoliro monga momwe tafotokozera mu malangizo. Pazinthu za J525 zochotsedwa, njira yochotsera burr nthawi zambiri imachepetsa dala m'mimba mwake wamkati ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 0.002, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khoma lichepetse pang'ono m'dera la weld. Ngakhale makulidwe a khoma amadzazidwa ndi ntchito yozizira yotsatira, kupsinjika kotsalira ndi mawonekedwe a tirigu zitha kusiyana ndi chitsulo choyambira, ndipo makulidwe a khoma akhoza kukhala ochepa pang'ono kuposa chitoliro chofanana chomwe chatchulidwa mu J356A.
Kutengera ndi momwe chitolirocho chimagwiritsidwira ntchito kumapeto, chitoliro chamkati chiyenera kuchotsedwa kapena kuphwanyidwa (kapena kuphwanyidwa) kuti muchotse njira zomwe zingatulukire, makamaka mawonekedwe a makoma amodzi. Ngakhale kuti J525 nthawi zambiri imakhulupirira kuti ili ndi ID yosalala ndipo motero siitulutsa madzi, izi ndi malingaliro olakwika. Machubu a J525 amatha kukhala ndi mizere ya ID chifukwa cha ntchito yosayenera yozizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi atuluke pa cholumikiziracho.
Yambani kuchotsa mkanda wothira m'madzi podula (kapena kukanda) mkanda wothira m'kati mwa khoma lamkati mwake. Chida choyeretsera chimalumikizidwa ku mandrel yothandizidwa ndi ma rollers mkati mwa chitoliro, kumbuyo kwa siteshoni yothira m'madzi. Pamene chida choyeretsera chikuchotsa mkanda wothira m'madzi, ma rollers mosadziwa adagubuduza madzi ena othira m'madzi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti agunde pamwamba pa ID ya chitoliro (onani Chithunzi 2). Ili ndi vuto la mapaipi opangidwa pang'ono monga mapaipi otembenuzidwa kapena oyeretsedwa.
Kuchotsa kuwala mu chubu sikophweka. Njira yodulira imasandutsa glitter kukhala chingwe chachitali komanso chopindika chachitsulo chakuthwa. Ngakhale kuchotsa ndikofunikira, kuchotsa nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi manja komanso sikokwanira. Zigawo za machubu a sikafu nthawi zina zimachoka m'malo mwa wopanga machubuwo ndipo zimatumizidwa kwa makasitomala.
Mpunga. 1. Zipangizo za SAE-J525 zimapangidwa mochuluka, zomwe zimafuna ndalama zambiri komanso ntchito yambiri. Zinthu zofanana ndi machubu zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SAE-J356A zimapangidwa kwathunthu mu makina opangira machubu olumikizirana, kotero zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri.
Pa mapaipi ang'onoang'ono, monga mizere yamadzimadzi yochepera 20 mm m'mimba mwake, kuchotsa ma ID nthawi zambiri sikofunikira chifukwa ma diameter awa safuna sitepe yowonjezera yomaliza ma ID. Chenjezo lokhalo ndilakuti wogwiritsa ntchito amangofunika kuganizira ngati kutalika kokhazikika kwa flash kungabweretse vuto.
Kuwongolera bwino kwa lawi la ID kumayamba ndi kukonza bwino mizere, kudula ndi kuwotcherera. Ndipotu, mphamvu za J356A ziyenera kukhala zolimba kuposa J525 chifukwa J356A ili ndi zoletsa zambiri pa kukula kwa tirigu, kuphatikiza kwa oxide ndi magawo ena opangira zitsulo chifukwa cha njira yozizira yopangira.
Pomaliza, kulumikiza kwa ID nthawi zambiri kumafuna choziziritsira. Makina ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito choziziritsira chomwecho monga chida cha windrow, koma izi zitha kuyambitsa mavuto. Ngakhale kuti zimasefedwa ndikuchotsedwa mafuta, zoziziritsira za mphero nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi tinthu tambiri tachitsulo, mafuta ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana, ndi zina zodetsa. Chifukwa chake, chubu cha J525 chimafuna nthawi yotsuka yotentha kapena njira ina yoyeretsera yofanana.
Ma condenser, makina a magalimoto, ndi makina ena ofanana nawo amafunika kutsukidwa kwa mapaipi, ndipo kuyeretsa koyenera kungachitike pa mphero. J356A imachoka mufakitale ndi chitoliro choyera, chinyezi cholamulidwa komanso zotsalira zochepa. Pomaliza, ndichizolowezi kudzaza chubu chilichonse ndi mpweya wosagwira ntchito kuti mupewe dzimbiri ndikutseka malekezero musanatumize.
Mapaipi a J525 amakonzedwa bwino pambuyo powotcherera kenako n’kukonzedwa mozizira (kukokedwa). Pambuyo pokonza mozizira, mapaipiwo amakonzedwanso bwino kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zonse zamakina.
Njira zosinthira, kujambula waya, ndi njira zina zosinthira zimafuna kunyamula chitolirocho kupita ku ng'anjo, kupita kumalo ojambulira ndikubwerera ku ng'anjo. Kutengera ndi momwe ntchitoyi ikuyendera, njirazi zimafuna njira zina zosiyanitsira monga kuloza (musanayambe kujambula), kupukuta ndi kuwongola. Njirazi zimafuna ndalama zambiri ndipo zimafuna nthawi yambiri, ntchito ndi ndalama. Mapaipi okokedwa ndi ozizira amagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha 20% cha zinyalala popanga.
Chitoliro cha J356A chimakonzedwa bwino pa mphero yozungulira pambuyo powotcherera. Chitolirocho sichikhudza pansi ndipo chimayenda kuchokera pamasitepe oyamba kupita ku chitoliro chomalizidwa motsatizana masitepe mu mphero yozungulira. Mapaipi olumikizidwa monga J356A ali ndi kutayika kwa 10% pakupanga. Zinthu zina zonse popeza ndi zofanana, izi zikutanthauza kuti nyali za J356A ndizotsika mtengo kupanga kuposa nyali za J525.
Ngakhale kuti makhalidwe a zinthu ziwirizi ndi ofanana, sizofanana malinga ndi malingaliro a zitsulo.
Mapaipi a J525 okokedwa ndi ozizira amafunika njira ziwiri zoyambirira zosinthira: pambuyo polumikiza ndi pambuyo polumikiza. Kutentha kosintha (1650°F kapena 900°C) kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ma oxides pamwamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa ndi mineral acid (nthawi zambiri sulfuric kapena hydrochloric) pambuyo pochotsa. Kusakaniza kumakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe pankhani ya mpweya woipa komanso mitsinje ya zinyalala zokhala ndi zitsulo zambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwa kutentha mumlengalenga wocheperako wa ng'anjo yozungulira kumapangitsa kuti kaboni igwiritsidwe ntchito pamwamba pa chitsulo. Njira imeneyi, yochotsa kabotolo, imasiya gawo la pamwamba lomwe ndi lofooka kwambiri kuposa zinthu zoyambirira (onani Chithunzi 3). Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamapaipi owonda a khoma. Pa makulidwe a khoma a 0.030″, ngakhale gawo laling'ono la 0.003″ lochotsa kabotolo lidzachepetsa khoma logwira ntchito ndi 10%. Mapaipi ofooka otere amatha kulephera chifukwa cha kupsinjika kapena kugwedezeka.
Chithunzi 2. Chida choyeretsera ID (sichikuwonetsedwa) chimathandizidwa ndi ma rollers omwe amasuntha motsatira ID ya chitoliro. Kapangidwe kabwino ka ma rollers amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madontho olumikizira omwe amagubuduzika mu khoma la chitoliro. Zida za Nielsen
Mapaipi a J356 amakonzedwa m'magulu ndipo amafunika kulowetsedwa mu ng'anjo ya roller, koma izi sizimangokhala pa izi. Mtundu wa J356A, umapangidwa kwathunthu mu mphero yozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito induction yomangidwa mkati, njira yotenthetsera yomwe imakhala yachangu kwambiri kuposa ng'anjo ya roller. Izi zimafupikitsa nthawi yolowetsedwa, motero zimachepetsa mwayi wochotsa kabotolo kuchokera pa mphindi (kapena maola) mpaka masekondi. Izi zimapatsa J356A kulowetsedwa kofanana popanda okosijeni kapena kuchotsera kabotolo.
Machubu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mizere ya hydraulic ayenera kukhala osinthasintha mokwanira kuti apindidwe, kukulitsidwa ndi kupangidwa. Mapindo ndi ofunikira kuti madzi a hydraulic atuluke kuchokera pa mfundo A kupita pa mfundo B, kudutsa m'mapindo osiyanasiyana ndi ma turn osiyanasiyana panjira, ndipo kuphulika ndiye chinsinsi chopereka njira yolumikizira kumapeto.
Pankhani ya nkhuku kapena dzira, ma chimney adapangidwa kuti azilumikiza choyatsira cha khoma limodzi (motero kukhala ndi m'mimba mwake wosalala mkati), kapena mwina kubwerera m'mbuyo kudachitika. Pankhaniyi, pamwamba pa chubucho pamagwirizana bwino ndi soketi ya cholumikizira cha pini. Kuti zitsimikizire kulumikizana kolimba pakati pa chitsulo ndi chitsulo, pamwamba pa chitolirocho payenera kukhala kosalala momwe zingathere. Chowonjezera ichi chinawonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ku US Air Force Air Division yomwe ikuyamba kumene. Chowonjezera ichi pambuyo pake chinakhala choyaka cha madigiri 37 chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.
Kuyambira pachiyambi cha nthawi ya COVID-19, kupezeka kwa mapaipi okokedwa okhala ndi mainchesi osalala amkati kwachepa kwambiri. Zipangizo zomwe zilipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yotumizira kuposa kale. Kusintha kumeneku kwa unyolo woperekera kumatha kuthetsedwa mwa kupanganso maulumikizidwe a malekezero. Mwachitsanzo, RFQ yomwe imafuna choyatsira khoma chimodzi ndipo imati J525 ndi yoyenera kusintha choyatsira khoma chawiri. Mtundu uliwonse wa chitoliro cha hydraulic ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi choyatsira ichi. Izi zimatsegula mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito J356A.
Kuwonjezera pa kulumikizana kwa ma flare, ma o-ring mechanical seals nawonso ndi ofala (onani chithunzi 5), makamaka pamakina amphamvu kwambiri. Sikuti mtundu uwu wa kulumikizana suli wothina kwambiri kuposa ma flare a khoma limodzi chifukwa umagwiritsa ntchito ma elastomeric seals, komanso umagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana—ungapangidwe kumapeto kwa mtundu uliwonse wa chitoliro cha hydraulic. Izi zimapatsa opanga ma payipi mwayi waukulu wopezera zinthu komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino azachuma kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mbiri ya mafakitale ili ndi zitsanzo zambiri za zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zikuyamba kukula panthawi yomwe zimakhala zovuta kuti msika usinthe njira. Chinthu chopikisana nacho - ngakhale chomwe chili chotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso chokwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za chinthu choyambirira - chingakhale chovuta kupeza malo pamsika ngati pakabuka kukayikira. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamene wothandizira wogula kapena mainjiniya wopatsidwa ntchito akuganiza zolowa m'malo mwa chinthu chomwe chilipo kale. Ndi ochepa omwe ali okonzeka kupezeka pachiwopsezo.
Nthawi zina, kusintha sikungakhale kofunikira kokha, komanso kofunikira. Mliri wa COVID-19 wabweretsa kusintha kosayembekezereka pakupezeka kwa mitundu ina ya mapaipi ndi kukula kwa mapaipi achitsulo. Madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opanga magalimoto, zamagetsi, zida zolemera ndi mafakitale ena aliwonse opanga mapaipi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mizere yopanikizika kwambiri, makamaka mizere ya hydraulic.
Mpata uwu ukhoza kudzazidwa pamtengo wotsika poganizira za mtundu wa chitoliro chachitsulo chomwe chilipo kale koma chapadera. Kusankha chinthu choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kumafuna kafukufuku kuti mudziwe momwe madzi amagwirizanirana, kuthamanga kwa ntchito, mphamvu ya makina, ndi mtundu wolumikizira.
Kuyang'ana bwino zomwe zafotokozedwazo kukuwonetsa kuti J356A ikhoza kufanana ndi J525 yeniyeni. Ngakhale mliriwu uli ndi mliriwu, ukupezekabe pamtengo wotsika kudzera mu unyolo wotsimikizika wogulira. Ngati kuthetsa mavuto omaliza sikuli kovuta kwambiri kuposa kupeza J525, kungathandize ma OEM kuthetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka zinthu munthawi ya COVID-19 ndi kupitirira apo.
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