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Ukusabalala kokuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic kuye kwanda eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, futhi izinhlelo zokugunda i-arthroscopic sezibe ithuluzi lamathambo elisetshenziswa kabanzi. Kodwa-ke, ama-razor amaningi ngokuvamile awabukhali ngokwanele, kulula ukuwagqoka, njalo njalo. Inhloso yalesi sihloko ukuphenya izici zesakhiwo se-blade entsha enezinsika ezimbili ye-razor ye-arthroscopic ye-BJKMC (Bojin◊ Kinetic Medical). Inikeza umbono jikelele womklamo womkhiqizo kanye nenqubo yokuqinisekisa. I-razor ye-arthroscopic ye-BJKMC inomklamo we-tube-in-tube, oqukethe umkhono wangaphandle wensimbi engagqwali kanye ne-tube yangaphakathi engenalutho ejikelezayo. Igobolondo langaphandle negobolondo langaphakathi linezindawo zokudonsa nokusika ezihambisanayo, futhi kunezimbobo emagobolondweni angaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe umklamo, kuqhathaniswa ne-Dyonics◊ Incisor◊ Plus insert. Ukubukeka, ubulukhuni bethuluzi, ubulukhuni be-tube yensimbi, ukujiya kodonga lwethuluzi, iphrofayili yamazinyo, i-engeli, isakhiwo sonke, ubukhulu obubalulekile, njll. kwahlolwa futhi kwaqhathaniswa. indawo yokusebenza kanye nethiphu eqinile nencane. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo ye-BJKMC ingasebenza ngendlela eyanelisayo ekuhlinzeni.
Ilunga emzimbeni womuntu liwuhlobo lokuxhumana okungaqondile phakathi kwamathambo. Liyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesizinzile esidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yethu yansuku zonke. Ezinye izifo zishintsha ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo elunganeni, okuholela ekuncipheni kokusebenza kanye nokulahlekelwa umsebenzi1. Ukuhlinzwa kwamathambo okuvamile kunzima ukwelapha ngokunembile okungenamandla kakhulu, futhi isikhathi sokululama ngemva kokwelashwa side. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic kuyinqubo engenamandla kakhulu edinga ukusikwa okuncane kuphela, okubangela ukulimala okuncane kanye nezibazi, okunesikhathi sokululama okusheshayo, kanye nezinkinga ezimbalwa. Ngokuthuthuka kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha, amasu okuhlinzwa angenamandla kancane kancane abe inqubo evamile yokuxilonga nokwelapha amathambo. Ngemva nje kokuhlinzwa kokuqala kwedolo le-arthroscopic, lamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengendlela yokuhlinzwa nguKenji Takagi noMasaki Watanabe eJapan2,3. I-arthroscopy kanye ne-endoprosthetics kungenye yezindlela ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-orthopedics4. Namuhla, ukuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic okungavamile kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izimo ezahlukahlukene kanye nokulimala, okuhlanganisa i-osteoarthritis, ukulimala kwe-meniscal, ukulimala kwe-anterior kanye ne-posterior cruciate ligament, i-synovitis, ukuphuka kwe-intra-articular, i-patellar subluxation, i-cartilage kanye nezilonda zomzimba ezikhululekile.
Ukwanda kokuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic kuye kwanda eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, futhi izinhlelo zokugunda i-arthroscopic sezibe ithuluzi lamathambo elisetshenziswa kabanzi. Njengamanje, odokotela abahlinzayo banezinketho eziningi ezitholakalayo kodokotela abahlinzayo, okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-cruciate ligament, ukulungiswa kwe-meniscus, i-osteochondral grafting, i-hip arthroscopy, kanye ne-facet joint arthroscopy, kuye ngokuthi udokotela ohlinzayo ukhetha ini. Njengoba izinqubo zokuhlinzwa ze-arthroscopic zanda ziye emalungeni amaningi, odokotela bangahlola amalunga e-synovial futhi bahlinze iziguli ngezindlela ezazingacatshangwa ngaphambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwasungulwa amanye amathuluzi. Ngokuvamile aqukethe iyunithi yokulawula, i-handpiece enenjini enamandla kanye nethuluzi lokusika. Ithuluzi lokuhlukanisa livumela ukumuncwa kanye nokususwa kwezicubu ngasikhathi sinye nangokuqhubekayo6.
Ngenxa yobunzima bokuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic, kuvame ukudingeka amathuluzi amaningi. Amathuluzi okuhlinza ayinhloko asetshenziswa ekuhlinzeni kwe-arthroscopic afaka phakathi i-arthroscopes, izikele ze-probe, izibhakela, ama-forceps, imimese ye-arthroscopic, ama-meniscus blades nama-razor, amathuluzi okuhlinza nge-electrosurgical, ama-laser, amathuluzi omsakazo kanye nezinye izinto 7.
I-razor iyithuluzi elibalulekile ekuhlinzeni. Kunezimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-pliers zokuhlinzwa kwe-arthroscopic. Eyokuqala ukususa izinsalela ze-cartilage eyonakele, okuhlanganisa imizimba ekhululekile kanye ne-cartilage ye-articular entantayo, ngokumunca nokuhlanza ijoyinti nge-saline eningi ukususa izilonda zangaphakathi kwe-articular kanye ne-mediators yokuvuvukala. Enye ukususa i-cartilage ye-articular ehlukaniswe nethambo le-subchondral bese kulungiswa isici se-cartilage esigugile. I-meniscus edabukile iyasuswa bese kwakheka i-meniscus egugile nephukile. Ama-razor asetshenziswa futhi ukususa ezinye noma zonke izicubu ze-synovial ezivuvukalayo, njenge-hyperplasia kanye nokuqina1.
Ama-scalpel amaningi angangeni kakhulu anesigaba sokusika esine-cannula yangaphandle engenalutho kanye nepayipi langaphakathi elingenalutho. Akuvamile ukuba namazinyo ayi-8 anezinsika ukuze kube nomphetho wokusika. Amathiphu ahlukene ensika anikeza amazinga ahlukene amandla okusika ku-razor. Amazinyo ensika avamile e-arthroscopic awela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu (Isithombe 1): (a) amapayipi angaphakathi nangaphandle abushelelezi; (b) amapayipi angaphandle abushelelezi kanye namapayipi angaphakathi anezinsika; (c) anezinsika (okungaba yi-razor blade)) amapayipi angaphakathi nangaphandle. 9. Ubukhali bawo ezicutshini ezithambile buyanda. Amandla aphezulu ajwayelekile kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusika kwesaha elinencazelo efanayo kungcono kunebha eliyisicaba eliyi-10.
Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga eziningana ngemishini yokugunda i-arthroscopic etholakalayo njengamanje. Okokuqala, i-blade ayibukhali ngokwanele, futhi kulula ukuyivimba lapho usika izicubu ezithambile. Okwesibili, i-razor ingasika kuphela izicubu ezithambile ze-synovial—udokotela kumele asebenzise i-burr ukuze acwebe ithambo. Ngakho-ke, ama-blade adinga ukushintshwa njalo ngesikhathi sokusebenza, okwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza. Umonakalo wokusika kanye nokuguguleka kwe-razor nakho kuyizinkinga ezivamile. Ukulungiswa komshini oqondile kanye nokulawula ukunemba kwakha ngempela inkomba eyodwa yokuhlola.
Inkinga yokuqala ukuthi i-razor blade ayibushelelezi ngokwanele ngenxa yesikhala esikhulu phakathi kwama-blade angaphakathi nangaphandle. Isixazululo senkinga yesibili kungaba ukwandisa i-engeli ye-razor blade nokwandisa amandla ezinto zokwakha.
I-razor entsha ye-BJKMC ene-arthroscopic blade enezinsika ezimbili ingaxazulula izinkinga zokusika imiphetho ebukhali, ukuvaleka kalula kanye nokuguga kwamathuluzi okusheshayo. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle komklamo omusha we-razor we-BJKMC, iqhathaniswe nomlingani kaDyonics, i-Incisor◊ Plus Blade.
I-razor entsha ye-arthroscopic inomklamo we-tube-in-tube, okuhlanganisa umkhono wangaphandle wensimbi engagqwali kanye ne-tube yangaphakathi engenalutho ejikelezayo enezindawo zokumunca nezokusika ezifanayo emkhono wangaphandle kanye ne-tube yangaphakathi. Izimbobo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ziyaqhekeka. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, uhlelo lwamandla lubangela ukuthi i-tube yangaphakathi ijikeleze, bese i-tube yangaphandle iluma ngamazinyo, isebenzisana nokusika. Ukusikwa kwezicubu okuqediwe kanye nemizimba ekhululekile kususwa ejoyintini nge-tube yangaphakathi engenalutho. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokusika, kwakhethwa isakhiwo samazinyo aqinile. Kusetshenziswa i-laser welding ezingxenyeni ezihlanganisiwe. Isakhiwo sekhanda elijwayelekile lokushefa amazinyo amabili siboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Ngokuklanywa okuvamile, ububanzi bangaphandle bokuphela kwangaphambili kwe-arthroscopic shaver buncane kancane kunokuphela kwangemuva. I-razor akufanele iphoqelelwe ukuba ingene esikhaleni sokuhlangana, ngoba kokubili isihloko kanye nomkhawulo wefasitela lokusika kuyagezwa futhi kulimaze ubuso obuhlangene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ububanzi befasitela lokusika kufanele bube bukhulu ngokwanele. Uma ifasitela libanzi, i-shaver ihleleke kakhulu, futhi ivimbela kangcono ukuvaleka kwefasitela.
Xoxa ngomphumela wephrofayili yamazinyo emandleni okusika. Imodeli ye-3D ye-razor yadalwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-SolidWorks (SolidWorks 2016, SolidWorks Corp., eMassachusetts, e-USA). Amamodeli egobolondo langaphandle anamaphrofayili ahlukene amazinyo angeniswe ohlelweni lwe-finite element (ANSYS Workbench 16.0, ANSYS Inc., e-USA) ukuze kuhlaziywe i-meshing kanye nokuhlaziywa kokucindezeleka. Izakhiwo zemishini (i-modulus of elasticity kanye nesilinganiso sikaPoisson) sezinto zinikezwe kuThebula. 1. Ubuningi be-mesh obusetshenziselwa izicubu ezithambile babungu-0.05 mm, futhi sacwenga ubuso be-planer obungu-11 obuthinta izicubu ezithambile (Isithombe 3a). Imodeli yonke inama-node angu-40,522 kanye nama-meshe angu-45,449. Ezilungiselelweni zesimo somngcele, sinciphisa ngokuphelele ama-degree angu-6 enkululeko anikezwe ezinhlangothini ezine zezicubu ezithambile kanti i-razor blade ijikeleziswa ngo-20° nxazonke kwe-x-axis (Isithombe 3b).
Ukuhlaziywa kwamamodeli amathathu e-razor (Isithombe 4) kubonise ukuthi iphuzu lokucindezeleka okukhulu kwenzeka ngoshintsho olusheshayo lwesakhiwo, oluhambisana nezakhiwo zemishini. I-razor iyithuluzi elilahlwayo4 futhi akukho bungozi obukhulu bokuphuka kwe-blade ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kanye. Ngakho-ke, sigxila kakhulu ekhonweni layo lokusika. Ukucindezeleka okukhulu okulingana okusebenza ezicutshini ezithambile kungabonisa lesi sici. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokusebenza, lapho ukucindezeleka okukhulu okulingana kukhulu, kubhekwa kuqala ukuthi izakhiwo zayo zokusika zingcono kakhulu. Ngokuphathelene nokucindezeleka kwezicubu ezithambile, i-razor yephrofayili yamazinyo engu-60° ikhiqize ukucindezeleka okukhulu kokusika kwezicubu ezithambile (39.213 MPa).
Ukusatshalaliswa kokucindezeleka kwezicubu ezithambile kanye nokugunda izinwele lapho ama-razor sheaths anamaphrofayili ahlukene amazinyo esika izicubu ezithambile: (a) iphrofayili yamazinyo engu-50°, (b) iphrofayili yamazinyo engu-60°, (c) iphrofayili yamazinyo engu-70°.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwakheka kwe-blade entsha ye-BJKMC, iqhathaniswe ne-blade efanayo ye-Dyonics◊ Incisor◊ Plus (Isithombe 5) enokusebenza okufanayo. Kusetshenziswe izinhlobo ezintathu ezifanayo zomkhiqizo ngamunye kuzo zonke izivivinyo. Zonke izinsila ezisetshenzisiwe zintsha futhi azilimele.
Izici ezithinta ukusebenza kwe-razor zifaka phakathi ubulukhuni nobukhulu be-blade, ubulukhuni bepayipi lensimbi, kanye nephrofayili ne-engeli yezinyo. Ukuze kulinganiswe ama-contour nama-engeli amazinyo, kukhethwe iphrojektha ye-contour enesisombululo esingu-0.001 mm (Starrett 400 series, Fig. 6). Ekuhlolweni, amakhanda okushefa abekwa ebhentshini lokusebenzela. Kala iphrofayili yezinyo kanye ne-engeli ehlobene ne-crosshair esikrinini se-projection bese usebenzisa i-micrometer njengomehluko phakathi kwemigqa emibili ukuze unqume ukulinganisa. Usayizi wangempela wephrofayili yezinyo utholakala ngokuwuhlukanisa ngokukhulisa inhloso ekhethiwe. Ukuze ulinganise i-engeli yezinyo, qondanisa amaphuzu aqinile kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-engeli elinganisiwe ne-sub-line intersection esikrinini esikhishelwe bese usebenzisa ama-angle cursors etafuleni ukuze uthathe ukufundwa.
Ngokuphinda lokhu kuhlola, ubukhulu obuyinhloko bobude bokusebenza (amashubhu angaphakathi nangaphandle), ububanzi bangaphandle bangaphambili nangemuva, ubude nobubanzi befasitela, kanye nokuphakama kwamazinyo kwalinganiswa.
Hlola ubulukhuni bomphezulu nge-pinpener. Isihloko sethuluzi sihanjiswa ngokuvundlile ngaphezu kwesampula, siqonde ngqo ohlangothini lwezinhlamvu ezicutshunguliwe. Ubulukhuni obujwayelekile be-Ra butholakala ngqo kusuka kuthuluzi. Ku-fig. 7 kukhombisa ithuluzi elinenaliti (Mitutoyo SJ-310).
Ubulukhuni bezinsika ze-razor bulinganiswa ngokuya ngokuhlolwa kobulukhuni be-Vickers ISO 6507-1:20055. I-indenter yedayimane icindezelwa ebusweni besampula isikhathi esithile ngaphansi kwamandla athile okuhlola. Bese ubude obuqondile bokugoba bulinganiswa ngemva kokususwa kwe-indenter. Ubulukhuni be-Vickers buhambisana nesilinganiso samandla okuhlola endaweni engaphezulu yombono.
Ubukhulu bodonga lwekhanda lokushefa bulinganiswa ngokufaka ikhanda lebhola eliyindilinga elinokunemba okungu-0.01 mm kanye nobubanzi bokulinganisa obungaba ngu-0-200 mm. Ubukhulu bodonga buchazwa njengomehluko phakathi kobubanzi bangaphandle nobangaphakathi bethuluzi. Inqubo yokuhlola yokulinganisa ubukhulu iboniswe ku-Fig. 8.
Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo se-razor ye-BJKMC kuqhathaniswa nokwe-razor ye-Dyonics◊ enencazelo efanayo. Idatha yokusebenza yengxenye ngayinye yomkhiqizo iyalinganiswa futhi iqhathaniswe. Ngokusekelwe kudatha yobukhulu, amakhono okusika emikhiqizo yomibili ayabikezelwa. Yomibili imikhiqizo inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zesakhiwo, ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kokuqhuba kukagesi kuzo zonke izinhlangothi kusadingeka.
Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-engeli, imiphumela iboniswe kuThebula 2 kanye neThebula 3. Ukuphambuka okumaphakathi kanye nokujwayelekile kwedatha ye-engeli yephrofayili yemikhiqizo emibili kwakungafani ngokwezibalo.
Ukuqhathaniswa kweminye imingcele ebalulekile yemikhiqizo emibili kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 9. Ngokuphathelene nobubanzi nobude bepayipi langaphakathi nelangaphandle, amafasitela epayipi langaphakathi nelangaphandle e-Dyonics◊ made futhi abanzi kancane kunalawo e-BJKMC. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-Dyonics◊ angaba nendawo enkulu yokuwasika futhi ipayipi cishe alivaleki. Imikhiqizo emibili ayizange ihluke ngokwezibalo kwezinye izici.
Izingxenye ze-BJKMC razor zixhunywe nge-laser welding. Ngakho-ke, akukho ngcindezi yangaphandle ku-weld. Ingxenye ezoshintshwa ayicindezelwa ukushisa noma ukuguqulwa kokushisa. Ingxenye yokushintshwa incane, ukungena kukhulu, amandla omshini wengxenye yokushintshwa aphezulu, ukudlidliza kunamandla, ukumelana nomthelela kuphezulu. Izingxenye ezishintshwa nge-laser zithembeke kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni14,15.
Ubulukhuni bomphezulu buyindlela yokulinganisa ukuthungwa kobuso. Izingxenye ezivame kakhulu kanye namagagasi amafushane zobuso obulinganisiwe, ezinquma ukusebenzisana phakathi kwento nendawo ekuyo, ziyacatshangelwa. Umkhono wangaphandle wommese wangaphakathi kanye nobuso bangaphakathi bepayipi langaphakathi yizindawo eziyinhloko zokusebenza ze-razor. Ukunciphisa ubulukhuni bezindawo ezimbili kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuguguleka kwe-razor futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwayo.
Ubulukhuni bomphezulu wegobolondo langaphandle, kanye nobuso bangaphakathi nobangaphandle be-blade yangaphakathi yamashubhu amabili ensimbi, kutholakale ngokuhlola. Amanani abo aphakathi aboniswe ku-Figure 10. Ubuso bangaphakathi be-sheath yangaphandle kanye nobuso bangaphandle bommese wangaphakathi yizindawo zokusebenza eziyinhloko. Ubulukhuni bomphezulu wangaphakathi we-scabbard kanye nobuso bangaphandle bommese wangaphakathi we-BJKMC buphansi kunemikhiqizo efanayo ye-Dyonics◊ (incazelo efanayo). Lokhu kusho ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-BJKMC ingaba nemiphumela eyanelisayo maqondana nokusebenza kokusika.
Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-blade, idatha yokuhlola yamaqembu amabili ama-razor blade iboniswe kuMfanekiso 11. Iningi lama-razor e-arthroscopic enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ngenxa yamandla aphezulu, ukuqina kanye nokuguquguquka okudingekayo kuma-razor blade. Kodwa-ke, amakhanda okushefa e-BJKMC enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic engu-1RK91. Ama-stainless steel e-Martensitic anamandla nokuqina okuphezulu kune-stainless steel e-austenitic17. Izinto zamakhemikhali emikhiqizweni ye-BJKMC zihlangabezana nezidingo ze-S46910 (ASTM-F899 Surgical Instruments) ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakheka. Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zihlolwe ukuthi zinobuthi futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi ezokwelapha.
Kungabonakala emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwe-finite element ukuthi ukuhlushwa kokucindezeleka kwe-razor kugxile kakhulu kuphrofayili yamazinyo. I-IRK91 iyinsimbi engagqwali enamandla aphezulu e-supermartensitic enokuqina okuphezulu kanye namandla amahle okuthambekela kokubili ekushiseni kwegumbi kanye nasekushiseni okuphezulu. Amandla okuthambekela ekushiseni kwegumbi angafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-2000 MPa, futhi inani eliphakeme lokucindezeleka ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwe-finite element lingaba ngu-130 MPa, okukude kakhulu nomkhawulo wokuphuka kwezinto. Sikholelwa ukuthi ingozi yokuphuka kwe-blade incane kakhulu.
Ubukhulu bensingo buthinta ngqo ikhono lokusika lensingo. Uma ubukhulu bodonga bunciphile, kulapho ukusebenza kokusika kuba ngcono khona. Insingo entsha ye-BJKMC inciphisa ubukhulu bodonga lwezingodo ezimbili eziphikisanayo ezijikelezayo, kanti ikhanda linodonga olunciphile kunezinye ezivela ku-Dyonics◊. Imimese emincane ingandisa amandla okusika esihloko.
Idatha ekuThebula 4 ikhombisa ukuthi ubukhulu bodonga lwe-razor ye-BJKMC elinganiswe ngendlela yokulinganisa ubukhulu bodonga olujikelezayo ngokucindezelwa buncane kunobo be-razor ye-Dyonics◊ yencazelo efanayo.
Ngokusho kokuhlolwa okuqhathanisayo, i-razor entsha ye-BJKMC arthroscopic ayibonisanga umehluko ocacile womklamo kusuka kumodeli efanayo ye-Dyonics◊. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Dyonics◊ Incisor◊ Plus inserts ngokwezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, i-BJKMC double tooth inserts inobuso obusebenzayo obubushelelezi kanye ne-tip eqinile nencane. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo ye-BJKMC ingasebenza ngendlela eyanelisayo ekuhlinzeni. Lolu cwaningo lwaklanywa ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi ukusebenza okuthile kudinga ukuhlolwa ekuhlolweni okulandelayo.
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