Umsebenzi wokugoba i-mandrel uqala umjikelezo wawo. I-mandrel ifakwa kububanzi bangaphakathi bepayipi. I-die yokugoba (kwesobunxele) inquma i-radius. I-die yokunamathisela (kwesokudla) iqondisa ipayipi elizungeze i-die yokugoba ukuze inqume i-engeli.
Kuzo zonke izimboni, isidingo sokugoba amashubhu ayinkimbinkimbi siyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizingxenye zesakhiwo, imishini yezokwelapha ehambayo, ozimele bama-ATV noma izimoto zikagesi, noma ngisho nezinsimbi zokuphepha ezindlini zangasese, yonke iphrojekthi ihlukile.
Ukufeza imiphumela efiselekayo kudinga imishini emihle futhi ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe obufanele. Njenganoma yimuphi omunye umkhakha wokukhiqiza, ukugoba amashubhu ngempumelelo kuqala ngamandla ayisisekelo, imiqondo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi.
Amandla athile ayisisekelo asiza ekunqumeni ububanzi bephrojekthi yokugoba ipayipi noma ipayipi. Izici ezifana nohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kokugcina, kanye nokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe konyaka kuthinta ngqo inqubo yokukhiqiza, izindleko ezihilelekile, kanye nezikhathi zokuhola zokulethwa.
Ingqikithi yokuqala ebalulekile yizinga lokugoba (i-DOB), noma i-engeli eyakhiwe ukugoba. Okulandelayo yi-Centerline Radius (i-CLR), enwebeka eceleni komugqa ophakathi wepayipi noma ithubhu okufanele igotshwe. Ngokuvamile, i-CLR eqinile kakhulu efinyelelekayo iphindwe kabili ububanzi bepayipi noma ithubhu. Phinda kabili i-CLR ukuze ubale ububanzi be-Centerline Diameter (i-CLD), okuyibanga elisuka ku-axis yomugqa ophakathi wepayipi noma ipayipi ngokusebenzisa omunye umugqa ophakathi we-return bend engu-180 degrees.
Ububanzi bangaphakathi (ID) bulinganiswa endaweni ebanzi kakhulu yokuvula ngaphakathi kwepayipi noma ipayipi. Ububanzi bangaphandle (OD) bulinganiswa endaweni ebanzi kakhulu yepayipi noma ipayipi, okuhlanganisa nodonga. Okokugcina, ubukhulu bodonga obujwayelekile bulinganiswa phakathi kobuso bangaphandle nobangaphakathi bepayipi noma ipayipi.
Izinga elijwayelekile lokumelana ne-angle yokugoba yi-±1 degree. Yonke inkampani inezinga langaphakathi elingasekelwe emishinini esetshenzisiwe kanye nolwazi nolwazi lomqhubi womshini.
Amapayipi alinganiswa futhi acashunwe ngokwesilinganiso sawo sangaphandle kanye negeyiji (okungukuthi ubukhulu bodonga). Amageyiji avamile afaka phakathi u-10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, kanye no-20. Uma igeyiji iphansi, udonga luba lukhulu: u-10-ga. Ipayipi linodonga oluyi-0.134 intshi, kanye no-20-ga. Ipayipi linodonga oluyi-0.035 intshi.1½” kanye no-0.035″ OD. Udonga lubizwa ngokuthi “1½-in” engxenyeni ephrintiwe.20-ga.tube.”
Ipayipi lichazwa ngosayizi wepayipi ojwayelekile (i-NPS), inombolo engenakulinganiswa echaza ububanzi (ngamasentimitha), kanye netafula lokujiya kodonga (noma i-Sch.). Amapayipi afika ngezinhlobonhlobo zobukhulu bodonga, kuye ngokusetshenziswa kwawo. Amashejuli adumile afaka phakathi i-Sch.5, 10, 40 kanye ne-80.
Ipayipi elingu-1.66″.OD kanye namasentimitha angu-0.140. I-NPS iphawule udonga emdwebeni wengxenye, kulandelwe ishejuli - kulokhu, “1¼”. Amashubhu angu-Shi.40.” Ishadi lohlelo lwamapayipi licacisa ububanzi bangaphandle kanye nobukhulu bodonga lwe-NPS kanye nohlelo oluhambisanayo.
Isici sodonga, okuyisilinganiso esiphakathi kobubanzi bangaphandle nobukhulu bodonga, singenye into ebalulekile yezindololwane. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezigobile (ezilingana noma ezingaphansi kwamagatha ayi-18) kungadinga ukwesekwa okwengeziwe ku-arc egobile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushwabana noma ukuwohloka. Kulokhu, ukugoba kwekhwalithi kuzodinga ama-mandrel namanye amathuluzi.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukugoba u-D, ububanzi beshubhu maqondana nerediyasi yokugoba, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi irediyasi yokugoba enkulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunenani lika-D. Isibonelo, irediyasi yokugoba engu-2D iyipayipi engu-3-in.-OD engamasentimitha angu-6. Uma i-D yokugoba iphakeme, kulula ukwakha ukugoba. Futhi uma i-coefficient yodonga iphansi, kulula ukugoba. Lokhu kuhlangana phakathi kwe-Wall Factor ne-Bend D kusiza ekunqumeni ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuqala iphrojekthi yokugoba kwepayipi.
Umfanekiso 1. Ukuze ubale iphesenti le-ovality, hlukanisa umehluko phakathi kwe-OD ephezulu kanye ne-OD encane nge-OD eqondile.
Ezinye izincazelo zephrojekthi zidinga amapayipi amancane noma amapayipi ukuze kulawulwe izindleko zezinto zokwakha. Kodwa-ke, izindonga ezincane zingadinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokukhiqiza ukuze kulondolozwe ukuma nokuvumelana kwepayipi lapho ligoba futhi kuqedwe amathuba okushwabana. Kwezinye izimo, lezi zindleko zabasebenzi ezikhuphukile zidlula ukonga kwezinto zokwakha.
Uma ithubhu ligoba, lingalahlekelwa yi-100% yesimo salo esiyindilinga eduze naseduze kwethubhu. Lokhu kuphambuka kubizwa ngokuthi i-ovality futhi kuchazwa njengomehluko phakathi kobukhulu obukhulu nobuncane bobubanzi bangaphandle bethubhu.
Isibonelo, ithubhu le-OD elingu-2″ lingafinyelela ku-1.975″ ngemva kokugoba. Lo mehluko wamasentimitha angu-0.025 uyisici se-ovality, okumele sibe ngaphakathi kokubekezelelana okwamukelekayo (bheka Umfanekiso 1). Kuye ngokusetshenziswa kokugcina kwengxenye, ukubekezelelana kwe-ovality kungaba phakathi kuka-1.5% no-8%.
Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukujiya kwendololwane u-D kanye nobukhulu bodonga. Ukugoba ama-radii amancane ezintweni ezigobile kungaba nzima ukugcina ukujiya kusesimweni sokubekezelelana, kodwa kungenziwa.
Ukuma kwe-oval kulawulwa ngokubeka i-mandrel ngaphakathi kwepayipi noma ipayipi ngesikhathi sokugoba, noma kwezinye izici ezithile, kusetshenziswa ipayipi (DOM) elidwetshwe ku-mandrel kusukela ekuqaleni. (Ipayipi le-DOM line-ID ne-OD tolerances eziqinile kakhulu.) Uma ukubekezelelana kwe-ovality kuphansi, kulapho kudingeka khona amathuluzi amaningi kanye nesikhathi sokukhiqiza esingaba khona.
Imisebenzi yokugoba amashubhu isebenzisa imishini yokuhlola ekhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye ezakhiwe ziyahlangabezana nezimfuneko kanye nokubekezelelana (bheka uMfanekiso 2). Noma yikuphi ukulungiswa okudingekayo kungadluliselwa emshinini we-CNC njengoba kudingeka.
Ukugoqa. Kuhle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ukugoba okukhulu kwerediyasi, ukugoqa ukugoqa kuhilela ukufaka ipayipi noma ipayipi ngama-roller amathathu ngendlela engunxantathu (bheka Umfanekiso 3). Ama-roller amabili angaphandle, ngokuvamile aqinile, asekela phansi kwezinto, kuyilapho i-roller yangaphakathi elungisekayo icindezela phezulu kwezinto.
Ukugoba ngokucindezela. Ngale ndlela elula impela, idayisi lokugoba lihlala lingashintshi ngenkathi idayisi eliphikisayo ligoba noma licindezela izinto ezizungeze isixhumi. Le ndlela ayisebenzisi i-mandrel futhi idinga ukufana okunembile phakathi kwedayi yokugoba kanye nerediyasi yokugoba oyifunayo (bheka Umfanekiso 4).
Ukusonta nokugoba. Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokugoba ngamapayipi ukugoba okujikijelayo (okwaziwa nangokuthi ukugoba ngamapayipi), okusebenzisa ukugoba kanye nama-pressure dies kanye nama-mandrels. Ama-mandrels ayizinsika zensimbi noma ama-core asekela ipayipi noma ipayipi lapho ligoba. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-mandrel kuvimbela ipayipi ukuthi lingawi, lithambe, noma lishwabane ngesikhathi ligoba, ngaleyo ndlela ligcine futhi livikele ukuma kwepayipi (bheka Umfanekiso 5).
Lo mkhakha uhlanganisa ukugoba kwe-multi-radius kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga i-midline radii emibili noma ngaphezulu. Ukugoba kwe-multi-radius kuhle kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezine-midline radii enkulu (ukusebenzisa amathuluzi aqinile kungase kungabi yindlela) noma izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukwakheka ngomjikelezo owodwa ogcwele.
Umfanekiso 2. Imishini ekhethekile inikeza ukuxilongwa kwesikhathi sangempela ukusiza opharetha ukuqinisekisa imininingwane yezingxenye noma ukubhekana nanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa okudingekayo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
Ukuze kwenziwe lolu hlobo lokugoba, i-rotary draw bender inikezwa amasethi amathuluzi amabili noma ngaphezulu, elilodwa lerediyasi ngayinye oyifunayo. Ukusetha ngokwezifiso kubhuleki elicindezelwe ikhanda elikabili - elilodwa lokugoba ngakwesokudla kanti elinye lokugoba ngakwesokunxele - kunganikeza ama-radii amancane namakhulu engxenyeni efanayo. Ukushintshana phakathi kwezindololwane zesobunxele nesokudla kungaphindwa kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, okuvumela izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi zakheke ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokususa ithubhu noma ukubandakanya noma yimuphi omunye umshini (bheka Umfanekiso 6).
Ukuze aqale, uchwepheshe usetha umshini ngokwe-geometry yeshubhu ebhalwe kushidi ledatha yokugoba noma ukuphrinta kokukhiqiza, efaka noma elayisha ama-coordinates avela kokuphrinta kanye nobude, ukujikeleza kanye nedatha ye-engeli. Okulandelayo kuza ukulingiswa kokugoba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ishubhu lizokwazi ukususa umshini namathuluzi ngesikhathi somjikelezo wokugoba. Uma ukulingiswa kukhombisa ukushayisana noma ukuphazamiseka, umqhubi ulungisa umshini njengoba kudingeka.
Nakuba le ndlela ivame ukudingeka ezingxenyeni ezenziwe ngensimbi noma ngensimbi engagqwali, izinsimbi eziningi zezimboni, ubukhulu bodonga kanye nobude kungafakwa.
Ukugoba okukhululekile. Indlela ethakazelisa kakhulu, ukugoba okukhululekile kusebenzisa idayisi elilingana nepayipi noma ithubhu eligobayo (bheka uMfanekiso 7). Le ndlela ilungele ukugoba okuqondile noma okune-radius engaphezu kwama-degrees angu-180 okunezingxenye ezimbalwa eziqondile phakathi kokugoba ngakunye (ukugoba okujwayelekile kokwelula okujikelezayo kudinga izingxenye ezithile eziqondile ukuze ithuluzi libambe). Ukugoba okukhululekile akudingi ukubopha, ngakho-ke kuqeda noma yikuphi ukungenzeka kokumaka amashubhu noma amapayipi.
Amapayipi anodonga oluncane—avame ukusetshenziswa emishinini yokudla neziphuzo, izingxenye zefenisha, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha noma yezempilo—alungele ukugoba ngokukhululeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingxenye ezinezindonga ezijiyile zingase zingabi yizinto ezifanelekile.
Amathuluzi ayadingeka kumaphrojekthi amaningi okugoba amapayipi. Ekugobeni okujikelezayo, amathuluzi amathathu abaluleke kakhulu ama-dies okugoba, ama-pressure dies kanye nama-clamping dies. Kuye nge-radius yokugoba kanye nobukhulu bodonga, i-mandrel kanye ne-wiper die kungadingeka ukuze kufezwe ukugoba okwamukelekayo. Izingxenye ezinama-gons amaningi zidinga i-collet ebamba futhi ivale kancane ngaphandle kwepayipi, ijikeleze njengoba kudingeka, bese ihambisa ipayipi iye ekugobeni okulandelayo.
Inhliziyo yenqubo ukugoba idayisi ukuze kwakheke i-radius ephakathi nendawo yengxenye. I-die yesiteshi esigobile sedayisi ifanelana nobubanzi bangaphandle bepayipi futhi isiza ukubamba impahla njengoba igoba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, idayisi yokucindezela ibamba futhi izinzise ipayipi njengoba izungezwe idayisi egobayo. I-die ecindezelayo isebenza ngokubambisana ne-die ecindezelayo ukuze ibambe ipayipi engxenyeni eqondile yedayi egobayo njengoba ihamba. Ngasekupheleni kwedayi egobayo, sebenzisa idayisi kadokotela uma kudingeka ukushelela ubuso bento, ukusekela izindonga zepayipi, nokuvimbela ukushwabana nokubhidlika.
Ama-mandrel, i-alloy yethusi noma izinsimbi zensimbi ezi-chromed ukusekela amapayipi noma amapayipi, ukuvimbela ukuwa noma ukugoba kwepayipi, nokunciphisa ukujiya. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yi-ball mandrel. Ilungele ukugoba kwe-radius eminingi kanye nezinto zokusebenza ezinobukhulu obujwayelekile bodonga, i-ball mandrel isetshenziswa kanye ne-wiper, i-fixture kanye ne-pressure die; ndawonye zandisa ingcindezi edingekayo ukubamba, ukuzinzisa nokushelela ukugoba. I-plug mandrel iyinduku eqinile yezindololwane ezinkulu ze-radius kumapayipi aqinile ahlanganisiwe angadingi ama-wiper. Ama-mandrel akhayo yizinduku eziqinile ezineziphetho ezigobile (noma ezakhiwe) ezisetshenziselwa ukusekela ingaphakathi lamapayipi aqinile ahlanganisiwe noma amapayipi agobile ku-radius ejwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphrojekthi adinga amapayipi ayisikwele noma angunxande adinga ama-mandrel akhethekile.
Ukugoba okunembile kudinga amathuluzi afanele kanye nokusetha. Izinkampani eziningi zokugoba amapayipi zinamathuluzi esitokweni. Uma engekho, amathuluzi kumele atholakale ukuze avumelane nendawo ethile yokugoba.
Imali yokuqala yokwenza idayisi eligobayo ingahluka kakhulu. Le mali yesikhathi esisodwa ihlanganisa izinto zokwakha kanye nesikhathi sokukhiqiza esidingekayo ukudala amathuluzi adingekayo, avame ukusetshenziselwa amaphrojekthi alandelayo. Uma ukwakheka kwezingxenye kuguquguquka ngokwerediyasi egobayo, abathuthukisi bomkhiqizo bangalungisa imininingwane yabo ukuze basebenzise amathuluzi okugoba akhona omhlinzeki (kunokusebenzisa amathuluzi amasha). Lokhu kusiza ukuphatha izindleko nokunciphisa izikhathi zokuhola.
Umfanekiso 3. Kuhle kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwama-radius gond amakhulu, ukugoba kwe-roll ukuze kwakhiwe ithubhu noma ithubhu elinama-roller amathathu ngendlela engunxantathu.
Izimbobo ezicacisiwe, izikhala, noma ezinye izici ezisekugobeni noma eduze kwalapho kugoba khona zengeza umsebenzi osizayo emsebenzini, njengoba ukusika nge-laser kumele kwenziwe ngemva kokuba ithubhu ligobile. Ukubekezelelana nakho kuthinta izindleko. Imisebenzi enzima kakhulu ingadinga ama-mandrel noma ama-die engeziwe, okungandisa isikhathi sokusetha.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi abakhiqizi okudingeka bazicabangele lapho befuna izindololwane noma ukugoba okwenziwe ngokwezifiso. Izinto ezifana namathuluzi, izinto zokwakha, ubuningi, kanye nomsebenzi konke kudlala indima.
Nakuba amasu nezindlela zokugoba amapayipi ziye zathuthuka eminyakeni edlule, izisekelo eziningi zokugoba amapayipi zisalokhu zinjalo. Ukuqonda izisekelo nokubonisana nomhlinzeki onolwazi kuzokusiza uthole imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
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