Igikorwa cyo kunama kwa mandrel gitangira uruziga rwacyo. Mandrel yinjizwa mu murambararo w'imbere w'umuyoboro. Indabyo yo kunama (ibumoso) igena uburebure bw'umuyoboro. Indabyo yo kunama (iburyo) iyobora umuyoboro ukikije indabyo yo kunama kugira ngo imenye inguni.
Mu nganda zose, gukenera imiyoboro ikomeye yo kugorora biracyakomeje. Byaba ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi bigendanwa, amadirishya ya ATV cyangwa imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, cyangwa se utubati tw'icyuma mu bwiherero, buri mushinga uratandukanye.
Kugira ngo umuntu agere ku musaruro wifuza bisaba ibikoresho byiza cyane cyane ubuhanga bukwiye. Kimwe n'izindi nzego zose zo gukora, gukora neza imiyoboro bitangirira ku mbaraga z'ibanze, ibitekerezo by'ibanze bigize umushinga uwo ari wo wose.
Ingufu zimwe na zimwe z'ibanze zifasha kumenya urwego rw'umushinga wo guhinga imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro. Ibintu nk'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho, ikoreshwa rya nyuma, n'ikoreshwa ry'umwaka bizagira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buryo bwo kuyikora, ikiguzi cyabyo, n'igihe cyo kuyitanga.
Igice cya mbere cy’ingenzi ni urugero rw’impinduka (DOB), cyangwa inguni ikorwa n’impinduka. Hakurikiraho Centerline Radius (CLR), inyura ku murongo wo hagati w’umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro ugomba kugororwa. Ubusanzwe, CLR ikomeye cyane igerwaho ni ukubiri n’umurambararo w’umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro. Kabiri CLR kugira ngo ubare Diameter ya Centerline (CLD), ari yo ntera iva ku murongo wo hagati w’umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro unyuze ku wundi murongo wo hagati w’impinduka ya dogere 180.
Umurambararo w'imbere (ID) upimirwa ku gice cyagutse cyane cy'umwobo uri imbere mu muyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro. Umurambararo w'inyuma (OD) upimirwa ku gice cyagutse cyane cy'umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro, harimo n'urukuta. Amaherezo, ubugari bw'urukuta bupimirwa hagati y'ubuso bw'inyuma n'ubw'imbere bw'umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro.
Uburyo bwo kwihanganira inguni ihindagurika ni dogere ± 1. Buri sosiyete ifite ubuziranenge bw'imbere bushobora gushingira ku bikoresho byakoreshejwe n'uburambe n'ubumenyi by'ukoresha imashini.
Imiyoboro ipimwa kandi igatangwa hakurikijwe umurambararo wayo wo hanze n'igipimo (ni ukuvuga ubunini bw'urukuta). Ibipimo bisanzwe birimo 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, na 20. Uko igipimo kiri hasi, niko urukuta rurushaho kuba runini: ga 10. Umuyoboro ufite urukuta rwa santimetero 0.134, na ga 20. Umuyoboro ufite umuyoboro wa santimetero 0.035.1½” na 0.035″ OD. Urukuta rwitwa “1½-in” ku gice cyanditseho.20-ga.tube.”
Umuyoboro ugenwa n'ingano y'umuyoboro (NPS), umubare udafite ingano usobanura umurambararo (muri santimetero), n'imbonerahamwe y'ubugari bw'urukuta (cyangwa Sch.). Imiyoboro iza mu bunini butandukanye bw'urukuta, bitewe n'uko ikoreshwa. Gahunda zikunzwe zirimo Sch.5, 10, 40 na 80.
Umuyoboro wa santimetero 1.66.OD na santimetero 0.140.NPS byagaragaje urukuta ku gishushanyo cy'igice, bikurikirwa n'ingengabihe - muri iki gihe, "1¼". Imiyoboro ya Shi.40." Imbonerahamwe y'igishushanyo cy'imiyoboro igaragaza umurambararo w'inyuma n'ubugari bw'urukuta bya NPS n'igishushanyo bifitanye isano.
Igipimo cy'urukuta, ari na cyo gipimo kiri hagati y'umurambararo w'inyuma n'ubugari bw'urukuta, ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ku nkokora. Gukoresha ibikoresho bifite inkuta nto (zingana na ga 18 cyangwa munsi yazo) bishobora gusaba inkunga yiyongereye ku mugozi wo kugonda kugira ngo hirindwe ko iminkanyari cyangwa kugwa. Muri iki gihe, gukota neza bizasaba mandrels n'ibindi bikoresho.
Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni ukugonda D, umurambararo w'umuyoboro ugereranije n'umurambararo w'inyuma, akenshi witwa radius y'inyuma inshuro nyinshi kuruta agaciro ka D. Urugero, radius y'inyuma ya 2D ifite umuyoboro wa santimetero 3. Ni santimetero 6. Uko D y'inyuma irushaho kuba ndende, ni ko byoroha gukora ipfundo. Kandi uko coefficient y'urukuta iba ndende, ni ko byoroha gupfunda. Iyi sano iri hagati ya Wall Factor na Bend D ifasha kumenya ibikenewe kugira ngo hatangwe umushinga wo gupfunda imiyoboro.
Ishusho ya 1. Kugira ngo ubare ijanisha ry'uruhererekane rw'impeshyi, gabanya itandukaniro riri hagati ya OD ntarengwa n'iyo hasi ukoresheje OD y'izina.
Ibisobanuro bimwe na bimwe by’umushinga bisaba ko imiyoboro yoroheje cyangwa imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu gucunga ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho. Ariko, inkuta zoroheje zishobora gusaba igihe kinini cyo gukora kugira ngo imiyoboro igumane imiterere n’uburyo ihagaze neza kandi ikurweho amahirwe yo kwangirika. Hari ubwo ikiguzi cy’abakozi cyiyongereye kiruta amafaranga yazigamwe mu bikoresho.
Iyo umuyoboro ugonze, ushobora gutakaza 100% by'imiterere yawo izengurutse hafi no hafi yawo. Uku kudohoka byitwa ovalite kandi bisobanurwa nk'itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibipimo binini n'ibito by'umurambararo w'inyuma w'umuyoboro.
Urugero, umuyoboro wa OD wa santimetero 2 ushobora kugera kuri santimetero 1.975 nyuma yo gupfunyika. Iri tandukaniro rya santimetero 0.025 ni ryo shusho y'ubugari, igomba kuba iri mu rugero rwemewe (reba Ishusho ya 1). Bitewe n'ikoreshwa ry'igice, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubugari bushobora kuba hagati ya 1.5% na 8%.
Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mpande ni inkokora D n'ubugari bw'urukuta. Gupfunyika imirasire mito mu bikoresho bifite inkuta nto bishobora kugorana kugira ngo mpande zigumane ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira, ariko birashoboka.
Ubwinshi bw'utubumbe bugenzurwa no gushyira mandrel mu muyoboro cyangwa mu muyoboro mu gihe cyo guhinda, cyangwa mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzi, hakoreshejwe imiyoboro (DOM) ifatiwe kuri mandrel kuva mu ntangiriro. (Imiyoboro ya DOM ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubwinshi bw'utubumbe n'ubwinshi bw'utubumbe.) Uko ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubwinshi bw'utubumbe bugabanuka, niko hakenerwa ibikoresho byinshi n'igihe cyo gukora.
Ibikorwa byo kugonga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi bikoresha ibikoresho byihariye byo kugenzura kugira ngo harebwe ko ibice byakozwe byujuje ibisabwa n'ubushobozi (reba Ishusho ya 2). Impinduka zose zikenewe zishobora kwimurirwa ku mashini ya CNC uko bikenewe.
Umuzingo. Ni byiza cyane mu gukora imiyoboro minini, umuzingo ugonga ukubiyemo kunyuza umuyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro mu mizingo itatu mu buryo bwa mpandeshatu (reba Ishusho ya 3). Imizingo ibiri yo hanze, akenshi ihamye, ishyigikira hasi y'ibikoresho, mu gihe umuzingo w'imbere ushobora guhindurwa ukanda hejuru y'ibikoresho.
Gukanda. Muri ubu buryo bworoshye, icyuma gikanda kiguma gihagaze mu gihe icyuma gikanda cyangwa gikanda ibikoresho bikikije icyuma. Ubu buryo ntibukoresha mandrel kandi busaba guhuza neza icyuma gikanda n'umurongo wifuzwa wo kunama (reba Ishusho ya 4).
Kuzunguruka no kunama. Bumwe mu buryo busanzwe bwo kunama kw'imiyoboro ni ukuzunguruka kw'imiyoboro (bizwi kandi nka mandrel bending), bukoresha uburyo bwo kunama no gukandagira hamwe na mandrel. Mandrel ni insinga z'icyuma cyangwa ingingo zishyigikira umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro iyo ugonze. Gukoresha mandrel birinda umuyoboro gusenyuka, kugororoka, cyangwa gushwanyagurika mu gihe cyo kunama, bityo bigakomeza kandi bikarinda imiterere y'umuyoboro (reba Ishusho ya 5).
Iri tsinda ririmo gupfunyika kwa radius nyinshi ku bice bigoye bisaba radius ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi zo hagati. Gupfunyika kwa radius nyinshi ni byiza kandi ku bice bifite radius nini yo hagati (ibikoresho bikomeye bishobora kuba atari amahitamo) cyangwa ibice bigoye bigomba gukorwa mu ruziga rumwe rwuzuye.
Ishusho ya 2. Ibikoresho byihariye bitanga isuzuma ry’igihe nyacyo kugira ngo bifashe ababikora kwemeza ibipimo by’ibice cyangwa gukemura ibikenewe mu gihe cyo gukora.
Kugira ngo hakorwe ubu bwoko bwo kugonda, icyuma gifata gizunguruka gitangwa n'ibikoresho bibiri cyangwa byinshi, kimwe kuri buri radius wifuza. Imiterere yihariye kuri feri ifite umutwe ubiri - imwe yo kugonda iburyo n'indi yo kugonda ibumoso - ishobora gutanga radius nto n'inini ku gice kimwe. Impinduka hagati y'inkokora z'ibumoso n'iz'iburyo ishobora gusubirwamo inshuro nyinshi zikenewe, bigatuma imiterere igoye ikorwa neza nta gukuraho umuyoboro cyangwa ngo hagire indi mashini ikoreshwa (reba Ishusho ya 6).
Kugira ngo atangire, umutekinisiye ashyiraho imashini akurikije imiterere y'umuyoboro wanditse ku rupapuro rw'amakuru yo kugonga cyangwa icapiro ry'umusaruro, yinjiza cyangwa ashyiramo imirongo iva mu icapiro hamwe n'uburebure, uruziga n'amakuru y'inguni. Hakurikiraho igishushanyo cyo gukomanga kugira ngo umuyoboro uzabashe gukuramo imashini n'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gukomanga. Iyo igishushanyo kigaragaza ko hari ikintu cyagonganye cyangwa cyabangamiye, umukozi ahindura imashini uko bikenewe.
Nubwo ubu buryo busanzwe bukenewe ku bice bikozwe mu cyuma cyangwa icyuma kitagira umwanda, ibyuma byinshi byo mu nganda, ubunini bw'inkuta n'uburebure birashobora gukoreshwa.
Gupfunyika mu buryo bw'ubuntu. Uburyo bushimishije kurushaho, gupfunyika mu buryo bw'ubuntu bukoresha agakoresho kangana n'umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro upfunyika (reba Ishusho ya 7). Ubu buryo ni bwiza ku migozi y'inguni cyangwa myinshi ifite ubugari burenga dogere 180 hamwe n'ibice bike bigororotse hagati ya buri migozi (imigozi gakondo yo kuzenguruka isaba ibice bimwe bigororotse kugira ngo igikoresho gifate). Gupfunyika mu buryo bw'ubuntu ntibisaba gupfunyika, bityo bikuraho amahirwe yose yo gushyira ikimenyetso ku miyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro.
Imiyoboro ifite inkuta nto—ikunze gukoreshwa mu mashini zikoresha ibiryo n'ibinyobwa, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi—ni byiza cyane mu kugorora. Ku rundi ruhande, ibice bifite inkuta nini bishobora kuba bidashoboka.
Ibikoresho birakenewe mu mishinga myinshi yo gupfunyika imiyoboro. Mu gupfunyika imiyoboro izunguruka, ibikoresho bitatu by'ingenzi ni ugupfunyika imiyoboro, gupfunyika imiyoboro n'udupfunyika two gufunga. Bitewe n'uburebure bw'umurambararo n'ubugari bw'urukuta, umugozi n'agapira byo gupfunyika nabyo bishobora gukenerwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku migozi yemewe. Ibice bifite imigozi myinshi bisaba agapira gafata kandi kagafunga buhoro buhoro inyuma y'umuyoboro, kakazunguruka uko bikenewe, kandi kakajyana umuyoboro ku mugozi ukurikira.
Imbere mu gikorwa ni ukugonda diye kugira ngo habeho umurongo wo hagati w'igice. Diye y'umuyoboro w'icyuma ihuza n'umurambararo w'inyuma w'umuyoboro kandi igafasha gufata ibikoresho uko bigonda. Muri icyo gihe, diye y'igitutu ifata kandi igatuza umuyoboro uko uzungurutse ku muyoboro ugonda. Diye y'icyuma ikorana n'icyuma gikanda kugira ngo ifate umuyoboro ku gice kigororotse cy'umuyoboro uko ugenda. Hafi y'iherezo ry'umuyoboro, koresha diye ya muganga iyo bibaye ngombwa ko woroshya ubuso bw'ibikoresho, ushyigikire inkuta z'umuyoboro, kandi wirinde ko iminkanyari n'imigozi bihinduka.
Mandrel, alloy y'umuringa cyangwa imashini zikoreshwa mu byuma bya chrome kugira ngo zishyigikire imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro, hirindwe gusenyuka cyangwa gucika, kandi bigabanye ovality. Ubwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane ni mandrel y'umupira. Ni nziza ku migozi myinshi no ku bikoresho bifite ubunini busanzwe bw'inkuta, mandrel y'umupira ikoreshwa hamwe n'agacupa, ibikoresho n'agakoresho ko gushyushya; hamwe byongera umuvuduko ukenewe kugira ngo ifate, ihamye kandi yorohereze umugozi. Mandrel yo gupfuka ni inkoni ikomeye ku nkokora nini mu miyoboro minini y'inkuta idasaba uducupa. Amandrel akora ni inkoni zikomeye zifite impera zigonze (cyangwa zikozwe) zikoreshwa mu gushyigikira imbere mu miyoboro miremire cyangwa imiyoboro igonze ku rugero rusanzwe. Byongeye kandi, imishinga isaba imiyoboro kare cyangwa uruziga ikenera mandrel zihariye.
Gupfunyika neza bisaba ibikoresho no gushyiraho neza. Amasosiyete menshi yo gupfunyika imiyoboro afite ibikoresho mu bubiko. Niba bidahari, ibikoresho bigomba guturuka ku rwego rwo gushyiramo urwego runaka rwo gupfunyika.
Amafaranga y'ibanze yo gukora icyuma gifunga ashobora gutandukana cyane. Aya mafaranga y'inshuro imwe akubiyemo ibikoresho n'igihe cyo gukora gisabwa kugira ngo hakorwe ibikoresho bikenewe, bikunze gukoreshwa mu mishinga ikurikiraho. Niba igishushanyo cy'ibice gihinduka bitewe n'uburebure bw'umurambararo, abakora ibicuruzwa bashobora guhindura imiterere yabyo kugira ngo bakoreshe ibikoresho bifunga by'umucuruzi (aho gukoresha ibikoresho bishya). Ibi bifasha gucunga ibiciro no kugabanya igihe cyo gukora.
Ishusho ya 3. Ni nziza cyane mu gukora imigozi minini, imigozi izunguruka kugira ngo ikore umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro ufite imigozi itatu mu buryo bwa mpandeshatu.
Umwobo, imyenge, cyangwa ibindi bintu byagenwe biri ku ruhande cyangwa hafi y'aho uruziga rukorera byongera igikorwa cy'inyongera, kubera ko gukata hakoreshejwe laser bigomba gukorwa nyuma yuko umuyoboro ugoswe. Kwihanganira imikorere bigira ingaruka no ku giciro. Akazi gasaba imbaraga nyinshi gashobora gusaba mandrels cyangwa dies z'inyongera, bishobora kongera igihe cyo gushyiraho.
Hari ibintu byinshi abakora ibikoresho bagomba kuzirikana iyo bashaka inkokora cyangwa imigozi yihariye. Ibintu nk'ibikoresho, ibikoresho, ingano, n'umurimo byose bigira uruhare.
Nubwo tekiniki n'uburyo bwo gupfunyika imiyoboro byateye imbere mu myaka yashize, ibintu byinshi by'ibanze byo gupfunyika imiyoboro biracyari bimwe. Gusobanukirwa iby'ibanze no kugisha inama umucuruzi w'umuhanga bizagufasha kubona umusaruro mwiza.
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