Umsebenzi wokugoba i-mandrel uqala umjikelo wawo. I-mandrel ifakwa kububanzi obungaphakathi betyhubhu. I-die yokugoba (ekhohlo) imisela i-radius. I-die yokucinezela (ekunene) ikhokela ityhubhu ejikeleze i-die yokugoba ukuze imisele i-engile.
Kuwo onke amashishini, imfuneko yokugoba iityhubhu ezintsonkothileyo iyaqhubeka ingayeki. Nokuba zizinto ezakhiweyo, izixhobo zonyango ezihambayo, iifreyimu zee-ATV okanye izithuthi zikagesi, okanye neebha zokhuseleko zesinyithi ezikwiigumbi zokuhlambela, yonke iprojekthi yahlukile.
Ukufezekisa iziphumo ezifunekayo kufuna izixhobo ezilungileyo kwaye ngakumbi ubuchule obufanelekileyo. Njengayo nayiphi na enye inkalo yokuvelisa, ukugoba iityhubhu ngokufanelekileyo kuqala ngamandla angundoqo, iingcamango ezisisiseko ezisisiseko sayo nayiphi na iprojekthi.
Ubunzima obuthile obuphambili bunceda ekumiseleni ububanzi beprojekthi yokugoba umbhobho okanye umbhobho. Izinto ezinje ngohlobo lwezinto, ukusetyenziswa kokugqibela, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqikelelweyo konyaka zichaphazela ngqo inkqubo yokuvelisa, iindleko ezibandakanyekayo, kunye namaxesha okukhokela ukuhanjiswa.
Isiseko sokuqala esibalulekileyo yi-degree of curvature (DOB), okanye i-engile eyenziwe yi-bend. Okulandelayo yi-Centerline Radius (CLR), edlula kumgca ophakathi wepayipi okanye ityhubhu ekufuneka igotywe. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-CLR eqinisiweyo iphindwe kabini ububanzi bepayipi okanye ityhubhu. Phinda kabini i-CLR ukuze ubale i-Centerline Diameter (CLD), engumgama ukusuka kwi-axis yomgca ophakathi wepayipi okanye ipayipi ukuya komnye umgca ophakathi we-180-degree return bend.
Ububanzi bangaphakathi (ID) bulinganiswa kwindawo ebanzi kakhulu yokuvula ngaphakathi kombhobho okanye ityhubhu. Ububanzi bangaphandle (OD) bulinganiswa kwindawo ebanzi kakhulu yombhobho okanye ityhubhu, kuquka nodonga. Okokugqibela, ubukhulu bodonga obuqhelekileyo bulinganiswa phakathi komphezulu wangaphandle nowangaphakathi wombhobho okanye ityhubhu.
Umgangatho wokunyamezelana kwe-engile yokugoba kushishino yi-±1 degree. Yonke inkampani inomgangatho wangaphakathi onokusekelwe kwizixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye namava nolwazi lomqhubi womatshini.
Iityhubhu zilinganiswa kwaye zicatshulwe ngokwedayamitha yazo yangaphandle kunye negeyiji (oko kukuthi ubukhulu bodonga). Iigeyiji eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, kunye ne-20. Okukhona igeyiji isezantsi, kokukhona udonga lunobukhulu obuyi-10-ga. Ityhubhu inodonga oluyi-0.134 intshi, kunye ne-20-ga. Ityhubhu inodonga oluyi-0.035 intshi.1½” kunye ne-0.035″ OD tube. Udonga lubizwa ngokuba yi-“1½-in” kwinxalenye eprintiweyo.20-ga.tube.”
Umbhobho uchazwa ngobukhulu bepayipi eqhelekileyo (i-NPS), inani elingenamlinganiselo elichaza ububanzi (ngee-intshi), kunye netafile yobukhulu bodonga (okanye i-Sch.). Imibhobho iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobukhulu bodonga, kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwayo. Iishedyuli ezidumileyo ziquka i-Sch.5, 10, 40 kunye ne-80.
Ipayipi eyi-1.66″.OD kunye ne-0.140 intshi. I-NPS iphawule udonga kumzobo wenxalenye, ilandelwa yishedyuli - kule meko, "1¼". Iityhubhu zeShi.40." Itshathi yesicwangciso sepayipi ichaza ububanzi bangaphandle kunye nobukhulu bodonga lwe-NPS kunye nesicwangciso esihambelanayo.
Into yodonga, engumlinganiselo ophakathi kobubanzi bangaphandle kunye nobukhulu bodonga, yenye into ebalulekileyo kwiingqiniba. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezibhityileyo (ezilingana okanye ezingaphantsi kwe-18 ga.) kunokufuna inkxaso engaphezulu kwi-arc egobileyo ukuthintela ukushwabana okanye ukudilika. Kule meko, ukugoba okusemgangathweni kuya kufuna ii-mandrels kunye nezinye izixhobo.
Enye into ebalulekileyo yi-bend D, ububanzi betyhubhu xa ithelekiswa ne-bend radius, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-bend radius enkulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunexabiso le-D. Umzekelo, i-2D bend radius yi-3-in.-OD pipe yi-6 intshi. Okukhona i-D ye-bend iphezulu, kokukhona kulula ukwenza i-bend. Kwaye okukhona i-coefficient yodonga iphantsi, kokukhona kulula ukugoba. Olu lwalamano phakathi kwe-Wall Factor kunye ne-Bend D lunceda ekumiseleni ukuba yintoni efunekayo ukuqala iprojekthi ye-pipe bend.
Umfanekiso 1. Ukubala ipesenti ye-ovality, yahlula umahluko phakathi kwe-OD ephezulu kunye neyona incinci nge-OD eqhelekileyo.
Ezinye iinkcukacha zeprojekthi zifuna iityhubhu ezincinci okanye iipayipi ukulawula iindleko zezinto zokwakha. Nangona kunjalo, iindonga ezincinci zinokufuna ixesha elingakumbi lokuvelisa ukuze kugcinwe imo kunye nokuhambelana kwetyhubhu xa igobile kwaye kupheliswe amathuba okushwabana. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi ndleko zabasebenzi zinyuka ngaphezu kokonga kwezinto zokwakha.
Xa ityhubhu igoba, inokulahlekelwa yi-100% yesimo sayo esingqukuva kufutshane nakufutshane negoba. Olu tshintsho lubizwa ngokuba yi-ovality kwaye luchazwa njengomahluko phakathi kobukhulu obukhulu nobuncinci bobubanzi bangaphandle betyhubhu.
Umzekelo, ityhubhu ye-OD eyi-2″ inokulinganisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.975″ emva kokugoba. Lo mahluko we-intshi eziyi-0.025 yi-ovality factor, ekufuneka ibe ngaphakathi kokunyamezelana okwamkelekileyo (jonga uMfanekiso 1). Ngokuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kokugqibela kwenxalenye, ukunyamezelana kwe-ovality kungaba phakathi kwe-1.5% kunye ne-8%.
Izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukujiya kwe-elbow yi-elbow D kunye nobukhulu bodonga. Ukugoba i-radii encinci kwizinto ezinodonga oluncinci kunokuba nzima ukugcina ukujiya kuxhomekeke ekunyamezeleni, kodwa kungenziwa.
Ukuma kwe-ovality kulawulwa ngokubeka i-mandrel ngaphakathi kwityhubhu okanye kwipayipi ngexesha lokugoba, okanye kwezinye iinkcukacha, kusetyenziswa ityhubhu (DOM) edwetshwe kwi-mandrel kwasekuqaleni. (Ityhubhu ye-DOM ine-ID kunye ne-OD tolerances eziqinileyo kakhulu.) Okukhona ukuma kwe-ovality kuphantsi, kokukhona kufuneka ixesha elingakumbi lokusebenzisa izixhobo kunye nexesha lokuvelisa elinokwenzeka.
Imisebenzi yokugoba iityhubhu isebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlola ezikhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo ezenziweyo ziyahlangabezana nemimiselo kunye nokunyamezelana (jonga uMfanekiso 2). Naluphi na uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo lungadluliselwa kumatshini we-CNC njengoko kufuneka.
Ukugoba. Ilungele ukuvelisa ii-radius gonds ezinkulu, ukugoba ii-roll kubandakanya ukondla umbhobho okanye iityhubhu ngee-roller ezintathu ngendlela engunxantathu (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Ii-roller ezimbini zangaphandle, ezihlala ziqinile, zixhasa ezantsi kwezinto, ngelixa i-roller yangaphakathi ehlengahlengiswayo icinezela phezulu kwezinto.
Ukugoba ngokucinezelwa. Kule ndlela ilula, idayisi yokugoba ihlala ingashukumi ngelixa idayisi echaseneyo igoba okanye icinezela izinto ezijikeleze isixhobo. Le ndlela ayisebenzisi mandrel kwaye ifuna ukufana okuchanekileyo phakathi kwedayi yokugoba kunye neradiyo yokugoba efunekayo (jonga uMfanekiso 4).
Jika uze ugobe. Enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zokugoba iityhubhu kukugoba okujijekileyo (okwaziwa ngokuba yi-mandrel bending), okusebenzisa ukugoba kunye nee-pressure dies kunye nee-mandrels. Ii-Mandrels ziinserto zentsimbi okanye ii-cores ezixhasa umbhobho okanye ityhubhu xa zigobile. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-mandrel kuthintela ityhubhu ukuba ingawi, ithambe, okanye ishwabane ngexesha lokugoba, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwa kwaye kukhuselwe imo yetyhubhu (jonga uMfanekiso 5).
Olu qeqesho luquka ukugoba kwe-multi-radius kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna i-centerline radii ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Ukugoba kwe-multi-radius kukwalungile kwiindawo ezine-centerline radii enkulu (izixhobo ezinzima zisenokungabi lolona khetho) okanye iindawo ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna ukwenziwa kumjikelo omnye opheleleyo.
Umfanekiso 2. Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zibonelela ngoxilongo lwangempela ukunceda abaqhubi baqinisekise iinkcukacha zenxalenye okanye balungise naziphi na izilungiso ezifunekayo ngexesha lokuvelisa.
Ukuze kwenziwe olu hlobo lokugoba, i-rotary draw bender inikwa izixhobo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, enye kwi-radius nganye oyifunayo. Ukuseta ngokwezifiso kwi-brake ye-head press ezimbini - enye yokugoba ngasekunene kwaye enye yokugoba ngasekhohlo - kunokubonelela nge-radii encinci nenkulu kwindawo enye. Utshintsho phakathi kweengqiniba zasekhohlo nezasekunene lunokuphindwa amaxesha amaninzi njengoko kufuneka, okuvumela iimilo ezintsonkothileyo ukuba zenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokususa ityhubhu okanye ukubandakanya nayiphi na enye imashini (jonga uMfanekiso 6).
Ukuze uqalise, ingcali imisela umatshini ngokwejiyometri yetyhubhu edweliswe kwiphepha ledatha yokugoba okanye ushicilelo lokuvelisa, ifaka okanye ilayishe ii-coordinates ezivela kushicilelo kunye nobude, ukujikeleza kunye nedatha ye-engile. Okulandelayo kuza ukulinganisa ukugoba ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityhubhu iya kukwazi ukucoca umatshini kunye nezixhobo ngexesha lomjikelo wokugoba. Ukuba ukulinganisa kubonisa ukungqubana okanye ukuphazamiseka, umqhubi ulungisa umatshini njengoko kufuneka.
Nangona le ndlela idla ngokufuneka kwiindawo ezenziwe ngentsimbi okanye ngentsimbi engatyiwayo, uninzi lweentsimbi zoshishino, ubukhulu bodonga kunye nobude bunokusetyenziswa.
Ukugoba ngokukhululekileyo. Enye indlela enomdla ngakumbi, ukugoba ngokukhululekileyo kusebenzisa idayisi enobukhulu obufanayo nombhobho okanye ityhubhu egotywayo (jonga uMfanekiso 7). Le ndlela ilungile kwiingqimba ze-angular okanye ze-multi-radius ezingaphezulu kwe-180 degrees kunye neziqendu ezimbalwa ezithe tye phakathi kwengqimba nganye (iingqimba zokunwebeka ezijikelezayo zendabuko zifuna iziqendu ezithile ezithe tye ukuze isixhobo sibambe). Ukugoba ngokukhululekileyo akudingi ukubanjwa, ngoko ke kususa naluphi na ithuba lokuphawula iityhubhu okanye iipayipi.
Iityhubhu ezinodonga olubhityileyo—ezisetyenziswa rhoqo koomatshini bokutya neziselo, izinto zefenitshala, kunye nezixhobo zonyango okanye zonyango—zilungele ukugoba ngokukhululekileyo. Kwelinye icala, iindawo ezinodonga olutyebileyo zisenokungabi zilungele ukusetyenziswa.
Izixhobo ziyafuneka kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zokugoba iipayipi. Kwi-rotary stretch bending, izixhobo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zii-bending dies, ii-pressure dies kunye nee-clamping dies. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-bend radius kunye nobukhulu bodonga, i-mandrel kunye ne-wiper die nazo zinokufuneka ukuze kufunyanwe ii-bends ezamkelekileyo. Iindawo ezinee-bends ezininzi zifuna i-collet ebamba kwaye ivale kancinci ngaphandle kwetyhubhu, ijikeleze njengoko kufuneka, kwaye ishukumise ityhubhu iye kwi-bend elandelayo.
Intliziyo yenkqubo kukugoba idayisi ukuze yenze i-radius esembindini wenxalenye. Idayi yedayi egobileyo yedayi ihambelana nobubanzi bangaphandle betyhubhu kwaye inceda ukubamba izinto njengoko zigoba. Kwangaxeshanye, idayisi yoxinzelelo ibamba kwaye izinzise ityhubhu njengoko ijikelezwe yidayi egobileyo. Idayi ebophayo isebenza kunye nedayi ecinezelayo ukubamba ityhubhu kwicala elithe tye ledayi egobileyo njengoko ihamba. Ngasekupheleni kwedayi egobileyo, sebenzisa idayisi kagqirha xa kuyimfuneko ukuthambisa umphezulu wento, ukuxhasa iindonga zetyhubhu, kunye nokuthintela ukushwabana nokubhitya.
IiMandrel, i-bronze alloy okanye i-chromed steel inserts ukuxhasa iipayipi okanye iityhubhu, ukuthintela ukudilika okanye ukugoba kweetyhubhu, kunye nokunciphisa i-ovality. Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo yi-ball mandrel. Ilungele ii-multi-radius bends nakwii-workpieces ezinobukhulu obuqhelekileyo bodonga, i-ball mandrel isetyenziswa kunye ne-wiper, i-fixture kunye ne-pressure die; xa zidibene zonyusa uxinzelelo olufunekayo ukubamba, ukuzinzisa kunye nokugudisa i-bend. I-plug mandrel yintonga eqinileyo yeengqiniba ezinkulu ze-radius kwiipayipi ezixineneyo ezingafuni ii-wipers. Ii-mandrel zokwenza zii-strong rods ezineziphelo ezigobileyo (okanye ezenziwe) ezisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ingaphakathi leetyhubhu ezixineneyo okanye iityhubhu ezigobileyo kwi-radius ephakathi. Ukongeza, iiprojekthi ezifuna iityhubhu zesikwere okanye ezingxande zifuna ii-mandrel ezikhethekileyo.
Ukugoba ngokuchanekileyo kufuna izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuseta. Uninzi lweenkampani zokugoba iipayipi zinezixhobo ezikhoyo. Ukuba azifumaneki, izixhobo kufuneka zifumaneke ukuze zilungele irediyasi ethile yokugoba.
Intlawulo yokuqala yokwenza idayisi yokugoba ingahluka kakhulu. Le ntlawulo ihlawulwa kube kanye igubungela izixhobo kunye nexesha lokuvelisa elifunekayo ukwenza izixhobo ezifunekayo, ezihlala zisetyenziselwa iiprojekthi ezilandelayo. Ukuba uyilo lwenxalenye luguquguquka ngokwerediyasi yokugoba, abaphuhlisi bemveliso banokulungisa iinkcukacha zabo ukuze basebenzise izixhobo zokugoba ezikhoyo zomthengisi (endaweni yokusebenzisa izixhobo ezintsha). Oku kunceda ukulawula iindleko kunye nokufinyeza amaxesha okukhokela.
Umfanekiso 3. Ilungele ukuvelisa ii-radius bends ezinkulu, ukugoba kwe-roll ukuze kwenziwe ityhubhu okanye ityhubhu ene-roller ezintathu ngendlela engunxantathu.
Imingxunya echaziweyo, izithuba, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikwigophe okanye kufutshane nalo msebenzi zongeza umsebenzi oncedisayo, kuba ukusika nge-laser kufuneka kwenziwe emva kokuba ityhubhu igobile. Ukunyamezelana nako kuyayichaphazela indleko. Imisebenzi enzima kakhulu inokufuna ii-mandrels ezongezelelweyo okanye ii-dies, ezinokwandisa ixesha lokuseta.
Kukho izinto ezininzi abavelisi ekufuneka baziqwalasele xa befuna iingqiniba okanye iigoba ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Izinto ezifana nezixhobo, izinto zokwakha, ubungakanani, kunye nomsebenzi zonke zidlala indima.
Nangona iindlela zokugoba imibhobho ziye zaphucuka ngokuhamba kweminyaka, iziseko ezininzi zokugoba imibhobho azikatshintshi. Ukuqonda iziseko kunye nokubonisana nomthengisi onolwazi kuya kukunceda ufumane iziphumo ezilungileyo.
I-FABRICATOR yimagazini ephambili kushishino lokwenza nokuvelisa isinyithi eMntla Melika. Le magazini ibonelela ngeendaba, amanqaku obuchwephesha kunye nembali yamatyala evumela abavelisi ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo ngokufanelekileyo. I-FABRICATOR ibikhonza eli shishini ukusukela ngo-1970.
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