Ntchito yopinda mandrel imayamba kuzungulira kwake. Mandrel imayikidwa mkati mwa m'mimba mwake wa chubu. Diyi yopinda (kumanzere) imazindikira radius. Diyi yolumikizira (kumanja) imatsogolera chubu kuzungulira diyi yopinda kuti idziwe ngodya.
M'mafakitale onse, kufunika kwa kupindika machubu ovuta kukupitirirabe. Kaya ndi zida zomangira, zida zamankhwala zoyenda, mafelemu a ma ATV kapena magalimoto ogwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena ngakhale zitsulo zotetezera m'bafa, ntchito iliyonse ndi yosiyana.
Kuti mupeze zotsatira zomwe mukufuna pamafunika zida zabwino komanso makamaka ukatswiri woyenera. Monga njira ina iliyonse yopangira zinthu, kupindika bwino machubu kumayamba ndi mphamvu yaikulu, mfundo zazikulu zomwe zimayambira pa ntchito iliyonse.
Mphamvu zina zapakati zimathandiza kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yopinda chitoliro kapena chitoliro. Zinthu monga mtundu wa zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito kumapeto, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa pachaka kumakhudza mwachindunji njira yopangira, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi nthawi yoperekera katundu.
Chigawo choyamba chofunikira kwambiri ndi digiri ya kupindika (DOB), kapena ngodya yopangidwa ndi kupindika. Chotsatira ndi Centerline Radius (CLR), yomwe imadutsa pakati pa chitoliro kapena chubu chomwe chiyenera kupindika. Kawirikawiri, CLR yolimba kwambiri yomwe ingatheke ndi kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa chitoliro kapena chubu. Kawiri kawiri CLR kuti muwerengere Chigawo cha Pakati (CLD), chomwe ndi mtunda wochokera ku mzere wapakati wa chitoliro kapena chitoliro kudzera mu mzere wina wapakati wa kupindika kobwerera kwa madigiri 180.
M'mimba mwake wamkati (ID) umayesedwa pamalo okulirapo kwambiri a khomo mkati mwa chitoliro kapena chubu. M'mimba mwake wakunja (OD) umayesedwa pamalo okulirapo kwambiri a chitoliro kapena chubu, kuphatikizapo khoma. Pomaliza, makulidwe a khoma amayesedwa pakati pa malo akunja ndi amkati a chitoliro kapena chubu.
Muyezo wa makampani wololera ngodya yokhota ndi ± digiri imodzi. Kampani iliyonse ili ndi muyeso wamkati womwe ungadalire zida zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso cha wogwiritsa ntchito makina.
Machubu amayesedwa ndi kutchulidwa malinga ndi kukula kwa kunja kwa m'mimba mwake ndi gauge (monga makulidwe a khoma). Ma gauge wamba ndi 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, ndi 20. Gauge yotsika, khoma limakula: 10-ga. Chubucho chili ndi khoma la mainchesi 0.134, ndi 20-ga. Chubucho chili ndi chubu cha mainchesi 0.035.1½” ndi 0.035″ OD. Khoma limatchedwa “1½-in” pagawo losindikizidwa.chubu cha mainchesi 20.”
Chitoliro chimasankhidwa ndi kukula kwa chitoliro (NPS), nambala yopanda miyeso yofotokoza kukula kwake (mu mainchesi), ndi tebulo la makulidwe a khoma (kapena Sch.). Mapaipi amabwera m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana a khoma, kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ma schedule otchuka akuphatikizapo Sch.5, 10, 40 ndi 80.
Chitoliro cha 1.66″.OD ndi mainchesi 0.140.NPS inalemba khoma pachithunzi cha gawo, kutsatiridwa ndi ndondomeko - pankhaniyi, "1¼". Machubu a Shi.40." Tchati cha pulani ya mapaipi chimafotokoza m'mimba mwake wakunja ndi makulidwe a khoma la NPS ndi pulani yogwirizana.
Chinthu chopangira khoma, chomwe ndi chiŵerengero pakati pa m'mimba mwake wakunja ndi makulidwe a khoma, ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri pa zigongono. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zokhala ndi makoma owonda (ofanana kapena pansi pa 18 ga.) kungafunike chithandizo chochulukirapo pa arc yokhota kuti mupewe makwinya kapena kugwa. Pankhaniyi, kupindika kwabwino kudzafunika mandrel ndi zida zina.
Chinthu china chofunikira ndi kupindika D, m'mimba mwake mwa chubu poyerekeza ndi radius yopindika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa bend radius yayikulu kuposa mtengo wa D. Mwachitsanzo, 2D bend radius ndi 3-in.-OD payipi ndi mainchesi 6. D ya kupindika imakhala yokwera, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kupanga kupindika. Ndipo coefficient ya khoma ikatsika, zimakhala zosavuta kupindika. Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa Wall Factor ndi Bend D kumathandiza kudziwa zomwe zimafunika kuti payambe ntchito yopindika chitoliro.
Chithunzi 1. Kuti muwerengere kuchuluka kwa ovality, gawani kusiyana pakati pa OD yayikulu ndi yocheperako ndi OD yodziwika.
Mafotokozedwe ena a polojekiti amafuna machubu owonda kapena mapaipi kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogulira zinthu. Komabe, makoma owonda angafunike nthawi yochulukirapo yopangira kuti chubucho chikhale cholimba komanso chokhazikika komanso kuti chisagwere m'makwinya. Nthawi zina, ndalama zogwirira ntchito zomwe zawonjezekazi zimaposa ndalama zomwe zasungidwa.
Pamene chubucho chikupindika, chimatha kutaya 100% ya mawonekedwe ake ozungulira pafupi ndi kuzungulira kupindikako. Kupatuka kumeneku kumatchedwa ovality ndipo kumatanthauzidwa ngati kusiyana pakati pa miyeso yayikulu ndi yaying'ono ya mainchesi akunja a chubucho.
Mwachitsanzo, chubu cha OD cha mainchesi 2 chikhoza kuyeza mpaka 1.975″ chikapindika. Kusiyana kwa mainchesi 0.025 kumeneku ndi chizindikiro cha ovality, chomwe chiyenera kukhala mkati mwa zolekerera zovomerezeka (onani Chithunzi 1). Kutengera ndi momwe gawolo limagwiritsidwira ntchito kumapeto, kulekerera kwa ovality kungakhale pakati pa 1.5% ndi 8%.
Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza kupendekeka kwa dzira ndi chigongono D ndi makulidwe a khoma. Kupinda ma radii ang'onoang'ono mu zinthu zokhala ndi makoma owonda kungakhale kovuta kuti kupendekeka kwa dzira kukhale koyenera, koma zingatheke.
Kuzungulira kwa mandrel kumayendetsedwa mwa kuyika mandrel mkati mwa chubu kapena chitoliro panthawi yopindika, kapena mbali zina, pogwiritsa ntchito chubu cha (DOM) chokokedwa pa mandrel kuyambira pachiyambi. (Chubu cha DOM chili ndi ma ID ndi OD tolerances olimba kwambiri.) Kuzungulira kwa mandrel kukakhala kotsika, kumafunika kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri komanso nthawi yokwanira yopangira.
Ntchito zopindika machubu zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zowunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ziwalo zopangidwazo zikukwaniritsa zofunikira ndi zolekerera (onani Chithunzi 2). Zosintha zilizonse zofunika zitha kusamutsidwa ku makina a CNC ngati pakufunika.
Kupindika. Yabwino kwambiri popanga ma radius bend akuluakulu, kupindika kwa ma roll kumaphatikizapo kulowetsa chitoliro kapena chubu kudzera m'ma rollers atatu mu mawonekedwe a triangular (onani Chithunzi 3). Ma rollers awiri akunja, nthawi zambiri okhazikika, amathandizira pansi pa chinthucho, pomwe roller yosinthika yamkati imakanikiza pamwamba pa chinthucho.
Kupindika mokakamiza. Mu njira yosavuta iyi, die yopindika imakhala yosasuntha pomwe die yotsutsana imapindika kapena kukanikiza zinthu zozungulira chogwiriracho. Njirayi sigwiritsa ntchito mandrel ndipo imafuna kufanana kolondola pakati pa die yopindika ndi radius yopindika yomwe mukufuna (onani Chithunzi 4).
Kupotoza ndi kupindika. Imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino zopindika chubu ndi kupindika kozungulira (komwe kumadziwikanso kuti mandrel bending), komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito kupindika ndi kukakamiza ma dies ndi mandrels. Mandrels ndi zitsulo zoyika kapena ma cores omwe amathandizira chitoliro kapena chubu ikapindika. Kugwiritsa ntchito mandrel kumateteza chubu kuti chisagwe, kuphwanyika, kapena kukwinya panthawi yopindika, motero kumasunga ndi kuteteza mawonekedwe a chubu (onani Chithunzi 5).
Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kupindika kwa ma radius ambiri pazigawo zovuta zomwe zimafuna ma radius awiri kapena kuposerapo apakati. Kupindika kwa ma radius ambiri ndikwabwinonso pazigawo zomwe zili ndi ma radius akuluakulu apakati (kugwiritsa ntchito zida zolimba sikungakhale njira yabwino) kapena zigawo zovuta zomwe zimafunika kupangidwa mu kuzungulira konse.
Chithunzi 2. Zipangizo zapadera zimapereka chidziwitso cha nthawi yeniyeni kuti zithandize ogwira ntchito kutsimikizira magawo a zida kapena kukonza zolakwika zilizonse zofunika panthawi yopanga.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mtundu uwu wa kupindika, chopindika chozungulira chimaperekedwa ndi zida ziwiri kapena zingapo, chimodzi pa radius iliyonse yomwe mukufuna. Makonzedwe apadera pa brake yosindikizira mutu wapawiri - imodzi yopindika kumanja ndi ina yopindika kumanzere - ingapereke ma radii ang'onoang'ono ndi akulu mbali imodzi. Kusinthana pakati pa zigongono zakumanzere ndi zakumanja kumatha kubwerezedwa kangapo momwe kungafunikire, kulola mawonekedwe ovuta kupangidwa mokwanira popanda kuchotsa chubu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito makina ena aliwonse (onani Chithunzi 6).
Kuti ayambe, katswiriyo amakhazikitsa makinawo motsatira mawonekedwe a chubu omwe alembedwa mu pepala la data lopindika kapena chosindikizira chopangidwa, ndikulowetsa kapena kukweza ma coordinates kuchokera ku chosindikizira pamodzi ndi kutalika, kuzungulira ndi deta ya ngodya. Kenako pamabwera kuyeserera kopindika kuti chitolirocho chizitha kuchotsa makina ndi zida panthawi yopindika. Ngati kuyesererako kukuwonetsa kugundana kapena kusokoneza, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amakonza makinawo ngati pakufunika kutero.
Ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imafunika pazigawo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zitsulo zambiri zamafakitale, makulidwe a makoma ndi kutalika kwake zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kupinda momasuka. Njira yosangalatsa kwambiri, kupinda momasuka kumagwiritsa ntchito die yomwe ili ndi kukula kofanana ndi chitoliro kapena chubu chomwe chikupindidwa (onani Chithunzi 7). Njirayi ndi yabwino kwambiri pa ma bend a angular kapena multi-radius opitilira madigiri 180 okhala ndi magawo ochepa owongoka pakati pa kupindika kulikonse (ma bend ozungulira ozungulira amafunikira magawo ena owongoka kuti chida chigwire). Kupinda momasuka sikufuna kulumikizidwa, kotero kumachotsa kuthekera kulikonse kolemba machubu kapena mapaipi.
Mapaipi okhala ndi makoma owonda—omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina ophikira chakudya ndi zakumwa, mipando, ndi zida zamankhwala kapena zachipatala—ndi abwino kwambiri popindika momasuka. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zigawo zokhala ndi makoma okhuthala sizingakhale zoyenera.
Zipangizo ndizofunikira pa ntchito zambiri zopindika mapaipi. Mu kuzungulira kozungulira, zida zitatu zofunika kwambiri ndi ma-bending dies, ma-pressure dies ndi ma-clamping dies. Kutengera ndi ma-bending radius ndi makulidwe a khoma, mandrel ndi wiper die zingafunikenso kuti zitheke kupindika kovomerezeka. Zigawo zokhala ndi ma-bendi angapo zimafuna collet yomwe imagwira ndikutseka pang'onopang'ono kunja kwa chubu, kuzunguliza momwe kungafunikire, ndikusuntha chubu kupita ku kupindika kwina.
Chigawo chachikulu cha ntchitoyi ndi kupindika die kuti apange radius yapakati pa gawolo. Die ya concave channel die imagwirizana ndi m'mimba mwake wakunja kwa chubu ndipo imathandizira kugwira zinthuzo pamene zikupindika. Nthawi yomweyo, die yokakamiza imasunga ndikukhazikitsa chubu pamene ikuzunguliridwa mozungulira die yopindika. Die yokakamiza imagwira ntchito limodzi ndi die yokakamiza kuti igwire chubu motsutsana ndi gawo lolunjika la die yopindika pamene ikuyenda. Pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa die yopindika, gwiritsani ntchito die ya dokotala ngati pakufunika kusalala pamwamba pa chinthucho, kuthandizira makoma a chubu, ndikuletsa makwinya ndi ma bandeji.
Ma mandrel, alloy yamkuwa kapena zitsulo zoyikidwa ndi chrome kuti zithandizire mapaipi kapena machubu, kupewa kugwa kwa chubu kapena kugwedezeka, ndikuchepetsa kukhuthala. Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri ndi mandrel ya mpira. Yabwino kwambiri pama mandrel ambiri komanso pazinthu zogwirira ntchito zokhala ndi makulidwe ofanana a khoma, mandrel ya mpira imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chopukutira, chopangira ndi chotenthetsera; pamodzi zimawonjezera kupanikizika komwe kumafunika kuti zigwire, zikhazikike ndikusalala kupindika. Mandrel yolumikizira ndi ndodo yolimba ya zigongono zazikulu m'mapaipi okhuthala a khoma omwe safuna ma wipers. Ma mandrel opanga ndi ndodo zolimba zokhala ndi malekezero opindika (kapena opangidwa) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira mkati mwa machubu okhuthala a khoma kapena machubu opindika ku radius yapakati. Kuphatikiza apo, mapulojekiti omwe amafuna machubu a sikweya kapena amakona anayi amafunikira mandrel apadera.
Kupinda molondola kumafuna zida zoyenera komanso kukhazikitsidwa bwino. Makampani ambiri opinda mapaipi ali ndi zida zomwe zilipo. Ngati palibe, zida ziyenera kupezeka kuti zigwirizane ndi malo enieni opinda.
Ndalama zoyambira zopangira die yopindika zimatha kusiyana kwambiri. Ndalama iyi yoperekedwa kamodzi kokha imaphimba zipangizo ndi nthawi yopangira yomwe imafunika popanga zida zofunika, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapulojekiti ena. Ngati kapangidwe ka magawo kasinthasintha malinga ndi kutalika kwa ma bend radius, opanga zinthu amatha kusintha zomwe akufuna kuti agwiritse ntchito zida zopindika zomwe wogulitsayo ali nazo (m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano). Izi zimathandiza kuyang'anira ndalama ndikufupikitsa nthawi yopezera ndalama.
Chithunzi 3. Yabwino kwambiri popanga ma radius bend akuluakulu, kupindika ma roll kuti apange chubu kapena chubu chokhala ndi ma rollers atatu okhala ndi mawonekedwe a triangular.
Mabowo, mipata, kapena zinthu zina zomwe zili pafupi ndi kupindika kapena pafupi ndi kupindika zimawonjezera ntchito yothandizira kuntchitoyi, chifukwa kudula kwa laser kuyenera kuchitika chubu chikapindika. Kulekerera kumakhudzanso mtengo. Ntchito zovuta kwambiri zingafunike mandrels owonjezera kapena ma dies, zomwe zingawonjezere nthawi yokhazikitsa.
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe opanga ayenera kuganizira akafuna zigongono kapena mapini opangidwa mwapadera. Zinthu monga zida, zipangizo, kuchuluka, ndi ntchito zonse zimagwira ntchito.
Ngakhale njira ndi njira zopindirira mapaipi zapita patsogolo kwa zaka zambiri, mfundo zambiri zopindirira mapaipi sizili chimodzimodzi. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira ndi kufunsana ndi wogulitsa wodziwa bwino ntchito kudzakuthandizani kupeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
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